Section: 1 2 3

Water Surface Level 45.5 40.94 42.35 cm

Bottom Level 19 33.78 18.95 cm
Sill height 15 cm
Width of the flume: 20 cm
Pitot tube
Index 27.5 13.4 14.1 cm
Static Head 28.65 25.19 25.76 cm
Dynamic Head 43.33 43.28 40.86 cm
Width of the Rehbock flume: 23.7 cm
Rehbock gauge : 23.15 cm
Index of the Rehbock gauge: 14.5 cm
Discharge (Qm) 0.0137 m3/sec

Reduced
Variable Notation Measuring Units
value
Depth of flow in section 1 y1 0.265 m
Depth of flow in section 2 y2 0.0716 m
Depth of flow in section 3 y3 0.234 m
Discharge Q 0.0137 m3/s
Width of flume b 0.2 m
Sill Height a 0.15 m

Point gauge

Pitot tube

Q y2 Q
y1 y3
sill a

Index of Rehbock Gauge

Height of water Q
Rehbock Weir

Q Calculated:

Q=
√ 2 gb 2 ( y 1 − y 2 −a ) y
y 2− y
1 22
22
y
12
= y1 y2 b
√ 2 g ( y1 − y2 −a)
y 2− y 2
1 2
 √
2 gb 2 ( y 1 − y 2 −a ) y y

√
22 12 2 g ( y1 − y2 −a)
Q= = y1 y2 b
y 2− y y 2− y
1 22 1 22

b1 =b2 = b= 0.2 m
y1= 0.265 m
y2= 0.0716 m
a= 0.15 m
g= 9.81 m^2/S

So Qcalculated = 0.013724545

Q measured:

h= 0.0865
b = 0.23 m ( using b = 0.3 m for this calculation to meet the requirements of equation for Rehboc
b= 0.3
where: 2
Q measured =Q rehbock =C e √2 g bh 3
3 e2

Ce = 0.602 + 0.083 h/p = 0.6517

0.6515
he = h + k h 0.0877 he ^3/2= 0.02597164
kh = 1.2 m 0.0012 mm
p 0.145 mm
g= 9.81 h/p = 0.596552
2g^0.5 = 4.429446918
so Q measured = 0.01499003

Qcal-Qmeas -0.00126548 m^3/S

Energy head calculations based on water depth and discharge measurement

v12/2g v32/2g
v22/2g

y2=0.0899 m
Q=0.015 m3/s
y1=0.2698 m y3=0.2443 m
sill a=0.1483 m

z1=0.00 m Z2=0.00 m z3=0.00 m

a.        Calculation of Energy Head from Measured Values of Water Depths and Discharge
bflume = 0.2 m

Location Discharge Area Velocity (V) z H broad Depth y

(m3/s) (m2) (m/sec) m Crest Weir m
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SECTION 1 0.0137 0.053 0.259 0 0 0.265
SECTION 2 0.0137 0.014 0.958 0 0.1500 0.0716
SECTION 3 0.0137 0.047 0.293 0 0 0.234

NOTE :
 Velocity = Column 2 / column 3
 Energy head = column 5 + column 6 + column 7 + column 8

b.    Comparing with energy head following the measured dynamic head

Energy
PITOT TUBE Head
SECTION
Static Dynamic Calculated

(m) (m) (m/sec)

1 2 3 4
SECTION 1 0.1455 0.2923 0.26842
SECTION 2 0.1109 0.2918 0.26842
SECTION 3 0.1166 0.2676 0.23838

CALCULATION OF WATER DEPTH, VELOCITY AND ENERGY HEAD

Calculation of water depth, velocity and energy head uses principles of conservation of mass (continuity)
 Continuity equation: Q = A1 . V 1 = A2 . V2
 Energy equation:
2
v1 v 22
z1 + y1 + = z2 + y2 +
2g 2g
a.      Calculation of y2, v2, E2 from measured y1 and Q

Continuity equation:
Q Q
Q=b y 1 v 1 = b y 2 v 2 ⇒ v1 = and v 2 =
b × y1 b × y2
The Energy equation applied to section (1) and section (2) neglect the loss between section (2) and (1)
v22 v 21
z 2 +a + y 2 + = z1 + y1 +
2g 2g
From Continuity equation and Energy equation:
 2 2
Q Q
y2 + 2 2
= y 1 + z1 −a −z2 + 2 2
2 g ×b × y 2
2 g ×b × y 1

