Index of Applications

Engineering and Physical Explorer 55, 698 Orbit

Sciences Falling object, 311, 434, 437 of Earth, 698
Field strength, 548 of the moon, 690
3D Printing, 463 Flight control, 159 of a satellite, 698, 731
Acceleration, 128, 132, 160, 162, 180, 257 Flow rate, 290, 294, 307, 351 Parabolic reflector, 688
Air pressure, 439 Fluid force, 549 Particle motion, 132, 291, 294, 295, 698,
Air traffic control, 158, 749 on a barrel of oil, 546 717
Aircraft glide path, 197 on a circular observation window, 508, Path
Airplane ascent, 39, 401 549 of a ball, 706
Angle of elevation, 155, 159, 160 on a circular plate, 510 of a baseball, 709
Angular rate of change, 381 of gasoline, 509, 510 of a projectile, 186, 716
Angular speed on a rectangular plate, 510 Pendulum, 142, 241
of a car, 38 on a stern of a boat, 510 Planetary motion, 745
of a light beam, 381 on a submarine porthole, 510, 512 Planetary orbits, 691
Antenna radiation, 736 on a submerged sheet, 506, 512 Producing a machine part, 463
Archimedes’ Principle, 514 in a swimming pool, 514 Projectile motion, 164, 241, 679, 709
Architecture, 698 on a tank wall, 509 Radioactive decay, 352, 417, 421, 429, 439
Asteroid Apollo, 742 on a vertical gate, 507, 510 Rectilinear motion, 257
Atmospheric pressure and altitude, 323, of water, 509 Ripples in a pond, 29, 153
349 Force, 293, 509 Satellite antenna, 746
Automobile aerodynamics, 30 Free-falling object, 73, 95 Satellites, 131
Average speed, 44, 93 Fuel efficiency, 581 Sending a space module into orbit, 488, 575
Average velocity, 116 Gravitational force, 581 Solar collector, 697
Beam deflection, 697 Halley’s Comet, 698, 741 Sound intensity, 44, 323, 422
Beam strength, 226 Hanging power cables, 393, 397 Specific gravity of water, 198
Boyle’s Law, 493, 512 Harmonic motion, 142, 162, 349 Speed of sound, 286
Breaking strength of a steel cable, 360 Height
Surveying, 241, 565
Bridge design, 698 of a baseball, 29
Suspension bridge, 484
Building design, 453, 571 of a Ferris wheel, 40
Temperature, 18, 180, 208, 322, 340, 413
Carbon dating, 421 of a man, 581
at which water boils, 323
Center of mass rate of change, 157
normal daily maximum in Chicago, 142
of glass, 504 Highway design, 173, 197
Theory of Relativity, 93
of the hull of a boat, 504 Honeycomb, 173
Torricelli’s Law, 441, 442
Centroid, 502, 503, 527 Hooke’s Law, 487, 491, 512
Tractrix, 323, 395, 399, 549, 718
Charles’s Law, 78 Hyperbolic detection system, 695
Velocity, 117, 121, 156, 180, 294, 295,
Chemical mixture problem, 435, 437 Hyperbolic mirror, 699
Illumination, 226, 245 452, 586
Chemical reaction, 430, 558
Kepler’s Laws, 741, 742 Velocity and acceleration, 312, 431
Comet Hale-Bopp, 745
Construction, 158 Length on the moon, 164
Conveyor design, 16 of a cable, 477, 481 Velocity in a resisting medium, 371
Cooling superconducting magnets with of Gateway Arch, 482 Vertical motion, 120, 161, 178, 179, 254,
liquid helium, 78 of pursuit, 484 256, 389
Dissolving chlorine, 85 of a stream, 483 Vibrating string, 161, 531
Doppler effect, 142 of warblers, 584 Wave motion, 142
Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity and Linear vs. angular speed, 160, 162 Work, 512, 565
Newton’s First Law of Motion, 207 Lunar gravity, 257 done by an expanding gas, 490
Electric circuit, 371, 414, 434, 437 Machine design, 159 done by hoisting a car, 491
Electric force, 492 Machine part, 471 done by a hydraulic cylinder, 493, 571
Electrical resistance, 189 Mass on the surface of Earth, 494 done by a hydraulic press, 493
Electricity, 159, 307 Mechanical design, 453 done in lifting a box, 493
Electromagnetic theory, 581 Motion of a spring, 531 done in lifting a chain, 490, 492
Electronically controlled thermostat, 29 Moving ladder, 93, 158 done in lifting a steel beam, 491
Elevation, rate of change, 51 Moving shadow, 159, 160, 162, 164 done by propelling a rocket, 580
Emptying a tank of oil, 489 Navigation, 699 done in propelling a satellite, 491, 512
Engine efficiency, 207 Newton’s Law of Cooling, 419, 422 done in pulling a train car, 491
Equilibrium of a linear system, 502 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, done in pumping gasoline, 492
Escape velocity, 98, 257 487, 492 done in pumping water, 491, 492, 512
Evaporation, 159 Oblateness of Saturn, 473 done in sliding a cement block, 491
Explorer 1, 698 Ohm’s Law, 241 done in splitting a piece of wood, 493
Explorer 18, 745 Oil leak, 294 done in winding a chain, 492, 512

