LAB EXPERIMENT -1

SOLID STATE PHYSICS LAB

SUBMITTED BY-TUSHAR GAUTAM
ROLL NO.-816
IIIrd Y EAR
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.-19026567101
COURSE-B.Sc(H) PHYSICS
SUBMITTED TO- DR. SANJAY KUMAR & DR. MANJU BALA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,HINDU COLLEGE,DELHI UNIVERSITY

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EXPERIMENT NO.1 SOLID STATE PHYSICS LAB

EXPERIMENT -1
AIM: QUINCKE ’S METHOD OF DETERMINING MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A
PARA-MAGNETIC SUBSTANCE

Fig 1.Diagram of Experimental Setup

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MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
According to Electromagnetic Magnetic Susceptibility of any material is the measure of mag-
netic property of that material or in other words we can say that it is the extent to which any
magnetic material can be magnetized.It Indicates Degree of Magnetization.We Can define
Magnetic Susceptibility in Three Types–
1. Volume Magnetic Susceptibility
2. Mass Susceptibility
3. Molar Susceptibility

1.VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY:: It is the susceptibility of any specified volume or con-

centration of our solution which is different for different concentrations of salt. Generally it is
called susceptibility denoted by Xv (often simply by X , Xm ). When we place a body in any
magnetic field of intensity H Then our body or material get magnetized, obtaining the Mag-
netic moment M. The total magnetic moment per unit Volume is termed as the magnetization
or intensity of Magnetization.

M
I= V

Generally the relation between I and H is approximately linear as ::

I= χ H
From Here We can also conclude that susceptibility is dimensionless quantity as both I and H
have same Units A/m

I
χ= HJ
From (1) χ= VMH
Units of M: Am2
Units of V=m3
Units of H :A/m

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Mass Susceptibility
Mass Susceptibility is denoted by Xmass and is given by

χ
Xmass = ρ

where ρ is the density or concentration of Solution. The Units of Mass Susceptibility in SI

Units is Kg/m3 .

Molar Susceptibility.

Molar Susceptibility is denoted by χmolar given by

Xmolar = Mmolar ∗ Xmass
where Mmolar is molar mass of salt used.The units of molar susceptibility is Kg/ mol. Also
Molar Susceptibility is constant for a salt.
Relation between Permeability and susceptibility ::-

When a magnetic material or solution is placed in a uniform magnetic field H,then two
types of induction lines pass through material one is due to external field and another is due
to magnetization of solution.So total Flux density is given by::

B=µo (H + I)
We Know I=χH
B=µ0 (1 + χ)H
B=µ0 µr H
=µH
The dimensionless constant µr =1+χ is known as the relative permeability while the constant
µ is called permeability of the material. It is the measure of the degree of penetration of
magnetic fields through the substance and is the ratio of B and H.

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More about Magnetic susceptibility :-

1. It is a dimensionless quantity.
2. Its value is negative for dia-Magnetic materials and positive for ferro and para magnetic
materials.
3. For diamagnetic material it is independent of temperature but for para and Ferromagnetic
Materials it depends on the temperature.(Inversely proportional to temperature)

CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS:-

We can divide magnetic materials to three groups dependingupon their susceptibilities as
follow-
1. Diamagnetic:
In this type of materials all the electrons are paired and individuals atoms have not any mag-
netic moment. For this type of materials susceptibility is negative.These materials repel the
magnetic field lines due to which they reduce the field strength by inducing field in opposite di-
rection to applied field. They align themselves in direction from high intensity field to low field.

Fig 2. Diamagnetic Material

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2. Paramagnetic:
The atoms of these type of Substance have unpaired electrons due to which they posses their
individual magnetic moments resulting to net zero magnetization by random arrangement of
atoms.When field is applied these dipoles get aligned in field direction resulting into increase
of field strength.(attract the field line). These material have positive susceptibility. They align
themselves in direction of low to high field.

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Fig 3. Paramagnetic material

3. Ferromagnetic:
This behavior of substance can be seen only in a particular temperature range (below curie
temperature)after which they become paramagnetic. Within that temperature these materials
persist net magnetization after completely removal of external field. These type of materials
attracts field lines more strongly then Paramagnetic.