To calculate y2 we use trial and error method

trial y2 0.0768 0.11841779
0.117492512
Q
v2 =
b ×y 2
v2 = 0.89352509
2
v
E2 = z 2 + a + y 2 + 2
2g
And then,
E2 = 0.2675

b.      Calculation of y3, v3, E3 from measured y2 and Q

The height of y3 can be calculated these equations :
Continuity Equation :
Q Q
Q=b y 2 v 2 = b y3 v 3 ⇒ v 2 = and v 3 =
b × y2 b × y3

Energy Equation : v v
22 32
y 2 + a+ = y3+ +CarnotLoss
2g 2g
2
( v −v )
CarnotLoss=α 2 3
2g
α depends on expansion condition, and it is a function of the shape and the angle of expansion. Here we a
v2 = velocity in the contraction, section 2
v3 = velocity in the expansion, section 3
Q
v 2= = 0.9759
by 2
v v
22 32
y 2 + a+ = y 3+ +CarnotLoss
2g 2g
v 2 −v 2 ( v 2−v 3 )
2
2 3
y 3 = y 2 + a+ −
2g 2g
y3 =
 By trial and error, we have y3 = 0.246 m 0.2268

4 #DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
ts of equation for Rehbock Equation, because b < 0.3 m)

s and Discharge

Energy
V2/2g Head
m m
 8 9
0.00342 0.26842
0.04682 0.26842
0.00438 0.23838

ation of mass (continuity) and energy (Bernoulli) :

ween section (2) and (1)

le of expansion. Here we assume that α = 1.
 Section: 1 2 3
Water Surface Level 32.41 29.23 29.86 cm
Bottom Level 5.43 20.24 5.43 cm
Sill height 20.23 cm
Width of the flume: 20 cm
Pitot tube
Index 36.35 20.65 15.7 cm
Static Head 28.65 28.65 28.65 cm
Dynamic Head 43.8 41.64 41.24 cm
Width of the Rehbock flume: 23 cm
Rehbock gauge : 23.19 cm
Index of the Rehbock gauge: 14.5 cm
Discharge (Qm) 0.015 m3/sec

Reduced
Variable Notation Measuring Units
value
Depth of flow in section 1 y1 0.2698 m
Depth of flow in section 2 y2 0.0899 m
Depth of flow in section 3 y3 0.2443 m
Discharge Q 0.015 m3/s
Width of flume b 0.2 m
Sill Height a 0.1483 m

Point gauge

Pitot tube

Q y2 Q
y1 y3
sill a

Index of Rehbock Gauge

Height of water Q
Rehbock Weir

Q Calculated:

√
2 gb 2 ( y 1 − y 2 −a ) y y

√
22 12 2 g ( y1 − y2 −a)
Q= = y1 y2 b
y 2− y y 2− y
1 22 1 22
 Q=
√ 2 gb 2 ( y 1 − y 2 −a ) y
y 2− y
1 22
22
y
12
= y1 y2 b
√ 2 g ( y1 − y2 −a)
y 2− y
1 22

b1 =b2 = b= 0.2 m
y1= 0.2698 m
y2= 0.0899 m
a= 0.1483 m
g= 9.81 m^2/S

So Qcalculated = 0.015015468

Q measured:

h = 0.2319 – 0.1450 = 0.0869

b = 0.23 m ( using b = 0.3 m for this calculation to meet the requirements of equation for Rehboc
b= 0.3
where:
2
Q measured =Q rehbock =C e √2 g bh 3
3 e2

Ce = 0.602 + 0.083 h/p = 0.6517

0.6517
he = h + k h 0.0881 he ^3/2= 0.026149529
kh = 1.2 m 0.0012 mm
p 0.145 mm
g= 9.81 h/p = 0.59931
2g^0.5 = 4.429446918
so Q measured = 0.015098005

Qcal-Qmeas -8.254E-005 m^3/S

Energy head calculations based on water depth and discharge measurement

v12/2g v32/2g
v22/2g

y2=0.0899 m
Q=0.015 m3/s
y1=0.2698 m y3=0.2443 m
sill a=0.1483 m

z1=0.00 m Z2=0.00 m z3=0.00 m

a.        Calculation of Energy Head from Measured Values of Water Depths and Discharge
bflume = 0.2 m

