Y%S ,xldfõ ksoyfia jc% chka;sh ^75 jk iurej& ksñ ;af;ka

cd;sl úrejka wNsudkfhka fufkys lruq

cd;sl ùrhka ìys jQ mska ìu

fmros. OdkHd.drh yd bka oshka id.rfha uq ;= wegh jka wNsudkj;a kdulrKhlg ysñlï
lshk wmf.a iqkaor foaYh jir 2500l ,sÅ; b;sydihlg;a jir oyia .Kkl w,sÅ; yd
mqrdl:dj,ska hq;= b;sydihlg;a ys ñlï lshhs¡ cd;Hdkqrd.fhka yd foaYjd;ai,Hfhka hq;=j tlS
w;S;h fufkys lroaoS wmf.a yoj;a ;=< cks; úh hq;= ye.Su jkafka ta id úi,a ft;sydisl
.uka u.l kshuqfjda jQ wfma wdos uq; =ka ñ;a ;ka fyj;a kula .ula okakd fukau fkdokakd
cd;sl ùrfhda fkdjkakg f,dalh ;=< wmf.a u wkkH;djlska keÕS isákakg wmg yelsfõ o
hkakhs¡ wyi isôk uyd od.eí fukau ihqr mrhk uyd jeõ ksuejQ fy< YsIagdpdrh uQ,slj nqÿ
iufhka fmdaIKh úh¡ ldhsl Yla;sfhka u;= fkdj wdOHd;añ l Yla;sfhka o wdVH úh¡ tu;=
fkdj Y%S ,dxlslhka f,i wfma cd;sh isxy," fou<" uqia,sï" n¾.¾" uef,a iy jeos we;=¿ úúO
ñksiqkaf.a iqkaor tl;=jlska fn!oaO" yskaÿ" ls; =kq" lf;da,sl yd uqia,sï hkdoS úYajdi yd wd.ï
úúO;ajhlska Yla;su;a rdcHhla f,i wo isxy Och fijfKa nenf<kafka ta w;S ;fha úiQ úúO
cd;sl" wd.ñl" wêIaGdkYS,S yd ùfrdaodr f,aj,ska hq;=j furg wdrlaId lrkakg cSú;
mß;Hd.fhka lemjqKq cd;sudul foaYmq;%hka yd foaYÿys;Dka ksidu h¡

PdhdrEm wxl 01- YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh

1|P a g e
foia úfoia wNsfhda. u;ska wm rg l< fmr rc orejkaf.a cd;sl wNs,dIh jQfha wka lsisjla
fkdj ;u md,k n, iSudj ;=< m%cd;ka;%jdoh iqrlaIs; lrñka wdorKSh ck;djg fyj;a
foaYfha ¥ orejkag ksoyfia Ôj;a ùug yels jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍ uhs' foaYfha wNsjDoaêh yd
ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka lghq;= l< ta w;S ; rcjrekaf.a kdhl;ajh mqrd;k f,dalh ;=< Okfhka
yd lS¾ ;sfhka wdVH jQ n,j;a rdcHhla f.dvke.Sug iu;a jQy' ta rdcH f,dalhd ye|ska jQ kï
rdYshls¡ cïnq oSmh ^md,s&" r;akoSmh" isx y, oSm" isf,daka ^bx.%Sis& ix.,ï ^fou<& is,dka ^wrdì&
isf.da ^nqreu& fikalshd ^Ök& ;ïnmKaks" ;efm%dfíka ^.%Sl frdau&" fihs,dka ^mD;=.Sis& fukau
rdjKmqr" ;duqo Sma" rdlaImqr" isõfy<h yd Y%S ,xldj tu kdudj,sfhka lsysmhla muKs¡ furg
rdcH n, m%fõYh ,;a iEu rc flfkl=f.au uQ,sl wNs,dIh jQfha ish foaYh foa Ymd,k"
wd¾Ól" wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl jYfhka ixj¾Okh lsÍu h. ta iïnkaOj jQ ksrdñi ye`.Sfuka
Tjqka ieu úg u lghq;= l<y. kùk ;dlaIKhg mjd ksueúh fkdyels wk.sNjkSh yd úiañ;
fjfyr úydr" jdß moaO ;s" wuqKq wdÈh ks ¾udKhg rdcH Okh ks¾Nhj fhojQfha tksid h¡ wm
rfÜ fmr wmr foos. jdKsc cd,fha u¾uia:dk.; msysàu Wmßufhka m%fhdackh .;a w;S;
md,lfhda jir oyilg jvd iajxfmdaIs; rgla f,i f,dalfha mej;s tlu rdcHh njg wm rg
m;al<y' oirdc O¾uh ms<sfjf;ys ;nd f.k kso yfia Ôj;a ùug;a" ksoyfia ish Ôúld jD;a;sh
imhd .ekSug;a fukau ;u uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; iudchl Ôj;a ùug wjYH mßirh
oeyefuka fifuka ilia lr §u rcqf.a m%Odk;u j.lSula jQ nj o fmfka' fmrosf.ka yd rg
wNHka;rfhka meñKs úúO wdl%uK yd ÿ¾n,fõ. w;sl%uKh l< fy< rcjrekag yd
foaj;ajfhka yd fhdaO;ajfhka ms¥ úrefjda wfma iod wNsjkaokSh;ajhg m;aúh hq;=uh¡
wmros. iq<Õg yiq jqKq fy< osj
tfy;a fuu foaYSh foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl Ñka;khg m%n, ndOdj ke;fyd;a wk;= r u;=jQfha
hqfrdamShhka f.a fmros. wdl%uKh;a iu.sks¡ Y%S ,xldfõ ngysr hg;aúð;jd§ hq. h wdrïN
jkafka 16 jk ishji uq, isÿjQ mD;=.Sis wd.ukh;a iuÕ h¡ t;eka mgka jir 453 la ngysr
hg;aúcs; md,khg k;= jQ rdcHhla jYfhka wm lghq;= lrk ,os' tjka wjdikdjka;
;;a;ajhlg rg m;a ùug 16 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg furg mej;s foaYmd,k miqìu fukau
fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha wNHka;rfha mej;s jHdl+, foaYmd,k jd;djrKh o fya;= úh' ta wkqj
osjhskg meñKs mD;=.sis iy ,kafoais cd;slhkag wosfhfrka woshr furg fjr<nv ;Srfha n,h
msysgqjd.ekSug yels úh' tkuq;a wjika jrg furg wl%uKh l< bx.%SiSkag iuia ; osjhsfkau
wdêm;H msysgqùug o wjia:dj Wodùu lemS fmfka'

2|P a g e
 PdhdrEm wxl 02- ngysr cd;Ska fmros.g meñKSu
ud,osjhsfka uqyqÿ ;Srfha fjf<| n,h ysñj ;snQ uqia,sï cd;slhka w,a,d .ekSug keõke.s
f,dfrkafidao w,afïod we;=¿ mD;=.Sis kdjqlhkaf.a kej w;ru. osh/<sj,g yiqj .d¨ ;=vqjg
1505oS muK .idf.keú;a furgg meñKs nj i|yka jQj;a mQ¾K wjfndaOfhka meñKs nj
fkdryils¡ ldïfndachg wmkhkhg ilid ;snQ l= re÷ yd we;a megõ msß keõ ta jk úg .d¨
jrdfha kj;d ;sî we;¡ f,dfrkafida we;=¿ ms ßi tu jrdfha wdêm;H fynejQ uqia,sïjre ìh
.kajd jrdh ;odY%s; iajfoaYSlhka ñ;% fldg f.k jrdfha .,a m¾j;fha mD;=.d, rcqf.a
,dxPkh ksujd we;¡ th ,dxflah ixialD;sh ngys rlrKh ùfï yerjqï ,laIhhs ¡ flfia fj;;a
fuu ckm%sh mqrdjD;a; hg wu;rj we;s ;j;a m%jdohla jkafka 1506 wf.daia;= 01od keúhka 300la
iu`. bkaoshdfõ fldÑka isg f,dfrkafida o m%Odk msßi meñK w;ru. l=Kdgqjla ksid
fld<U jrdhg fiakaÿ jQ njhs¡ Tjqka w;r isá osfhda.= o fïf,da kue;af;l= w; isxy, rcq yuqj
mD;=.d,hg jd¾Islj l=¿ nvq wdosh ,nd .ekS ug;a Bg Wmldr f,i ,xldfõ fjr< ;Srh yd
keõ f;dgj,a wdrlaIdjg;a tlÕ jQ nj tu l:djhs¡ ta jk úg ;u n,h fhdojd lmamï b,aÆ
uqia,sï fjf<| wdêm;Hfhka ñoSug fldaÜfÜ rc l< wgjeks ùr mrdl%undyq rcq úiska tu
;SrKh .;a nj mejfihs¡ fld<Ug meñKs iqÿ ñksiqka ms ßila ;s rdjdKd lñka f,a fnd;s
hkqfjka mKsjqvhla 1505 fkdjeïn¾ 15 jkod rcqg rgjeisfhda mD;=.Sis meñKSu ie,lr we;eh s
o iajfoaYslhka rcq yuqjg mD;=.Sis ksfhdacs;fhda jHdcj oS¾> .uka u.lska f.k f.dia we;ehs o
tu b;sydi mqj; lshd mdhs¡ —mrx.s hd fldaÜfÜ .shd˜ hk ms re< ;efkkafka o ta weiqfrks¡
jirlg l=re÷ nyd¾ 400l lmamulg rcq tlÕj we;s w;r wrdì cd;slhka f.ka keõf;dgj,a
wdrlaId lsÍfï .súiqu rkam;a foll mD;=.Sis yd isxy, NdIdfjka igyka fldg we;¡ t;eka
mgka Y%S ,xldj yd mD;=.d,h w;r rdcH;dka;% sl in|;d Tiafia úúO mD;=.Sis lKavdhï furgg
meñKsh y¡ tu mD;=.Sis n,j¾Okhg úreoaOj iaj foaYShhkaf.a ke`.S isàï jßka jr isÿ jQ w;r
l%s.j. 1562 uq,af,aßhd igk ngys r wêrdcH úfrdaë igkaj, jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls ' udhdÿkafka
iy m<uqjk rdcisxy hk rcjre fuu igfka oS fmruqK f.k lghq;= lr ksoyia cd;shl
jeo.;a nj fmkajd ÿkafka h'

