Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Date :
5 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
7 STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS/PROVISIONS
Provision Of 300 Thk. Rubble Wall And Rock Filled Gabion For Bank Protections.
8 MOVEMENT JOINTS
9 BEARINGS
10 PARAPET/CRASH BARRIERS
Where Applicable and Not Stated Otherwise, Typical Values of Some Basic Structural Engineering Properties For
Materials Assumed To Be: -
• Common Dimension Symbols: - Length (L) , Width (W), Breadth (B), Height (H), Thickness (T),Depth (D),
Diameter (+) .
Concrete = 25 kN/m3
Steel = 79 kN/m3
Premix = 23 kN/m3
Sand = 20 kN/m3
Fills = 18 kN/m3
Water = 10 kN/m3
Granite = 29 kN/m3
0. lass = 27 kN/m3
Timber = 10 kN/m3
Masonry = 17 kN/m3
Aluminum = 27 kN/m3
Rubber = 15 kN/m3
Concrete = 0.20.
Steel = 0.30.
Timber = 0.10.
Masonry = 0.75.
Aluminum = 0.35.
Rubber = 0.45.
• Shear/Rigidity Modulus (G) = E / 2 (1 + v) kN/m2.
nd
• Area (A) , Volume (V) , Moment Of Inertia Or 2 Moment Of Area (I) , Torsional Modulus (J)
Sectional Modulus (Z) Are Prismatic Parameters i.e. Relate To Shapes And Sizes i.e. The Products
Of L, W, B, H, T, D Or
The Following General Data On Common Climatic Conditions In Peninsular Malaysia Are To Be Taken Into
Account For Design Purposes Unless Stated Otherwise: -
• Temperature
• Rainfall
Max. Intensity of 300mm/hour assumed for a duration of 20 minutes for the 1:100 return period
storm.
Max.duration = 10 hours.
• Relative humidity
13 ENVIRONMENTAL, LOADINGS
Effects Due To Differential Settlements Of Supports NOT Considered. Effects Due To wind, Shrinkage, Creep
and Temperature to be considered.
Effects Due To Special Loadings Such As Vehicular/Vessel Collision Impact, Riverbed Scouring, Seawater
Surge-Wave, Water Current, Eddies And Abrasion, Riverbank erosion, Floating Log And Debris Impact etc.
are to be considered.
It Is Assumed that ( ) Shrinkage and (K) Creep of Precast Beams Have Taken Place At Service.
18m<L<25m =1.05(800-12.5L)x10-6m/m.
25m<L<40m =0.95(800-12.5L)x10-6m/m.
L > 40m = 300x10-6 m/m.
The Max. Temperature Range is assumed to be 15 °C And Temperature Difference Within Various Height Of
Member Is based On Figure 9 Of BD37/88.
For Structural Design Purposes, the Following Parameters Are Adopted For Wind Loading Analyzes: -
Basic speed, v = 14m/s ( 50km/hr).
14 FIRE RESISTANCES
15 DURABILITY
- Concrete Surfaces Exposed To Driving Rain, Alternate Wetting And Drying Or Typical
Outdoor Exposure, Such As Walls And Structure Supports Remote From The
Carriageway, Bridge Deck Soffits, Buried Parts Of Structures.
- Concrete Surfaces Above Ground Level And Fully Sheltered Against Rain, Deicing Salts, Sea
water Spray Or Concrete Surfaces Permanently Saturated By Water With pH > 4.5 Or
Typical Indoor Exposure, Such As Surfaces protected By Bridge Deck Water Proofing or
Permanent Formwork, Interior Surfaces Of Pedestrian Subways, Voided Superstructures,
Cellular Abutment, Concrete Permanently Under Water.
In Pile Cum Pier Column, (Unless Otherwise Specified) The Following Are To Be Satisfied: -
- Min. Concrete Cover = 75mm BUT See ITEM Entitled 'Design Criteria*.
Provision Of 50/100mm Dia . PVC Drain Pipes » Specified Spacing’s On Deck For Superstructures Drainage
System.
Provision Of 100 thk. Premix Surfacing On Top Of Deck Slab for Smooth/Skid Resistance Surfaces and Water
Proofing Agent
Provision of 2 Layers Black Bituminous Coatings to All earth Contact Concrete Surfaces to Minimize Effects of
Pore Water Pressures.
Provision Of 3 Layers Zinc Chromate OR Hot -Dip Galvanized Coatings To All Metallic Surfaces Of Bridge Parapet
For Corrosion Protection.
