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Various types of jigs are: Plate, Diameter, Channel, Leaf, Ring, Box etc.
2. A Fixture is a production tool that locates , holds and supports the work
securely so that the required machining operations can be performed. A device
which clamps work during machining. Usually designed for a specific part or
family of parts. The primary purpose of a fixture is to clamp the work piece.
1. Locating Elements: These position the work piece accurately with respect
to the tool guiding or setting elements in the fixture.
2. Clamping Elements: These hold the work piece securely in the located
position during operation.
3. Tool Guiding and Setting Elements: These aid guiding of the tool in the
correct position with respect to work piece.
1. Productivity
2. Interchangeability
3. Skill Reduction
4. Cost Reduction
to facilitate the holding and support of an awkward or frail article for some
machining operation,
to position a component and guide the cutters so that every component will
be uniform,
to accommodate several components at one setting to take advantage of
multiple machining,
to hold a component which could not be held conveniently without a fixture,
and so on. Probably the use of a jig would achieve more than one of the above
objects and others we have not mentioned but which will emerge in our
subsequent discussion.
The difference between a jig and a fixture is not important, but it is generally
recognized that, while in a jig there is some incorporation for actually guiding the
tools or cutters which operate on the work, a fixture holds and locates the work
without necessarily providing definite guidance for the tools. Fixtures are generally
heavier in construction and bolted rigidly on the machine table whereas jigs are made
lighter for quick handling and clamping with the table is often unnecessary. The
fixtures are employed for holding the work in milling, grinding, planing or turning
operations whereas the jigs are used for holding the work and guiding the tool
particularly in drilling, reaming and taping operations.
The quality, type and complexity of jigs and fixtures used depend solely on the type of
work to be machined and the scale of production required. A few simple type of drill
jigs is shown below:
Fig. 16.1 Channel & diameter jig
Fig. 16.2 Box & leaf jig
16.5.1 Location
Correct location influences the accuracy of the finished result, and particularly its
positional relationship with other surfaces on the component. An important aspect of
design is concerned with the location of the component. Furthermore, unless location
arrangements are reliable and consistent, the jig will not produce uniform
components. Location arrangements are closely related to other aspects of jig
application; for example, a perfectly satisfactory method of location might be spoiled
by faulty methods of clamping causing the component to lift away from the locating
face, or due to poor design a locating face might be clogged by swarf.
As shown in Fig, a rectangular block is free to move along the axis AB, CD and EF.
The body can also rotate about these axis, and thus the total degrees of freedom of a
body along which it can move a jig, all these six movements must be restrained by
arranging suitable locating points and then clamping the block in position. The
principles of determining locating points are as under:
It is assumed the blocked shown in the figure is made to rest on several points on the
jig body as shown. The bottom of the block is supported against three points, the rear
face of the block bears against two points and the side of the block rests against a
single point all projecting from the jig body. It will be now clear that the downward
movement of the block along CD is restrained by three supporting points, which have
the capability of supporting even a rough casting. The movement along EF and AB
axis are restrained by the double and the single points respectively. The rotary
movement of the block about AB, CD and EF are also restrained by the bottom, back
and side pins. The six points thus serve to locate a block correctly while restraining all
its movements. The locating points for an uneven object can be determined by
different arrangements, but the guiding principle remains the same.
16.5.3 Clamping
In all forms of jigs and fixtures it is necessary to provide facilities for clamping the
work, and there are several important aspects to this.
Work should be held rigidly to the jig, and to locating faces, but should
not be distorted in any way. This involves the use of efficient clamping
methods, applied at points where they will act against solid metal, with
the avoidance of forces directed where there is no support. Thin, fragile
components require particular consideration if distortion is to be avoided.
Clamping should be simple, quick and foolproof. Jigs are often used by
unskilled operatives who do not possess the mechanical instincts
necessary to tighten clamps intelligently. Generous allowance must be
made for this in the design of clamping arrangements.
The components of the clamping system must be robust, and as far as
possible made non-detachable. The first point is obvious, but cases are
often seen where clamps are too thin for the forces put on then and
become bent in consequence. Detachable parts of jigs often get mislaid.