TALABUN-AK BRIQUETTE

SACRED HEART ACADEMY, INC.
PAASCU ACCREDITED
Jalandoni St., Zarraga, Iloilo
Acceptability of Talabun-ak (Phragmites autralis) as
Alternative briquette
A Research Report
Presented to Ms. Roselle S. Sirue
Sacred Heart Academy, Inc.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Research 9
Ali, Tarah Keitz S.
Bajado, Alessa Mae P.
Lorete, Chelsy T.
Somodio, Francine Grizel M.
Sumpia, Jesenie Marielle S.
May 2021
i
PAASCU ACCREDITED
Approval Sheet
The research study entitled “Talabun-ak
(Phragmites autralis) as alternative briquette”,
prepared and submitted by Tarah Keitz Ali S.,Bajado,
Alessa Mae P., Lorete Chelsy, Somodio, Francine Grizel
and Sumpia, Jesenie Marielle in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for research 9.
Ms. Roselle S. Sirue
Research teacher
Sr. Ma. Filiam Ann E. Seviliena
School principal
ii
PAASCU ACCREDITED
Abstract
This research study provides the information on
how talabun-ak (phragmites autralis) as an alternative
briquette. We conducted an experiment last April 28,
2021 and May 8, 2021 it was a failed on the first
attempt but it was success on the second attempt.
In this experimental research shows the identity
and characteristic of the talabun-ak and on how this
plant can be benefit to us people as an alternative
briquette. Also in this research tell us the different
procedures, materials and testified if this is success.
iii
PAASCU ACCREDITED
Table of contents
Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
Chapter
1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the study 1
Statement of the Problem 5
Hypothesis 5
Theoretical Framework 6
Conceptual Framework 6
Significance of the Study 7
Scope and Limitations of the Study 8
Conceptual and Operational Definition of Terms 9
iv
PAASCU ACCREDITED
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 11
Sources of Data 11
Data Gathering Instrument 12
Data Gathering Procedure 13
Data Processing Technique 18
REFERENCES
v
PAASCU ACCREDITED
List of Tables
Table Page
1 Ingredients Used in the Study and Their Cost 13
2 Tools/Equipment and their Uses 14
3 Making of Briquette 15
List of Figures
Figure Page
1 Procedure in making Briquette 16
vi
PAASCU ACCREDITED
Acknowledgement
The researcher would like to thank the following for
helping:
We would like to express our special thanks of
gratitude to Ms. Roselle S. Sirue, who gave us the
opportunity to do this research “Talabun-ak
(Phragmites autralis) as Alternative briquette so we
came to know about many things
To all researchers’ family especially to Mr. Mathew G.
Lorete, We are so grateful to all your nonstop support
and helping us a lot in finalizing this research with
in limited time frame.
And, to our most loving and caring God because of the
support in our journey while doing the research.
-RESEARCHERS
vi
PAASCU ACCREDITED
List of Figures
Figure Page
1 Procedure in making Briquette 16
vi
Acknowledgement
The researcher would like to thank the following for
helping:
We would like to express our special thanks of
gratitude to Ms. Roselle S. Sirue, who gave us the
opportunity to do this research “Talabun-ak
(Phragmites autralis) as Alternative briquette so
we came to know about many things
To all researchers’ family especially to Mr.
Mathew G. Lorete, We are so grateful to all your
nonstop support and helping us a lot in finalizing
this research with in limited time frame.
And, to our most loving and caring God because of
the support in our journey while doing the
research.
-RESEARCHERS
Chapter 1
9
Introduction
Background of the Study
Wood is, and has always been, a ubiquitous substance
used throughout history as an adaptable, economical and
strong raw material to make just about anything mankind has
needed. (Forestry Focus)
In the earliest centuries, humans often used
Charcoals made of wood as a key essential to cooking. In our
modern era, humans resorted unto using different kinds of
fuels that are much efficient and easier to use; such as LPG
tanks, kerosene, and other modern cooking fuels. But even
though we have all of these other options, Charcoal is still
considered as a must have in every household since it
replaces the sizable amount of these expensive household
fuels.