Approach Slab To Be 'Pin -Jointed' To Main Structures And Fully Supported By 5 00mm Thk. Sand Bedding
Wrapped With High Strength Structurally Woven Geotextile Membrane.
18 MATERIALS
19 AESTHETIC APPEARANCES
21 ANALYSIS METHODS
23 DESIGN CRITERIA
In general, the major aims of all design are to achieve a desirable features incorporating: -
• Design and construction economy in both time and costs with minimal impact towards surrounding
local environment, live hood social and economic issues.
• Safety and acceptable ride quality to JKR and relevant standard requirements.
Some major aspects that will be considered in the course of detailed structural design works and
documentations are as follows: -
• Bridge geometry to JKR RS design standard with a min. 2 lane dual carriageway cross sections,
inclusive of suitable widths for shoulder and pedestrian lane/cycle track on both sides.
• Suitable structural 'opening cross sectional area1 over river crossing in bot h hydraulic and
hydrological design with 1m minimum freeboard and 12m longitudinal sub structural spacing for
1:100 year recurrent intervals,- baaed on various hydrological design procedures published and to
JPS approvals and relevant local authorities approvals such as JBA, JPN, JB, JPP. JAS, JL, JKC,
JPA, LLM, KTMB, STMB, TNB and etc.
• Overall bridge design based on the following specific design standards, which will be adopted where
applicable are as follows: -
• Part 1:1988 'General Statement' and as amended by BD15/92 'General principles for
the design and construction of bridges. Use of BS5400:Part 1:1988'.
• Part 2:1978 'Specification for loads' and as amended by BD37/01 'Loads for
highway bridges'.
• Part 3:1982 "Code of practice for design of steel bridges' and as amended by BD13/90
'Design of steel bridges. Use of BS5400:Part 3:1982', and BA19/85 'The use of
BS5400-. Part 3:1982'.
• Part 4:1990 'Code of practice for design of concrete bridges' and as amended by
BD24/92 ‘Design of concrete bridges. Use of BS5400:Part 4:1984' and as amended by
JKR's Need Statement viz. `Prestressed member should be designed for Class 1 under
Load Combination 1 with HA/HA+30 units HB. Load Combinations 2 to 5 is designed for
Class 2 with HA/HA+45 units HB'.
• Part 5:1979 'Code of practice for design of composite bridges' and as amended by
BD16/87 'Design of composite bridges. Use of BS5400:Part 5:1979'.
• Part 6:1980 ‘Specification for materials and workmanship, steel' and as amended by
BDll/92 'Specification for materials and workmanship, steel. Use of
BSS400:Part 6 : 1980' .
• Part 9:1983 ‘Bridge bearing': Section 9.1 'Code of practice for design of bridge
bearings', Section 9.2 'Specifications for materials, manufacture and installation of
bridge bearings' and as amended by BD20/92 'Bridge bearing. Use of BS5400:Part
9:1983'.
• Part 10:1980 ‘Code of practice for fatigue' and as amended by BD9/31 'Implementation
of BS5400:Part 10:1980 - Code of practice for fatigue', and BA9/83 'The use of
BS5400-.Part 10:1980 - Code of practice for fatigue'.
• BS8004:1986 'Foundations'.
• BD70/03 'Strengthened/Reinforced soils and other fills for retaining walls and bridge
abutments - Use of BS8006' .
• BD41/97 'Reinforced clay brickwork retaining walls of pocket -type and grouted -
cavity type construction - Use of BS5628:Part 2:1995'.
• AASHTO guide specification and commentary for vessel collision design of highway
bridges, 1991 and Jabatan Laut requirements.
f. Seelye, EE ( 1959) 'Data book for civil -engineers, 3 11 Sd. , John Wiley
& Sons,
Inc. Mew York'
c) Expansion joints:-
• TRRL Laboratory Report 1104 ‘The performance in service of bridge deck expansion
joints'.
d) Bearings:-
• C&CAU971) 'The theory and practice of bearings and expansion joint3 for
bridges'.
f) Motorcycle/pedestrian bridges: -
• BD12/01 ‘Design of corrugated steel buried structures with spans greater than Q. 9
meters and up to 8.0 meters' .
• BD31/01 'the design of buried concrete box and portal frame structures’.
h) Durability: -
• BS5493:1977 'Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures
against corrosion'.
• BS729:197i 'Specification for hot dip -galvanized coatings on iron and steel articles'.
• BD35/00 'Quality assurance scheme for paints and similar protective coatings'.
