popul

ati
on&sampl
ing

Popul
ati
on Popul
ati
oncpassi
fi
edi
nto
Populat
ionisallsetofper
sonsorsubject
s 1.Tar
getpopul
ati
on:
thathavecharacteri
sti
csofi
nter
esttothe
resear
cher.‫ﻣﻼ‬
‫ﻨﻲ ﺜ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬،‫ﺒﺤﺚ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪﻓﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻫﻰ‬ Thet ar
getpopulat
ionconsist
sofpeopleor
subject
sthatresearcherwantsorwishesto
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺪﻣﺶﻫ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺄ‬
‫ﻪﻓ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﺍﻫ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻞﺑﺤﺚﻋﻦﺳﻦ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳﻦﻧ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻋ‬ study.‫ﻳ ﺾ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻼﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻨﻲ ﺜ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬،‫ﻜﻞ‬‫ﻪﻛ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﻪﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪﻋ‬
‫ﺎﺧ‬‫ﺮﻧ‬
‫ﻨﻀﻄ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻬﻢﻓ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻤﻞﻋ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻴﻦﻭ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﺍﻫ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﺐﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺠ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺬ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻳ ﺾﻭﻫ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺒﺤﺚﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﺳ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻔﺴ‬
‫ﻪﻧ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬،‫ﻪﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬
popul
ati
oqn
2.Accessi
blepopul
ati
on:
–Exampl
e:
Peopleorsubject
sthatresear
chercanactual
l
y
Eff
ectofOnl
i
nel
ear
ningonnur
singst
udent
s’ reachtostudy
.‫ﻬﻢ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻮﺿ‬‫ﺭﻳ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺣﺚﻫ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻠﻰ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺱ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻫ‬
achi
evement
. ‫ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻪﺗ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﺭﻓ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻻﻡﻳﺨ‬
‫ﻟﻰ ﺯ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺑ‬،
‫ﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻬﻢ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻤﻞﻋ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎﻥﻳ‬
‫ﻋﺸ‬
–Thepopul
ati
onwi
l
lbe(nur
singst
udent) ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻬﻢﺑﺴ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺭﻳﻼ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎﻥﻳ‬
‫ﺓﻋﺸ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬

Sampl
esandSampl
ing
Sampl
ing Sampli
ngist
hepr
ocessofsel
ect
ingapar
toft
hepopul
ati
ont
o
repr
esent
.

‫ﺬ‬
‫ﻣﺍﻻﺧ‬
‫ ﻊ‬،‫ﻴﺸﻦ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫﻰﺑ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻤﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺒﻞﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫﻰﺳ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺭﻋ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﺧ‬
‫ﻪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻫﻰﻋ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻴﺸﻦﻛ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻠﻰ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺒﻞﻫﻄ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻊﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺘﻄ‬
‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻴﺠ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻻﻋ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬

theent
ir
epopul
ati
on“
becauseofst
udyal
lthepopul
ati
oni
squi
te
dif
fi
cul
t”.
Asampl
e sample,isaselect
edelement
sfrom popul
ati
on.Theel
ementisthe
mostbasi c uni
tofsample ora si
ngle memberofa popul
ati
on.
Elementsoraresel
ect
edfrom asampli
ngframe,whi
chi
salist
ingof
al
l el
ementsofapopul
ati
on.

‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻫ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻠﻰﺗﻢﺍﺧ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺒﻞﺍ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻦﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻨﻲﻛﻞﻓ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬،‫ﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺭﻙﻓﻲﺍ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺸ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺩﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻮﺍ‬‫ﻨﺖﻫ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍﻝﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻙﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺸ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻨﺼ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻨﺖﻫ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻘﻲ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻳ‬،‫ﻨﺖ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻨﺴ‬
‫ﺑ‬

‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻤﻞﺑﺤﺚﻋﻦﻃ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣﻼﻫ‬
‫ ﺜ‬،‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺭﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺘﻢﺍﻻﺧ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻪﺍ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻮﺍﻃ‬
‫ﻳﻢﻫ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻨﺞﻓ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻝﺳ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﺚﻭ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮﻯﺍ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻪﻓﻲﺍ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻟﻄ‬‫ﻣﻰﺍ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫ﻪﺑ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﺐﻗ‬
‫ﻘﻲﻫﺠ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻊﻳ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﺚﻭ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮﻯﺍ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻨﺞﻓ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻨﺴ‬
‫ﻪﺩﻯﺑ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬،‫ﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺭﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻧﺨ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪Sampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪ngpr‬‬
‫‪ocess‬‬
‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻥﻫﺤ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻪﺑ‬
‫ﺎﺟ‬‫ﻭﻝﺣ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻃ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻫﺤ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺪﻛ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‪،‬ﺑ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺚﻋﻦﻣ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻧﻰﻫ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻫﺤ‬
‫ﺎ‪،‬ﺯﻯ ﺜ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻤﻞﻋ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺚﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﺩﻋ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻨﺤ‬‫ﺍﻫ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺪﻛ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺓ‪،‬ﺑ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻜ‬
‫ﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺚﻋﻦﻣ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻮﻝﻫ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻣﻼﻧ‬
‫ﻪﺩﻯﺯﻯ ﺜ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫﻰﺑ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺩﻣ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴﻦﺑﺤ‬
‫ﻴﺴ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﻴﻦﺭ‬
‫ﻮﻋ‬‫ﻓﻲﻧ‬
‫ﺍﻯ‪،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻪﻫ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﺧ‬
‫ﺰﻫﻰ‬
‫ﯩ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻨﺞ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘﺤﺴﺐﺑ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺩﻯﺑ‬
‫ﺎﻭ‬‫ﺭﻫ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻠﻰﻫﺨ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻋ‬‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻬﻢﺑ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻮﻉﻣ‬
‫ﺩﻧ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻨﺤ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺘﻲﻓ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻮﻥﺑ‬
‫ﻭﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫‪Ty‬‬‫‪pesof‬‬ ‫‪1-Pr‬‬
‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫ﻪ‪ng.‬‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻪﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋ‬
‫‪sampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬
‫‪met‬‬‫‪hods‬‬ ‫‪2-Nonpr‬‬
‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫ﻪ‪ng.‬‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺮﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻪﻏ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋ‬

‫‪Pr‬‬‫‪obabi‬‬‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪t‬‬
‫‪ysampl‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng,‬‬‫‪orr‬‬‫‪andom sampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng,‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪nv‬‬‫‪ol‬‬
‫‪v‬‬‫‪est‬‬‫‪heuseofar‬‬ ‫‪andom‬‬
‫‪sel‬‬‫‪ect‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪onpr‬‬‫‪ocesst‬‬‫‪oobt‬‬‫‪ai‬‬‫‪nasampl‬‬ ‫‪ef‬‬
‫‪r‬‬‫‪om member‬‬ ‫‪sorel‬‬‫‪ement‬‬‫‪sofa‬‬
‫‪popul‬‬‫‪at‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪on.Thegoal‬‬ ‫‪ofpr‬‬‫‪obabi‬‬‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪t‬‬
‫‪ysampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬‫‪ngi‬‬‫‪st‬‬‫‪oobt‬‬‫‪ai‬‬‫‪nr‬‬
‫‪epr‬‬‫‪esent‬‬‫‪at‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪v‬‬‫‪e‬‬
‫‪el‬‬
‫‪ement‬‬ ‫‪sofpopul‬‬‫‪at‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﻦ‪ons.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺍﻥﻛﻞﻓ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻨﻲﻋﺸ‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‪،‬ﻭ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻪﻋﺸ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﺧ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
‫‪Pr‬‬‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪y‬‬
‫‪sampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫ﺪﻑ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪ‪،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻡﻫ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻞﺩﻯﻣ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺓﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﺧ‬
‫ﺘﻢ‬‫ﻪﻳ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺮﺻ‬‫ﺓﻓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴﺸﻦﻋ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﻛ‬
‫ﻜﻞﻣ‬
‫ﺎ‪،‬ﻓ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻪﻛ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻤﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺎﻋ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺘﻢﺗ‬
‫ﺍﻥﻳ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻪﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﺧ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻪﻛ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺋﺞﻋ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻪﺗﻄ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺎﺯ‬‫ﻪﻛﻞﻣ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻋﺸ‬