Charcoal is a solid fuel used for heating and
cooking that is created through the process of
carbonization, or the process of strongly heating wood in
minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile
constituents. (Jen Boynton, 2015)
“Filipinos love grilled foods”, most particularly
delicacies and street foods like Inasal, Lechon, and
10
barbeque that still uses Charcoal as the primary source of
fuel.
People also often used charcoals for: nourishing
compost heaps, keeping air fresh, helping potted orchids
grow, and for water filtration.
Charcoal production in tropical regions of the
world, including Philippines is often perceived to have
devastating ecological and environmental effects. The most
commonly cited impact is deforestation, i.e., the clearance
of forest or woodland. At a spatial scale this may indeed be
the case, but on a larger landscape scale, charcoal
production most frequently results in forest degradation.
(Emmanuel Chidumayo, 2012)
With this issue being said, Biomass Briquettes
made from agricultural wastes were produced as an
alternative energy source and as a biofuel substitute to
coal and charcoals.
A briquette is a block of compressed leftover
byproducts such as: coal, dust, charcoal, dust, sawdust,
wood chips or biomass that are used as a fuel. (Ngureco,
2016)
As mentioned, a briquette is often composed of
agricultural wastes. The conversion of these wastes into
11
combustible biomass briquettes would provide a better
renewable source of energy that could replace firewood and
fossil fuels.
In connection with this, the researchers came up
with an idea of using another kind of agricultural waste,
namely Phragmites Australis to be the main ingredient of
making the biomass briquettes.
Phragmites Australis or most commonly referred as
Talabun-ak in the Philippines, is a common reed that grows
abundantly in the Philippines. It is considered as an
invasive plant because it grows rapidly, and each fall, as
the plant material dies back, it creates large
concentrations of tinder-dry vegetation that increases the
potential for fast spreading fires that can threaten
residential and commercial developments on surrounding
uplands.
Non-native Phragmites can negatively affect the
biodiversity and ecological functions of invaded habitats,
impair the recreational use of wetlands and shorelines, it
decreases property values, and increases fire risk. (U.S
Geological Surveys)
The goal of the researchers is to find an economical and
accessible way to make good use out of this invasive plant;
12
which is basically using Phragmites Australis (Talabun-ak)
as the main ingredient for making biomass briquettes. The
researchers will conduct this study to determine the
acceptability of Briquettes made from Phragmites Australis
(Talabun-ak) in terms of its effectiveness, length of
burning time, combustibility, and general acceptability.
Statement of the Problem
13
The main focus of this study is to determine the level
of acceptability of Briquettes made of Talabun-ak in terms
of effectiveness, length of burning time, combustibility,
and general acceptability.
Specifically, the study aims to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the level of acceptability of Briquettes made of
Talabun-ak in terms of effectiveness, length of burning
time, combustibility, and general acceptability?
2. Is there a significant difference between the level of
acceptability of Briquettes made of Talabun-ak to lump
charcoal when evaluated in terms of effectiveness, length of
burning time, combustibility, and general acceptability?
Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference between the level of
acceptability of Briquettes made of Talabun-ak grass, and
lump charcoal when evaluated in terms of effectiveness,
combustibility and, general acceptability.
Theoretical Framework
14
This theory had a significant bearing in the present
study for the reason that the researchers have developed a
new product which is briquettes made from Talabun-ak.
Conceptual Framework
The relationship of the variables can be seen in the
following schematic diagram.
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
60% Talabun-ak and Acceptability and
40% Cornstarch. Profitability of