3|P a g e
15 jk ishji wjidk Nd.h jk úg lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfhka o fujeks u wNsfhda.hla
mD;=.SiSkag t,a, úh' Wvrg rdcOdksh w;S;fha isg mej; wd isxy, rdcOdksfha Wreulalrejd
f,i keÕS tkafka, l%s.j. 1592 § m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq ^l%s.j. 1591-1604& n,hg m;aùfuka
miqj h. Wv/áhka muKla fkdj uqyqÿnv jeishka mjd Wvrg rdcHh ;ukaf.a rdcHfha
w.k.rh f,i;a, Wvrg rcq ;u rcq f,i;a i,lkakg jQfha;a" Wvrg rcjreka nq oaOd.u wdrCId
lsÍug bos ßhg meñKsfha ;a bka miqj nj oelsh yels h. fï ksid my;rg m%foaY hg;a lrf.k
isá úfoaYslhkaf.ka t,a, jQ ;¾ckj,g tfrysj keÕS isàu yd Tjqka Èjhsfkka m,jd yeÍu
Wvrg rdcHh fj; mejreK jeo.;a u ld¾hh úh. l%s.j. 1597 jk úg fldaÜfÜ rdcHh ;=< ish
foaaYmd,k wdêm;Hh ;yjqre lr .;a mD;=.SiSyq tu fldaÜfÜ Wreuh mokï lrf.k Wvrg
m%foaYhg o whs ;sjdislï lshñka th w,a,d.ekSug m%h;ak ±rEy. l%s.j. 1591 iy l%s.j. 1594
igkaj,ska ,;a ch.%yKj,ska m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq n,hg m;a ùu ksid Wvrgg mD;=.SiSk a
osh;a l< wdl%u K wid¾:l úh' tfy;a mD;=.SiSyq Wvrg rdcHh wE|d .ekSfï taldhk wruqK
we;sj lsysm jrla u th wdl%uKh l<y. tu wruq K lsis úfgl;a id¾:l fkdjQ w;r" l%s. j.
1602 n,k igk, l%s. j. 1630 rkafoKsfj, igk yd l%s. j. 1638 .kafkdarej igk hk igka
;%s;ajfhka u mD;=. Sis yuq od wka; mrdchg m;a lrñka Wvrg m%foaY ch .ekSfï mD;= .Sis m%h;ak
jH¾: lsÍug Wv/áfhda iu;a jQy. fuu igka i|yd m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh" fikr;a iy
fojk rdcisxy hk rcjre kdhl;ajh ÿkafka h' rcqf.a kdhl;ajh muKla fkdj" Wv/áhka
f.a iu.sh" wkq.ukh l< igka Wml%u iy furg N+f.da,Sh mßirh fuu igkaj,
úch.%yKhg fnfyúka n,mdk ,os'
ñßia oS bÕ=re .ekSu
furg ngysr hg;aúð;jdofha fojk m%ldYkh f,i uqy qÿnv m%foaY l%s.j. 1658 § ,kafoaiSka
w;am;a lr .ekSu ie,lsh yels h' l%s. j. 1601 uehs 31 jk od woañrd,a fcdßia jeka iams,an¾cka
,xldjg meñKs m%:u ,xfoais cd;slhd úh¡ mD;=.SiSkag idfmalaIj ,kaf oaiSyq iQlaIau l%udkql+,
jdKsc m%;sm;a;shla wkq .ukh l<y' ,kafoais jdKsc m%;sm;a; sfha o uQ,sl wruq K jQfha Èjhsfka
jdKsc taldêldrh ish;g .ekSu hs' mD;=.Siskaf.ka fjr<nv kso yia lr.ekSfï wáfhka fojk
rdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka f.a iyh m;d l%s. j. 1638 uehs 23 jkod ,xfoaiSka yd .súiqï .; úh¡ th
ñßia oS bÕ=re .ekSula f,i ckm%jdohg tla úh¡ ^fuu lshuk jHjydrfha we;af;a b`.=re oS
ñßia .ekSula jYfhks'& tfy;a iuia; rgu hg;g .ekSfï Wml%u ieliQ ,kafoaiSka tys,d
uqyqK ÿka m%Odk ndOlh jQfha o Wvrg rdcOdkshhs' Wvrg md,lhd jQ fojk rdcisxyf.a
l%shdl,dmh fuys § jeo.;a jk w;r" rcqf.a l%shdldrlï yuqfõ ,kafoais jrdhka fukau"

4|P a g e
fjf<|dfï md,kh o ish;g .ekSug ,kafoaisyQ iu;a jQy' l%s.j. 1760-1765 ,kafoais-Wvrg
hqoaOfhka yd l%s.j. 1766 .súiqfuka miqj fomd¾Yajh w;r u;fNao /ilau u;=j wd w;r
,kafoaiSkag tfrysj bx.%Sis wdOdr ,nd.ekSug Wvrg rcjre wid¾:l W;aidyhl kshe¿fKa h'
kuq;a fcdaka mhsnia" yshq fndhsâ yd frdnÜ weka vDDia jeks wh rdcdêrdcisxy rcq yuqj bx.%Si s
,xld rdc;dka;%sl iïnkaO;d f.dv k.df.k ;sìK¡ l%s. j. 1795 wf.daia;= 26 jkod ,kafoaiSka
i;= jQ ;%sl=Kdu,h f*âßla fldgqj bx.%Sisyq úiska myr oS w,a,d .;ay¡ l%s.j. 1796 jk úg bx.%Sis
m%ydr yuqfõ ,kafoais n,h iïmQ¾Kfhkau ,xldfjka .s,sysK¡ fï wdldrhg fjr<nv ;Srfha
n,h f.dvke.Sug mD;=.SiSka fukau ,kafoaiSka o yelsúh'

uqyqÿnv md,kh ish;g .;a bx.%Siskag úreoaOj l%s. j. 1797 oS uqyqÿnv m%f oaYfha le/,a,la we;s jQ
w;r Bg uQ,sl fya;=j jQfha wêl nÿ nr h¡ bx.%Sis yq úiska uqyq ÿnv mßmd,kh bx.%Sis fjf<|
iud.u iy ì%;dkH wdKavqj hk ixjHQy fol u.ska isÿ l< w;r fj f<| iud.fï yd
wdKavqldrhdf.a ks,OdÍka w;r we;s jQ u; .egqï ksid l%s.j. 1802 oS uqyq ÿnv mßmd,kh imqrdu
ì%;dkH wdKavqj hg;g .eksK¡ bx.%Sisyq Wvrg hg;a lr .ekSug udk neÆ w;r l%s.j. 1803 oS
fkda¾;a wdKa vqldrjrhd uelafvdaj,a fifkúhd hgf;a tys m<uq wdl%u Kh isÿ lrñka l%s.j. 1803
fmnrjdßj, oS tu n,weKs uykqjrg we;=<;a úh¡ Wml%uYS,Sj miqnei isá isxy,fhda kqjr yd
fld<U iemhqï ud¾. wjysr l<y¡ miq nisk fiakdj Wv/áfhda úiska iuQ, >d;kh l<y¡
l%s.j. 1815 jk úg Wvrg rdcOdksfha we;s jQ w¾nqo mdol lrf.k tjlg wdKavqldr frdnÜ
n%jqkaß.a Wvrg wdl%uKh l< w;r fndauqf¾ ieÕj isá Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqj w;awvx.=jg
.kakd ,os¡ tys m%;sM,hla f,i w;aika l< Wvrg .súiqfuka miq furg uq¿ukska u úð;hla
njg m;a jQ w;r furg mej;s iajdëk;ajh o ì| jegqKs'

ysr e fkdnisk wêrdcHhg k;=j

cd;sl ùrfhda ìys jkafka cd;sh wk;=rg m;ajk wjia:dj, oS h¡ l+g Wml%u u.ska furg rdcH
n,h iïmQ¾Kfhkau meyer .kakg bx.%Sisyq iu;a jqj o Tjqka hgf;a oSkhka f,i w;mh ne|
f.k isákakg furg iqcd; mq;a;= iQodkï fkdjQy¡ f,dj n,j;au rdcH jQ ysre fkdnisk
wêrdcHhg úreoaOj Y%S ,dxlslfhda t<s ng cd;sl ksoyia igk wdrïN jkafka bka miqj h¡

5|P a g e
 PdhdrEm wxl 03- Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;awvx.=jg .;a ueouykqjr fndau qf¾

l+ve,af,l= ;rugj;a ysxidjla fkdue;sj" l%s'j 1815 § Y%S úl%u rdcisxy iyiqfkka myfldg
Wvrg rdcHh bx.%SiSkag mjrd §ug yels iïuq ;shlg t<öug yels jQ nj fcdaka fvdhs,s kï
bx.%Sis ks,Odßhd i`oyka lr ;sfí' fulS .súiqu iïu; ùfï § Wvrg rdcHh fjkqfjka ro,
m%OdkSka o" ì%;dkH lsÍgh fjkqfjka frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd o w;aika lr ;sfí'
fixlv., w.krfhys rdclSh ud,ss.d wNHka; rfhys msy sá u`.=,a uvqfõ § w;aika lrk ,o
fulS .súiqu w;aika l< wjia:dj ms<sn`o j j¾I 1815 ud¾;= ui 06 jeks Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o
.eiÜ m;%fha fufia olajd ;sfí'

6|P a g e
 PdhdrEm wxl 04- 1815 Wvrg .súiqu w;aika l< u`.=,a uvqj wo iy tod

—ì%;dkHfha w;s W;=ï ßckaÜ l=udr uyd rdfcda;a;uhdKka jykafia fjkqfjka wdKavqldr
W;=udKka jykafia yd yuqod fiakdfõ kdhlhdfKda tla md¾Yajhlska o" wosldrïjre"
Èidfõjre" we;=`M uykqjr Èidfõ m%OdkSyq o" wfkla md¾Yajfhka rgjeishka fjkqfjka o" /ia ù
fudfydÜgd," fldard<,d" úodfka,d" wd§ rg we;=f<a iq` M m%OdkSk a yd jeishka o uy;a iuQyhla
bÈßmsg § wo Èk rcud,s.d wNHka;r u`.=,a uvqfõ Yd,dfõ § w;s .ïNSr iïuka;%Khla
mj;ajkakg fhÿKd we;' uyd rdfcda;a;uhdKka jykafia wdKavqj lkao Wvrg Èidjk msysgq
ùu i`oyd uq,ska we;s lr .kakd ,o iïuq;sfha fldkafoaisj,g wkqj ms<sfh, lrk ,oaod jQ
m%isoaO f,aLkhla fyj;a .súiqï m;%hla Bg fmr bÈßm;a lrk ,ÿj th m<uqj bx.%Sisfhka o"
fojkqj isxyf,ka o lsheùfuka miq talu;sl ;Sr Khlg t<U .kakd ,os'˜