‫‪–I‬‬‫‪nPr‬‬‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ngev‬‬‫‪er‬‬
‫‪yel‬‬‫‪ementusual‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪yhav‬‬
‫‪et‬‬‫‪hesamechancet‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪par‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ci‬‬‫‪pat‬‬
‫‪ei‬‬‫‪nt‬‬‫‪hest‬‬‫‪udy‬‬
‫ﻪ‪.‬‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌﺸ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻨﻰ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺍﻣ‬‫ﻮﺩ‬‫ﻫ‬

‫‪Nonpr‬‬‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪–I‬‬‫‪nnonpr‬‬‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬‫‪ng,‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪hesampl‬‬‫‪eel‬‬
‫‪ement‬‬
‫‪sar‬‬‫‪echosenf‬‬
‫‪r‬‬‫‪om t‬‬
‫‪he‬‬
‫‪sampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪popul‬‬
‫‪at‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪onbynonr‬‬ ‫‪andom met‬‬‫ﺩ‪hods.‬‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺎﻥﻭﺟ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻭﺡ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺣﺚﺑ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ ﺺ‪،‬ﻫ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻪﺧ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺎﺵﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺔﻋ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺮﺟ‬‫ﻜﻦﻳ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻣ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺮﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﻣﻦﻏ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﺪﻫﻢﺯﻯﻣ‬
‫ﺎﺧ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬

‫‪–I‬‬‫‪nNon-‬‬‫‪pr‬‬
‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ngev‬‬‫‪er‬‬‫‪yel‬‬
‫‪ementusual‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪ydoesnothav‬‬‫‪et‬‬
‫‪hesame‬‬
‫‪chancet‬‬
‫‪opar‬‬‫‪t‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪ci‬‬
‫‪pat‬‬‫‪ei‬‬‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪hest‬‬‫‪udy‬‬‫ﻪ‪.‬‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻌﺸ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺒﻂﻣ‬‫ﻟﻈ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺑ‬‫ﻮﺩ‬‫ﻫ‬
 ‫‪Ty‬‬
‫‪pesofsampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪ng‬‬

‫‪Pr‬‬
‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪Non-pr‬‬
‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬

‫‪Si‬‬
‫‪mpl‬‬
‫‪eRandom Sampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪conv‬‬
‫‪eni‬‬
‫‪ence‬‬

‫‪St‬‬
‫‪r‬‬‫‪at‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪f‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪edsampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪quot‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪Cl‬‬
‫‪ust‬‬
‫‪ersampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪pur‬‬
‫‪posi‬‬
‫‪v‬‬‫‪e‬‬

‫‪Sy‬‬
‫‪st‬‬‫‪emat‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪csampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪Snowbal‬‬
‫‪l‬‬‫‪Sampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬

‫‪Pr‬‬
‫‪obabi‬‬
‫‪l‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪ysampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪ng‬‬
‫‪1.Def‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪net‬‬
‫‪hepopul‬‬
‫‪at‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪on.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﻃﻼ‬
‫ﻜﻦ ﺜ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺒﺤﺚﻭ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺣ‬‫ﻻﻡ‬
‫ﻪﺯ‬‫ﺎﺟ‬
‫ﻭﻝﺣ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺾ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻪﺗ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻪﻣﻦﻛ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻗ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺏ‬
‫‪Si‬‬
‫‪mpl‬‬‫‪er‬‬‫‪andom‬‬
‫‪sampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪2.Det‬‬
‫‪er‬‬‫‪mi‬‬
‫‪nesampl‬‬
‫‪esi‬‬
‫ﻠﻰ‪ze.‬‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﺣ‬
‫ﻻﻡ‬
‫ﻪﺯ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻤﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺎﺑﺤ‬
‫ﺩﻣ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫‪٥‬ﻃ‬‫‪٠‬‬
‫ﺪ‪٠‬‬‫ﺎﺧ‬
‫ﻧﻰﻫ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻃ‬
‫ﻜﻦ ﺜ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺓ‪،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻮﺟ‬
‫ﻠﻰﻣ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻐ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻋ‬‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺩﺑ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺘﺤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺩﻯ‬‫ﺎﻭ‬
‫ﺪﻫ‬‫ﺎﺧ‬
‫ﻫ‬
‫ﻳﺾ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻪﺗ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻪﻛ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫‪٢‬ﻃ‬‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬‫ﺍﻝ‪٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪3.Li‬‬
‫‪stal‬‬
‫‪l‬‬‫‪member‬‬
‫‪soft‬‬
‫‪hepopul‬‬
‫‪at‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫(‪on‬‬
‫‪sampl‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ngf‬‬
‫‪r‬‬‫)‪ame‬‬
‫ﺍﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻰ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺎﺳ‬‫ﻪﺑ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﻴﺐ‬‫ﻫﺠ‬
‫ﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺍﻝﻓ‬
‫ﺎﻭﻫﻰﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺋﻰﻣ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺸ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﺧ‬‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻟﺐ ﺩ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫‪٥‬ﻃ‬‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬

