CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the methodology of the study that the researchers utilized. It includes the

Research Design, Locale of the Study, Sources of Data, Sampling type and Technique, Research

Instrument, Validation of Instrument, Data Gathering Procedure, Tools for Data Analysis, Data

Analysis and Trustworthiness of Data and Protection of Rights.

Research Design.

The researchers of the study used descriptive research method to identify and interpret the result.

This method is characterized by describing population, situation and phenomenon accurately and

systematically. In this study, the characteristics of the participants such as age, sex, year level,

religious affiliation, and monthly allowance have been described as well as the factors that

causes students to consume alcohol and its related effects on the behaviour, academic

performance and health of the college students.

Locale of the study.

The study took place in PHINMA-University of Pangasinan located at Arellano Street, Dagupan

City, Pangasinan. It is a private university and is known for its quality education. This university

has a large campus and buildings, thus there's a large population. Furthermore, this is a

conventional college where students have their independence (freedom). Some live in the hostel

while others reside off campus.

Sources of data

The total number of Second Year Level Bachelor of Science in Nursing is 346 according to the

coordinator of nursing level 1 and 2. From that population, the researchers selected 185

respondents for the data gathering.

Sampling Type and Technique.

The researchers look for 185 participants for the collection of data. Also, the researchers will

snowball sampling in which qualified sample members from a larger population provide referrals

to recruit samples required for a research study. The researchers selected this type of technique

because it suits the study and it provides qualified participants who actually have experiences

with alcohol consumption. The number of participants was determined using Slovin’s formula. It

is written as follows:

N
n=
1 + (N xe2 )

n = number of participants
N = total population of
participants
e2 = margin of error (0.5%)

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers first presented a letter addressed to the Dean of College of Health and Sciences,

asking for permission to conduct a study inside the University regarding alcohol consumption.
Then, a letter also presented to the PHINMA UPang Center for Student Development and

Leadership, asking permission to conduct a survey to the college students of the school. Upon

the approval of the council, the researchers presented an informed consent to the participants and

explained the purpose of the study. The researchers developed questionnaire which upon

validated by the academicians that will be given to participants through online who are willing to

cooperate in the study to determine the factors and effects of episodic alcohol consumption

among college students. Ethical aspects of nursing research were closely monitored. Afterwards,

the data collected were checked, tailed, interpreted and analysed.

Research Instrument

Survey questionnaire was the primary research instrument that have been employed by the

researchers to supply necessary information to complete the study. Questionnaire is a data

collection instrument consistent of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of

gathering information from participants. A questionnaire should allow us to collect the most

complete and accurate data in a logical flow (Abawi, 2013).

Part I of the questionnaire was designed to get basic information on the respondents such as age,

sex, year level, religion, monthly allowance and frequency of drinking. Then, the part II of the

questionnaire contained structured questions designed to obtain information on what causes

students to drink alcohol. Lastly, the part III of the questionnaire consists of questions identifying

the effects of episodic alcohol consumption among college students. The data presented at the
questionnaire are based on the reviewed information on the Related Literature where the

formulated questions were based.

Validity and Reliability

The questionnaire designed for the research study was subjected to a validation process by three

faculty members of the College of Health Sciences Nursing Department of PHINMA-University

of Pangasinan. The validators for this study were Professor Jayvee Deguzman, Jasper Caragay

and Dr. Sheree Ganzon, all are academicians in the College of Nursing.

Pilot test was conducted to test the reliability of the questionnaire. In the 185 participants, 5

college students of different school were chosen as a subject for pilot testing. Furthermore, the 5

college students were not included as the final participant in the study. However, their responses

were tested for reliability.

Tools for data analysis.

The researchers used questionnaires to gather data from the selected respondents. After the

administration of questionnaires, the researchers statistically measured and gathered responses

by using the following formula.

Frequency. The statistical tool was considered significant in determining the count of

occurrences of values and perceptions of the participants in terms of their socio demographic

profile which is the 1st and 2nd part of the questionnaire.

Percentage. The statistical technique was useful in describing the socio demographic profile of

the participants which is the 1st and 2nd part of the questionnaire.

The formula employed was:

F
P= x 100
n
Where P = Percentage

F=frequency

n= Total number of participants

Weighted Mean. This statistical technique was used to answer the statement problem number 3

of the questionnaire to determine the effects of alcohol consumption among college students. It is

refers to the overall average responses. It included the sum of the scores and the product of the

frequency of responses will be scaled using the Likert Scale system. The formula employed was:

Twf
WM =
N
Where:

WM= for weighted mean

Twf= total weighted mean

N= total number of participants

Rate Descriptive Equivalent Range

 4 Always 3.26- 4.00
3 Often 2.51-3.25
2 Sometimes 1.76-2.5
1 Never 1-1.75
The numerical value of each responses on the 1st part of the statement of the problem can be

categorized into the following:

Protection of Rights

As researchers and aspiring future nurses, it is our obligation to act as advocates of our

participants. We have to make sure that the protection of rights would be the most important

priority in our study. We researchers are responsible to make our study relevant and contain only

the truth. There are three essential ways to protect the rights of participants throughout the

research process: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Respect for Person the researchers made sure that the potential participants understand that they

have the right to decide whether or not to participate in the research study. Informed consent was

provided containing the purpose of the study to assure that participants fully understood every

single detail about the information provided. Furthermore, researchers give efficient time for the

participants to collect the data and ensured ethical treatment to each and every participants.