PdhdrEm wxl 05- Wvrg .súiqu w;aika l< fïih iy mqgj

q ^wia.sßh&
7|P a g e
rg fjkqfjka WKqjqK f,a

ta wkqj 1815 ud¾;= 02 fjks Èk uykqjr uÕ=,a uvqjg /ia jQ frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a wdKa vqldrjrhd
iy ro, m%OdkSka fhdað; .súiqfï j.ka;s tlska tl lshjd idlÉPd mj;ajoaoS úúO u;fNao mek
ke`.Su fya;= fldg f.k .súiqu ms<sn| ;S rKhlg t<ôh fkdyels ;;a;ajhla Wodúh' tfia jqj
o bx.%Sis fid,aodÿjka úiska .=jfka f,<foñka ;snQ isxyf,a cd;sl fldäh jQ isxy fldäh my;
fy<d bx.%SiSkaf.a l;sr fldäh by< ti jQ nj i|yka fõ' ta jk úg;a u`.=,a uvqfõ isÿjk foa
ms<sn| j úuis,af,ka o<od ud,s.dfõ f;ajdj meje;aùug iQodkñka isá cd;sh ms<sn| Wodr
yeÕSïj,ska hqla; jQ wia.sß md¾Yajfha jdßhfmd< iqux., kdysñfhda wyfia Èÿ,ñka ;snQ l;sr
fldäh oelSfuka fldamdúIag jQ Wkajykafia isxyf,a isxy fldäh wyig kexjQy' kuq; a fï
ms<sn| j úúO u;jdo iy woyia mj;sk nj olakg ,efí' tkuq;a ta fufydf;a WodjQ
wkfmalaIs; ;;a ;ajh ms<sn| iudcfha oeä úfrdaO;djhla mej;s nj fuu.s ka wjfndaO fõ'

ta wkqj l%s. j. 1815 .súiqu we;a; jYfhka w;aika lrkq ,enQfha m%p,s;j mj;sk mßÈ ud¾;= 02
fjks od fkdfõ' wdKavqldrjrhd yd ro, m%OdkSka lsysm fofkl= úiska ud¾;= 10 fjks Èk o
ysgmq uy wosldrï weyef,afmd< yd ;j;a Èidfõjreka fofofkl= úiska tu ui 18 fjks Èk o
th w;aika lrk ,os' ta wkqj jir 2300lg wdikak ld,hla ;siafia nqÿ oyñka fmdaIs; jQ o
fm%!V b;sydihlg Wreulï lshñka rcjreka iuÕ rgjeis ck;dj tl;=j ish Èú fofjks
fldg wdrlaId lrñka jdih l<d jQ o iNH;ajh b;d l+g f,i hgm;a fldg úkdYlr oeóug
bx.%SiSka úiska j¾I 1815 ud¾;= 02 fjks Èk isg u l%shd;aul úh' tfy;a th kso yia igkla fyda
tn÷ igkl wdrïNhla fyda fkdjqfKa" ta jkúg isxyf,a rdcHh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a ù
fkd;snqK neúks' tfy;a ta isxyf,a ksoyi wysñ ùfï wdikakhg u meñK ;snQ wjia:djls' th
bx.%SiSkaf.a pdgq nia ;snQ ;dkak udkakj,g /jà isá we;eï isxy, m%OdkSkag h<s is;d ne,Sug
wjia:djla ,nd§ula úh' foaYfha iaffjÍ;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSu fjkqfjka ksYaÑ; fufydf;a
úrejka ìys jk njg th losu ksoiqkls '

rdclSh yuqodjg úreoaO m<uq ygk

.súiqfuka miq ì%;dkHhkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh l%ul% ufhka fy<s úh¡ tkuq;a .sh kqjK we;=ka ,jd
f.kajd .ekSug fkdyels fia furg ck;djg w;a jQ brKu wjfndaO úh' ta wkqj Wv/áfhda
ì%;dkH úfrdaê m%:u igk osh;a ls Íu i|yd fm<.eiqK y' foaYfm%aó yeÕSïj,ska fj,a,iafia ;snQ
fkdikaiqka;dj cd;sN%IaG ì%;dkH úfrdaë uyd ks oyia igkla njg m;a jQfha Wvrg isyiqk
i|yd Wreulrefjl= bosßm;aùu;a iuÕ h' j¾I 1817 iema;eïn¾ udifha NslaIQkajykafia,d
lsysm kula msßjrd wd kdhl ys ñ kula l;r.u foajd,h je| mqod f.k Wvrg rdcH l;r.u
foúhka úiska ;ud yg mjrdfok ,oehs m%ldY lf<a h' fuu n,fõ.h jHd¾: lsÍfï j.lSu

8|P a g e
bx.%Siskaf.ka mejrefKa ycacs uqykaos rïg h' Tyq rdcH;ajfha Ndrldr;ajhg bosßm;a jqK q tu
fodf¾ idñ we,a,Sug fiakdj iu`. msg;a jqj;a isxy, fiakdjg uqyqK oSug fkdyelsj m,d .sfha
h' tkhska bx.%Siskaf.a m<uq m%h ;akh wid¾:l jQ nj fmfka' ta wkqj kej; nÿ,af,a osidm;s jQ
ú,aika iy ¨;skka ksõgka hgf;a Ng yuqodjla W!j n,d msg;aj .shy' Tjqyq bkdu¨j
m%foaYfha ler,slrejka fkdisá ksid ìka;ekak n,d .uka wdrïN l<y' nQgdfõ rfÜrd, <Õ
yÊcs uqykaosrï isr lr isák nj oek.;a ú,aika" ìka;ekak n,d msg;a ù we;' kuq;a yÊð
ußlald¾ yd ú,aika hk fofokd u >d;kh lsÍ ug ler,sl rejkag yels úh' bx.%Sis wdKa vqj
fujeks ;;a;ajhla wfmalaId lf<a ke;' ;j o ta fya;=fjka Tjqyq buy;a l,n,hg m;a jQ nj
fmfka' cd;sl lelal=fuka hq;=j fm< .efiñka isg isxy, fiakdj frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a ye|skajQfha
jeoaoka fyj;a jkpdÍka jYfhks' fuu wr.,h iïnkaO ì% ;dkH ;e;s. ekau fld;rï o hkak
thska jgyd .; yels h' uq,a udi y;r iy my ;=< oS W!jg muKla iSud jQ tu cd;sl igka
jHdmdrh Wvrg fiiq m<d;aj, o me;sr hdu je<elaùug bx.%SiSyq .kq ,enQ ish¨ m%h;ak
wid¾:l úh'

W!fõ úuqla;s igk blaukska md,kh lsÍug ì%;dkH yuq odj wfmdfydi;a ùu tu wr.,h ;Èka
jHdma; ùug fya;= úh' ;u foaY ysff;IS wNsu;d¾: idOkh lr .ekSu i|yd isx y,fhda
tldjkaj fm< .eiqfKda h' wjfYaI m%foaYj, kdhlhska yd uyckhd o le/,a,g tla jQy ' l%s'j'
1818 fmnrjdß jk úg fuu wr.,h ÿïnr" fyajdyeg" y;a fldarf<a" ydßiam;a ;=j" ud;f,a
inr.uqj" kqjrl,dúh hk m%foaYj, o ;Èka me;s r .sfha h' fuu le/,af,a mej;s úfYA I;ajhla
jQfha ta ta m%foaYj, kdhlhska jgd ck;dj talrdYS ùuhs' m%Odk jYfhka uvq.,af,a Wv
.nvdfõ ks,fï hgf;a ÿïnr yd ;=ïmfka ler,ss .eiQ w;r ms<su ;,õfõ uy wosldru le/,a,g
tla ùu;a iu`. y;a fldar<fha oS th me;sr .sfha h' wjidkfha oS fuu wr.,h me;sr fkd.sfha
Wvqkqjr" hákqjr" y;a fldarf<a yd inr.uqfõ fldgila ;=< muKs' we;sjk ;;a;ajh md,kh
fkdl<fyd;a fkdfnda Èklska fndfyda mrdc /ila w;aú§ug isÿjk nj bx.% SiSyq oek isáfhda h'
tu ksid W!fõ ler,sldr ;;a;ajh u¾okh lsÍug bx.%sis wdKa vqldrjrhd jyd mshjr .;af;a h'
ta wkqj fj,a,iai yd ìka; ekak osidj" W!j osidj iy j,mfka osidj hk bx.%Siskag mlaImd;
ks,OdÍka ;sfokdg iajlSh osidjkag f.dia Woa. ;j we;s fkdikaik
q aldÍ ;;a ;ajh u¾okh lrk
f,i wdKavqldrjrhd ksfhda. lf<a h' ta wkqj úúO kdhlhka hgf;a yuqod fiakdxl lsysmhla
fj,a,iai n,d msg;a úh' l%s'j' 1817 iema;eïn¾ 18 jk osk ìka;ekakg yuqod fiakdxlhla heù
h' l%s'j' 1817 iema;eïn¾ 21 osk ;j;a fiakdxlhla fj,a,iaig heù h' tu ui 22 jk osk
fudkrú, lemafmáfmd< nÿ,a, n,d .uka .;a w;r fcdaka fvdhs,s hgf;a o fiakdjla
yÕ=rkafl; yryd nÿ,a,g msg;a jqKs' uvl,mqfjka yd ;%sl=Kdu,fhka o w;sf¾l fiakd
meñKsfha h' fï whqf rka úYd, n,weKs isxy, igk u¾okh lsÍug ikakoaO jQ nj fmfka'

9|P a g e
cd;sh fjkqfjka .;a wNS; ;SrKh

ì%;dkH md,lhka ùr lemafmáfmd, ms<sn| úYd, úYajdihla ;nd isá w;r Tyq igkg
heùfuka wfmalaId lf<a ksoyia wr.,h myiqfjka u¾okh ls Íu h' tfy;a bx.%SiSkaf.a
wfmalaIs; mrud¾: .Õg lemQ bks fuka ì| jegqfKa lemafmáfmd, fikam;shd ler,slrejka
iu`. tla ùfuks' ler,sl rejka o<od jykafia ;uka i;= lr .ekSu ;a iu`. ish,a, fjkia úh¡
oka; Od;=ka jykafia hkq furg rdcH;ajfha ixfla;hhs¡ wr;a;k § isÿ jQ ft;sydisl isÿ ùu
ì%;dkH wêrdcH md,khg tfrysj fm< .eiSfï ;SrKd;a ul wjia:djls' lemafmáfmd<f.a
mqkrd.ukh;a iu`. le/,a,g iyNd.s jQ fiiq kdhlhska iy ck;dj w;r úYd, m%fndaOhla
we;s úh' bx.% SiSkag ys;j;aj fud,a,sf.dv l%shd l<;a uvq.,af,a" ñ,a, Ej iy fldínElvqfõ hk
kdhlfhda o wr.,hg cSjh ÿkafkda h' lemafmÜáfmd, wosldrïf.a pß;h mqrdjg u Èfjkafka
Tyq l=vd l, isg u m%.=K l< foaYudul;ajhhs' bx.%Siska hgf;a isg miqj i;HdjfndaO ù foaYsh
úuqla;s wr.,hg mK fmdjñka" bx.%Siskaf.a wú wdmiq Ndr§fï§;a" i;=rd wìhi wNS;j .eà
cSú;h fjkqjg urKh f;da rd .ekSfï §;a th lemS fmfkhs' lsjqf, f.or fudfydÜgd,"
nQgEfõ rd," fldfydl=Uqf¾ rfÜrd, jeks foaY ysff;YSkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka úuqla;s wr.,h
werUq Ks'

foaYdkqrd.h" cd;Hkqrd.h ;=<ska f.dvk.d.;a lemafmÜáfmd, wosldrïf.a ùr;aj ffp;islhka

ms<sn| idOdrK woyila Tyqf.a my; m%ldYh ;=<ska o ,nd.; yels fõ'

—ud ys;j;a ifydaorjreks" rgg cd;shg yd wd.ug uf.a we;s wdorh yd f.!rjh Tn ;=<
mj;akd Nla;shg fofjks fkdfõ' ud fï .uk wdfõ o i;=áka fkdfõ' ta w;r jdf¾ ud
meñKsfha is;ska oyiajr ÿla ú`Èñks' tfia tñka ud ;SrKhla .;sñ ' tu ;SrKh kï foaYfha
ksoyi Wfoid igka lrk Tn iu`. ud o tl;= ùuhs'˜