60% Talabun-ak, and Briquettes made from
40% Cassava starch. Talabun-ak in terms of
50% Talabun-ak, 40%
effectiveness, length
Cassava starch, and
of burning time,
10% water.
combustibility, and
As shown in Figure 1, the independent variable is the
percent of added ingredients used for treatments: 60%
Talabun-ak, and 40% cornstarch, 60% Talabun-ak, and 40%
Cassava starch, and 50% Talabun-ak, 40% cassava starch, and
10% water as experimental group while the dependent
variables are the level of acceptability and Profitability
of Briquettes made from Talabun-ak in terms of
15
effectiveness, length of burning time, combustibility, and
general acceptability.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study about Briquettes made from
Talabun-ak grass will be beneficial to the following:
Purchasers. They can get a much better quality of
charcoal. They can also benefit
the long burning capacity of the Briquettes. This will be
beneficial most especially in outdoor activities such as
camping and grilling.
Homemakers. They can also make their own briquettes made
of Talabun-ak by following the procedure we have provided in
this study. This will be beneficial for homemakers because
it allows them to make good use of the excess Talabun-ak
grasses around their area.
Local Folks. This study will provide a much better
opportunity for locals, most especially to those who are
unemployed because they can use the idea conferred in this
study to make a livelihood business, that could be their
source of income.
16
Economy of Local Towns. This study will be beneficial to
those local towns with abundant sources of Talabun-ak grass
because they can make economically-efficient charcoals out
of this type of grass.
Future Researchers. The results of this study can give them
new idea to innovate other products made from Talabun-ak
grass and also other alternative ingredients they can use to
make biomass-briquettes.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This research study aims to determine the acceptability
of Briquettes made of Talabun-ak grass.
This study will be conducted at Poblacion Ilaya, Mutual
Homes Subdivision, Zarraga, Iloilo. The researchers will
make briquettes made from Talabun-ak. Each process will be
replicated three times to standardize the final process and
measurements with the help of evaluators using sensory
evaluation score sheet.
The panel of evaluators are five (5) Grade 9 learners,
ten (10) parents, and one (1) teacher of Sacred Heart
Academy, Inc. They will be purposely selected as evaluators
because of their availability.
17
Conceptual and Operational Definition of Terms
For better understanding of the study, some important
terms are conceptually and operationally defined.
Agricultural Waste. It is defined as unwanted waste
produced as a result of agricultural activities. (Saedi
2004) In this study, agricultural wastes such as sawdust
and shredded wood wastes refers to the authentic main
ingredients that are used in making biomass-briquettes.
Biomass-Briquettes. Are biofuel substitute to coal and
charcoal. Briquettes are mostly used in the developing
world, where cooking fuels are not as easily available.
(Cortez 2010). In this study, biomass-briquette refers
to the product the researchers attempt to experiment.
Charcoal. A dark or black porous carbon prepared from
vegetable, animal, and wood substances. (Webster, 2018).
In this study, charcoal is the main source of the
problem, which is deforestation.
Combustibility. It is a measure of how easily a
substance bursts into flame, through fire or combustion.
(Bill 2004). In this study, combustibility refers to the
18
dependent variable the researchers are trying to
measure.
Deforestation. It refers to the decrease in forest
areas across the world that are lost for other uses such
as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining
activities. (Langhammer 2013). In this study,
Deforestation refers to the problem the researchers are
trying to dispute and avoid.
Phragmites Australis. Known as common reed, is a broadly
distributed wetland grass growing nearly 20 ft. (6m)
tall. (Peterson 2004). In this study, Phramites
australis or most commonly known as Talabun-ak in the
Philippines, is the main ingredient the researchers used
to make the biomass-briquettes.
Talabun-ak. The local name for Phragmites Australis in
the Philippines.
In this study, this was the most commonly used term we
used to identify Phragmites Australis for it is much
easier to understand.
19
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
Research Design
This research study aimed to determine of which among
the treatments of
Talabun-ak briquettes will produce the best quality
briquettes as to effectiveness, length of burning time, and
combustibility; hence an Experimental method was used.
The experimental method involves manipulating one variable
to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in
another variable. (Calmorin 2016)
In this study, there were three treatments (3) and
considered as independent variables: 60% Talabun-ak, and 40%
cornstarch, 60% Talabun-ak, and 40% Cassava starch, and 50%
Talabun-ak, 40% cassava starch, and 10% water, which were
compared and tested to determine which treatment produced
the best quality of briquettes.
Sources of Data
20
The ingredient of this study is Talabun-ak which
will be utilized into briquettes. To find out if
Talabun-ak can be made into briquette, the researchers
conducted a try-out experiment. Talabun-ak are taken
from Poblacion, Ilaya, Mutual Homes, Subdivision.
Zarraga, Iloilo. Other ingredients are cassava and
water.
The respondents of this study were thirty (30)
residents of Poblacion, Ilaya, Mutual Homes,
Subdivision. Zarraga, Iloilo who were chosen through
Unrestricted Random Sampling. According to Calmorin (2016),
Unrestricted Random Sampling is the best random sampling
design because there are no restrictions imposed and every
member of the population has equal chance of being included
in the sample. These thirty (30) residents evaluated the
effectiveness, length of burning time, and combustibility of
the finished product. The responses of the respondents
are the main source of data for this study.
Data Gathering Instrument
A Sensory Evaluation Score Sheet was the research
instrument used in gathering data needed in this study. Each
replication of the three treatments of Talabun-ak Briquettes
will be evaluated with:
21
5 – Highly Effective
4 – Effective
3 – Neutral
2 – Minimally Effective
1 – Ineffective
Scores will be assigned for evaluating the finished
products as to effectiveness, length of burning time,
and combustibility.
Data Gathering Procedure
This experimental study will be divided into four
phases: Phase 1 – Preparation of Ingredients, Tools,
Utensils, and Equipment; Phase 2- Making of Briquettes;
Phase 3 – Evaluation of the Finished Products.
Phase 1 – Preparation of Ingredients, Tools, Utensils and Equipment
The researchers will gather, label, and place all
the ingredients, tools and utensils needed on the table.
These are the itemized list of ingredients needed
in making Birquettes made of Talabun-ak.
Table1. Ingredients used in the study and their cost.
Quality Item Unit Cost Total Cost