(continued on back inside cover)

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Index of Applications   (continued from front inside cover)
Business and Economics Population growth, 431, 436, 439, 441, Lawn sprinkler, 173
571, 684 Maximizing an angle, 377, 381
Annuities, 607 Maximum area, 43, 223, 224, 225, 226,
Apartment rental, 18 Life Sciences 228, 244
Average cost, 198 Maximum cross-sectional area of an irri-
Average price, 332 AIDS, 360 gation canal, 227
Biodiesel production, 17 Bacterial culture growth, 143, 357, 421, 430 Maximum length, 244
Break-even analysis, 41 Biomass, 442 Maximum volume, 225, 226, 227
Break-even point, 9 Carbon dioxide concentration, 7 of a box, 219, 220, 224
Capitalized cost, 581 Concentration of a chemical in the of a package, 226
Compound interest, 356, 357, 359, 360, bloodstream, 189, 234 Mercator map, 399
371, 401, 421, 440, 597, 680 Concentration of a tracer drug in a fluid, Minimum area, 221, 225
Consumer and producer surpluses, 514 442 Minimum distance, 221, 224, 228, 245
Cost, 142, 178, 243, 340 Endangered species, 430 Minimum length, 222, 225, 226, 244
of a data plan, 85 Epidemic model, 442, 558 Minimum perimeter, 224
of fuel, 121 Forestry, 422 Minimum surface area, 226
of a long-distance phone call, 61, 340 Grand Canyon, 257 Minimum time, 226, 227, 228, 234
of removing a chemical, 558 Growth of a dog, 294 Optical illusions, 151
of removing pollutants, 96 Intravenous feeding, 437 Probability, 308, 351, 581, 584, 606, 607,
Oxygen level in a pond, 204 667, 678
of tuition, 422
Population growth Pyramid of Khufu, 493
Declining sales, 418
of bacteria, 130, 256, 332 Refrigeration, 162
Depreciation, 143, 307, 349, 359, 401,
of brook trout, 440 Revolutions of a saw 94
606, 680
of coyotes, 425 Road grade, 16
Eliminating budget deficits, 452
of elk, 428 Rolling
Government expenditures, 597
of fish, 360 a ball bearing, 189
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 9
a wheel, 708
Health care expenditures, 131 of fruit flies, 418
School commute, 29
Home mortgage, 323, 404 of raccoons, 440
Seating capacity, 269
Income distribution in a country, 452 Respiratory cycle, 293
Security camera, 160
Inflation, 359, 597 Topographic map, 150
Speed, 29, 155, 177, 180
Inventory management, 85, 121 Trachea contraction, 189
Sphereflake, 607
Inventory replenishment, 130 Tree growth, 256
Stacking blocks, 683
Investment growth, 436 Stacking spheres, 684
Manufacturing, 459, 463 General Stopping distance, 121, 132, 241, 246
Marketing, 606, 681 Surface area, 157, 162, 241
Maximum profit, 227 Area, 120, 130, 157, 240, 260, 607, 678 of Gabriel’s Horn, 578
Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, Average quiz and exam scores, 18 of an ornamental light bulb, 484
189 Average typing speed, 198, 207 of a roof, 482
Minimum cost, 226 Buffon’s Needle Experiment, 293 of a satellite-signal receiving dish, 698
Multiplier effect, 606 Cantor set, 683 of a vase, 483
Outlays for national defense, 243 Cantor’s disappearing table, 608 Swimming, 86
Present value, 531, 584, 607 Cassini oval, 728 Throwing a dart, 269
Profit, 452 Choosing a job, 18 Timber yield, 360
Revenue, 452, 511 Depth Unwinding a string, 718
Salary, 607 of water in a swimming pool, 157 Upgrading a car, 29
Sales, 40, 179, 196, 307, 332, 440, 441 of water in a trough, 158 Volume, 86, 120, 130, 157
Sales growth, 198, 243 of water in a vase, 30, 197 of a box, 30
Value Distance traveled by a bouncing ball, of a container, 463
of a machine, 41 604, 606, 681 of fluid in a storage tank, 548
of a mid-sized sedan, 350 Driving distance, 120 of a fuel tank, 463
of a product, 17 Error of a pond, 473
in volume of a ball bearing, 237 of a pontoon, 469
Social and Behavioral in volume and surface area of a cube, of a pyramid, 460
Sciences 241 of a shampoo bottle, 226
Folding paper, 246 of a shed, 472
Cell phone subscribers, 9 Frequency of a musical note, 86 of a spherical ring, 513
Free lunch program, 160 Golf ball, 61 of a vase, 483
Group project in learning theory, 360 Height of a mountain, 39 of water in a conical tank, 152
Learning curve, 421, 422, 436 Hiking on a mountain, 86 Weight gain, 430
Memory model, 531 Inflating balloon, 154, 157 Weight loss, 438
Population, 12, 16, 421, 598 Jewelry, 61 Wheelchair ramp, 12