10 | P a g e
 PdhdrEm wxl 6- ud;f,a m,af,afmd< fõ`Mjkdrdufha is; =jï lr we;s lemafmáfmd, osidfõ
f,i y÷kdf.k we;s is; =ju ^l%s' j' 1859&

PdhdrEm wxl 7- lemafmáfmd, osidfõf.a ysia ln, ms<sn | mqj;am;a jd¾;dlrK

N+ñfha jdish Wmßu m%fhdackhg .;a wr.,lrejka jvd;a id¾:l úh' ta jk úg ,xldfõ bx.%Sis
fiakdfõ isáfha iaj,am fofkls' hq o WmlrK iy NdKav iemhSug m%udKj;a mßos w;jeis

11 | P a g e
fiakdjla o fkdùh' foaY.=Ksl jYfhka .x.d we< fod< msgdr .ekSu;a iu`. fld<U iy
uykqjr w;r ish¨ in|;d wvd< úh' lemafmáfmd, ler,slrejkag tla ùu o ;;a;ajh
bx.%Siskag ;j;a wjdisodhl úh' fuu fya ;= ksid wr.,h ixúOdkd;aul f,i jHdma;j m%Yakh
ixlS¾K fj;ehs frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a ;=< oeä ìhla yg .;af;a h' l%s'j' 1817 fkdjeïn¾ ui 01 jk
osk úg W!j osidfõ n,h oskd .ekSug ler,slrejkag yels úh' ;u miqneiSu j<ld .ekSug
kï w;sf¾l fiakd ,nd .ekSu bx.%SiSkag w;HjYH úh' wdKavqldrjrhdf.a b,a,Su mßos
fnx.d,fhka iy uÿrdisfhka wdOdrl fiakd meñKshy' l%s'j' 1818 cQ,s udifha oS fyajdhska
5200la muK ler,s lrejkag úreoaO j fufyhùug wdKavqldrjrhdg yels úh' fj,a,iaig
fiakdxl meñfKk úg ck;dj le<E jeÿKy' ld¾hlaIuj ikaksfõokhla we;s lsÍfï
wruqKska fldgfndaj kï uqia,sï .%dufha m%Odk uOHia:dkhla bx.%Sisyq wdrïN lf<a h' jvd
Yla;su;aj meñKs ì%;dkHfhda ireidr .ï ìï úkdY lr idudkH ck;dj wirKNdjhg m;a
l<y' tfia úkdYhg ,la jQ .ï w;r Wiakje,a, m%Odk fõ' .ïudkh .sksn;a fldg tys isá
.jhka rxpq msáka mq¿iaid wdydr f,i .ekSug ;rï fyajdfhda ïf,aÉP jQy' bx.% SiSka fndfyda
hg;aú ð;j, ;u wdêm;H ia:dms; lr.ekSfï § fujeks idyisl l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lr we;'
Tjqka ? uqrlrejdf.a kHdh ^w,a,d .;a hg;aúð; iudc wdrlaId lrk f,djg fmkajqj o iïu;
isß;a lv lrñka l=ß re f,i lghq;= lsÍ u& l%s hd;aul l< nj fï wkqj meyeos,s fjhs' fuu
my;a isÿ ùï fya; =fjka isxy,fhda ;j ;j;a wêIaGdkfhka hq ;=j igkg ieriqKy' l%s 'j'1818
fkdjeïn¾ 21 jk úg nÿ,af,a n,h o isxy,hka g k;= úh' lemafmáfmd<f.a kdhl;ajh
hgf;a nÿ,a,g <Õd úh yels iEu ud¾.hla u ler,sl rejkaf.a md,khg k;= úh¡ Tjq yq iemhqï
ud¾. iSud lsÍu;a iu`. bx.%SiS yq wirK úh'

wmg;a rfcla

fuu l%shd ud¾. Tiafia wr.,h ;S rKd;aul ikaêia:dkhlg m;a j ;snqKs ' rfcl= wNsfIal
,eîu jeishkaf.a m%S;shg iy Ñ;a; ffO¾h j¾Okhg iDcqj n,mdkq ,nhs' ta wkq j ,enQ
ch.%yKj,ska Woaoduhg m;a jQ isxy, fiakdj úiska wNsfIAl W;aijhla mj;ajk ,os'
rdcH;aj hg Wreulï lS fodf¾ idñf.a wNsfIal .ekaùfï W;aijh fj,a,iafia oshfn;afï
w¨;aj, kï .%dufha oS isÿ úh' wNsfIalhg wjYH ud,ss.hla iy uÕ=,a uvqjla hkdoS oE bos
lsÍfï j.lSï lemafmáfmd, ks,fï yg Ndr úh' Bg wod< ish¨ lghq;= iïmdokh lr iEu
osidjla u Ndr isxy, kdhlfhda iajlSh osidjg wh;a fldäh;a fiakdj;a /f.k tk f,i
okajd isáfhda h' Bg miq osk úYd, msßila rdcNsfIalhg meñK isáhy' W;al ¾Ij;a f,i fuu
W;aijh mj;ajd we;' rcq wNsfIal ùfuka miq uydosldrï f,i fudkrú, lemafmáfmd, m;aj
;sfí' wksl=;a osidfõjre" fudfydÜgd,jre iy rfÜrd,jre we;=¿ fiiq ;dkakudkak o
msßkeñK' tmuKla fkdj ta ta osidj fjkqfjka fmkS isàug o úúO m%N+ msßi u`.=,a uvqjg

12 | P a g e
talrdYS ù isáhy' fuu wNsfIalh ms<sn| wdrxÑh .ï kshï .ï mq rd me;sr .sfha h' ta u`.sk a
isxy,hdf.a cd;sl Ñka;kh j¾Okh úh' ta ish,af,da u wmf.a cd;sl ùrfhda jQy¡ ta mqj; iu`.
;j ;j;a ler,slrefjda úfrdaodr f,i igkg fm< .eiqKy' fuu wdrxÑh me;sfr;a u bx.%SiS k a
uy;a NS;s hg iy l,n,hg m;a úh' wNsfIalh mj;ajd rc;=ud we;= ¿ ms ßi fld;auf,a n,d msg;a
jQy' ;ukag rfcl= isák nj y÷kd .;a isxy,fhda ;sr wêIaGdkfhka úch.%y Kh ms Ksi lghq; =
lf<da h'

fï jk úg m<uqjeks ksoyia wr.,h ixúOdkd;aulj me;sr hk nj n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhdg

oek .kakg ,enqKs' ta wkqj fyf;u uykqjr u`.=,a uvqjg ro, kdhlhska le|jd Tjqkag
;¾ckd;aul iajrEmfhka wduka;% Kh lf<a h' ish¨ ro,jre Bg iyh fkd§ isáh hq;= nj o
fmkajd ÿkafka h' túg ksy~j isá ro,jreka fuu le/,a, my;a mka;sj, l%shdjlehs mjiñka
c,fhka ;kd.kakd ¨Kq c,fhka u oshj hk nj lsh ñka fuh blaukska ikais|S hk nj
fmkajd ÿkaky' kuq;a fuu woyi ms<sfkd.;a wdKav qldrjrhd bosß ld,h ;=< iQodkfuka isák
f,i fiakdxlj,g ksfhda. lf<a h' bx.%SiSy q le/,a, u¾okhg oeä m%;sm;a; s wkq.ukh lf<da
h' rdcdNsfIalfhka miq msg;aj .sh isxy, kdhlfhda iEu m%foaYhlu oreKq f,i igka wdrïN
l<y' l,ska fj,a,iai" W!j iy j,mfkag muKla iSud jQ isxy, úuqla; s wr.,h ud;f,a"
ÿïnr' Wvqkqjr" hákqjr" ;=kamfka" ydßiam;a;=j hkdoS iEu m%foaYhl u me;sr .sfha h' le/,a,
u¾okhg kï ler,s kdhlhka isrNdrhg .; hq;=h' ler,s kdhlfhl=f.a ysi ,nd ÿka
flfkl=g ßlaia fvd,¾ 2000la o le/,a,g iïnkaO oñ< cd;slfhl= f.a fyda lsjqf,af.or
fudfydÜgd, fyda nQgEfõ rfÜrd, jekakkaf.a ysia f.keú;a ÿkfyd;a ßlaia fvd,¾ 500la fok
njg o l%s'j' 1817 fkdjeïn¾ 06 fjksod bx.%Sis rch m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' rfÜ jd;djrKh
oreKq w;g m;aùu;a iu`. wdKavqldrjrhd foìä ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh lr we;' wr.,h
w;yer meñKs uq,doEkskag o~qjï ,nd fkdoS iudj ,nd oS uOHia: m%N+k af.a is;a oskd .;af;a h'
bka fkdkej;=K fyf;u l% s'j' 1818 ckjdß ksfõokhlska lemafmáfmd< we;=¿ kdhlhsk a
ody;a fofkl= Tjqka oerE ;k;= rej,ska iy foam ,j,ska fkrmd oeïfï h'

ler,slrejkaf.a iEu Wml%uhla u foaY Sh T;a ;=lrejkaf.ka bx.%Sisyq ,nd .eks K' m%Odk
jYfhka fjf<÷ka f,i fndfyda m%foaYj, ießierE uqia,sïjre jdis wfmalaIdfjka bx.%siSkag
f;dr;=r e iemhQ y' tksid ler,slrejkaf.a fndfyda ryiH f;dr;=r e wkdjrKh lr .ekS ug
yels úh' tajd ukdj wOHhkh l< uelafvdk,aâ Tjqkaj u¾okh lsÍug oeä ms<sfj;la f.k
.sfha h' W!fõ ler,sl refjda l=i.skak iy fjä WKa vh ;=< w;rux jQ cSú;hla .; l<y' fuu
Nhxldr ;;a;ajhg uq yqK mE ler,slrefjda ish kdhlhsk af.a wKg wlSlrej igka ìfuka bj;a
lsÍug uelafvdk,a úiska mshjr .;af;da h' bka fkdkej;S ck;djf.a nvg myr oSug bx.%siSy q
mshjr .;a y' igk ue~,Sug kï .ï ìï úkdY lsÍu wjYH úh' uelafvdk,a hgf;a W!j
m%foaYhg meñKs bx.%Sis fyajdfhda isxy,hska urd oeuQy ' fuu fyajdfhda f.dú;eka lsÍug c,h
13 | P a g e
,nd .;a jdßud¾. úkdY lr" w;sf¾l wdydrmdk iemhQ .y fld< o lmd oeuQy' wjidkfha
iajfoaYslfhda uy;a ÿ¾NslaIhlg uqy qK ÿkay' wdydr m%Yakh W.% ùu;a iu`. ler,sl rejkaf.ka
wd;au úYajdifhka ySk jQ w;r Tjqyq f,v ÿlska fmf<kakg jQy' fuh bx.%SiSkaf.a jdishg fya; =
úh' bx.%sis Nghskag igka fufyh ùfï § wdydr mdk iy fiiq wjYH;d fud,a, sf.dv úiska
iemhQj o isxy,hskaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Sug lsisfjla fkdùh'

miqneiaig fkdie¨Kq cd;sh

fuu wr.,h l%shd;aul ùfï § y;r fldarf<a" y;a fldarf<a" ÿïnr iy ud;f,a ì%;dkHhkag
úreoaOj n,iïmkak fmruqKq y;rla ixúOdkh úh' tkuq;a bx.%Sisyq lmá nqoaê h iy l+g
Wml%u fhdod ler,slrejkaf.a Yla;s h fn,ySk lsÍug mshjr .;af;da h' fï ksid hq o fmruqfKa
úYd, miqneiSula we;s úh' frdnÜ njqkaß.a flfia fyda o<od jykafia wdmiq ,nd .ekSug kej;
l,amkd lf<a h' fiakdxl lsysmhla ler,slrejka u¾okh ls Íug úisÍ .shy' y;a fldar<h"
;=ïmfkag " fj,a,iaig" ÿïnrg" rejkaje,a,g" l=reKE.,g bx.%Sis fiakdxl msg;a j .shy' is; a
ms;a fkdue;sj f,dl= fmdä ieu fokdu úkdY lsÍ ug ;rï Tjqyq l= ßre jQy' isx y,hdf.a Ñ;a;
ffO¾h ì|ùug fcdaka fvdhs,s l,amkd lf<a h' ta wkqj isxy,hka talrdYS ù isákafka ienE
kdhlald¾ Wreulrefjl= fkdjk njg m%pdrh lrjk ,os' fï i|yd Tyqg Wmldr lr we;af;a
Wv.u ysñhka úiska njg i|yka fõ' tu ysñhka f.a mdjd§u wr.,fha .uka u. fjkia lsÍug
iDcqj u n,mEfõ h' ck;dj muKla fkdj kdhlhska ;=< o úYd, miqneiaula tksid we;s ù
we;'