‫‪4.Random met‬‬‫‪hodmustbesel‬‬
‫‪ect‬‬‫‪edt‬‬
‫‪ochooset‬‬‫‪hesampl‬‬‫‪ee.‬‬‫‪g.l‬‬
‫‪ot‬‬‫‪t‬‬
‫‪er‬‬‫‪y‬‬
‫‪met‬‬‫‪hod,‬‬‫‪useoft‬‬‫‪abl‬‬
‫‪eofr‬‬
‫‪andom number‬‬‫‪s,‬‬
‫‪oruseofcomput‬‬‫‪er‬‬
‫ﻪ‪.‬‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻠﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭﻣﻦ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻮﻥﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻪﺗ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻬﻢ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮﻕﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻄ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺄﻯﻃ‬
‫ﻪﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻪﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺩﻯﻋ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎﻋ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬

‫‪St‬‬
‫‪r‬‬‫‪at‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪f‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪edRandom‬‬
‫‪Sampl‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ng‬‬ ‫‪– Popul‬‬‫‪at‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪on i‬‬‫‪s di‬‬
‫‪v‬‬‫‪i‬‬
‫‪ded i‬‬‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪o subgr‬‬‫‪oups,orst‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬‫‪at‬‬
‫‪a accor‬‬‫‪di‬‬
‫‪ng t‬‬
‫‪o some‬‬
‫‪v‬‬‫‪ar‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪abl‬‬
‫(‪e‬‬‫‪s)ofi‬‬ ‫‪mpor‬‬‫‪t‬‬‫‪ancet‬‬‫‪ot‬‬‫‪her‬‬ ‫‪esear‬‬‫‪ch st‬‬
‫‪udye.‬‬ ‫(‪g.‬‬‫‪Mal‬‬‫‪e– Femal‬‬‫)‪e‬‬
‫‪(st‬‬
‫‪udent‬‬‫’‪s‬‬‫‪academi‬‬‫‪cl‬‬‫‪ev‬‬‫‪el‬‬
‫‪s1,‬‬‫‪2,‬‬
‫‪3,‬‬
‫‪4t‬‬‫‪hl‬‬‫‪ev‬‬‫‪el‬‬
‫)‬‫ﻠﻰﻫﻰ‪.‬‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻪﺍ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻪﺍ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺴﻢﺍ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎﺍﺣ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻫ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺚ‪،‬ﺯﻯ ﺜ ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺑ‬
‫ﺎﻋﻼﻪ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻐ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻠﻰﻣ‬
‫ﺍﻋ‬‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺎﺑ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻨﺴ‬
‫ﺑﺲﺑ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺎﺏﺟ‬
‫ﻴﺸﻦﻝﺳ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻓﺼ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺓﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒﺸ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮﻥﺍ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻬﻢﺗ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻭﻧ‬‫ﻪﺍ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﻋ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻪﺍﻻﺟ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻠﻄ‬
‫ﺎﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻬﻢﺗ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻭﻧ‬‫ﻨﺲﺍ‬
‫ﻠﺠ‬‫ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻬﻢﺗ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻫ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺬ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻡﻭﻫ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬

‫‪–asi‬‬
‫‪mpl‬‬
‫‪er‬‬‫‪andom sampl‬‬
‫‪ei‬‬‫‪st‬‬
‫‪akenf‬‬
‫‪r‬‬‫‪om eachoft‬‬
‫‪hesesubgr‬‬
‫ﻘﻲﻓﻲ‪oups.‬‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫‪،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﻦ ﺍ‬
‫ﻨﺴ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﻟﺐﻣﻦﻛﻼﺍ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫‪٥‬ﻃ‬‫ﺪ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺎﺧ‬‫ﻣﻼﻫ‬
‫ﻨﻲ ﺜ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎﺕﺩﻯ‪،‬ﻳ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﻭﺏﻣﻦﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺎﺏﺟ‬
‫ﻜﻞﺳ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺘﺤ‬‫ﺩﻣ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺬ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻧﻰﻭﻫ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫‪٥‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪٠‬‬‫ﻻﻝﻭ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ‬‫ﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫‪١‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪٠‬‬‫ﺪ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺎﺧ‬‫ﻫ‬
 UsedI
nlar
ge-scal
estudi
esinwhi
chthepopul
ati
oni
sgeographi
cal
l
y
spr
eadout
,anddiff
icul
ttogetat
otal
li
sti
ngofsomepopul
ati
ons.‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮﻉﺩ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺮﺣ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻞﺑﺤﺚﻋﻦﻃﻼﺏ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣﻼﺎﻫ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺓﺯﻯ ﺜ ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻪﺑ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻤﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻪﺑ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﺎﻳ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺘﺨ‬‫ﺑﺴ‬
‫ﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻤﻞﻋ‬
‫ﺍﻋ‬‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻪﺍ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻻﻋ‬
‫ﻪ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺮﺣ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺐﻛﻞﻃﻼﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺟ‬‫ﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤﺶﻫ‬
‫ﻪﻓ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻻﻋ‬
‫ﺓﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴﺴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺎﺏﺟ‬
‫ﺎﻝﺳ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻪﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻓﻲﻓ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻐ‬
‫ﻟﺠ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺐ‬‫ﺒﺤﺚﺑﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺶ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺎﻣ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻪﻫ‬‫ﻮﻇ‬
‫ﻠﺤ‬‫ﻣ‬،‫ﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻭﺏﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴﻦﻣﻦﻛﻞﺟ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺩﻣ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻋ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻨﺨ‬‫ﺍﺑ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺪﻛ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮﻭ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻮﺳ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺍﻛ‬
‫ﻮﻉﺩ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺋﻰﺑ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺎﺕﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻨﺨ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺋﻰﻭ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺎﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﺕﺑ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻐ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺔﺗ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬
Cl
ust
erRandom
Sampl
ing –St
eps:

1.Popul
ati
oni
sdi
vi
dedi
ntosubgr
oups,
orcl
ust
ers.

2.Asi
mpl
erandom sampl
eofaf
ewcl
ust
ersi
ssel
ect
ed.

3.Al
lorsomer
andoml
ychosenuni
tsi
nthesel
ect
edcl
ust
ersar
est
udi
ed.

Theprocessofselect
ingi
ndi
vi
dual
swi
thi
nthedef
inedpopul
ati
onf
rom a
l
istbytaki
ngeveryKthname.

1.I
denti
fyanddef
inet
hepopul
ati
on. 2.Det
ermi
net
hedesi
red
samplesize.

3.Obt
ainal
i
stoft
hepopul
ati
on.

4.Deter
minewhatKi
sequal
tobydiv
idi
ngt
hesi
zeoft
hepopul
ati
onby
thedesi
redsampl
esi
ze(K=N/n).

5-St
artatsomer
andom pl
acei
nthepopul
ati
onl
i
st.

6-St
arti
ngatthatpoi
nt,t
akeev
eryKt
hnameont
hel
i
stunt
ilt
hedesi
red
Syst
emati
c samplesizei
sreached
sampl
ing
K=Numberofpopul
ati
on(
N)/
Sizeofsampl
e(n)

‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺣ‬‫ﻭ‬٣
٠‫ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺰﻣ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﻞﺳ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬،٣
٠٠‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺪﻯﻫ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻠﻰﻋ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﺸﻦ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻥﻋ‬
‫ﺮﺽ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﺑ‬-

‫ﺓﻓﻲﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺰ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮﺩ‬‫ﻘﻲﻫ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬١
٠‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻴﻄ‬‫ﻭﻫ‬٣
٠‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋ‬٣٠
٠‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺎﻫ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻪﻫ‬‫ﺎﺟ‬
‫ﻭﻝﺣ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺮﻧ‬
‫ﻴﺐﺣﺠ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻧﺠ‬
‫ﻪﺯﻯ ﺜ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻪﻋﺸ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻤﻞﺗﺠ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻪﻓ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺃﺑ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻗﻢﻧ‬
‫ﻮﻥﻓﻲﺭ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻻﻡﻳ‬
‫ﺑﺲ ﺯ‬،‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻗﻢﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻝﺭ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻊﻫ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴﻄ‬
‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬

‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮﺩ‬‫ﻭﻫ‬١
٣‫ﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻳ‬١
٠‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﺪﻫ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬،‫ﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻭﻝﻓ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻘﻲﻫ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺅﻳ‬٣‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻢﻛ‬
‫ﻭﻝﺭ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺮﺽ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺪﻣ‬‫ﻟﺤ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻛ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻔﻀﻞﻧ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻭﻫ‬٣
٣‫ﺓ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺎﻥﻣ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻭ‬٢
٣‫ﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺓﻳ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺎﻥﻣ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺩﻛ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺒﻞﻭ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻰﻓ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﻢﺗ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻞﺳ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺓ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻣ‬٣٠‫ﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻧ‬
 Non-pr
obabi
li
tysampl
ing
_Despit
et hel
imit
ati
onsofnonpr obabil
i
tysampl i
ng,reasonsfort
heuse
ofnonprobabi
li
tysamplesisthediff
icul
tyofrandomizationandthe
needstoinvol
veavai
lablesubject
s.‫ﻠﻰ‬‫ﺪﺵﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺒﻞﻣ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﺧ‬‫ﺍﻣﻦ‬‫ﻮﻉﺩ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺍﻯ ﺻ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻭ‬
‫ﻪﺜ ﺍ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻪﻗ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺐ‬‫ﻪﺑﺴ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌﺸ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻪﺗﺤ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻟﺼ‬‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺮﺟ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺍﺑ‬‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬،‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌﺸ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
Non-
probabi
li
ty
‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺚﻋ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻪﻭﺑ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺎﻥﻭﺟ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺰﻝ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺣﺚﺑ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬،‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌﺸ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻪﻓﻲﺗﺤ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺗ‬
sampl
ingmethod
‫ﺎﺵ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻜﻦﻣ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺰﻋ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻞﺳ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻪﺳ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺴ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﺑ‬
‫ﻮﻉﺩ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺲ‬،‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺮﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﻙﻣﻦﻏ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺩﻫ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻮﺟ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺋﻰ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻋﺸ‬

_Conveni
encesampli
ngisalsorefer
redt
oasaccidental
ori
nci
dent
aland
i
nvol
veschoosi
ngreadil
yavail
ablepeopl
eorobj
ectsforast
udy.
Conv
eni
ence
_themostcommonofal
lsampl
ingt
echni
quesbecauseitisfast
,
Sampl
ing i
nexpensi
ve,
andeasy
.‫ﻪ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺮﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﻰﻣﻦﻏ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻪﻗ‬‫ﺎﺣ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺱ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻨﺨ‬‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻮﻕﻫ‬‫ﺎﻓ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺎﻗ‬
‫ﺯﻯﻣ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﺟ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺎﻥﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻭﺡﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻪﺑ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﺑﺲ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺎﺣﺚﻣﺠ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺒﻞﻻﻥ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﺧ‬‫ﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺴﻂ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺍﻳ‬‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬،
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻬﻢﻗ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻠﻰﻳﻼ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻴﺨ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬

–Pur posiv
esampl i
nginv
olvehandpicki
ngofsubject
swhomeetcer t
ain
pre-
determinedchar
act
erist
ics.Thi
smet hodisal
socall
edjudgment
al
sampling.‫ﻫ‬
‫ﻣﻼ ﻮ‬
‫ﺎﺯﻯ ﺜ‬
‫ﺭﻫ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺰﻳﺨ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺋ ﺺﻣ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩﺧﺼ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻮﻥﻣﺤ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺚﺑ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻫ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰﻫﻢﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮﺱ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻜ‬
‫ﻮﻥﺑ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻬﻢﻳ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻮﻯﺗ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺰﻣﺴ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋ‬٧
‫ﺍ‬٠‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻮﻕ‬‫ﻮﻥﻓ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻬﻢﻳ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺰﺳ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻋ‬
Pur
posi
veSampl
ing
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺋ ﺺﻣ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩﺧﺼ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴﺤ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺚﺑ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻮﻥﺑ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻭ‬،‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺬ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺮﻭﻫ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻐﻂﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻀ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻪﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ ﺽﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﺍﺻﺤ‬
‫ﺰﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻣﺶﻋ‬
‫ﺎﺯﻯ ﺜ‬
‫ﺰﻫ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻮﻋ‬
‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺋ ﺺﻣ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻔﻰﺧﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺑ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺰﻫ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻮﻋ‬‫ﻠﻰﻫ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺬ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻟﺴﻦﻭﻫ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻦﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻐ‬
‫ﻮﺻ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺰﻫﻢﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺶﻋ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻮﺗﺨ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺛ‬

