02 uykqjr rdcOdksh
ye¢kaùu
myf<diajk ishji w.Nd.fha §
Y%S ,xldfõ uOHu l÷lrfha fixlv.,
k.rh flakaø fldgf.k uykqjr
rdcOdksh ìys úh' 16 jk ishjfia
isg furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h
m;=rejdf.k isá mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd
bx.%Sis hk hqfrdamShkaf.ka t,a, jQ
;¾ckj,g uqyqK foñka 1815 j¾Ih
jk f;la furg iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId
lr .ekSug tu rdcOdkshg yelshdj
,enqKs'
Y%S ,xldfõ wjika rdcOdksh jk
uykqjr rdcOdksfha wdrïNh" tys isá
lemS fmfkk rcjreka" wd¾Ól rgdj"
wd.u yd iudch" jdia;= úµdj yd l,d
Ys,am wdÈh ms<sn|j fuu mßÉfþofha §
Tfí wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
rEmh 2'1 merKs uykqjr k.rh
30
uykqjr rdcOdksh hkq iajdNdúl
wdrlaIdj iys; N+ñhl msysá md,k
uOHia:dkhls' uOHu l÷lr m%foaYfha
msysá uykqjr fyj;a fixlv., k.rh
flakaø fldgf.k fuu rdcOdksh ìys
úh' fixlv.,mqrh" lkao Wvrg" Wvrg
rdcOdksh" lkafokqjr hk kï o fuu
rdcOdksh ye¢kaùug Ndú; flf¾' uykqjr
k.rhg uyje,s .f`.ka wdrlaIdj ,efnk
w;r Wvj;a; l÷jeáh yd yka;dk
l÷jeáfhka o thg ;jÿrg;a wdrlaIdj ,efí'
Wia N+ñhl msysá neúka my;rg m%foaYj, isg
uykqjr k.rhg meñKSu w;S;fha § ÿIalr
ù ;sìK' n,k" yqkakia.sßh jeks ÿ¾. ud¾.
yryd fuu k.rhg we;=`M ùug isÿj ;sîu
tys wdrlaIdjg fya;=jla úh'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 2'1 uykqjr rdcOdksfha wdrïNh
yhjk mrdl%undyq rcq fldaÜfÜ
rdcH md,kh l< wjêfha uykqjr m%foaYh
fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg hg;a md,k tallhla
jYfhka mej;=Ks' tu rc;=ud hgf;a tla
ld,hl § fcda;sh kï isgqjrfhla Wvrg
md,k lghq;=j, ksr; úh' fï w;r fcda;sh
isgqjrhd Wvrg" fldaÜfÜ rdcHfhka ksoyia
lr .ekSu i|yd yhjk mrdl%undyq rcqg
úreoaOj le/,a,la we;s l< nj jd¾;d fõ'
tu le/,a, wid¾:l úh' yhjk mrdl%undyq
rcqf.a urKfhka miq fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh
l%ufhka ÿ¾j, úh'
rEmh 2'2 m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
tu ;;aajfhka m%fhdack .;a
fiakdiïu; úl%undyq kï m%N+jrfhla
Wvrg rdcOdksh fldaÜfÜ md,k n,fhka
ksoyia lrf.k" fixlv., k.rh uq,a
lr .ksñka fjk u rdcOdkshla msysgqúh'
fï wkqj Wvrg rdcOdksfha uq,a u rc;=ud
fiakdiïu; úl%undyq fõ'
fiakdiïu; úl%undyq rcqf.ka
miqj Tyqf.a mqf;l= f,i ie,flk chùr
nKavdr Wvrg rcq njg m;a úh' chùr
rc;=udf.a ld,fha § fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh
fldaÜfÜ" iS;djl yd rhs.u jYfhka
fldgia ;=klg fnÿKs' ta ms<sn|j miajk
mßÉfþofha § úia;r flf¾' fufia fldaÜfÜ
rdcOdksh fldgia ;=klg fn§u ksid Wvrg
rdcOdkshg ;jÿrg;a iajdëkj lghq;=
lsÍug bv ,enqKs'
16 jk ishji wdrïNfha § mD;=.SiSyq
,xldjg meñKshy' Tjqyq fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh
iu`. in|;d we;s lr f.k l%ufhka tys
foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g o we`.s,s .eiQy'
tjlg Wvrg md,lhd jQ chùr rcq iu`.;a
in|;d we;s lr .ekSug mD;=.SiSyq W;aidy
l<y' tfy;a bka id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,enqKs'
Wvrg md,lhd jQ chùr nKavdr
rcqf.ka miq Tyqf.a mqf;l= jk lr,shoafoa
nKavdr Wvrg md,lhd njg m;a úh'
lr,shoafoa nKavdr Wvrg n,h w,a,d
.ekSu .ek iS;djl md,lfhda wi;=áka miq
jQy' fufia iS;djlska ;ukag t,a, jQ ;¾ck
ksid lr,shoafoa nKavdr rcq mD;=.SiSka iu`.
ys;j;a úh' ;u md,lhd úfoaY cd;shla iu`.
ys;j;aj tu ixialD;sh ms<s.ksñka lghq;=
lsÍu .ek Wvrg m%N+jre l,lsreKy' fï
ksid Wvrg m%N+jrfhl= jQ ùriqkaor nKavdr"
iS;djl md,lhd jQ m<uqjk rdcisxy rcqg
Wvrg w;am;a lr .ekSug wdOdr lf<a h'
rdcisxy rcq Wvrg wdl%uKh l< úg Bg
uqyqK§ug fkdyels jQ lr,shoafoa nKavdr
rcqq ;u ÈhKsh jQ l=iqudik foaúh;a nEkd
31
 flfkl= jQ huisxy nKavdr we;=`M rc mjq,;a
iu`. ukakdrug m,d f.dia mD;=.SiSkaf.a
/ljrK me;S h' tys § lr,shoafoa rcqf.a
ÈhKsh jQ l=iqudik foaúh" fodak l;sßkd
kñka o nEkd jQ huisxy nKavdr fodka ms,sma
kñka o mD;=.SiSka fj;ska fn!;Siau ,enQy'
l%s' j' 1580 § muK Wvrg rdcH hg;a
lr .;a m<uqjk rdcisxy rc;=ud iS;djl isg
Wvrg md,kh lf<a h' jeäl,a hdug fmr
iS;djl rdcisxy rcq yd by; lS ùriqkaor
nKavdr w;r u;fNaohla we;s úh' tys
m%;sM,hla jYfhka iS;djl rdcisxy rc;=uka
úiska ùriqkaor nKavdrj urjk ,È' ;u
mshdf.a urKh;a iu`. ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a
mq;d jQ fldkmamq nKavdr Ôú; wdrlaIdj
m;d mD;=.SiSka fj;g m,d .sfha h' fodka
cqjka kñka mD;=.SiSka fj;ska fn!;Siau ,enQ
t;=ud mD;=.SiSkag ys;j;aj lghq;= lf<a h'
Wvrg lemS fmfkk rcjre
m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud
^l%s' j' 1592 - l%s' j' 1604&
iS;djl rdcisxy rcq Wvrg rcq
jYfhka isá wjêfha § Ysj wd.u je<|f.k
we;eï fn!oaO NslaIQkag tfrysj lghq;=
lf<a h' fï ksid Wvrg m%N+jreka ;=< o
rdcisxy rcq flfrys l,lsÍula we;s úh'
tu ;;ajh m%fhdackhg .;a mD;=.SiSyq Wvrg
;ukag .e;s md,khla msysgqùug W;aidy
l<y'
mD;=.SiSyq ;u /ljrKh ,nd isá
lr,shoafoa nKavdrf.a nEkd jQ huisxy
nKavdr Wvrgg hjd rclug m;a l<y'
huisxy nKavdrf.a wdrlaIdj msKsi fldkmamq
nKavdr l=ureka o mD;=.SiSka úiska Wvrgg
hjk ,È' huisxy nKavdr flá ld,hlska
ñh .sfha h' fï ksid mD;=.SiSyq huisxy
nKavdrf.a ,dnd, mq;a l=ufrl= Wvrg
isxydikfha ;nd Wvrg rElv md,khla
32
f.k hdug W;aidy l<y' fï wjia:dfõ §
bÈßhg meñKs fldkmamq nKavdr mD;=.SiSkag
tfrysj lghq;= lrñka Wvrg n,h w,a,d
.;af;a h' mD;=.SiSka hgf;a u fodka cqjka
kñka fn!;Siau ,nd isá fldkmamq nKavdr
Wvrg § ;ukag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu .ek
mD;=.SiSyq l=ms; jQy' fï ksid Tjqyq fldkmamq
nKavdrf.ka m<s.ekSug wjia:djla fidhñka
isáhy'
l%sia;= j¾I 1592 § fldkmamq nKavdr
l=urd m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh kñka Wvrg