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS
Tear out Formula Cards for Homework Success.

Basic Differentiation Rules

d d d
1. [cu] = cu′ 2. [u ± v] = u′ ± v′ 3. [uv] = uv′ + vu′
dx dx dx
vu′ − uv′
4.
d u
dx v[]
=
v2
5.
d
dx
[c] = 0 6.
d n
dx
[u ] = nun−1u′

d d
7. [x] = 1 8. [ u ] = uu (u′), u ≠ 0
∣∣ 9.
d
[ln u] =
u′
dx dx ∣∣ dx u
d u d u′ d u
10. [e ] = e uu′ 11. [loga u] = 12. [a ] = (ln a)auu′
dx dx (ln a)u dx
d d d
13. [sin u] = (cos u)u′ 14. [cos u] = − (sin u)u′ 15. [tan u] = (sec2 u)u′
dx dx dx
d d d
16. [cot u] = − (csc2 u)u′ 17. [sec u] = (sec u tan u)u′ 18. [csc u] = − (csc u cot u)u′
dx dx dx
d u′ d −u′ d u′
19. [arcsin u] = 20. [arccos u] = 21. [arctan u] =
dx √1 − u2 dx √1 − u2 dx 1 + u2
d −u′ d u′ d −u′
22. [arccot u] = 23. [arcsec u] = 24. [arccsc u] =
dx 1 + u2 dx ∣∣
u √u2 − 1 dx ∣∣
u √u2 − 1
d d d
25. [sinh u] = (cosh u)u′ 26. [cosh u] = (sinh u)u′ 27. [tanh u] = (sech2 u)u′
dx dx dx
d d d
28. [coth u] = − (csch2 u)u′ 29. [sech u] = − (sech u tanh u)u′ 30. [csch u] = − (csch u coth u)u′
dx dx dx
d u′ d u′ d u′
31. [sinh−1 u] = 32. [cosh−1 u] = 33. [tanh−1 u] =
dx √u2 + 1 dx √u2 − 1 dx 1 − u2
d u′ d −u′ d −u′
34. [coth−1 u] = 35. [sech−1 u] = 36. [csch−1 u] =
dx 1 − u2 dx u√1 − u2 dx ∣∣
u √1 + u2