Location Discharge Area Velocity (V) z H broad Depth y

(m3/s) (m2) (m/sec) m Crest Weir m
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SECTION 1 0.0150 0.054 0.278 0 0 0.2698
SECTION 2 0.0150 0.018 0.835 0 0.1483 0.0899
SECTION 3 0.0150 0.049 0.307 0 0 0.2443

NOTE :
 Velocity = Column 2 / column 3
 Energy head = column 5 + column 6 + column 7 + column 8

b.    Comparing with energy head following the measured dynamic head

Energy Head
PITOT TUBE
SECTION
Static Dynamic Calculated

(m) (m) (m/sec)

1 2 3 4
SECTION 1 0.1295 0.2810 0.2737
SECTION 2 0.1295 0.2594 0.2737
SECTION 3 0.1295 0.2554 0.2491

CALCULATION OF WATER DEPTH, VELOCITY AND ENERGY HEAD

Calculation of water depth, velocity and energy head uses principles of conservation of mass (continuity)
 Continuity equation: Q = A1 . V 1 = A2 . V2
 Energy equation:
2
v1 v 22
z1 + y1 + = z2 + y2 +
2g 2g
a.      Calculation of y2, v2, E2 from measured y1 and Q
Continuity equation:
Q Q
Q=b y 1 v 1 = b y 2 v 2 ⇒ v1 = and v 2 =
b × y1 b × y2
The Energy equation applied to section (1) and section (2) neglect the loss between section (2) and (1)
2 2
v v
z 2 +a + y 2 + 2 = z 1 + y 1 + 1
2g 2g
From Continuity equation and Energy equation:
 2 2
Q Q
y2 + 2 2
= y 1 + z1 −a −z2 + 2 2
2 g ×b × y 2
2 g ×b × y 1
To calculate y2 we use trial and error method

trial y2 = 0.0768 0.12544671

 0.125507553
Q
v2 =
b ×y 2
v2 = 0.977569536
2
v
E2 = z 2 + a + y 2 + 2
2g
And then,
E2 = 0.2738

a.      Calculation of y3, v3, E3 from measured y2 and Q

The height of y3 can be calculated these equations :
Continuity Equation :
Q Q
Q=b y 2 v 2 = b y3 v 3 ⇒ v 2 = and v 3 =
b × y2 b × y3

Energy Equation : v v
22 32
y 2 + a+ = y3+ +CarnotLoss
2g 2g
2
( v 2−v 3 )
CarnotLoss=α
2g
α depends on expansion condition, and it is a function of the shape and the angle of expansion. Here we a
v2 = velocity in the contraction, section 2
v3 = velocity in the expansion, section 3
Q
v 2= = 0.9829
by 2
v v
22 32
y 2 + a+ = y 3+ +CarnotLoss
2g 2g
v 2 −v 2 ( v 2−v 3 )2
2 3
y 3 = y 2 + a+ −
2g 2g
y3 =
 By trial and error, we have y3 = 0.274 m 0.2251 0.050097 0.275197

0.274344502 0.323589
0.323588996

Q v3 = 0.274
v 3=
b× y 3
v
( v 2 −v 3 )2
32 0.3034
E3 = y 3 + + =
2g 2g
a.      Comparing between Energy Head Sections 2 - 3 and energy head as determined in exercis
able 1.5. Resume of energy head for each method
PITOT TUBE EXERCISE 3 EXERCISE 4

Energy (Based on (Based on y (Based on

dynamic &Q Calculated)
head) measured)

E2 0.2594 0.2737 0.2738

E3 0.2554 0.2491 0.3034

From the table above, the values of energy head in each section are not the same for each
method. This might caused by the following reasons :
1. In Exercise 3, we measured the energy head in section 1, 2, and 3 directly
from the measured value of water depth and discharge, so there is no connection
with the value obtained from other sections. In Exercise 4, we calculate the
energy head using formula which requires condition in other section.
2. In Exercise 4, Carnot Loss between section 2 and 3 is not neglected.
3. Some systematic reading errors might happened during the experiment.
 of equation for Rehbock Equation, because b < 0.3 m)

and Discharge

Energy
V2/2g Head
m m
 8 9
0.00395 0.27375
0.03555 0.27375
0.00481 0.24911

on of mass (continuity) and energy (Bernoulli) :

en section (2) and (1)

of expansion. Here we assume that α = 1.

determined in exercise 3