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An-Najah National University
College of Engineering
Statics-61110
Chapter [5]
Distributed Forces
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
1 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Chapter Objectives
Students will be able to:

1. Understand the concepts of center of gravity,
center of mass, and centroid
2. Be able to determine the location of these points
for a body
3. Understand the concepts of internal beam
effects
4. Be able to apply principles of statics to calculate
the internal shear force and bending moment as
functions of location along the beam
Center of Gravity, Center of Mass and
Centroid for a Body
To design the structure for

supporting a water tank, we
will need to know the weights
of the tank and water as well
as the locations where the
resultant forces representing
these distributed loads are
acting
How can we determine
these weights and their
locations?

Center of Gravity (CG) and Center of
Mass (CM)
Consider a 3D body of any size
and shape, having a mass m
If we suspend the body, as
shown in the figure, from any point
such as A, B, or C, the body will be
in equilibrium under the action of
tension in the cord and the resultant
W of the gravitational forces acting
on all particles of the body
For each instances we mark the line of action of the resultant
force
For all practical purposes these lines of action will be concurrent
at a single point G, which is called the center of gravity of the
body
Mass (CM)
To determine mathematically the location of the CG of any body,
we apply the principle of moments to the parallel system of
gravitational forces
The moment of the resultant gravitational force W about any axis
equals the sum of the moments about the same axis of the
gravitaional forces dW acting on all particles treated as infinitesimal
elements of the body
The resultant of the gravitational forces acting on all elements is the
weight of the body and is given by the sum W = ∫dW
For example, if we apply the moment principle about the y-axis, the
moment about this axis of the elemental weight is x dW, and the sum
of these moments for all elements of the body is ∫x dW
This sum of moments must equal W x , the moment of the sum
Thus, W x = ∫ x dW
Mass (CM)

Mass (CM)
Similarly, we can sum moments about the x- and z-
axes to find the coordinates of G
With the substitution of W = mg and dW = g dm , the

expressions for the coordinates of G become

Mass (CM)
The coordinates of G may be expressed in vector form as
In which
r = xi + yj + zk and r = x i + yj + z k
Mass (CM)
It is obvious that the previous equations are
independent of gravitational effects since g no
longer appears
They therefore define a unique point in the body

which is a function solely of the distribution of mass
This point is called the center of mass , and

clearly it coincides with the center of gravity as
long as the gravity field is treated as uniform and
parallel
Concept of Centroid
The centroid C is a point

which defines the geometric
center of an object
The centroid coincides with
the center of mass or the center
of gravity only if the material of
the body is homogenous (density
or specific weight is constant
throughout the body)
If an object has an axis of
symmetry, then the centroid of
object lies on that axis
Centroid of Lines, Area, and Volume



Example 1

Example 1 (Solution)


Example 2


Example 3





Example 4





Example 5


Composite Body

Concept of A composite Body
Many industrial objects can be considered as

composite bodies made up of a series of connected
“simpler” shaped parts or holes, like a rectangle, triangle,
and semicircle
By knowing the location of the centroid, C, or center of
gravity, G, of the simpler shaped parts, we can easily
determine the location of the C or G for the more complex
composite body
This can be done by considering each part as a
“particle” and following the procedure as described in the
previous sections
This is a simple, effective, and practical method of
determining the location of the centroid or center of gravity
Steps for Analysis
1. Divide the body into pieces that are known shapes (Holes are
considered as pieces with negative weight or size)
2. Make a table with the first column for segment number, the
second column for weight, mass, or size (depending on the
problem), the next set of columns for the moment arms, and,
finally, several columns for recording results of simple
intermediate calculations
3. Fix the coordinate axes, determine the coordinates of the center
of gravity of centroid of each piece, and then fill-in the table
4. Sum the columns to get x, y, and z. Use formulas like
This approach will become clear by doing examples!