• BA27/00 'Quality assurance scheme for paints and similar protective coatings'.
k) Aesthetic design: -
• BD84/02 'Strengthening of concrete bridge supports for vehicle impact using fiber
reinforced polymers'.
• BD88/03 `Design of cantilever masts for traffic signals and/or for speed cameras'.
• BA48/93 ‘Pedestrian protection at head walls, wing walls and retaining walls.
• BA53/94 ‘Bracing systems and the use of U-frames in steel highway bridges'.
• BD43/95 'Criteria and material for the impregnation of concrete •highway structures'.
• BE5/75 'Rules for the design and use of Freyssinet concrete hinges in •highway
structures'.
• BS6339:Part 1:1984 'Design Loading For Buildings -Code of practice for dead and
imposed loads'.
• BS6339:Part 2:1995 'Design Loading For Buildings -Code of practice for wind loads'.
• CP3 :Chapter V: Part2.-1972 'Code of basic data for the design of buildings-Wind
Loads'.
• Other Various Local And National Approving Authorities departmental guidance such
as JBA, JPN, JB, JPP, JAS, JL, JKC, JPA, LLM, KTMB, STMB, TNB and etc.
Where applicable, more specific details of structural analysis, design and detailing criteria that will be adopted
throughout this project are as follows: -
• The local and/or global bridge decks analyses will be carried out by an established or in-house 1 or 2 or 3D
stiffness or finite element methods computer software available in the design office. At present,
'STAADPRO Stiffness and Finite Element Method commercial computer software' will be used. The
computer modeling techniques and derivations of structural element properties will be based on
recommendations published by: -
• The analysis of local effect due to HB wheels on bridge decks will be derived based on
recommendations published by: -
d. Moody,WT 'Moment and reactions for rectangular plates, US Dept. of the interior,
Eng. Monograph No.27, Colorado, USA'.
• Integral Bridges: -BA42/03 'Design for integral bridges', analysis theories, design concepts and
construction methods etc., are based on numerous published text references and research works mainly
made in USA, Canada and UK, in addition to related BD/BA stated-above.
• Other bridge components - analysis and design of prestressed beam, deck slab, abutment, and pier pile
group analysis and etc. Will be carried out utilizing various non commercialized in-house computer
programs. Additional Related references for the analysis, design and construction of bridge structures:
-
b. Leonhardt,F(1982) 'Bridges - Aesthetics And Design, Deutsche Verlags Anstalt GmbH, Stuttgard,
Germany'.
d. Pritchard,Q(1992) 'Bridge Design For Economy and durability, concepts for new strengthening and
replacement bridges, Thomaa Telford, London'.
g. Farraday,RV(1983) 'Hydraulic factors in bridge design, Hydraulic Research Station Ltd., Wellington'.
• Analysis and design of prestressed concrete structures - various BD/BA textbooks and design guides:-
a. BD59/94 ‘Design of bridges and concrete structures with external and unbonded prestressing'
b. BA59/94 ‘Design of bridges and concrete structures with external and unbonded prestressing'
c. Abeles,PW(1981) 'Prestressed Concrete Designer's Handbook, 3rd. Ed., A Viewpoint Publ., UK',
e. CCL Sales Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia (1973) 'Prestressed Concrete Design Information Handbook, Publ.
Info.’
g. CIRIA-GUIDE-1, UK (1975) 'A Guide To the Design of Anchor Blocks for PostTensioned
Prestressed Concrete Members'.
j. Lin,TY(1978) 'Design Of Prestressed Concrete Structures, John Wiley 4 Son3,Inc. New York'.
o. Mosley,WH(1992) ' 1-day-course On Prestressed Concrete Design, IEM Malaysia, Unpl. Notes'.
• The detail design concepts may be found in 'structural design calculations' documents.
• Detailing- all detailing to be carried out utilizing commercial computer aided drafting tool AutoCAD.
• Bridge supporting system - all abutment, pier and crash barrier shall take account the local and global
affects due to vehicle collision loads. For bridges crossing over stream, river and sea, the vessels collision
impact, riverbed scouring, seawater surge -wave, water current, eddies and abrasion, riverbank erosion,
floating log and debris impact shall be taken into account.
• Overhead pedestrian-motorcycle bridges - designed to accommodate 8D29/87 and BD37/88 loadings with
special consideration for additional loads due to billboards attached on parapets and roof elements.
• Piled embankment structures- designed to carry up to 1.3 times the allowable structural pile capacity given
by BS8004:1986. The minimum factor of safety against pile bearing failure is to be taken not less than 1.5.
• Retaining earth and swallow foundation structures - designed subjected to lateral earth pressure with min.