Principle of Beneficence this means ensuring not just ethical treatment to each, and every

participant but also protecting them from any harm to safeguard their well-being. Throughout the

collection of data and interviewing, we ensured the security and confidentiality of the
information obtained. Personal stories require privacy and protection from others who are not

given the privilege to access such information.

Principle of Justice this refers to the right to fair treatment and right to privacy. Selection of the

types of participants desired for a research study should be guided by research questions and

requirements so as not to exclude any group (Toche 2012). The researchers should always give

fairness to the research participants, even those who decline. Furthermore, it is our obligation as

researchers to remain honest with our means in selecting our participants.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Background and Rationale of the Study 2

Theoretical framework 5

Conceptual Framework 7

Statement of the Problem 9

Basic Assumptions 10

Significance of the Study 10

Scope, Delimitation and Limitations of the Study 12

Definitions 13

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literatures

Local Studies 14

Foreign Studies 16

Research Literature

Local Studies 19

Foreign Studies 21

Synthesis of the Study 24

Chapter III- RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design 26

Locale of the study 26

Sources of Data 27

Sampling Type and Technique 27

Data Gathering Procedure 27

Research Instrument 28

Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire 29

Tool for Data Analysis 29

Trustworthiness of Data 31

APPENDIX A
 QUESTIONNAIRE

To the participant of the study,

This questionnaire is an instrument to be utilized in order to determine the causes and effects of

episodic alcohol consumption among college students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan.

In connection to this, we are asking for your participation to answer all the questions truthfully.

Rest assured that the information you will provide will be held with utmost confidentiality.

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Monthly Allowance:
Age:
( ) 18-20 ( ) Below 500
( ) 21-above ( ) 1k - 2k
( ) 3k - 4k
Year level: ( ) 5k and above
( ) 1st year college
_________ Others
( ) 2nd year college
( ) 3rd year college
Frequency of drinking:
( ) 4th year college ( ) Everyday
( ) Once a week
Religion: ( ) 3-5 times a week
( ) Roman Catholic ( ) On weekends only
( ) On special occasions
( ) INC
( ) Jehovah`s witness
( ) Latter-day saints How many glasses of drinks did you have during that
( ) Muslim time:
( ) Born again Christian
( ) 1-2
Others: __________ ( ) 3-4
( ) 5- 6
( ) 7- 8
( ) 9 and more
Part II. CAUSES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
Direction: Check the following statements that are appropriate on your motives for drinking.

If you agree with the following statement mark (/) the “Yes”. If you disagree mark (/) the

statement “No”.

Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek ang bawat pahayag na naaangkop sa iyong mga motibo sa pag-inom.

Kapag sang-ayon sa nakasaad na pangungusap markahan ng tsek (/) ang “Oo”. Kapag hindi

sang-ayon markahan ng tsek(/) ang “Hindi”.

STATEMENTS YES NO MAYBE

I drink alcohol because of family problems

I drink alcohol because I had conflict with

friends

I drink alcohol because I experience financial

hardships

I drink alcohol because I worry about my grades

I drink alcohol to cope with academic stress

I drink alcohol to cope with the stress brought by

the pandemic

I drink alcohol when I feel tired

 COPING MOTIVES

SOCIAL MOTIVES

I drink alcohol when I want to be relaxed during

holidays or vacation

I drink alcohol to socialize with other people

I drink alcohol for stronger relationship with

friends

I drink alcohol when I see other people drink

I drink alcohol when overjoyed or when there is

something to celebrate

Part III. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

Direction: The following are the number of events that alcohol consumers/drinkers sometimes

experience. Read each carefully and indicate how often each one has happened to you after

drinking alcohol. If you always experience the following statement mark (/) the “4” column, if

you often experience the statement mark (/) the “3”. If you sometimes experience the statement

mark (/) the 2 and if you never experience the statement mark (/) the “1”.
Panuto. Ang mga sumusunod ay mga kaganapan na kadalasang nararanasan ng mga taong

umiinom ng alak. Basahin nang mabuti ang bawat isa at ipahiwatig kung gaano kadalas

nangyayari sa iyo ang bawat isa pagkatapos uminom ng alak. Kung laging nararanasan ang

pahayag markahan ng stek ang “4”, Kung madalas nararanaan ang pahayag markahan ng tsek

ang “3”, Kung minsang nararanasan ang pahayag markahan ng tsek ang “2” at kung hindi

kailanman naranasan ang pahayag lagyan ng tsek ang “1”