Example 6
Locate the centroid of the shaded area



Example 7


Example 8




Beams − External Effects
Beams are structural members which offer resistance to
bending due to applied loads
Most beams are long prismatic bars, and the loads are
usually applied normal to the axes of the bars
Beams are undoubtedly the most important of all structural

members, so it is important to understand the basic theory
underlying their design
To analyze the load-carrying capacities of a beam we

must first establish the equilibrium requirements of the beam
as a whole and any portion of it considered separately
Beams − External Effects
Second, we must establish the relations between

the resulting forces and the accompanying internal
resistance of the beam to support these forces
The first part of this analysis requires the application

of the principles of statics
The second part involves the strength

characteristics of the material and is usually treated in
studies of the mechanics of solids or the mechanics of
materials

Type of Beams
Beams supported so that their external support reactions

can be calculated by the methods of statics alone are called
statically determinate beams
A beam which has more supports than needed to provide
equilibrium is statically indeterminate
To determine the support reactions for such a beam we
must consider its load-deformation properties in addition to the
equations of static equilibrium
Beams may also be identified by the type of external
loading they support
The beams in Figure 5/18 are supporting concentrated
loads, whereas the beam in Figure 5/19 is supporting a
distributed load
Type of Beams
The intensity w of a distributed load may be

expressed as force per unit length of beam
The intensity may be constant or variable,

continuous or discontinuous
The intensity of the loading in Figure 5/19 is constant

from C to D and variable from A to C and from D to B
The intensity is discontinuous at D, where it changes

magnitude abruptly
Although the intensity itself is not discontinuous at C,

the rate of change of intensity dw/dx is discontinuous
Type of Beams

Type of Beams

Distributed Loads
In the shown figure, in

cases a and b, we see that the
resultant load R is
represented by the area
formed by the intensity w
(force per unit length of beam)
and the length L over which
the force is distributed
The resultant R passes

through the centriod of this
area
Distributed Loads
In part c of the figure, the trapezoidal area is broken

into a rectangular and a triangular area, and the
corresponding resultants R1 and R2 of these subareas
are determined separately
Note that a single

resultant could be
determined by using the
composite technique for
finding centriods, which was
discussed in the previous
lecture

Distributed Loads
For the more general load

distribution, see the figure, we
must start with a differential
increment of force dR = w dx
The total load is then the sum of
the differential forces, or
R = ∫ w dx
As before, the resultant R is located at the centroid of the
area under consideration
The x-coordinate of this centroid is found by the principle of
moments
Rx = ∫ x dR = ∫ xw dx
Example 9



Example 10



Beams − Internal Effects
Shear, Bending, and Torsion
In addition to supporting tension
or compression, a beam can resist
shear, bending, and torsion
The force V is called shear

force, the couple M is called
bending moment, and the couple T
called a torsional moment
These effects represent the

vector components of the resultant
of the forces acting on a transverse
section of the beam as shown in
the lower part of the figure
Shear, and Bending Conventions
The right figure shows the
conventions for positive values of
shear force V and bending
moment M that are generally used
From the principle of action and
reaction we can see that the
directions of V and M are reversed
on the two sections
It is frequently impossible to tell without calculation whether
the shear and moment at a particular section are positive or
negative
For this reason it is advisable to represent V and M in their
positive directions on the free body diagrams and let the
algebraic signs of the calculated values indicate the proper
directions
Shear−Force and
Bending−Moment Diagrams
The variation of shear force V and bending moment

M over the length of a beam provides information
necessary for the design analysis of the beam
In particular, the maximum magnitude of the bending

moment is usually the primary consideration in the
design or selection of a beam, and its value and position
should be determined
The variations in shear and moment are best shown

graphically, and the expressions for V and M when
plotted against distance along the beam give the shear-
force and bending-moment diagrams for the beam

Shear−Force and
The first step in the determination of the shear and

moment relations is to establish the values of all
external reactions on the beam by applying the
equations of equilibrium to a free-body diagram of the
entire beam
Next, we isolate a portion of the beam, either to the
right or to the left of an arbitrary transverse section,
with a free-body diagram, and apply the equations of
equilibrium to this isolated portion of the beam
These equations will yield expressions for the shear
force V and bending moment M acting at the cut
section on the part of the beam isolated
Shear−Force and
The part of the beam which involves the smaller

number of forces, either to the right or to the left of the
arbitrary section, usually yields the simpler solution
We should avoid using a transverse section which
coincides with the location of a concentrated load or
couple, as such a position represents a point of
discontinuity in the variation of shear or bending
moment
Finally, it is important to note that the calculations
for V and M on each section chosen should be
consistent with the positive convention illustrated in the
figure before
General Loading Shear and
Moment Relationships
For any beam with distributed loads we can establish certain
general relationships which will aid greatly in the determination
of the shear and moment distributions along the beam
The shown figure represents a portion of a loaded beam,
where an element dx of the beam is isolated
The loading w represents the force per unit length of beam
At the location x the shear V and moment M acting on the
element are drawn in their positive directions