W!j fj,a,iai cd;sl úuqla;s igka jHdmdrh fjkqfjka Èú ms¥ fudkrú, lemafmÜáfmd,
wosldrï m%u qL m%Odk igkaldókag iudkj b;d ks¾NS ; whq ßka wr.,h fufyh jQ m%dfoaYSh
ùrhka /ila o y`ÿkd.; yels h' tjka m%dfoaYsh ùrjrhkag Y%S ,dxflah b;s ydi iïm%odh ;=<
ksis f.!rjh mqo ,efnkafka o hkak .eg¨jls ' bis,sh fkdyels nÿ nr;a " wudkqIsh
mßmd,khla" bjid.; fkdyS úuqla;sh Wfoid igka l< m%dfoaYSh kdhlhka ;=< o mej;sfha
ienE foaYfma%ñh;ajhhs' bx.%Sis hq oaOdêlrKh u.ska urK o`vqju ,nd.;a uvq,af,a mqxÑrd,"
uvq,af,a wreud" n,xf.dv" lsxÑueksld ÿrhd o" nÿ,af,a ls ßkhsod ÿrhd" mrK.u lsßkhsod ÿrhd"
rdyqfmd< msysk rd," ó.ymsáh rfÜrd, jekakka o isxy,fha úuqla; sh Wfoid Èú msÿ
úuqla;sldñka f,i f.!rjdkaú; ;ekl msysgúh hq;=h' Tjqka .ek j;auka mrmqr oekqïj;a l<
hq;=h¡ tu ix.%duh mrdch ls Ífuka miq bx.%siska úiska uq ßis Èjhskg msgux lsÍug ;Sr Kh l<
hákqjr" ms<su;,dfõ Èidj" u;a;uf.dv ;=kafldarf,a Èidj" fofudaor fudfydÜá,d"
fldyql=Uqf¾ rfÜrd, jeks úrhka /ila isrlrejka f,iu urKh <`.d lr f.k ;sfí' m%lg
jqj;a" wm%lg jqj;a Tjqyq ish,a, u úuqla;s wr.,hla fjkqfjka wjika yqiau fmdo lem l<

14 | P a g e
ienE ùrjrfhda h' ta ksid fï ish,a,kag u cd;sfha m%Kduh ysñúh hq ;=h' wmf.a jkaokS h;ajhg
iod m;aúh hq;af;da h¡

cd;sl úuql a;sh h<s Wodj

ì%;dkH md,khg tfrysj osh;a jQ fojk ksoyia igk jkafka mqrka wmamq" f.dx.df,af.dv
nKavd yd y`.= rkafl; äx.srd, kdhl;ajh ÿka l%s'j' 1848 oS we;s jQ igk h' l%'s j' 1818 ka miqj
o ì%;dkH rch úiska uq,ska we;sjQ ler,sj,ska mdvula W.;a nj fkdfmfka' bka miq;a ì%;dkH
wêrdcHjdoSyq ;u foAYmd,k" wd.ñl" ixl,am yd kHdh furfgys ls%hd;aul lrkakg úh'
fumuK ld,hla ;uka úiska Wreu fldg.;a ixialD;sfhys meje;aug ndOd t,a, ùu;a iu`.
thg tfrys úfrdaO;d we;s fõ' tys m%;s M,hla f,i 19 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.h jkf;lau
fkdfhla wr., we;sjkakg úh' tajdfha úfYaI;ajh jkafka NslaIQk a jykafia,d f.a kdhl;ajh
lemS fmkSuhs' l%s'j' 1822 jk úg ud;f,a oS igkla we;s úh' tys kdhl;ajh lyj;af;a ysñhka
úiska .kq ,eî h' l%s'j' 1834 oS ;j igka we;s jqj;a tys id¾:lNdjhla we;s fkdùh' l% s'j' 1842-
1843 ld,fha oS Wvqÿ ïnr m%foa Yfha rdc m% ;srEmlhl = ießirk nj;a" tjlg wdKav qldr;= ud jQ
flda,ska leïn,ag oek .;af;a h' jyd lshd;aul jQ rch rdcfødayS fpdaokd msg lsy sm fokl= w;a
wvx.=jg .;ay ' ta w;r" oskSia" fvúâ" äx.srd, iy pkaø.=ma; hk kdhlhska y;rfofkla kvq
úNd.h i|yd uykqjrg /f.k wdj o Tjqkag tfrys fpdaokd Tmamq lsÍug neß jQ ksid kso yia
l<y' fï w;r;=r fld;auf,a iy W!j m%foaYj, rchg úreoa Oj Wis.ekaù ï os.g u isÿ úh'
l%s'j' 1843 jkúg f.dka.df,af.dv nKavdf.a fidfydhq rl= jQ oSkSia fpdaokd msg w;a wvx.=jg
.;af;a h' fï wdldrhg l%s 'j' 1843 olajd fkdfhla wdldrhg wêrdcH md,khg tfrysj ck;dj
fm< .eiqK o tajdfha t;rï id¾:lNdjhla olakg fkdùh'

fojk ksoyia wr.,h we;ùu i|yd iDcq jYfhka l%s 'j' 1848 oS fgdßkagka idñjrhd úiska
mkjk ,o nÿ fya; = jQj;a os¾>ld,Skj furg iudcfha f.dvke`.=Kq wêrdcH úfrdaë fya; =
idOl n,mEfõ h' ta w;=ßka l%s'j' 1815 .súiqï j.ka;s lvùu yd l%s'j' 1833 oS furg we;s l<
flda,anDDla" leurka m%;sxialrKj, we;eï wys ;lr ;;a;ajhka o oelaúh yels h' l%s'j' 1833 oS
we;slrk ,o kj m%;sixialrK fya;=fldgf.k iudcSh" wd¾:sl yd foaYmd,ksl jYfhka oeä
úmßj¾;khla we;s úh' tksid fuf;la meje;s idïm%odhsl w¾Ól rgdj ì|jeà OkjdoS w¾:sl
l%uh f.dvke.Sug miqìï ieliSug wjYH fhdackd bosßm;a úh' jevjiï wd¾Ól l%uhlg yqre
ù isá ck;dj j;= j.dj Wvrg m%foaYj, me;sr hdu ksid w;rux jQy' Ñrd;ald,hla isg furg
ck;dj rdcldß fiajdj u; ro,jrhl=g fyda úydr foaj d,hlg rdcldßh bgq lsÍu ksid bvï
,nd .ekSug yels úh' tfy;a rdcldß fiajdj w;yer j;=j.d l%uhlg ck;dj fhduq ls Íu;a
iu`. fuf;la l,a Tjqkg Wreuj mej;s bvïj, whs;sh l%ufhka .s,sysK ' ta i|yd ì%;dkHhka
úiska kj ks;S iïmdokh ls Íu;a iu`. ck;djf.a bvïj, whs;sh ms<sn| j fkdfhla w¾nqo
15 | P a g e
u;=jkakg úh' Wvrg m%f oaYj, j;= j.dj i|yd myiqlï ie,iS ug ls%hdl< ì%;dkH rch
Wv/áhd úiska fmr N=la;ú|s bvï fm!oa .,slj whs;sh mejfrk wdldrfha mk;a mkjk ,oS'
1840 wxl 5 orK bvï mk; yd 1840 wxl 12 orK mk; fï njg losu idlaIH fõ' fuu mk;
u`.ska whs;shla fkdue;s ish¨ u bvï jeú,s lghq;= i|yd ,nd.ekS ug yels úh' fufia
rdcika;l l< bvï wlalrh is,sx my ne.ska hqfrdamsh jeú,slrejkag úl=Kk ,os' j;= j.djg
.eñhkaf.a bvï fldgqùu;a iu`. fuf;la .eñhka N=la;s ú`osk ,o ks oyi wysñúh' fyak a
f.dú;ek úkdY ùu" .jhka we;s lsÍug we;s bv weysÍ u" my;a m%foaY j;= j.dj ksid ksire
ùu wdos m%Yak rdYshlg .eñ ck;dj uqyqK ÿkafka h' j;= j.dj wdrïN ls Íu;a iu`. fuf;la
ì%;dkHhka lDIs l¾udka;h flfrys oelajQ wjOdkh wvq ù lDIs lghq;= w;miq fõ' jdßud¾.
lghq;= m%;sixialrKh fkdlsÍu;a" we< fõ,s kv;a;=j w;miq lsÍu;a ksid .eñhd ;j ;j;a"
msvkhg m;aúh' tneúka .eñhdf.a mSvkh jeä ù ì%;dkH rch flfrys l,lsÍu ;jÿrg;a
j¾Okh ùu isÿ úh' mrïmdrd .Kkla u bvlvï ksid u ish csú;h f.khñka tajd flfrys
w;sYhska ne|S isá .ïjeishd ;ud wjg ;snQ m%foaY msg /áhkag wh;aùu .ek oeä l,lsÍug m;a
jQy' jeú,s lghq;= jHdma; úu;a iu`. .ïj, tla;rd m%udKhl fkdikaiqka;djla we;s úh'
fkdfhla wxYj, kj /lS rlaId wdrïN ùu;a rch ;enereï újD; ls Íug wjir oSu;a ksid
rgmqrdu u;ameka mdkh jHdma; jQ nj fmfka' Wvrg m%foaYj, tf;la iqrdie,a jHdma;
fkdjqK;a b;du;a YS>%fhka iq rdjg Wvrg ck;dj f,d,a jQy' rch wdodhï ,nd.ekSf ï
wruqKska fuu lghq ;=j,g wkq.%yh ,ndÿkak o .ïno m%foaYj, we;s jQ ÿYap ß; ms<sn | ksy~j
j.n,d .ekSug md,lfhda W;aidy .;ay' leurkaf.a wêlrK m%;sixialrK iu`. bx.S%iS NdIdj
iy kS;sh fkdo;a ckhd Widú ìfï w;rux úh' uqo,a bmhsfï wruqKska iy rchg jdis
,nd.ekSu i|yd ck;dj kS;sh bosßfha ;nñka Tjqka Wmhd .;a uqo, úkdY ls Íug yelsúh'
jeäfofkl= kvq u`.g niskq ,enqfõ wlghq;a;la iïnkaOfhka iykhla ,nd.ekSu Wfoid
fkdj fm!oa.,sl tosßjdoslï msßuid .ekSu i|yd h' fun÷ jdo fNao ksid .ïjeishka w;r
oreKq ffjrhla we;sùfuka .%dñh csú;fha Ydka;Ndjh o l%ufhka msßySug m;a úh'