1 gallon Water Php 20.00 Php 20.00
2 kilograms Cassava Php 40.00 Php 80.00
Total= Php 100.00
22
Table 2. Tools/ Equipment and Their Uses
Tools /Equipments Uses
Chopping Board Use to hold the ingredients for slicing
Knife Use for slicing the needed ingredients
like onion, garlic and carrots.

Measuring Cup Use to measure the amount of the
ingredients needed in making
briquettes.
Mixing bowl and Use for mixing the ingredients.
wooden spoon
Plate Use to hold the chop ingredients for
the briquette.
Mask A covering made of fiber or gauze and
fitting over the nose and mouth to
protect against dust or air pollutants,
or made of sterile gauze and especially
to avoid COVID-19.
Plastic Gloves Use to avoid contamination of unwanted
microorganism during preparation of
different treatments and to protect the
hands of the researchers.

Aprons Use to protect the clothes of the
researcher from any stain while
conducting the experiment.
23
Hairnets Use to hold the hair of the researcher during the
experimentation, to avoid being distracted and avoid hair
contamination in the treatments.

Weighing Scale Measure the intended mass of Talabun-ak.
Molder Use to mold the briquettes.
Iron Drum Use to burn and pulverize the Talabun-ak.
Phase 2 – Making of Briquette
After preparing all the needed materials, tools, and
equipment, the researchers then started making the
briquette. The procedures were adopted from
https://youtube.com/watch?
v=wc1gbfyEpOs&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR2DaSWLLEaljgsKgCP718o
Icxwn6tFfH8orFuaII54hIBa_lKR_KMhB5hM but were modified for
better results.
Preparing the Talabun-ak
Cleaning
Pulverizing theand peeling the
Talabun-ak cassava
with iron drum
Cooking the Starch
Mixing the carbon24

with cassava starch
Moulding the briquette
Drying the briquette
Figure 2. Procedure in Making Briquette
Preparing the Talabun-ak. The researchers harvested the
Talabun-ak from Mutual Homes, Zarraga, Iloilo. The Talabun-
ak was weighed into kilos then is transferred into the iron
drum.
Pulverizing the Talabun-ak with iron drum. The Talabun-ak was
burned for 45 minutes and has been pulverized then it
has been cooled down for 5-10 minutes. The carbon is
ready if it is fully pulverized and then the
researchers separated the non-pulverized from pulverized Talabun-
ak.
Cleaning and Peeling the Cassava. The researchers will clean and
peel the cassava while waiting for the Talabun-ak carbon.
Cooking the Starch. The cassava will be cooked in 1-1.5
liters of boiling water until soft then is being mashed
until it forms into a starch.
25
Mixing the Carbon with Cassava Starch. After the carbon has
cooled down and when the starch is cooked, the researcher
will mix both of the ingredients until it forms into clay
using the mixing bowl.
Moulding the Briquette. The clay will be mould using the
moulder.
Drying the Briquette. After the clay has been mould,
the researcher will dry these briquettes for approximately
5-7 days under the sun.
Phase 3. Evaluation of the Finished Products
The thirty (30) evaluators from Poblacion, Ilaya,
Mutual Homes, Subdivision. Zarraga, Iloilo who are
selected purposively were given instructions on how to
evaluate the Briquette using the Sensory Evaluating
Score Sheet based on a modified Five-Point Hedonic
Rating Scale as to their.
Effectiveness: The Talabun-ak is effective as an alternative
for biomass waste.
Length of time: The Briquette’s heat has long duration of
combustion.
Combustibility: The tendency of Briquettes to burn.
26
Data Processing Technique
The results of the evaluation are recorded,

