AKD10102 : ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDAL 1

ELECTRON
THEORY

19 January 2015
Basic Atomic Theory

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 Atomic Structure
• An atom is the smallest part of an element
(carbon, copper, silver) and is built up like
a small solar system .

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 Atomic Structure
• The nucleus in its centre consists of protons and
neutrons. Spinning around the nucleus are the
electrons. The structure of the nucleus and the
number of spinning electrons determine the
type of the element.
Electron – orbiting nucleus
-
with negative
charge

+ Proton – particle in a
nucleus with
positive charge

0 Neutron – non-charged
particle in the
nucleus
Nucleus 4
 Atomic Number
Electrons travel at the speed of light and is
indicated by Solid Line.
 Mass of electron ≈ 9.1 x 10-31 kg and
carries charge ≈ -1.6 x 10-19 coulomb (C).
186,000 miles/second or 299,000 km/sec
Maximum number of electrons orbiting
on the outermost shell are 8 electrons as
determined by the Law of Quantum
Mechanic.
Note: Proton ≈ 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Total number of proton = Atomic Number
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Atomic Number

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 Atomic Number
Valence electrons are electrons that orbit
on the outermost shell of an atom.
The chemical characteristics or charge of
an atom is based on the numbers of
electrons and protons.
Positive – more protons
Negative – more electrons

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 Atomic Number
The physical property of an atom
depends on the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom.
An atom would be heavy when it has
more protons and neutrons

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Atomic Number

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 Ionization
 Atoms are affected by many outside forces
such as heat, light, electric fields, magnetic
fields and chemical reaction.
 Often the balanced state of the atom is
upset by one or more of these forces.
 The state of charge of an atom i.e. positive
charge or negative charge based on adding
or subtracting a valence or free electrons.
 As a result atom no longer in neutral state,
and become an ion.

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 Ionization

Ionization of Atom 11
 Conductor and Insulators
CONDUCTORS

an atomic structure that easily permits

movement of electrons
The outer shell has fewer than 5 electrons
or 1 to 4 valence electrons
Excellent example of conductors are:
- silver - copper
- gold - aluminum
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 Conductor and Insulators
INSULATORS

 Material which opposes the movement of

electron
 Have between 5 to 8 valence electrons
 Examples are:
- plastic - rubber
- glass - ceramic
- air best insulators: neon / helium

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 Conductor and Insulators

SEMICONDUCTOR

 Very high resistance to current flow in their pure

state
 Offers very low resistance to current flow when
electrons are added or removed
 Consists of 4 valence electrons
 Examples: - silicon
- germanium

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