Basic Integration Formulas

1. ∫ ∫
kf (u) du = k f (u) du 2. ∫ [ f (u) ± g(u)] du = ∫ f (u) du ± ∫ g(u) du

3. ∫ du = u + C 4. ∫ u n du =
u n+1
n+1
+ C, n ≠ −1

5. ∫ du
u ∣∣
= ln u + C 6. ∫ eu du = eu + C

7. ∫ au du =
1
( )
ln a
au + C 8. ∫ sin u du = −cos u + C

9. ∫ cos u du = sin u + C 10. ∫ ∣

11. ∫ ∣
cot u du = ln sin u + C ∣
13. ∫ ∣
csc u du = −ln csc u + cot u + C
tan u du = −ln cos u + C ∣
12. ∫ ∣
sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + C ∣
∣ 14. ∫ sec2 u du = tan u + C

15. ∫ csc2 u du = −cot u + C 16. ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C

© Cengage Learning

17. ∫ csc u cot u du = −csc u + C 18. ∫ du

√a2 −u2
u
= arcsin + C
a

19. ∫ du 1
a2 + u2 a
u
= arctan + C
a
20. ∫ du
u√u − a
2 2
1
= arcsec
a
u
a
+C
∣∣

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 TRIGONOMETRY

Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions

Right triangle definitions, where 0 < θ < π 2. y
opp hyp
sin θ = csc θ =
Hy
pot
e n use Opposite hyp opp (− 12 , 23 ) π (0, 1) ( 12 , 23 )
adj hyp
(− 22 , 22 ) 3π 23π 2 π3 π ( 22 , 22 )
90°
cos θ = sec θ =
θ hyp adj
120° 60°
Adjacent
tan θ =
opp
adj
cot θ =
adj
opp
(− 23 , 12) 56π 4150°135° 45°
4 π
30°
6 ( 23 , 21)
Circular function definitions, where θ is any angle. 0° 0 x
y y r (− 1, 0) π 180° 360° 2π (1, 0)
sin θ = csc θ = 210° 330°
r y
(x, y)
r = x2 + y2
x r (− 23 , − 12) 76π 5π 225°240° 300°315°7π 116π ( 23 , − 21)
r cos θ = sec θ =
y
x
θ
x y
r x
x
(− 22 , − 22 ) 4 43π 270° 32π 53π 4 ( 22 , − 22 )
tan θ =
x
cot θ =
y (− 12 , − 23 ) (0, − 1) ( 2 , − 2 )
1 3

Reciprocal Identities Double-Angle Formulas

1 1 1 sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
sin x = sec x = tan x =
csc x cos x cot x cos 2u = cos2 u − sin2 u = 2 cos2 u − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 u
1 1 1 2 tan u
csc x = cos x = cot x = tan 2u =
sin x sec x tan x 1 − tan2 u
Quotient Identities Power-Reducing Formulas
sin x cos x 1 − cos 2u
tan x = cot x = sin2 u =
cos x sin x 2
1 + cos 2u
Pythagorean Identities cos u =
2
2
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 1 − cos 2u
tan u =
2
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x 1 + cos 2u
Cofunction Identities Sum-to-Product Formulas
sin(π2 − x) = cos x cos(π2 − x) = sin x sin u + sin v = 2 sin(u +2 v) cos(u −2 v)
u+v u−v
sin u − sin v = 2 cos( ) sin(
2 )
π π
csc( − x) = sec x tan( − x) = cot x
2 2 2
u+v u−v
cos u + cos v = 2 cos(
2 )
cos(
2 )
π π
sec( − x) = csc x cot( − x) = tan x
2 2
u+v u−v
cos u − cos v = −2 sin(
2 ) ( 2 )
Even/Odd Identities sin
sin(−x) = −sin x cos(−x) = cos x
csc(−x) = −csc x tan(−x) = −tan x Product-to-Sum Formulas
1
sec(−x) = sec x cot(−x) = −cot x sin u sin v = [cos(u − v) − cos(u + v)]
2
Sum and Difference Formulas 1
© Cengage Learning

cos u cos v = [cos(u − v) + cos(u + v)]

sin(u ± v) = sin u cos v ± cos u sin v 2
cos(u ± v) = cos u cos v ∓ sin u sin v 1
sin u cos v = [sin(u + v) + sin(u − v)]
2
tan u ± tan v
tan(u ± v) = 1
1 ∓ tan u tan v cos u sin v = [sin(u + v) − sin(u − v)]
2

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 ALGEBRA

Factors and Zeros of Polynomials

Let p(x) = an x n + an−1x n−1 + . . . + a1x + a0 be a polynomial. If p(a) = 0, then a is a zero of the
polynomial and a solution of the equation p(x) = 0. Furthermore, (x − a) is a factor of the polynomial.