1-Never 2- Sometimes 3- Often 4- Always

BEHAVIOR

STATEMENT 1 2 3 4

I argued with my family, friends or others after

drinking

I threw away or broke something while drinking

I had a fight with my friends (including

boyfriend) due to drinking habit

I have been unhappy because of my drinking

I have not eaten properly because of my drinking

While drinking I have said cruel or harsh things

to someone

I have gotten into a physical fight while drinking

I have enjoyed the taste of the beer, wine or hard

liquor

Drinking alcohol increased my self-confidence

Drinking alcohol makes me more sexually active

Drinking alcohol helps me express myself to

others

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

I skipped or missed classes due to my hang over

I failed to be on time on my class due to my

drinking

I failed to concentrate during discussion due to

my drinking

I had trouble with improving my school work

due to my drinking

I got a lower exam or quiz result due to my

drinking
I communicate effectively with peers with

alcohol consumption

My grades get better with alcohol consumption

I concentrate during lectures after taken alcohol

HEALTH

I was injured in the accident due to drinking

I have had hangover or felt sick after drinking

alcohol

I experienced vomiting and diarrhea after

drinking alcohol

I had unprotected sex while under the influence

of alcohol consumption

Drinking alcohol worsen my current illness

I experienced memory loss due to drinking

(blackout)

After drinking I have had trouble sleeping,

staying asleep, or nightmares

Drinking alcohol enables me to sleep easily and

peacefully

Drinking alcohol relieves my pain emotionally

and physically.
Name: Rosalinda Perigo

Address: Bonuan Tondaligan, Dagupan City, Pangasinanan

Contact Number: 09214499821

Email Address: ro.perigo@phinma.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : July 17, 2000

Age : 20

Gender : Female

Place of Birth : Dagupan City

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Name of Parents

Father : Ferdinand Coralde Isles

Mother : Norbeza Sultan Perigo

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
Elementary : Malued Elementary School

Secondary : Dagupan City National High School

Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan

SEMINARS ATTENDED:

-First Aid
 -HCAI

Name: Charlene J. Reyes

Address: #73 Barangay Pugo Bayambang, Pangasinan

Contact Number: 09773712449

Email Address: charlenejunioreyes992@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth : April 23, 200

Age : 20

Gender : Female

Place of birth : Bayambang, Pangasinan

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Name of parents

Father : Fernando A. Reyes

Mother : Merlita J. Reyes

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

Elementary : San Gabriel-Iton Elementary School

Secondary : Bayambang National High School

Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan

SEMINARS ATTENDED:

-First Aid
 -HCAI

Name: Jhessa Mae Lorraine V. Reyes

Adress: #1 Brgy. Tebag West Santa Barbara,Pangasinan

Contact Number: 09278338159

Email Address: reyesjhessamae@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth : June 7, 2001

Age : 19

Gender : Female

Place of Birth : Santa Barbara

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Name of Parents

Father : Willie B. Reyes

Mother : Janice V. Reyes

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

Elementary : Banaoang Central School

Secondary : PHINMA- University of Pangasinan

Tertiary : PHINMA- University of Pangasinan

SEMINARS ATTENDED:

-First Aid
 -HCAI

Name: Jazzmin Caella Torreno Bautista

Address: #612 Rosario Pozorrubio, Pangasinan

Contact Number: 09279741793

Email Address: jazzmin.bautista.008@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth : December 02, 2000

Age : 20

Gender : Female

Place of Birth : Tayug Pangasinan

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Name of Parents

Father : Leon V .Bautista Jr.

Mother : Loida T. Bautista

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

Elementary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan

Secondary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan

Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan

SEMINARS ATTENDED:

-First Aid
-HCAI

Name: MA Rogelyn Arviso

Address: Brgy. San Julian, Malasiqui, Pangasianan

Contact Number: 09386108383

Email Address: marogelynarviso@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : January 28, 2001

Age : 20

Gender : Female

Place of birth : Makati City

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Status

Name of Parents

Father : Michael L. Palaganas

Mother : Gemma S. Arviso

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:

Elementary : San Julian, Malisiqui, Pangasinan.

Secondary : Malasiqui National High School
Tertiary : PHINMA-University Of Pangasinan

SEMINARS ATTENDED:

- First Aid
 -HCAI

Name: Hannah Kim G. Abar

Address: 092 Tondo, Anda Pangasinan

Contact Number: 09065721410

Email Address: hagu.abar@up.phinma.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : October 26, 2000

Age : 20

Gender : Female

Birth of Place : Dagupan City

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Methodist

Name of Parents

Father : Rodolfo R. Abar

Mother : Rebecca G. Abar

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:

Elementary : Tondol Elementary School

Secondary : Tondol National High School

Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangainan

SEMINARS ATTENDED:

-First Aid
-HCAI