rch flfrys ck;d úfrdaOh jvd;a W.% jQfha" fn!oaOd.u iïnkaOfhka ì%;dkHhka wkq.ukh
l< m%;sm;a; s ksid h' l%s 'j' 1815 Wvrg .súiqfï miajk j.ka;sfhka fn!oaOd.u yd Bg wh;a
úydr foajd, fkdlvjd wdrlaId lrk njg fmfrdkaÿ jqj o ñIkdßkaf.a oeä jHdma;h yuqfõ
tu fmdfrdkaÿj ì| jeáK' ñIkdÍka ñ;Hd oDIaál wd.ula f,i nqoaOd.u y÷kajd th wdrlaId
lsÍu ;oska úfõpkh lr we;' tneúka wia.sß yd u,aj;= hk WNh úydrhSh NslaIQkag yd
oshjvk ks,fï;=ud we;=¿ fldñáhg o<od jykafiaf.a Ndrldr;ajh mejÍu;a iu`. fuf;la
rch yd w.u w;r mej;s in|;d ì| jegqKs ' NslaI Qka mjd kdhl ;k;= rej,g m;alsÍu
w;ayeÍu;a iu`. rfÜ ck;dj ta iïnkaOfhka ;on, úfrdaOhla olajk ,os' Ñrd.; iïm%odhg

16 | P a g e
wkqj o<odfõ ysñlï orK mqoa.,hdg rdcH n,h ysñjk neúka" isxy,fhda kej;;a rdcH n,h
,nd.ekSfï wruqKska lghq ;= ixúOdkh l<y'

17 | P a g e
 PdhdrEm wxl 8- bx.%SiSka úisk a o<`od jykafia kej; NdroSu yd iïnkaO ÿ¾,N f,aLk

fufia rg wNHka; rfha mej;s ;;a ;ajh w;Dma;slr ùu iy f,dal wd¾Ólfha we;s jQ wd¾Ól"
wjmd;fhka ñoSu i|yd tjlg wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fgdßkagka idñjrhd úiska furg ck;dj
fj; iDcq nÿ y;la mekùh' uq oao r .dia;= jeäls Íu" lv idmamq" fndaÜgq" r: jdyk iy nr
lr;a; wh;a jQjkag tajd ;nd.ekSu msKsi wjir m;% ,nd.ekSu i`|yd jirlg rka mjqu ne.sk a
f.ùug isÿúh' ;=jlal=jlg is,sx 2 1$2la o n,af,l=g is,sula o f.jk ,os' iEu msßñfhl=g u
18 | P a g e
ud¾. m%lD;su ;a lsÍu i|yd noa ola f.ùug wdKavqj úiska ksfhda. lrk ,os' l%s 'j' 1847 cQ,s ui 6
osk fuu nÿ l%uhg úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lrñka w;aika 4000 muK fm;aiula o ck;dj bosßm;a
lr we;' fï wdldrhg l% s'j' 1846 ka miqj we;sjk fkdfhl=;a mSvkh ksid .eñhkaf.a csú;h
ÿIalr úh' rchg fm;aiï bosßm;a l< o úúO Woaf>daIKh l< o md,kdêldßh th .Kka
.;af;a ke;'

tys m%;sM,hla f,i fld<U yd uykqjßka le/,a, la wdrïN ù ud;f,a" oUq,a," jdßhfmd, yd
l=reKE., hk m%foaYj, th YS>% f,i me;sß K' mka oyila muK ms ßi ud;f,a rcfha
f.dvke.s,s úkdY lr tys uqvqìï mk;g iïnkaO f,aLk úkdY l<y' j;= úkdY ls Íu o
olakg ,enqKs' jdßhfmd, fldamsj;= iy .nvdjka o úkdY úh' l=reKE., lÉfÉßfha iy
Widúfha fyaka iy wfkla bvï jd¾;d o fld,a,lk ,os' Wv/áhkaf.ka ,nd.;a bvïj, Tmamq
;srmamq wdrlaIs;j r|jd ;snqfKa fuu ia:dkj, h' ck;dj ;ukag mSvkh we;s jQ ia:dk fj;
myr§ug fm<UqK y'

kej;;a kdhlfhla

fï wdldrhg wr.,h l%shd;aul ùu;a iu`. ;jÿrg;a ta jgd ck;dj fm< .eiSu o j¾Okh úh'
nÿ nßka mS vdjg m;a ck;dj wr., kdhl;ajh jgd talrdYS úh' tys kdhl;ajhg
f.dka.df,af.dv nKavd kdhl;ajhg m;a ùu ta w;r isÿ úh' ñksiqka talrdYs ls Íug Tyq
ixfla;hla f,i Ndú; jqK o fuu úuqla; s igkg kdhl;ajh ,nd ÿkafka NslaIQkajykafia,d
h' l%s'j' 1818 m<uq kso yia wr.,fha § fukau l%s'j' 1848 § o wNsfIal W;aijhla mj;ajk ,os' ta
i|yd isxy,hska f;dard .kafka oUq,a, rdcuyd úydrh fõ' tu ia:dkh cïnqfld< f,k ì%;dkH
hq.fha § m%lg ù we;' isxydikhg whs ;sjdislï lshQ f.dx.df,af.dv nKa vd ^mE,sfhaf.dv
fâúâ& mqrka wmamq ^m%ekaisia& y`.=rkafl; äx.srd, m%uqL fiakdj l%s'j' 1848 cQ,s 26 jk Èk fuu
úydrhg meñK we;' bx.%SiSkag f;dr;= re iemhQ jeõneoafoa f,alïf.a m%ldYhg wkqj
f.dx.df,af.dv nKa vd oUq¨ f,ka úydrhg wh;a úydr u¿fõ § l%s 'j' 1848 cQ,s ui 30 Èkg
fhÿK iqn fudfyf;ka rcq jYfhka wNsfIal ,en we;' tys § wr.,h i|yd úúO ;k;= re kdu
msßkud ks,OdÍka o m;al r we;' ta wkqj y`.=rkafl; äx.s rd, fyj;a ùÈme,af,a nKavd ÿïnr
ydßiam;a;=fõ m%Odkshd iy i;afldar <fha rcq f,i o m;alr we;' Ty q rcq bÈßfha Èjqr eï §
hqjrcq njg m;a jQ nj jeõneoafoa f,alï mjid we;' fiakdj fufyhùfï uy weu;s f,i mqrka
wmamq;a lfrda wmamq iy ÈkSia fiakdêkdhl ;k;=re;a ,eîu tÈk isÿj ;sfí' jd¾;d ù we;s
f;dr;=r ej,g wkqj oUq¨ úydrhg tosk 5000l muK ms ßila meñK ;sfí' úydr u¿fõ bÈlr
;snQ uKavmh fj; NslaIQka jykafia,d /ila jevu lr isáhy' wNskj rcq i|yd Wkajykafia,d
msß;a foaYkd l< njg jd¾;d fõ' fuu W;aijfha § m%uqL ld¾hNdrhla oUq¨ úydrfha .srdk.u

19 | P a g e
ysñhka úiska bgqlr ;sfí' wjg úydria:dkj,ska NslaIQka jykafia,d úYd, msßila o fï
wjia:djg jevu l< isá nj jefõneoafoa f,alï úiska jd¾;d lrhs '

zrdcdNsfIalh fudfydf;a oUq¨ f,ka úydr N+ñfha Yío mQcd kdoh oi; /õ § ;sfí' rcq iy
hqjrcq foda,djl ;nd m%Odk ud¾.h Tiafia f,kfodr olajd .uka l< njg jd¾;d fõ' fuu
fmryef¾ .uka l< fiakd wú wdhqO w;e;sj f.dia ;sfí' lemagka fjdÜika fuu úia;r
fiakdêkdhl l¾k,a ärdmag okajd we;' Tyq fld<ôka wdOdrl fiakd b,aÆ njg f;dr;=re
;sfí' tod fuu wNsfIalhg fndfyda msßila iyNd.s jQ njg f;dr;=re we;' ta wkqj ud;f,a
Èia;%slalfha fldard<jre" w;=fldard<jre" rfÜuy;ajre iy wdrÉÑjre 84la muK iyNd.s ù
we;' uÿrdj flda r<h" fyajdúiai fldarf<a iy w;=fldard<" rfÜuy;aj re" wdrÉÑjre 25 muK o
meñK isáhy' uykqjr l%s'j' 1848 bx.%SiSkag tfrysj we;s jQ wr.,fha uQ,sl;ajh .kafka NslaIQka
jykafia nj fcdaka weia' fld,afmI¾ úiska l%s'j' 1848 fld<U uyf,alïg ,shk ,o ,smshl
i|yka lr ;sfí' fuu le/,af,a § oUq¨ m<df;a uQ, slhd f,i .srdfka.u pkaøfcda;s ysñhka
l%shd lr we;' fuu wNsfIalh ms<sn | f;dr;=r e fiakdêkdhl ärdmaÜ úiska wdKa vqldrjrhd
fj; jd¾;d lr ;sfí' tys § Tyq wdKavqldrjrhdf.ka b,a,d we;af ;a oUq,af,a rdcdNsfIalhg
iyNd.s jQ isxy,hska rdcfødaySka f,i hqoaOdêlrKhg muqKqj d urK o`vqju ,ndÈh hq;= njhs'
tu woyi ta wldrfhka u l%shd;aul lsÍug lghq;= ì%;dkH rch lghq;= lrk ,os ' cd;sfha
uqrfoaj;dj f,i NslaI Qka jykafiaf.a fufyjr w;s Wodr h' th wjfndaO lr.;a bx.%SiSk a
Wkajykafia,d wl¾uKH lsÍu woyi iuia; iudchg ,nd§fï wruqKska " fuu wr.,fha m%uqL
jß;hla jQ lvydfmd, fyj;a l=vdfmd, ysñ hka isjqr msákau fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,os'
foaYfha ksjy,aNdjh fjkqfjka NslaIQka jykafia Ôú;h mQcd l< wjia:d tug h' tfy;a
fujeks wjia:djla isÿjkafka m%:u j;djg h' fuu ksoyia igk o mrdchg m;aúh'

wruqK lrd fjk;a ud¾.

