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Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Time Management
learn how to accomplish it. It is a skill that some people have, but not everyone. Time is
a valuable resource. Time is the one resource that can't be modified, can't be taken
back once it's been used, and can only be used to the owner's satisfaction. No one can
stop time from passing, but everyone can choose how to spend it. Time management is
self-management that focuses explicitly on time when determining what to do, how
much time to commit to tasks, how to accomplish activities more efficiently, and when
one's time in order to increase the efficacy and productivity of one's work. It is a priority-
management with an explicitly focus on time in deciding what to do; on how activities
can be done more efficiently and on when the time is right for particular activities.
Time management is the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling and budgeting
one’s time for the purpose of generating more effectiveness work and productivity. It is a
since time cannot be stored, and its availability can neither be increased beyond nor
decrease from the 24 hours. Gerald (2002) defined time management as a set of
principles, practices, skills, tools and systems that work together to help you get more
value out of your time with the aim of improving the quality of your life.
perfectionism, and messy tasks are examples of typical issues. According to Akomolafe
(2005), time cannot be managed because it cannot be delayed, sped up, or produced.
But, according to Quek (2001), time can be managed since, in order to overcome
procrastination, one must learn and improve time management skills. Quek appears to
researchers. Time is unavoidable; nonetheless, people live, work, and exist in it. As a
result, time moves in lockstep with human existence. Every student should not only
understand, but also practice time management. Eruteyan (2008), states that effective
Management Journal has reactive mode of working. Some managers are only
correct thinking is a cost of time management failure. Some managers mostly seem not
to believe in or really find it difficult to essentially put into practice, the 10/90 principle of
pretty effective time management which states that 10% of time that it takes to plan
basically your activities carefully in advance will particularly save you 90% of the effort
Some managers are failure to acquire new skills, knowledge and abilities. They
fail to update themselves in terms of attending seminars and lectures that will increase
their horizons instead they feel they know all things and don’t need to be updated.
getting started on them and allocating good time thereto, the adamantly refuse to work
on this task. The most injurious aspect of this approach is that such hard challenging
jobs are not in the bottom 80% but in the top 20% of jobs which add most value to the
managers’ work.
Other reasons for time management failures by managers includes poor team
conductive working environment. Eilam and Aharon (2003) suggested that time
the research, time management has a good impact on college grades and overall study
habits (Claessens, van Eerde, & Rutte, 2007). According to studies, college students
who have good time management abilities have higher GPAs (Britton & Tesser, 1991;
Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, & Phillips, 1990; Zimmerman, 1989). Brint and Cantwell
most significant issue by 67 percent of undergraduate students (Britton & Tesser, 1991).
According to related research, first-year college students devote less time to their
studies and lack the tools necessary to study more effectively and maximize their time
Research Institute, 2003). Student outcomes, such as homework completion and class
preparation, may be improved by using student organizing tools (Lu, Gunawan, & Hisa,
2014).
and use his or her wealth rationally. Therefore, being a scarce and priceless resource, it
do not successfully monitor and regulate their children; some pupils go to school without
exercise books, shoes, or correct clothes, despite their parents' ability to supply those
items. Students are not motivated to go to school to study as a result of this situation; as
a result, some of them are seen roaming the streets during school hours; however, due
to poor parental supervision, students have been leaving their homes for school and
returning home without their parents knowing whether they went to school or not
(Nyambo, 2013).
management. Although many authors, such as Lakein (1973), claimed that time
prioritizing, and organizing the actions necessary to meet those goals. Time
management, according to Estes (2012), is the skill of organizing, organizing,
scheduling, and budgeting one's time in order to produce more effective work and
production.
analyzing our time habits, clarifying objectives, establishing priorities, preparing for
time wasters, and avoiding procrastination. Time management is an issue that is critical
to job success.
Time Wasters
People, events, actions, and procedures that prohibit us from making the most
use of our time are known as time wasters. Time wasters while a high amount of
Time wasters at work might include things like spending too much time socializing,
there's time left. The cornerstone of time management is organization. Many teachers
believe that "hunting and gathering," which includes looking for that missing lesson plan,
collecting tools and equipment from students after a project is completed, looking for
that Individualized Education Program that was due yesterday, and purchasing books
for a unit, is a major time waster. The task may appear disheartening if the teacher is
constantly disorganized. If this is the case, he or she must begin by focusing on one
region at a time and work his or her way around the classroom. The teacher could
choose to start with his or her desk before moving on to his or her file cabinets (Wagner,
2004).According to Chilongola (2013), it has been observed that certain pupils in Dar es
Salaam have been engaging in improper conduct like as smoking and sexual activities
instead of attending lessons; these misbehaviors have occurred without the awareness
of their parents.As a result, pupils, according to Chilongola, tend to waste time studying.