Fig 4. Ferromagnetic material

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INTRODUCTION.
The Quincke’s Method is used to determine magnetic susceptibility of Diamagnetic or Para-
magnetic substances in the form of a liquid or an aqueous solution. When an object is placed
in a magnetic field, a magnetic moment is induced in it. Magnetic susceptibility χ is the ratio
of the magnetization I (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied magnetizing field
intensity H. The magnetic moment can be measured either by force methods, which involve
the measurement of the force exerted on the sample by an inhomogeneous magnetic field or
induction methods where the voltage induced in an electrical circuit is measured by varying
magnetic moment. The Quincke’s method like the Gouy’s method belongs to the former class.
The force f on the sample is negative of the gradient of the change in energy density when the
sample is placed.The behaviour of a substance in a magnetic field is characterized by its mag-
netic susceptibility. For either a paramagnetic or a diamagnetic substance, Quincke’s method
is a very well-known method in which the liquid is placed in a capillary tube so that the
meniscus stands in a strong magnetic field. In this experiment we have measured the magnetic
susceptibility (χ) of aqueous MnSO4 solution at different concentrations (ρ) from which the
susceptibility of the salt is determined. Moreover,from a plot of the susceptibility of water is
extrapolated. A reasonably good result is obtained which is then compared with the directly
measured value of the susceptibility of water placed in a very strong magnetic field.
The Quincke’s method1 aims at determining the magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic or
diamagnetic aqueous solution or liquid. In this experiment an aqueous solution of Manganous
sulphate monohydrate salt (MnSO4 .H2 O) is kept in the narrower part of a u-tube. The nar-
rower part is placed in a nearly uniform magnetic field while the wider part is far removed
from the field. On activating the field with current the meniscus in the narrower part will rise
if the solution paramagnetic and will fall if it is diamagnetic. A Hall probe determines the
relationship between the current and the applied field.
APPARATUS REQUIRED::
Quincke’s U tube, Electromagnet, Power supply, Magnetic material , a Gauss meter, a beaker,
A Weighing machine ,Measuring Cylinder, Filter Paper and Funnel etc.

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THEORY AND WORKING FORMULA::

The Quincke’s method is used to determine magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic or param-
agnetic substances in the form of a liquid or an aqueous solution. When an object is placed
in a magnetic field, a magnetic moment is induced in it. Magnetic susceptibility χ is the ratio
of the magnetization I (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied magnetizing field
intensity H. The magnetic moment can be measured by two methods, Force method which
involve the measurement of the force exerted on the sample by an inhomogeneous magnetic
field.Induction Method where the voltage induced in an electrical circuit is measured by
varying magnetic moment.

U Tube
The Quincke’s method like the Gouy’s method belongs to the force method. The force f on
the sample is negative of the gradient of the change in energy density when the sample is placed,

2
d µ0 (χ−χ0 )H
f= dx [ 2 ]
µ0 (χ−χ0 ) dH 2
f=[ 2 ]( dx )

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The force acting on an element of area A and length dx of the liquid column is fAdx, so the
total force F on the liquid is:

R
F=A f dx =A µ0 (χ − χa )(H 2 − H02 )
where the integral is taken over the whole liquid. This means that H is equal to the field at
the liquid surface between the poles of the magnet and H0 is the field at the other surface
away from the magnet. The liquid (density ρ) moves under the action of this force until it
is balanced by the pressure exerted over the area A due to a height difference h between the
liquid surfaces in the two arms of the U-tube. It follows that:

F=Ah(ρ − ρa )g
or χ = χa + ρ2g(ρ−ρ
2
a )h
0 (H −H )
2
0

In actual practice chia , density of air ρa and H0 are negligible and can be ignored and the
above expression simplifies to