tfia yuqoduh mrdchg m;a jqj o Y%S ,xldj ksoyi lrd hk .ufka oS 1850ka miq olakg we;af;a
wr.,ldÍ iajrEmhlg jvd wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl mqk¾cS jk jHdmdrhls' wêrdcH md,kh ksid
wysñj .sh ixialD;sl iy wd.ñl whs;Ska oskd.ekSug fm<.efiñka nqoa êuh l;sldj;la f,i
tu úuqla;s jHdmdrh f.dvke.=Ks ' 19 jk ishji jkúg hqfrdamfha úfYaIfhkau tx.,ka;fha
ck iïu;jdoS woyia me;sfrñka ;snQ fyhska mD;= .SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka fukau foaYS h wd.ï
u¾okh lsÍfï ms<sfj;la l%shd;aul lsÍug bx.%SiSka yg fkdyels úh' tu ;;a;ajh ;=<
hg;aúcs;hkay s l%sia;shdks wd.u jHdma; jQfha rdcH m%;sm;a; shla jYfhka fkdj fm!oa.,sl
ixúOdk úiska f.k hk ,o jHdmdrhla f,isks' fuu miqìug tfrysj isxy," fou< iy
uqia,sï ck;dj iajlSh ixialD;sl wkkH;djh iqrlaIs; lr.ekSu i|yd fm<.eiqKs ' lsisÿ

20 | P a g e
wjia:djl cd;Ska w;r wiu.shla fkdjQ w;r iaùh ixialD;sl wjYH;d wdrlaId lsÍfï
l%shdoduhl ksr;j we;' oykujeks ishji uq, oS ,xldjg meñKs ñIkdß ixúOdk úiska mdi,a
wrUñka ngys r oekqu ;a ls;=kq ,íêh;a jHdma; lrkakg úh¡ tfia mdi,a wrUñka ta Tiafia
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh ,nd oSfï j.lSu ñIkdÍkag Ndr jQ w;r foaYSh wOHdmk l%u fkdi,lñka
fn!oaO yd yska ÿ orejka <dnd, úfha isgu ;uka fj; kïujd .ekSfï wruq Kska tu jHdmdr
l%shd;aul úh' l%sia;= ,íêh jHdma; lsÍug fhdod.;a ;j;a Wml%u hla jQfha uqøs; m;% sld fnod
yeÍu h'

fuu miqìug tfrys j cd;sl jHdmdr o l%ufhka werfUkak g úh' NslaIQka cd;sl wd.ñl
Wreuh m%;sia:dmkh ls Ífï l¾;jHfha ksr ; ùu l`M;r" mdKÿr" fudrgqj wdoS m%foa Yj, isÿúh'
tu fn!oaO wd.ñl m%fndaOfha uq,a mshjr f,i 1842 oS j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñhka úiska r;au,dfka
Ydia;% Yd,dj msysg ùu;a iuÕ th isxy, fn!oaO mqk¾cSjkfha f;da;ekak njg m;aúh' isxy,"
md,s iy ixialD;sl ms<sn| kj cSjhla we;s lrñka nqÿ oyu" fn!oaO ixialD;sh idys ;H ms<sn|
wOHdmkh tu wdh;kh u.ska ,nd ÿkaafka h' tu mqkreoh iqux., ysñ " Oïudf,dal ysñ" o
is,ajd" wEmd wmamqydñ" fld.a., Oïu;s,l ysñ" iquk;siai" Oïud,xldr ysñ wdoS meúos .sy s
úoaj;=ka cks; lsÍu i|yd u. fmkaùula úh' j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñhka úiska 1862 oS m%:u isx y,
mqj;am; jQ zz,lañKsZZ myk werôK' fuu j¾Ifha oS u ishï foaYfhka ,enq Kq wdOdr mokï
lrf.k ,xldfõ m%:u uqøKd,h wdrïN úh' mQcH nq,;a.u O¾ud,xldr is ßiquk ;siai ysñhka
1860 oS .d,af,a ,xfldamldr uqøKd,h wrUk ,ÿj ls;= iuhg tfrysj m%ldYs; m;%sld uq øKh
lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,oS '

yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., udysudmdKkao cd;sl Ydiksl mqk¾cSjkhg iqúfYaI kdhl;ajhla iemhQ
iajdóka jykafia kula úh¡ md,s ixialD; bx.%Sis oekqfuka muKla fkdj .Ks;h we;=¿ úIH
rdYshl oekqfuka ikakoaO jQ Wkajykafia rÑ; Ydia;% Sh .%ka: rdYshls¡ úfoHdaoh uyd msßfjk
Wkajykafiaf.a wm%;sy; ffO¾fhka furgg odhl jQ udyeÕs jia;=jls¡ fld<U wdkkao úoHd,h
ìyslsÍug mqfrda.dó jQ Wkajykafia isxy, fn!oaO hd m;%fha lghq; = flfryso ;u fkduo
wkqYdikh mE fial¡ tl, cd;sl m%fndaOh j¾Ok l< ;j;a wx.hla jQfha ñIkdÍka iuÕ we;s
jQ fkdfhl=;a jdo újdohka h' tys,d jdoSNisxy ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao kdysñ hkaf.a mqfrda.dó
kdhl;ajh lemS fmfka' ta wkqj noafoa.u" jrdf.dv" .ïm," mdKÿr iy Wokaúg wdoS jYfhka
mxpuydjdohka we;súh' uq,ajdoh ,sÅ;j;a wka jdo uqyqKg uqyq K,d;a mj;ajd we;¡ fuu jdo
Tiafia ñIkdß jHdmdrh nrm;, miqnEulg ,la jQ w;r nqÿ oyu f,dj mqrd jHdma; jkakg;a ta
fya;= úh¡ ñIkdß u;j,g tfrysj foaYkd oyia .Kkla meje;ajQ Wkajykafia .%k a:lrKfhkao
ÿ¾u; úoajxikh l< fial¡ ta ñf.Ügqj;af;a .= Kdkkao ysñ hkaf.a ckau iurefõ 200 jk
ixj;airh;a mdkÿrdjdofha 150 jk ixj;airh;a 75 jk ksoyia iurej fhfok 2023 fmnrjdß

21 | P a g e
uiu fhoSu ffofjdam.; ixisoaêhls¡ uE;ld,Sk isxy, fn!oaO mqk¾cSjkfhys,d m%uqL jQ cd;sl

ùrfhl= f,i Wkajykafia o wNsjdokh l< hq;=h¡

PdhdrEm wxl 9- jdoSNisx y ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao kdysñ iy mdKÿrdjdoh

mxpuyd jdohg wu;rj w.ñl" idys;Hh iy NdIduh m%fndaOhla we;s úh' iõi;aoï jdoh
^1854& iso;a iÕrdjdoh ^1889& cdklSyrK jdoh ^1891& wdoS jdohka 19 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.fha
oS we;s ùu cd;sl kdhl;ajhg Tiafia .sys meúos úYd, msßila u;= j Tjqyq fn!oaO m%fndaOfha
l%shdldÍka f,i y÷kd.; yels h' fuu ;;a;ajh ;=< isxy, NdIdj kj ixl,am m%ldY lrk
udOHhla f,i fmdÿ mdGl ckhdf.a reÑl;ajhg iß,k yev .eiaùu ksid fmr ;snq Kdg jvd
iqLkuH ikaaksfõok fuj,ula njg m;aúh'

bx.%Sis n,mEu yuqfõ miqnEulg ,laj ;snQ msßfjka wOHdmkh kej; jrla msìoSug ,laùu fuu
wjosfha we;s jQ fn!oaO m%fndaOfha ;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhla f,i fmkajd osh yels h' j,dfka
isoaOd¾: ysñhkaf.ka we;s jQ Ydiksl m%fndaOh miqj fnka;r w;a:oiaiS ysñ hka úiska fnka;r
jkjdiS úydrh o" wU.yj;akf;a irKxlr ysñ mhd., úydrh o" je,s.u iqux., ysñ mdKÿf¾
flakaø lrñka lrñka NslaIQka jykafia,dg O¾u Ydia;% {dkh ,ndÿka nj fmfka' msßfjka
wOHdmkh kj uÕlhg fhduqjQfha úfoHdaoh msßfjk ^1873& úoHd,xldr ^1875& msysgqùu;a iuÕ
h¡ ì%;dkHhka foaYSh wOHdmkh fkdi,ld isáh o miq wjosfha oS fï msßfjka i|yd rcfha iyh
o ,enqKq wdldrhla oelsh yels h' fuu msßfjka wdrïN ùug idfmalaI j ,xldfõ fiiq
m%foaYj, o ;jÿrg;a msßfjka wdrïN jkakg úh¡ fuu wjêfha .%ka: rpkd lsÍu fukau
ixialrKh ls Íula o isÿúh' iso;a iÕrdj" kj ikaki" O¾u m%oSmsldj" wudj;=r" nq;airK"
uqjfoõodj; wdoS iïNdjH lD;s ixialrKh fldg m< lsÍu ld,Sk wjYH;djka imqrd,Sula
fukau isxy, cd;sl Wreuh fmdÿck ú{dkh i|yd mqnqÿjd,Sug fya;= úh' isxy,hd b;sydih

22 | P a g e
foig;a wmf.a merKs YsIagdpdrh ms<sn| lrkq ,enQ wOHhkh ;=<ska isxy,hdf.a .Dy ks¾udKh"
m%;sud l,dj" legï l,dj" jdß ;dlaIKh wdoS úYsIag lghq;= .ek cd;sl wNsudkhla fï
wjosfha j¾Okh jkakg úh'

,xldfõ fuu wjosfha oS we;s jQ fn!oaO m%fndaOh foaYSh jYfhka muKla fkdj úfoaYSh jYfhka
o jHdma; jkakg úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i weußldkq cd;sl fyka ß iaà ,a ´,alÜ;=udf.a meñKSu
,laosj fn!oaO m%fndaOhg kj mKla ,ndoSug iu;a úh' miqj meñKs í,ejeÜials ue;sKshf.a o
iyh we;sj 1880 cQks ui 17 osk mru ú{d¾: fn!oaO iud.u o wdrïN jQ w;r ta Tiafia foaYSh
j;ams<sfj;a wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd úYd, msán,hla iemhsK' mQcH fodvï¥fõ mshr;k ysñhka
fn!oaO mdi,la wdrïN lsÍu o jeo.;a wjia:djls' ´,alÜ;=ud 1881 oS —isxy, cd;shg whs;s
wruqo,a˜ uefhka wruq o,la wdrïN fldg m%:ufhka .d,af,a bx.%Sis fn!oaO mdGYd,djla wdrïN
lrk ,os' isxy, fn!oaO mdi,a ;j ;j;a mq¿,a lr fn!oaOdrlaIK ix.uh msy sgqjd fn!oaOhkaf.a
whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug Tjqyq mshjr .;af;a h' ta wkqj fn!oaO mdi,a rgmqrd wdrïN úh'
fuys oS fld<U" uykqjr" yegka" .ïfmd<" ud;f,a" fydrK" r;akmq r" wïn,kaf.dv" mdKÿr"
mÜàjElv" udoïmsáh yd flfy,aj;a; hk ia:dkj, isxy, msßñ iy .eyekq mdi,a wdrïN ùu
furg fn!oaO ck;djg w;ajQ úfYAI;ajhls' fuu miqìug iu.dój fn!oaO mdi,aj, mq`M,a
j¾Okhla we;s fõ'