rcùu Wvrg rdcOdks b;sydifha b;d
jeo.;a isÿùuls' t;=ud n,hg m;a ùu ksid
Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< mD;=.Sis .e;s md,khla
we;s ùu je,l=Ks'
úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a jeo.;alu
z l%s' j' 1592 isg 1604 olajd m<uqjk
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq Wvrg rcq jYfhka
lghq;= lf<a h' fu;=ud n,hg m;ajk
úg Wvrg isxydikhg kS;Hkql+,
Wreuhla fkd;snqKs' fï ksid lr,shoafoa
nKavdrf.a ÈhKshla jQ l=iqudik foaúh
^fodak l;sßkd l=ußh& újdy lr .ksñka
fyf;u ;u kS;Hkql+, Wreuh ;yjqre
lr .;af;a h'
z úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud yd l=iqudik
foaúh w;r újdyfhka Wvrgg w¨;a
rc fm<m;la ìys úh' fikr;a rcq"
fojk rdcisxy rcq" fojk úu,O¾uiQßh
rcq iy ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq tu
mrmqrg wh;a fõ'
z úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud iS;djl n,mEfuka
Wvrg rdcOdksh ksoyia lr .;af;a h'
iS;djl rdcisxy rcq Wvrg wdl%uKh
l< wjia:dfõ úu,O¾uiQßh rcq Tyqj
mrdch lf<a h'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 rEmh 2'3 l=reúg fo,a.uqj úydrfha o<odj i`.jd ;snQ l=ryka .,
z mD;=.SiS n,hg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu fuu
rc;=udf.ka isÿ jQ ;j;a fufyjrls'
l%sia;= j¾I 1594 § oka;=f¾ igfka §
o" l%sia;= j¾I 1602 § n,k igfka §
o mD;=.SiSka meroùug úu,O¾uiQßh
rc;=ud iu;a úh'
z úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud nqÿ oyu
k.disgqùug mshjr /ila wkq.ukh
lf<a h' nqreufhka Wmiïmodj f.k
tau" ,xld;s,lh" .v,dfoKsh jeks
úydr w¨;ajeähd lsÍu tu lghq;=j,g
WodyrK fõ'
z wdrlaIdj i|yd fo,a.uqj úydrfha
l=ryka .,la ;=< i`.jd ;snQ o<odj
Wvrgg jevujd ;ekam;a lrù h'
fikr;a rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1604 -1635&
m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka
miq Tyqf.a {d;s ifydaorfhl= jQ fikr;a
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
Wvrg rcq njg m;a úh' fikr;a rcq igkg
jvd iduldó;ajh w.h l< wfhls' fï ksid
j¾I 1617 § mD;=.SiSka iu`. idu .súiqula
we;s lr .ekSug fikr;a rc;=ud lghq;=
lf<a h' tfy;a fikr;a rcqf.a ld,fha § u
mD;=.Sis lms;dka ckrd,a fldkaia;ka;sfkda
o id úYd, fiakdjla iu`. meñK W!j
m%foaYh wdl%uKh lf<a h' rcqf.a mq;d jQ
uyd wdia:dk l=ureka úiska Wvrg yuqodjka
fufyhjQ w;r rkafoksfj, § fuu
fomd¾Yajh w;r m%n, igka we;s úh' fuu
igkska mD;=.SiSkag wka; mrdchla w;a úh'
fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1635 -1687&
fikr;a rcqf.ka miq uyd wdia:dk
l=ure fyj;a fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud Wvrg
rdcOdksfha isyiqkg m;a úh' lS¾;su;a
rfcl= jQ fu;=ud mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd
±ófï ±ä wêIaGdkfhka lghq;= lf<a h'
33