tailed, and analyzed in preparation for computation
procedure using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS)software, all set at 0.5 level of significance.
The statistical tools employed are the following:
Mean. It is used to determine which from the three

treatments will produce the best quality of briquettes in
terms of effectiveness, length of burning time,
combustibility, and general acceptability.
One-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). This is used to

determine if there is a significant difference on the
acceptability of the different briquettes in terms of
combustibility.
Kruskal-Wallis Test. This is used to determine if there is a

significant difference on the acceptability of the different
briquettes in terms of effectiveness.
Spearman Rho-Rank correlation. This was used to determine

the significant difference that exist among the different
treatments in terms of the length of burning time of
briquettes made from Talabun-ak.
The computed mean was analyzed and computed using the

arbitrary scale.
27
4.20 – 5.00 Highly Effective
3.40 – 4.19 Effective
2.60 – 3.39 Neutral
1.80 – 2.59 Minimally effective
1.00 – 1.79 Ineffective
References:
28
https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fq
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Zarraga, Iloilo: Sacred Heart Academy, Inc.
31
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SACRED HEART ACADEMY, INC.

Acceptability of Talabun-ak (Phragmites autralis) as

Presented to Ms. Roselle S. Sirue

Sacred Heart Academy, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Ali, Tarah Keitz S.

Bajado, Alessa Mae P.

Somodio, Francine Grizel M.

Sumpia, Jesenie Marielle S.

The research study entitled “Talabun-ak

(Phragmites autralis) as alternative briquette”,

prepared and submitted by Tarah Keitz Ali S.,Bajado,

Alessa Mae P., Lorete Chelsy, Somodio, Francine Grizel

and Sumpia, Jesenie Marielle in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for research 9.

Ms. Roselle S. Sirue

Sr. Ma. Filiam Ann E. Seviliena

This research study provides the information on

how talabun-ak (phragmites autralis) as an alternative

briquette. We conducted an experiment last April 28,

2021 and May 8, 2021 it was a failed on the first

attempt but it was success on the second attempt.

In this experimental research shows the identity

and characteristic of the talabun-ak and on how this

plant can be benefit to us people as an alternative

briquette. Also in this research tell us the different

procedures, materials and testified if this is success.

Background of the study 1

Statement of the Problem 5

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Limitations of the Study 8

Conceptual and Operational Definition of Terms 9

Data Gathering Instrument 12

Data Gathering Procedure 13

Data Processing Technique 18

1 Ingredients Used in the Study and Their Cost 13

2 Tools/Equipment and their Uses 14

1 Procedure in making Briquette 16

The researcher would like to thank the following for

We would like to express our special thanks of

gratitude to Ms. Roselle S. Sirue, who gave us the

opportunity to do this research “Talabun-ak

(Phragmites autralis) as Alternative briquette so we

came to know about many things

To all researchers’ family especially to Mr. Mathew G.

Lorete, We are so grateful to all your nonstop support

and helping us a lot in finalizing this research with

in limited time frame.

And, to our most loving and caring God because of the

support in our journey while doing the research.

1 Procedure in making Briquette 16

The researcher would like to thank the following for

We would like to express our special thanks of

gratitude to Ms. Roselle S. Sirue, who gave us the

opportunity to do this research “Talabun-ak

(Phragmites autralis) as Alternative briquette so

we came to know about many things

To all researchers’ family especially to Mr.

Mathew G. Lorete, We are so grateful to all your

nonstop support and helping us a lot in finalizing

this research with in limited time frame.

And, to our most loving and caring God because of

the support in our journey while doing the