–Quotasampli
ngissi
mi l
art
ostrat
if
iedrandom sampli
nginthatthefi
rst
stepi
nvol
vesdi
vi
dingthepopul
ati
onintohomogeneousst r
ataor
Quot
aSampl
ing subgr
oupsandsel
ecti
ngsampleelementsfrom eachofthesest
rata.

–Whil
e,inquot
asampli
ngobtainsmembersthr
oughconvenience
sampl
es.‫ﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﺎﺕﻭ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻘﺴﻢﺟ‬‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻥﻓﻲ‬‫ﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻡﺑﺲ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻫﻰﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺎﺕﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺡﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺎﺧ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎﺕﻭ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻘﺴﻢﺟ‬
‫ﺑ‬،‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌﺸ‬
‫ﺭﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬

Snowball
sampling,alsocall
ednet worksampling.Thistermisusedt o
descr
ibeamethodofsampl ingt hati
nv ol
vestheassistanceofstudy
subj
ectstohel
pobt ainotherpot enti
alsubject
sandcont inuesinthe
Snowbal
l samewayunt i
lobtainingsuffi
cientnumberofsubj ects.‫ﻪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺩﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﺃﺑ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬
sampl
ing ‫ﻤﻞﺑﺤﺚﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣﻼﻮﺑ‬
‫ﺯﻯ ﺜ ﻟ‬،‫ﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻬﻢﻣ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺪﺧ‬
‫ﺎﻥﻧ‬
‫ﻪﻋﺸ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻠﻰﺷ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴﺐﻣ‬
‫ﻳﺠ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻜ‬
‫ﻔﺲﻣﺸ‬
‫ﺪﻫﻢﻧ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻠﻰﻋ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﺤ‬
‫ﻴﺐ‬‫ﻪﻳﺠ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﺠﻲﻳﺸ‬
‫ﻠﻰﺑ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎﻥﺑ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻻ‬

–Thi
stypei
shelpf
uli
nfi
ndi
ngpeopl
ewhoar
edi
sli
ket
omaket
hei
r
i
dent
it
yknown,
suchasaddi
ct.
 Sampl
inger
rorandSampl
ingbi
as

-Sampl
i
nger
rormaybedef
inedast
hedi
ff
erencebet
weendat
aobt
ainedf
rom a
r
andom sampl
eandt
hedatat
hatwoul
dbeobtainedifanent
irepopul
ati
onwer
e
measur
ed.‫ﻩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺎﺻ‬
‫ﺎﺵﻗ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎﺣﺚﻭ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﺤﺼﻞﻏﺼﺐﻋﻦ‬‫ﺄﺑ‬‫ﻮﺧﻄ‬ ‫ﺭﻫ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻝ‬

-Sampl i
ngerrori
snotundertheresear
cher
'scontrol
sampli
ngbiasiscausedbyt he
resear
cher.Sampli
ngbiasoccurswhensampl esarenotcar
eful
l
yselected.sour
cesof
samplingbiasmaybeincludetheuseofvol
unt eer
sandavail
abl
egroups.

‫ﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﺧ‬
‫ﻪ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺘﺐ‬‫ﻜ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻳ‬
‫ﻪﺯﻯ ﺜ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤﺶﻓ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘﺤﻢﻓ‬
‫ﻪﻳ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻗ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻪﻳ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺎﺻ‬‫ﺎﺣﺚﻗ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺄ‬
‫ﻮﺧﻄ‬
‫ﺰﻫ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻝﺑ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﻟﺤ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺋﻰﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺎﺵﻋﺸ‬
‫ﺮﻫ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻮﻣﺨ‬
‫ﺋﻰﻭﻫ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻋﺸ‬