rEmh 2'4 fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud
fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k iufha
jeo.;alu
z fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud mD;=.SiSka m,jd
yeÍu i|yd ,kafoaiSkaf.a iydh ,nd
.ekSug l%shd lf<a h' ta wkqj 1638
j¾Ifha § fuu rc;=ud yd ,kafoaiSka w;r
.súiqula we;s úh' wk;=rej fomd¾Yajh
mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj m%ydr t,a, fldg
j¾I 1658 § Tjqka furáka fkrmd ±ó h'
z fojk rdcisxy rc;=uka Wvrg
rdcOdksfha n, m%foaYh mq`M,a lsÍug
lghq;= lr we;' mD;=.SiSka fkrmd
yer iuia; Èjhsfka u md,lhd ùfï
wruqKla rcqg ;snqK;a mD;=.SiSkaf.ka
34
w;am;a lr .;a m%foaY ,kafoaiSka ;uka
hgf;a ;nd .;a ksid tu wruqK bgq
lr .; fkdyels úh' tf;la mD;=.SiSka
hgf;a ;snQ m%foaY /ila Wvrgg tl;=
lr .ekSug fï rcqg yels úh'
z fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § Èfhda.= o
fïf,da kï mD;=.Sis lms;ka ckrd,ajrhd
1638 j¾Ifha § úYd, yuqodjla iu`.
Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h' .kafkdrej
fjf,a § fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a
yuqodfjda wdl%uKsl yuqodj jgfldg
m%n, m%ydrhla t,a, l<y' fï igkska o
mD;=.SiSka wka; mrdchg m;a jQ w;r
rdcisxy rcq ch ,eî h'
z l%s' j' 1635 § fikr;a rcqf.a urKska miq
n,hg m;a fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud j¾I
1687 jk f;la Wvrg md,kh lf<a h'
ta wkqj Wvrg rdcOdks b;sydifha §¾>
ld,hla md,k lghq;= fufyhjQ rcq
jQfha fu;=ud h'
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
^l%s' j' 1687 - l%s' j' 1707&
z fojk rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj Tyqf.a
mq;%hd jQ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh l=ure
Wvrg rclug m;a úh' fu;=ud fndfyda
iduldó md,lfhl= jYfhka lghq;=
lf<a h'
z my;rg m%foaYj, isá ,kafoaiSka
iu`. iqyoj l,af.ùu lemS fmfkk
,laIKhls'
z fuu rc;=udf.a ld,fha § nqoaO Ydikh
k.d isgqùu i`oyd nqreufhka Wmiïmodj
f.kajd Wvrg Wmiïmodj msysgqúh'
z tfia u o<od ud,s.dj m%;sixialrKh
l< nj o ±lafõ'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq
^l%s' j' 1707 - 1739&
z fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq 1707 j¾Ifha
§ ñh .sh úg Tyqf.a mq;a ùr mrdl%u
kf¾kaøisxy l=ure Wvrg rclug m;a
úh'
z Wvrg b;sydifha ÿ¾j, md,lfhl=
f,i ie,flk fï rc;=udf.a ld,fha
m%N+ mka;sfha n,h j¾Okh úh'
z fuu rc;=uka o bkaÈhdkq l=udßldjl
újdy lr f.k isá w;r tu újdyfhka
rclug Wreu mqf;l= ,eî fkd;snqKs'
tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka kdhlal¾
jxYslfhda Wvrg n,hg meñKshy'
Y%S úch rdcisxy rc;=ud
^l%s' j' 1739 - 1747&
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq je,súg irKxlr
i`.rc ysñhkaf.ka nK oyï yodrd we;' ta
ksid fn!oaOd.u ms<sn`o ukd ±kqula rcqg
;snqKs' tneúka Wvrg jeisfhda rc;=udg
uy;a f.!rjhla ±lajQy'
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha
Wvrg m%foaYj, úYd, fn!oaO mqkreohla
we;sùu ksid Wvrg rdcOdks b;sydifha
t;=udf.a ld,h úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka'
je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc ysñfhda rcqg
wjYH wkqYdikd ,nd foñka fuu fn!oaO
mqkreofha mqfrda.dñhd f,i l%shd l<y'
Wvrg rcjrekag È.= ld,hla hqoaOhg
m%uqL;ajh ,nd § l%shd lsÍug isÿ ùu;a
hqfrdamshkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh;a jeks fya;=
ksid fuu rc;=udf.a ld,h jk úg