2ρgh
χ= µ0 H 2

More Pictures of Experimental Setup

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PROCEDURE
Making of Solution:
1. Clean a beaker and weigh it.Make 40 % solution of Paramagnetic salt (MnSO4 .H2 0) by
dissolving 40g of salt in 100 ml of water and filter it with help of filter paper and funnel.
2.To make 20 % solution add 20g of salt in 100ml of water.
3. Weigh the beaker with this solution and find the volume of the solution and calculate its
density.
ADJUSTMENT OF APPARATUS
1. Clean the Quinke’s tube and pour this solution in it through the wide limb. Fix the tube
with a stand and clamp such that the narrow tube is between the pole pieces and wider limb
is outside the field of magnet.
2.The level of liquid in narrow tube should be such that it comes below the centre of the poles
of magnet,i.e. rising of level in tube do not cross centre of the poles in any case.(parama -gnetic
substance moves from low field to high field direction and there is maximum field at the centre
of poles and decrease in field strength above this.)
3. There should not be any air bubbles in the tube if such bubbles are present try to remove
them either with the help of a wire or by increasing the level of solution in the tube and then
bringing it down very slowly as shown in the figure below.(arrow shows the water level)
4. The distance between the poles should as small as possible (after placing the tube) so high
flux gradient is created to get significant rise in the level of liquid. Before taking the reading
remove the tube and by placing the probe check whether field is increasing with increase in
current.
5.Measure the magnetic field B at the centre of the poles-pieces of the magnet with the help
of a Gauss –meter at different different current.
FOR READING:
1.Focus the level liquid(meniscus) in the narrow limb on the horizontal cross wire of the eye
piece of a travelling microscope.
2. Reading for zero magnetic field should be taken when power supply is off.
3.Take the reading when it is switched on .the difference of the readings gives the height h.
4. Vary the magnetic field and take 5-6 readings.
5. Repeat the same above procedure for 20 % ,10 % etc solutions.

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(A) With the help of Electronic weighing balance measure 40 gm of Para-magnetic salt
(Magnese(II) Sulphate Mono-Hydrate)
(B) Also Measure 100 ml of distilled water in measuring flask.Put 100 ml in a beaker again
and put magnetic bead inside beaker. Put beaker on Hot plate,arrange beaker in such a way
that center of beaker lies on center of heater.
(C) Adjust temperature at 40 ’C speed should be moderate Such as no Turbulence should be
there. Continue for 10-15 minutes. After that stop the heater and take the filter paper and
put solution in filter funnel,it will take more than one hour to continue.
(D) Adjust the pole pieces of Electromagnet such that capillary tube fits perfectly in pole
pieces and gap between pole pieces is minimum.Make sure that there is no gap between rings
and gap between rings. If there is gap then poles pieces will attract each other and capillary
tube will be broken down.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
Least Count of Weighing Balance=0.1 g
Least Count of Power Supply=0.01 A
Thickness of Wire Wrapped=0.5mm
Least Count of Travelling Microsope=0.001 cm

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I(A) B(T)*10
0.03 0.0112
0.22 0.0154
0.43 0.0198
0.6 0.0247
0.8 0.0303
1.01 0.0373
1.18 0.0412
1.41 0.0479
1.59 0.0529
1.82 0.0598
0.08 0.0681
0.19 0.0704
0.4 0.0761
0.57 0.0809
0.81 0.0891
3.04 0.0943
3.25 0.1002
3.38 0.1029
GRAPH OF B VS I(For Caliberation Purposes)

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Graph between H and B

B=0.0282*I+0.0086
For 40 % Solution ρ=62.4 g/51mL=1.248 ×103 Kg/m3
I(A) B 2 (T 2 ) ∗ 10−2 H(m)×10−2
0.5 5.15 0.011
1 13.54 0.04
1.5 25.91 0.15
2 42.25 0.156
2.5 62.57 0.191
3 86.86 0.202
3.43 110.94 0.352
GRAPH of H vs B

Graph between H and B

Slope of H vs B 2 Curve=0.003m/T2
chi=2×4 × π10−7 9.8 × 0.003 × 1.248 × 103
=9.2 ×10−5
χm olar= 9.2 ×10−5 × 169.02/(1.248 × 103 )
=1246.77 ×10−6 g/mol
For 20 % Solution

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ρ = 55.8g/50mL = 1.116Kg/L
I(A) B 2 (T 2 ) ∗ 10 Height(m)
0.5 5.15 0.012
1.02 13.96 0.016
1.5 25.91 0.017
2 42.25 0.022
0.5 62.57 0.032
3 86.86 0.042
3.54 117.56 0.054

Graph between H and B

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Slope=0.0004 m/T 2
χ=2×410− 7 × 9.8 × 0.0004 × 1.116 × 103
=1.1 ×10− 5
χmolar =1.1 × 10−5 × 169.02/(1.116 × 103 )
=1690.2 ×10−6 g /mol (approximate)
Precautions and Sources of Error : 1. The Pole pieces of the Electromagnetic should be
wedge shaped with enough spacing so that field may be uniform
2. The current in the Electromagnetic should not be passed for a long time.
3. The balance should be sensitive preferably a digit balance and should be enclosed in a box
so that the weighting is not affected by the air.
4. The Specimen should be freely suspended with no mechanical restraint from the balance

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