Lateral earth pressure coefficient at rest equal to 0.5 additional to all other specified loadings. Up to 50%
passive pressure is assumed to mobilize (NOTE: Large amount of 'push-in' forces will be required before
100% passive resistance is to be mobilized), The minimum factor of safety against: -
- Bearing Capacity = 2.
- Overturning = 1.5.
- Slope Failure = 2.
- Floatation = 1.5
• Piles - 6OOmm dia. cast insitu bored piles with SLS structural capacity of 1500kN will be adopted from
all bridges, and 200mm precast rc. Square piles o f 20 0 K N structural capacities will be used to support
all culvert structures (where applicable). All piles are designed to withstand appropriate SLS and ULS
forces and only vertical piles will be adopted. The max lateral deflection limit for concrete pile is set not
exceeding 1/1000 of the pile length but not exceeding l0mm to control brittle fractures due to excessive
bending.
• Bridge bearings - where applicable, suitable sizes of elastomeric laminated rubber pad bearings placed on
15mm min. thk. epoxy mortar plinth will be used to support all precast beams.
• Expansion joints - suitable size and shape local products joint will be adopted with movement capacity
capable to accommodate 60mm min. structural expansions (if applicable).
• Parapet- Composite Structural Steelworks And Reinforced Concrete Plinth type is adopted.
• Deck Slab- 250mm min. thk. Continuous insitu deck slab is adopted. Diaphragm- 600mm min. thk. insitu
end diaphragm is adopted.
• Precast Prestressed Beams - I-beam section is proposed viz. conventional post tensioned constructions.
Concrete grade/class- to ensure highly durable structural elements, minimum concrete grade 40N/mm2 is
used throughout the project: -
- Class 40/20- abutment, pier, diaphragm, deck -approach slabs, wing -curtain walls, parapet.
- Related Codes of practice for cement based concrete works: - BS12, BS146, BS410, BS877, BS882,
BS1201, BS1014, BS1047, BS1200, BS1305, BS1370, BS1881, BS3148, BS3797, BS3892, BS4027,
BS4246, BS4248, BS4251, BS4408, BS4550 and BS5075.
- 50mm - to insitu deck slab, parapet, curtain wall, diaphragms and all insitu concrete super structural
elements for foot, motorcycle bridges and precast r.c. piles.
- 50mm - to insitu abutment, pier, approach slab, wing walls, bored piles, culverts and etc.
• Reinforcement bar - grade 460 and 250N/mmi to BS4449 and BS4468. Related codes of practice for
reinforcing steel bars: - BS4461, BS4466, BS4483 and BS5153. Prestressing strand unless stated
otherwise min. grade l860N/mm2 , 12.9 or 15.2mm dia., and low relaxation 7 - wire super strands to
BS5896:1980, Related codes of practice for prestressing wire and anchorages: - BS2691, BS3617,
BS4447, BS4482, BS4486 and BS4757.
• Structural Steelworks- unless stated otherwise min. grade 50C to BS4360for main members such as plate
girder, beams post and rails; and grade 43A to BS4360 for all other minor components. Related codes of
practice for carbon manganese and 3tainless steelworks involving plates, tubes, bolting, welding, rivet,
coatings and etc.: - BS4, BS29, BS309, BS310, BS427, BS709, BS729, BS970, BS1449, BS1452,
BS2763, BS2789, BS3100, BS3410, BS3692, BS3892, BS4190, BS4320, BS4360, BS4464, BS4395,
BS4604,BS4848, BS4570, BS4620, BS4848, BS4870, BS4933, BS5135, BS6105 and BS6796.
• Asphaltic concrete wearing course (premix surfacing) - 1OOmm thk. asphaltic concrete premix surfacing to
top of insitu deck k-box girder. The provision of 100mm thk. premix can act as waterproofing agent about
top of deck slab and will enhanced the durability of deck structures.
• Drainage facilities- min. 2.5V deck slab cross falls; in addition to the provision of 50/100mm dia. drain
pipes at 2500mm max. Spacing will ensure adequate drainage system on bridge deck.
• Lighting facilities, lightning arrestors and etc shall be incorporated where applicable.
• Special loading due to environmental effects such as wind gust, creep, shrinkage, temperature range and
different, and differential settlement of bridge supporting systems will be taken into account; utilizing all
relevant data gained from JKC etc. But however, other abnormal and uncertain effects (termed as acts of
God') such as hurricane, seismic-earthquake, landslide, flood, explosion, vibration (other than vehicles)
etc. will be not taken into account.