z fu;=ud Wvrg rdcHfha n,hg m;a

m<uq kdhlal¾ jxYsl rc;=ud h'
Tyq ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcqf.a
kdhlal¾ ìijf.a ifydaorfhls'

z Y%S úch rdcisxy rc;=ud irKxlr

i`.rc ysñhkaf.a nqoaO Ydiksl
lghq;=j,g Wmldr lf<a h'
tysñhkaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ nqreufhka
Wmiïmodj f.k taug lghq;= l<;a
th id¾:l fkdù h'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1747 - 1782&

Y%S úch rdcisxy rcqg isxydik
Wreulrefjl= fkdisá neúka Tyqf.a
urKfhka miq w.ìijf.a fidfydhqfrl=
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy kñka Wvrg rclug
m;a úh' tjlg Tyqf.a jhi wjqreÿ 16la
muK úKehs i`oyka fõ'

rEmh 2'5 lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq

35
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 rEmh 2'6 lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhkag úðksm; ms<s.ekaùu
Èjhsfka nqoaO Ydikfha úYd, msßySula we;sj
;snqKs' Wmiïmodj ,enQ NslaIQka jykafia,d
rg ;=<ska fidhd .ekSug;a wmyiq ù ;sìK'
fï ksid irKxlr ysñhkaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ
rcq ,kafoaiskaf.a keõ ,ndf.k ishuhg
¥;hka hjd Wmd,s ysñhka m%uqL NslaIQka
jykafia,d furgg jevujd 1753 j¾Ifha §
Wmiïmod W;aijhla meje;aúh' ta iu`. u
j¾;udkh olajd mj;sk ishï ksldh wdrïN
úh' tfia u rc;=ud úiska je,súg irKxlr
ysñhka ix>rdc moúhg m;a lrk ,È' Wvrg
yd my;rg m%foaYj, wn,kaj ;snQ fjfyr
úydr úYd, m%udKhla fuu rc;=ud úiska
m%;sixialrKh lrjk ,È'
oUq¨ úydrh tfia m%;sixialrKh
lrjQ úydrj,g WodyrKhls'
36
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq yskaÿ Nla;slfhl=
jqj o jd¾Islj o<od fmryr meje;aùug
Wmldr ,nd ÿka w;r thg foajd, fmryr o
tla fldg jvd W;al¾Ij;a lf<a h'
furg uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, isá
,kafoaiSkaf.ka Wvrg rdcOdkshg ;¾ck
t,a, ùu ksid fudjqka m,jd yeÍu msKsi
fï rc;=ud bkaÈhdfõ isá bx.%SiSkaf.ka
wdOdr ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lf<a h' rcqf.a
b,a,Su u; fcdaka *hsnia kï bx.%Sis ¥;fhl=
1762 j¾Ifha § uykqjrg meñK rcq uqK
.eiqKs' tfy;a tu ¥; .ufkka id¾:l
m%;sM, fkd,enqKs' rcq bx.%Siskaf.ka Woõ
m;k nj ±k.;a miq ,kafoaiSkaf.ka Wvrgg
t,a, jQ ;¾ck ;j;a jeä úh' tys m%;sM,hla
jYfhka ,kafoaiSyq 1765 j¾Ifha § Wvrg
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud
^l%s' j' 1798 - 1815&

rEmh 2'7 oUq¨ úydrh
rdcdêrdcisxy rcqq ñh
hk úg rclug Wreulï lsj
yels kdhlal¾ l=udrjreka
fofofkla isáhy'
Tjqka fofokd lkakidñ yd
uq;a;=idñ hkqfjka ye`oskafõ'
tjlg Wvrg uydÈldrï
jQ ms<su;,õfõf.a iyh
lkakidñ l=udrhdg ,eìKs'
ta wkqj ms<su;,õfõf.a
ueÈy;a ùfuka ,dnd, úfha
isá lkakidñ l=urd l%sia;=
j¾I 1798 § Y%S úl%u rdcisxy
kñka Wvrg rclug m;a
úh'

wdl%uKh l< o fuu wdl%uKfhka Tjqkaf.a

wruqK bgq lr .; fkdyels úh' È.ska È.g
u mej;s ,kafoais ;¾ck ksid È.= ld,Skj
iduhla wfmalaId l< rc;=ud 1766 j¾Ifha
§ ,kafoaiSka iu`. .súiqula w;aika lf<a
h' fï .súiqfuka Wvrg rdcOdkshg uqyqÿ
fjr<la wysñ lsÍug;a tu.ska úfoaY rgj,a
iu`. rcq mj;ajk in|;d ì| ±óug;a
,kafoaiSka m%h;ak ord we;' tfy;a .súiqfï
i|yka fndfyda lreKq m%dfhda.sl jYfhka
l%shd;aul fkdù h'

rdcdêrdcisxy rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1782 - 1798&

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq Tyqf.a

fidfydhqrd rdcdêrdcisxy kñka rclug
m;a úh' fu;=ud Nla;su;a fn!oaOfhl=
úh' bx.%SiSka Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY
,kafoaiSkaf.ka w;am;a fldg .;af;a
fï rcqf.a ld,fha § h' 1798 j¾Ifha §
rdcdêrdcisxy rc;=ud ñh .sfha h'
rEmh 2'8 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud

37
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 uq;a;=idñ l=urd wdrlaIdj m;d bx.%SiSka
fj;g m,d .sh w;r Tyqg bx.%SiSkaf.a
/ljrKh ,enqKs'
;udg ys;j;a lkakidñ l=urd rclug
m;a lsÍfuka Tyq yeuodu ;udg wjk;j
;nd .; yels nj ms<su;,õfõ l,amkd l<
nj fmfka' fuu rcq uq, § ms<su;,õfõf.a
woyia ms<s.;a kuq;a miqj ;u kdhlaldr
{d;Skaf.a nig wjk; ù l%shd lr ;sfí' fï
ksid rcq yd ms<su;,õfõ w;r u;fNao we;s
úh' tys § ms<su;,õfõ bx.%SiSkaf.ka wdOdr
,nd f.k rcqg tfrysj l%shd lsÍug W;aidy
l<;a tu jev ms<sfj< wid¾:l úh'
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq Wvrg md,kh
lrk úg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ì%;dkH
wdKavqldrjrhd jYfhka i¾ f*%âßla
fkda¾;a uq, § lghq;= lf<a h' fkda¾;a
wdKavqldrhdg Wvrg hqO Yla;sh yd Wml%u
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkdù h' tneúka
1803 j¾Ifha § Tyq Wvrg w,a,d .ekSfï
wdl%uKhla Èh;afldg ;u /ljrK ,nd
isá uq;a;=idñ l=ureka Wvrg rcq jYfhka
m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' tfy;a jeishkaf.a
iyh Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg ,eîu ksid tu
wdl%uKh wid¾:l úh' tys § uq;a;=idñ
l=urd Ôú;laIhg m;a úh'
z Y%S úl%urdcisxy rc;=ud l%sia;= j¾I
1798 - 1815 olajd Wvrg md,kh lf<a h'
z o<od ud,s.djg Ñ;a;dl¾IKSh
m;a;sßmamqj tla lsÍug t;=uka lghq;=
lr we;'
z ud,s.dj bÈßmsg we;s lsß uqyqo kï jej
;ekùu" fu;=udf.a ld,fha isÿ úh'
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udf.a ld,fha
Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< foaYmd,k w¾nqohla
we;s úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka rcq yd ro, m%N+
38
mka;sh w;r;a rcq yd fmdÿ ck;dj w;r;a
mej;s in|;dj ì| jegqKs' uykqjr rdcOdksh
;=< u rcq wkdrlaIs;hl=f.a ;;ajhg m;a
úh' fuu wjia:dfjka m%fhdack .;a tjlg
furg bx.%Sis wdKavqldrhd jQ frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a
Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h'
fï wjêh jk úg Wvrg uydêldrï
jQ weyef,afmd, yd rcq w;r .egqula we;s
úh' fï ksid weyef,afmd, bx.%SiSkaf.a
/ljrKh ,nd isáfha h' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy
rcqg tfrysj bx.%SiSka t,a, l< wdl%uKfha
§ weyef,afmd,f.a iydh bx.%SiSkag ,enqKs'
Wvrg jeishka fndfyda fofkl= rcq
flfrys l,lsÍ isá neúka" fujr bx.%SiSka
Wvrgg meñKSu je<elaùug lsisfjl=
bÈßm;a fkdù h' tys m%;sM, jYfhka lsis ÿ
wmyiqjlska f;drj uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M
ùug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' rcjdi,ska m,df.dia
ueouykqjr m%foaYfha ksjil ie`.ù isá rcq
Wv/áhka úiska fidhdf.k bx.%Siskag Ndr
fok ,È' fufia rcq w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka
fjk;a lsis ÿ hqfrdamShfhl= Wvrg § fkd,;a
chla ,eîug bx.%Sisyq iu;a jQy' wk;=rej
n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrhd Wvrg m%N+jreka iu`.
.súiqula w;aika lf<a h' th 1815 j¾Ifha
ud¾;= fojk Èk .súiqu fyj;a Wvrg .súiqu
jYfhka m%isoaêhg m;a úh' fï .súiqu wkqj
Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SiSkag hg;a nj ms<sf.k
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq we;=`M kdhlal¾jrekag
Wvrg isxydikhg ;snQ ish¨ Wreuhka
wfydais flßKs' fufia Wvrg rdcOdksfha
iajdêm;H wfydais ùu;a iu`. iuia; Èjhsk
u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a úh'
ì%;dkH w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ Y%S úl%u
rdcisxy rcq bx.%SiSka úiska bkaÈhdfõ
fj,af,darhg /f.k hk ,È'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 2'2 wd¾Ól rgdj