On the opposite side of the element where the coordinate is
x + dx , these quantities are also shown in their positive
direction
They must, however, be labeled V + dV and M + dM, since

V and M change with x
The applied loading w may be considered constant over the
length of the element, since this length is a differential quantity
and the effect of any change in w disappears in the limit
compared with the effect of w itself
Equilibrium of the element requires that the sum of the

vertical forces be zero. Thus, we have

The previous equation indicates that the slope

of the shear force diagram must every where be
equal to the negative of the value of the applied
loading
The previous equation holds on either side of

a concentrated load but not at the concentrated
load because of the discontinuity produced by
the abrupt change in shear

We may now express the shear force V in terms of
the loading w by integrating the previous equation.
Thus,
In this expression V0 is the shear force at x 0 and V

is the shear force at x
Summing the area under the loading curve is

usually a simple way to construct the shear-force
diagram
Equilibrium of the element also requires that the moment sum
be zero. Summing moments about the Left side of the element
gives
The two M’s cancel, and the terms w(dx)2/2 and dV dx may
be dropped, since they are differentials of higher order than
those which remain. This leaves
Which expresses the fact that the shear everywhere is equal

to the slope of the moment curve
The previous equation holds on either side of a concentrated
couple but not at the concentrated couple because of the
discontinuity caused by the abrupt change in moment
By integrating the previous equation, we can express the
moment M in terms of the shear V as:
In this expression M0 is the bending moment at x 0 and M is

the bending moment at x
For beams where there is no externally applied moment M0
at x 0 = 0, the total moment at any section equals the area under
the shear diagram up to that section
Summing the area under the shear diagram is usually the
simplest way to construct the moment diagram
When V passes through zero and is a continuous function of
x with dV/dx ≠ 0, the bending moment M will be a maximum or
a minimum, since dM/dx = 0 at such a point
Critical values of M also occur when V crosses the zero axis
discontinuously, which occurs for beams under concentrated
loads
From the previous equation, we observed that the degree of
V in x is one higher than that of w . Also M is of one higher
degree in x than is V
Consequently, M is two degrees higher in x than w .
Thus for a beam loaded by w = kx , which is of the first
degree in x , the shear V is of the second degree in x and
the bending moment M is of the third degree in x
Thus, if w is a known function of x , the moment M can

be obtained by two integrations, provided that the limits
of integration are properly evaluated each time

Regions of Concentrated Force
and Moment
When F acts downward on the

beam, ∆V is negative so the shear will
jump downward. Likewise, if F acts
upward, the jump ∆V will be upward
If Mo is applied clockwise, ∆M is
positive so the moment diagram will
jump upward. Likewise, when Mo acts
counterclockwise, the jump ∆M will be
downward

Example 11





Example 12







Example 13
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the

loaded beam shown in the figure.




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An-Najah National University

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

1 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Students will be able to:

To design the structure for

3 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

6 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

With the substitution of W = mg and dW = g dm , the

7 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

They therefore define a unique point in the body

This point is called the center of mass , and

The centroid C is a point

11 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

12 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

13 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

14 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

15 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

16 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

17 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

18 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

19 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

20 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

21 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

22 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

23 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

24 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

25 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

26 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

27 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

28 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

29 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

30 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

31 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Many industrial objects can be considered as

This approach will become clear by doing examples!

Locate the centroid of the shaded area

34 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

35 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

36 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

37 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

38 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

39 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

40 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

41 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

42 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Beams are undoubtedly the most important of all structural

To analyze the load-carrying capacities of a beam we

Second, we must establish the relations between

The first part of this analysis requires the application

The second part involves the strength

44 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Beams supported so that their external support reactions

The intensity w of a distributed load may be

The intensity may be constant or variable,

The intensity of the loading in Figure 5/19 is constant

The intensity is discontinuous at D, where it changes

Although the intensity itself is not discontinuous at C,

47 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

48 Statics Notes 2013 [Distributed Forces] Dr. Sameer Shadeed

In the shown figure, in

The resultant R passes

In part c of the figure, the trapezoidal area is broken

Note that a single