PdhdrEm wxl 10- wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud iy weußldkq cd;sl fykaß iaà,a ´,alÜ;=ud

23 | P a g e
hg;aúcs; hq.fha cd;sl wd.ñl m%fndaOh cks; lsÍfuys,d b;d úYsIag ld¾hNdrhla
idys;HOrhska úiska o bgq lrkq ,eî h¡ ta u.ska isxy, mqj;am;a fËa;%fha fukau kdgH l,dj o
oshqKq úh' iS ' fodka nia;shka" fnkaf;dg we,anÜ" ihsuka is,ajd" fcdaka o is,ajd" mshodi
isßfiak" wdoS úoaj;=kaf.ka furg fn!oaO ixialD;sh fmdaIKh ls Ífuys,d fkduo iyhla
,enqKs' isxynd kQ ¾;sh " frdañfhda cq,shÜ" iqodi iy id,kS" iqj¾K;s,l wdoS kdgHh fy< úß;a
/l .ekSug wdo¾Yh imhkakg úh' oS ¾> b;sydihlg Wreulï lshk isxy,hkaf.a we÷ï
me<÷ï NdIdj wdoS .=Kdx. biau ;= ls Ífï wruqKska fcdaka o is,ajd kdgH 54la ,shd ksIamdokh
lrk ,os' ta w;=f rka mrdl%undyq " fojk rdcisxy" is ßiÕfnda" j<.ïnd" uydkdu wdoS kdgH b;d
ckm%sh tajd w;r úh' ñIkdÍka ish wd.u m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd m%nkaO l:d ks¾udKh lrKq
,enqj ;a Bg iud.dój merKs ixialD;sh Tma kxjk l%shdud¾.hla fj; cd;sljdoS l,dlrefjda
fhduqúh' ;j o isxy, fn!oaO mqk ¾cSjkhg wk.dßl O¾umd," n% yaupdß j,isxy yßiapkaø jeks
l%shdYS,S ck kdhlhkaf.ka bgq jQ fufyjr;a áfngfhka meñKs tia' uyska o ysñhkaf.a
ueosy ;aùu ;a lemS fmksK'

PdhdrEm wxl 11- áfnÜ cd;sl tia' uyskao ysñ

wfma rgg ms<su,a jk i;=re uq,

wfma whu kï ì¢fkuq Wkaf. n,
wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka u< fidfydka j,
msfma túg cd;sl wNsudk u,

tia' uyskao ysñ hka ,shQ lúhla

ish¨ cd;s wd.ï tlaj ksoyia igfka

24 | P a g e
ì%;dkH hg;aúcs; md,kh ksid oñ< ck;djg o wNsfhda. /ilg uqyqK mEug isÿ úh' W;=re
m%foaYh flakaø.;j isÿ jQ ñIkdÍ n,mEu ksid yskaÿ ixia;D;sh o iq rlaIs; lsÍfï wjYH;dj
m%n,j oeksK' fï nj jgyd.;a wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud ta i|yd kdhl;ajh .kakd ,os' fyf;u
yskaÿ ixialD;sh iqrlaIs; lsÍ ug mshjr .;af;a h' 1849 jka;¾fmdfkhs ffYj m%.di
úoHdidf,hs hkqfjka kQ;k wOHdmk l%ufõohla yskaÿkag wdrïN lf<a h' wk;=r ej ffYj
Nla;sh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd iEu .ulu mdi,a wdrïN ls Íug woyia lr 1872 oS ffYjka.,
úoHd,h bx.%SiS wOHdmkh i|yd újr lf<a h' th miq ld,fha yskaÿ úoHd,h njg m;aúh'
idïm%odhsl fou< .%ka: uqø Khg mshjr .;af;a h' 1853 wdrïN l< ihsj m%ydki ifnhs iy
jk¾fmdfkhs ihsj foajd,h o wdrïN lsÍu ksid yskaÿ m%fndaOh Yla;s u;a lsÍug yels ùu
iqúfYAIS wjia:djls'

PdhdrEm wxl 12- wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud

uqia,sï ck;djg ì%;dkH n,mEfï w÷re m%;sM, ;oska oekqfKa h' msgqjy,a lrk ,o Trdì mdId
we;=`M ms ßi Bcsma;=fõ isg 1883 osj hskg meñKsh;a uqia,sï mqkreohg odhl;a ajhla oelajqj o tys
mqfrda.dñhd f,i ie,flkaf ka lghq;= lrkafka tï'iS' isoaêf,ífí uy;d h' iajlSh ck;dj
k`.d isgqùu msKsi —uqia,sï fkahsIka˜ mqj;am; wdrïN lr uykqjr m%foaYfha mdi,la o t;=ud
úiska wdrïN lrk ,oS' 1892 fld<U iysrd úÿy, wdrïN l< fyf;u 19 jk ishjfia uqia,sï
mqkreo jHdmdrhg ukd kdhl;ajhla ,nd ÿkafka h' cd;shla f,i wkkH;dj wdrlaId lr.;
hq;= wdldrh t;=ud f,djg fmkaùug wdo¾Yj;aj lghq;= lrk ,os' ta wkqj iajlSh uqia,sï
idïm%odhsl isß;a úß;a yd újdy l%u w;=`M uq`M ixia lD;shu wdrlaId lr.ksñka ld,dkqrEmj
ieliSug Tyq mshjr .;af;a h' fuu mqk reo jHdmdrh ;=< ska uqia,sï m%cdj o bosßhg meñKsh y'
25 | P a g e
 PdhdrEm wxl 13- tï'iS' iso aêf,ífí uy;d

19 jk ishjfia wjidk Nd.h olajd u cd;Ska w;r ukd iu.shla mej;s w;r fmdÿ i;= rd jQ
ì%;dkH wêrdcH md,khg tlaj uqyqK ÿkafka h' tjlg iudch úkdY uqLhg meñKsfha
u;ameka ksid h' wuoHm jHdmdrh jgd talrdYS jQ Y%S ,dxlsl ck;dj wêrdcHjdoS md,khg oeä
n,mEula t,a, lsÍug iu;a úh¡

20 jk ishji Wodj;a u isÿ jQfha Y%S ,xldj ksoyi lrd .sh .ufka ì%;dkH wêrdcHh úfrdaê
wr.,fha f;jk wjia:dj f,i wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK u.ska n,h oskd.ekSfï jHdmdrhl
ksr; ùuhs' bkaoshdkq wdo¾Yh u; isg isÿ l< th l%ñl W;aidyhl m%;sM,hls' ngysr
wOHdmkfhka fmdaIKh jQ W.;a ,dxlsl uOHu mka;sh úiska b,a,Sï" ,sms" Woaf>daIK iy
fm;aiï u.ska foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK oskd.ekSu i|yd l%shdlr we;' 1833 flda,anDDla leurka
m%;sixialrK furg l%shd;aul jQ m<uq foaYmd,k m%;sixialrKh f,i b;sydi .; fjhs' t;eka
isg 1912 ^lDfõ uel,ï&" 1920 ^ueksx m%;sixialrK&" 1924 ^ueksx fvfjdkaI h¾ m%;sixialrK&"
1931 ^fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK& iy 1947 ^fida,anß m%;sixialrK& l%shd;a ul úh' fuu
m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul ùfï oS isxy," fou< iy uqia,sï kdhl;ajh yd odhl;ajh fudfkdjg
ysñ úh' 1919 msysgqjk ,o ,xld cd;sl ix.uh fuys,d mq`M,a ld¾hNdrhla isÿ lr we;' 1948
fmnrjdß 04 jk osk ì% ;dkH wêrdcHjdoS md,kfhka uydudkH ã'tia' fiakdkdhl w.ue;s;=ud

26 | P a g e
hgf;a fvdñkShka ;;a;ajfha ksoyia cd;shla f,i Y%S ,xld Och tiejqKq w;r 1972 oS ckrchla
ùu ;=< furg mQ¾K kso yia iaffjÍ rdcHhla njg m;a úh'

ùrfhda fkdñfh;s

ngysr wdl%uKldÍ i;=rka úIhhl wk,iaj wêIaGdkfhka yd ú¾hfhka <`.d lr.;a ch.%yK
rdYshla Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih mq rdu oelsh yels h' úfoaYSh wdl%uKslhkag úreoaOj úuqla;sh
Wfoid igka jeÿKq úfrdaodr uq;=ka ñ;a;ka wfma iudchg ienE ùrjrfhda h' wdl% uKslhka
bÈßfha Tjqka foaYfødaySk a jqj;a cd;sl;ajh yuqfõ ùrhka úh' Y%S ,dxflah b;s ydih meñKs
wLKav .uka u`. ;= < úuqla;sh Wfoid igka l< wfma ùrhkaf.a f,a iy weg uia ñÿ`M fukau
Tjqkaf.a m%dK jdhqj o wfma uõ ìu;a" iq<`.;a iu`. tla ù iod l,a mj;S' tl, f,dj m%n,u
yuqodj jQ ì%;dkH yuqodjg iïmQ¾K wdl%uKhlska wfma rg hg;a lr.kakg fkdyels úh¡
.ß,a,d igka yd wx.ïfmdr jeks foaYSh igka l,d yuqfõ úcd;slfhda furg ;=< ure ÿgy¡
;siajirl fnÿïjdoS ;%iajdoS jHdmdrh mrdch lrñka f,a w;a md fukau cSú; ms¥ wfma ùfrdaodr
fin¿kaf.a cdkj, o ta w;S; úrejkaf.a Wreuh igykaj ;sfnkakg we;¡

wm wo .kakd yqiau fmdo ta úrejkaf.a m%dK jdhqjhs' rfÜ úuqla;sh Wfoid Ôú;h oka ÿka kï
.ï okakd fkdokakd ùrjrhkag msfok f.!rjh j¾;udk mrmq frka w;S ;h fj; mqo flfrk
f.!rjdpdrhla muKla fkdj furg talP;%Ndjh;a fN!ñl wLKav;dj;a iaffjÍ;ajh;a
woSk;ajh;a fjkqfjka osú ysñfhka fmkS isàula o jkafka h¡ w;S; úrejka wkqiaurKh hkq
Tjqka isys fldg u,a msoSu myka oe,aùu fyda W;aij ixúOdk lsÍu muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a
,d,idj jQ rfÜ wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka wfma cSú;h wjxlj lem lsÍu njo wm jgyd .;
hq;af;uq¡

27 | P a g e
 PdhdrEm wxl 14-isxy Och fijfka jecfUk wms
tl ujlf. ore le< neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud'''

ieliqu (
uydpd¾h wcs; a ;,aj;a;
udkjYdia;% wOHkdxYh" iudcSh úoHd yd udkjYdia;% mSGh
Y%S ,xld rcrg úYaúoHd,h" ñyska;f,a'

tï' ta' m%idoa l=udr

lÓldpd¾h" udkjYdia;% wOHhkdxYh" iudÔh úoHd yd udkjYdia;% mSGh"
Y%S ,xld rcrg úYajúoHd,h" ñyska;f,a'

kd,l chfiak
iajdëk m¾fhaIl" iïudk,dNS f,aLl

28 | P a g e