rEmh 2'9 l=re÷ ñá ne| ieliSu
lDIsl¾uh
furg idïm%odhsl Ôjk l%uh jQ
lDIsl¾uh mokï lr.;a wd¾Ól rgdj
uykqjr hq.h ;=< o l%shd;aulj mej;=Ks'
uykqjr rdcH iuh jk úg furg f;;a
l,dmh ;=< YS>% ck.yk jHdma;shla mej;s
kuq;a f;;a l,dmhg j¾Ih mqrd me;sreK
j¾Idjla ,enqK neúka úh<s l,dmfha fuka
jeõ wuqKq ;kd c,h /ia lr ;nd .ekSfï
wjYH;djla fkd;sìK' uykqjr wdY%s;j
l÷lr m%foaY nyq, jQ neúka fy,au`M l%uhg
ilid .;a l=Uqre wyia Èfhka j.d lsÍu iq,N
,laIKhla úh' my;rg m%foaYj, ;jÿrg;a
iudkH mßoafoka l=Uqre j.dj mej;=Ks'
l=Uqre f.dú;ekg wu;rj fyaka
f.dú;ek o mej;sKs' l=rlalka" fufkaß"
;," bß`.== wdÈh fyakaj, j.d flßKs' óg
wu;rj fldia" fo,a" .ïñßia" w, j¾."
idÈlald" lrouqx.=" mqjla" t<j`M" m,;=re
wdÈh f.j;= j.d jYfhka mej;=Ks' lsß ,nd
.ekSu" f.dú;eka lghq;=" m%jdyk lghq;=
wdÈh i|yd .j md,kh isÿ úh'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
fjf<|du
uykqjr rdcH iufha § foaYSh fjf<|du
fuka u úfoaYSh fjf<|du o mej;=Ks' uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, ksIamdok Wvrg m%foaYj,g wf,ú
flreK w;r Wvrg m%foaYj, ksIamdok my;
rgg wf,ú úh'
fjf<|dfï § ldis Ndú;h o isÿ
jQ w;r" NdKav yqjudre l%uh o mej;s nj
fmfka' Wvrg yd my;rg w;r lvj;a ;kd
;snqKq w;r fjf<| øjH m%jdykh fuu lvj;a
yryd isÿ úh' lvj;a hkq ,kafoaiSkaf.a iSud-
jka yd Wvrg rdcOdksfha iSudjka w;r mej;s
uqrfmd<j,a h'
Wvrg rdcH iufha úfoaY fjf<|du
rcqf.a taldêldrh hgf;a mej;=Ks' uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, isá hqfrdamShka iu`. rcq fjf<|
in|;d meje;ajQ w;r bkaÈhdj yd Wvrg w;r
o fjf<| iïnkaO;d mej;=Ks'
39
 Wvrg rdcH iufha yqjudre jQ fjf<| NdKav in|;djla mej;sKs' wfkHdakH iyfhda.h
iy iyÔjkh" iduqysl;ajh" iudch ;=<
fyd¢ka" wdrlaId ù ;snqKs' fuu iudcfha
wmkhk l< fjf<| wdkhkh l< fjf<| mQcH mlaIh" m%N+ mka;sh yd idudkH ck;dj
øjH yd i;=ka øjH yd i;=ka
hkqfjka ia:r ;=kla oelsh yels úh' m%N+
l=re÷ wYajhka mka;sh iudcfha lemS fmfkk u n,fõ.h
.ïñßia ms`.ka NdKav jQ w;r rcq yereK úg md,k lghq;=j, fh§
mqjla frÈ ms<s
isá m%OdkSka m%N+ mka;shg wh;a úh' ro,hka
we;a o;a" we;=ka ueá n÷ka
uq;= ueKsla iqj| j¾.
hk kduh o Tjqka i|yd Ndú; flßK'
nq,;a" mqjla lrj, idudkH ck;djg f.dúhka" lïlrejka"
lrouqx.=" lrdnqq keá fjf<kaoka yd by; lS úúO Ys,amSh lKavd-
idÈlald hï o we;=<;a úh'
ó bá
Wvrg ck iudcfha mjq,a tallh
l¾udka; Yla;su;aj mej;=Ks' mshdf.ka miqj foam,
orejkag Wreu jk l%uhla mej;=Ks' mshd
uq,a lrf.k mej;s fuu iudc l%uh mS;D
Wvrg wd¾Ól b;sydifha lDIsl¾uh uQ,sl iudchla f,i ye¢kafõ'
yd fjf<|du yereKq úg" l¾udka;j,g o
jeo.;a ;ekla ,eî ;snqKs' tl, rdcOdksfha Wvrg iudcfha lemS fmfkk újdy
fndfyda lghq;=j,g wjYH ld¾ñl ksIamdok l%u folla mej;=Ks'
yd NdKav rg ;=< u ksIamdokh flreKs'
fï i|yd l=, mokï lr.;a fjk u Ys,amSh §. újdyh - ukd,sh ukd,hdf.a ksjig
mrïmrdjla isáhy' Tjqka È.= l,l isg lekaodf.k f.dia tys Ôj;a
mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg ta ta Ys,amSh ±kqu ùu'
mj;ajdf.k wd msßils' ueá" ;U" ms;a;,"
hlv" f,day wdÈfhka úúO NdKav yd ìkak újdyh - ukd,hd ukd,shf.a ksjfia
WmlrK ksIamdokh flreKs' fï i|yd ta mÈxÑ ù isàu'
ta Ys,amSkaf.ka iukaú; .ï msysgqjd ;snqKs'
ta ta Ys,amS lKavdhïj,g kdhl;ajh fok óg wu;rj ifydaorhka lsysmfofkl=
kdhlfhda m;aj isáhy' NdKav w,xldrh isák mjq,lg tl ukd,shla le|jdf.k
i|yd ,dlaId l¾udka;h fhdod .eksKs' tafï isß;la o mej;=Ks' lDIsld¾ñl
hlv l¾udka;h i|yd fld;auf,a m%foaYh iudchl foam, whs;sh fn§ hdu j,lajd
o ÿïnr m%foaYh mka l¾udka;h i|yd o .ekSug fun÷ újdy l%u Wmfhda.S jQ nj
m%isoaêhg m;aj ;snqKs' fmfka'