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

An nth degree polynomial has n (not necessarily distinct) zeros. Although all of these
zeros may be imaginary, a real polynomial of odd degree must have at least one real zero.

Quadratic Formula
If p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, and 0 ≤ b2 − 4ac, then the real zeros of p are x = (−b ± √b2 − 4ac)2a.

Special Factors
x2 − a2 = (x − a)(x + a) x3 − a3 = (x − a)(x2 + ax + a2)
x3 + a3 = (x + a)(x2 − ax + a2) x 4 − a4 = (x − a)(x + a)(x2 + a2)

Binomial Theorem
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (x − y)2 = x2 − 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 (x − y)3 = x3 − 3x2y + 3xy2 − y3
(x + y)4 = x 4 + 4x3y + 6x2 y2 + 4xy3 + y 4 (x − y)4 = x 4 − 4x3y + 6x2y2 − 4xy3 + y 4
n(n − 1) n−2 2 . . .
(x + y)n = x n + nx n−1y + x y + + nxy n−1 + yn
2!
n(n − 1) n−2 2 . . .
(x − y)n = x n − nx n−1y + x y − ± nxy n−1 ∓ y n
2!

Rational Zero Theorem

If p(x) = an x n + an−1x n−1 + . . . + a1x + a0 has integer coefficients, then every
rational zero of p is of the form x = rs, where r is a factor of a0 and s is a factor of an.

Factoring by Grouping
acx3 + adx2 + bcx + bd = ax2(cx + d) + b(cx + d) = (ax2 + b)(cx + d)

Arithmetic Operations
a c ad + bc a+b a b
ab + ac = a(b + c) + = = +
b d bd c c c

(ab) a d ad ()a
= ( )( ) =
b a a ac
= =
(d) b c bc
c c bc
()b
c
b

a−b b−a ab + ac
a( ) =
b ab
= =b+c
c c c−d d−c a

Exponents and Radicals

© Cengage Learning

ax
a0 = 1, a ≠ 0 (ab) x = a xb x a xa y = a x+y √a = a12 = a x−y n a = a1n
√
ay

(ab) = ab √ab = √√ab

x x 1 n
x
n a m = a mn
√ a−x = n ab = √
√ n a√
n b (a x) y = a xy n
ax n

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 FORMULAS FROM GEOMETRY

Tear out Formula Cards for Homework Success.

Triangle Sector of Circular Ring
h = a sin θ ( p = average radius, p
c a
1 h w = width of ring,
Area = bh θ θ
2 b θ in radians) w
(Law of Cosines)
Area = θpw
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θ

Right Triangle Ellipse

c
(Pythagorean Theorem) a Area = πab b
a
c2 = a2 + b2
√a +b
2 2
b Circumference ≈ 2π
2
Equilateral Triangle Cone
√3s (A = area of base)
h= s s h
2 h Ah
√3s2 Volume =
Area = 3 A
4 s

Parallelogram Right Circular Cone

Area = bh h πr 2h h
Volume =
3
r
b Lateral Surface Area = πr√r 2 + h2

Trapezoid a Frustum of Right Circular Cone r

h π (r + rR + R )h
2 2
Area = (a + b) h b Volume = s
2 3
a h R
b h Lateral Surface Area = πs(R + r)

Circle Right Circular Cylinder r

Area = πr 2 r Volume = πr 2h
h
Circumference = 2πr Lateral Surface Area = 2πrh

Sector of Circle Sphere

(θ in radians) 4
s Volume = πr 3 r
θr 2 3
Area = θ
2 r Surface Area = 4πr 2
s = rθ

Circular Ring Wedge

© Cengage Learning

( p = average radius, (A = area of upper face, A

r
w = width of ring) w B = area of base)
p
Area = π (R2 − r 2) R A = B sec θ θ
= 2πpw B

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202