2'3 uykqjr rdcOdksfha iudch 2'4 jdia;= úoHdj yd l,d Ys,am

uykqjr rdcOdks iufha mej;s .%dóh .ïfmd, yd fldaÜfÜ rdc iufha

iudch ;=< .u iajhxfmdaIs; tlla úh' ta mej;s .Dy ks¾udK Ys,am wdY%fhka ieliqKq
ta l=, fyda Ys,am fY%aKs i|yd fjka fjkaj jdia;= úoHdjla uykqjr rdc iufha mej;=Ks'
.ï msysgqjd ;snqKs' rdcHfha nyq;r msßi
f.dúhka jQ w;r ish¨ Ys,amSka w;r fyd|
40
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 rEmh 2'10 weïnelafla foajd,fha ,S lKqjla ^ju& weïnelafla foajd,h ^ol=K&

uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% l,dj

tys mej;s f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍï w;r wd.ñl
f.dvke.s,sj,g úfYaI ;ekla ,enqKs' o<od
ud,s.h" weïnelafla foajd,h" ,xld;s,l uykqjr rdcH iufha § nqÿoyfï yrh
úydrh" yskaÿ foajd, ta w;r m%Odk ;ekla ck;dj fj;g f.k hdfï udOHhla f,i
.kS' uykqjr rdc iufha § geïmsg úydr bÈ Ñ;% l,dj fhdod .eksKs'
lsÍfï iïm%odhla mej;=Ks' fmdf<dfõ ±j
lKq isgqjd ta u; f.dvke.s,s bÈ l< úg tl, Ñ;% l,dfõ ±lsh yels lemS fmfkk
fõhka jeks i;=kaf.ka ±j lKqj,g ydks ,laIK lsysmhls'
meñK f.dvke.s,s úkdYhg m;a
úh' fï ;;ajh j,lajd .ekSug
fmd<jg .,a lKq isgqjd tu .,a
lKqj,g ,S lKq mqreoaod fyda nd,al
fhdod geïmsg úydr bÈ flreKs'

uykqjr rdc iuhg wh;a

úydr ì;= is;=jï" ,S leghï yd
m%;sud wdÈfhka tl, mej;s l,d
l=i,;djka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
,nd .; yels h'

rEmh 2'11 ueofj, geïmsg úydrh

41
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 z tla tla rEm rduqjg
háka l:dmqj; fláfhka
kï lr ;sîu'

z ysia;eka msrùug u,a rEm

we| ;sîu'
z i;aj" Ydl yd ñksia
rEmj, m%udKd;aul .=Kh
fkdi,ld yer ;sîu'
z Ydl yd Lkscj,ska
idïm%odhsl j¾K ilid f.k
;sîu;a r;= j¾Kh jeämqr
Ndú; lsÍu;a ±lsh yels ùu'

z fjiaika;r cd;lh
oyïfid`v cd;lh" f;a,m;a;
rEmh 2'12 ,xld;s,l úydrh cd;lh jeks cd;l l;d
nyq, jYfhka Ñ;%hg k.d
z W.;a kQ.;a ish¨ fokdg f;areï .; ;sîu'
yels mßÈ Ñ;% ksrEmKh lsÍu'

z ì;a;s ;Srej,g fnod l;djla z j¾;udkfha oUq,a," fo.,afodarej"

mshjfrka mshjr bÈßm;a lsÍfï §¾> l;d o<od ud,s.dj" uq,a.sß., wdÈ ia:dkj,
l%uh Ndú; lsÍu' uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% ±l .; yels h'

rEmh 2'13 uykqjr hq.hg wh;a Ñ;%hla

42
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
 l%shdldrlu

1' uykqjr hq.hg wh;a rcjrekaf.a ld¾hhka

weiqßka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

m<uqjk fojk lS¾;s Y%S Y%S úl%u

rc;=ud úu,O¾u rdcisxy rdcisxy rdcisxy
iQßh rc;=ud rc;=ud rc;=ud
rc;=ud
ld¾hka

2' my; rEm weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g

ms<s;=re imhkak'
1' fuys ±lafjk
f.dvke.s,a, l=ula
o@
2' th msysgd we;af;a
fldfya o@
3' th bÈ lrjQ
rc;=ud ljqo@

4' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud fuu

f.dvke.s,a,g tl;= l< wx.h l=ula o@

1' fuu f.dvke.s,a,

y÷kajk ku l=ula
o@
2' tys we;s
úfYaI;ajh l=ula o@

3' fuu f.dvke.s,a, msysá m%foaYfha ku

l=ula o@

43
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'