Because there is a lack of communication between students and parents, parents and
teachers, and parents and communities in such a way that a student can leave home for
school but spend school hours smoking, surfing the internet, and engaging in other
misbehaviors without their parents' knowledge, when parents return home, they do not
ask or check on their children's progress at school. As a result, many students end up
These kind of are the activities that occur at schools which really are normally out
of control for teachers in a subtle way, or so they for the most part thought. The
activities mostly included basically are fairly kind of such as; interruptions from visitors-
reading and surfing on the internet for fairly actually non-official matters; meetings- can
really be waste of time if really has no basically specific reason, agenda and timeframe
Things that a person can control and cause. These include things like a lack of
preparation, which leads to drifting and haphazard work; a lack of delegating, which
leads to doing too much and not having enough time to focus; and an unwillingness to
say "no," which leads to others asking too much of you. The desk was cluttered with
a result, if the aforementioned time wasters are not taken into serious consideration in
order to make changes, it is very likely that teachers and students will be unable to
effectively manage their time and thus will be unable to meet both work deadlines and
that affects students' academic performance and achievement. Poor time management
According to Misra and McKean (2000), there is a link between time management,
been linked to college grades (Britton & Tesser, 1991) and academic achievement (Burt
& Kemp, 1994). According to Izawa (2002), the ability to manage time is critical for
and female higher secondary pupils. Female students manage their time better than
male students, according to the data. This could be because the majority of the males
spend their time playing video games or watching television. As well as other activities
they are unable to effectively manage their time. However, the majority of the girls are
serious and dedicated to their work. As a result, they are making good use of their time.
between male and female higher secondary pupils. The findings show that class XI
students outperform class XII students in terms of academic achievement. This could be
owing to the students' selection of a specific subject, as well as the fact that they arrived
prepared.
Many studies that assessed university students on time management found that
men and women scored significantly differently. Female students reported significantly
better time management skills than male students, according to Trueman and Hartley
(1996). Furthermore, older mature-aged students (aged over 25 years) reported much
superior time-management abilities than younger students, and those variables can only
greater results in all variables of time management activities, according to Misra and
McKean (2000). (Perceived better control of time, set and prioritized goals, planning and
had an organized approach to tasks and workspace). Furthermore, Covic et al. (2003)
found that females scored significantly higher in only one factor: time management
mechanics, such as making lists and keeping a diary. Macan et al. (1990) discovered
skills.
The findings of Adigun et al., (2015) revealed that while male students performed
somewhat better than female students, the difference was not significant. This improved
performance was particularly noticeable in the private school, which was found to have
the best male brains in the study area. Recommendations were made based on the
study's findings. Parents are urged to provide their children with the best education they
can afford, regardless of gender.Male students had a greater variance around the mean
than female students, indicating that male students' performances are not as consistent
as female students', i.e., female students as a whole have similar results. This explains
why the male students' better performances are not significant, because the sets of
male students with good performances and the sets of male students with bad
performances did so most likely due to certain variables, such as treatments the
students are exposed to, which is why this study measures gender performances in
private and public schools. This finding supports the findings of (Jegede & Lyang
(1990), Mordi (1992), Chin- Tin (1993), Fabunmi (2004), and Dania (2014)) that
and academic performance.A study of Spanish students found that there are some
achievement. They also discovered that the degree of creativity between male and
female is similar, but that the most famous creative people are usually male. According
Academic Performance
achievement on class assessment tests, first-term exams, mid-term exams, final exams,
and national exams. Academic performance, according to Derek (1981), is the level of a
learner's ability and achievement in a school, subject, or specific skill. Page, Thomas,
attainment in relation to his or her work, which is frequently assessed through tests,
exams, course work, and assignments. The study evaluations back up the idea that
environmental factors. The findings of research studies focused on how different factors
such as learning abilities affect student performance because the new paradigm of
learning assumes that all students can and should learn at higher levels, but this should
not be viewed as a constraint because other factors such as race, gender, and sex can
also affect student performance. Joe B. Hansen, Joe B. Hansen, Joe B. Hansen, Joe B.
Hansen, Joe B.
Chapter III
Methodology
Research Design
Descriptive research describes what already exists and can aid in the discovery of new
information and meaning. The goal of descriptive research is to observe, describe, and
etc.) will be utilized to collect data in descriptive research (Polit & Hungler, 1999). The
purpose of this study will be to determine the association between time management
School during the first semester of the S.Y. 2021-2022. The descriptive and
correlational method was the best choice for this study because it focused on the
Respondents
The study aims to determine the relationship between the time management and
academic performance of the Grade 12 HUMSS Senior High School Learners. Through this
study, the researchers will able to know what would be the relationship of time management in
In this study, the respondents were the 200 Grade 12 HUMSS Senior High School
Learners of Antipas National High School enrolled in the school year 2021-2022. The
researchers employed the formula used by Slovin in choosing the respondents. The formula
used by Slovin is quite popular for determining the sample size for a survey research, especially
in undergraduate thesis in education in social sciences, maybe because it is easy to use and the
computation is based almost solely on the population size. However, its misuse is now also a
popular subject of research here in the country and students are usually discourage to use the
formula even though the reason behind are not clear enough to them. Perhaps it would be
helpful if we could know who really is the Slovin and what where the bases of his formula.
Table 1 shows the number of Grade 12 HUMSS learners as the respondents of the
study.
Table 1
Erudite 49 49
Gregarious 49 49
Magnus 50 50
Pioneer 49 49
Virtuoso 47 47
Total 244
In conducting tis study, the researcers will write a letter to the Principal and the subject
Teacher to allow them to conduct the study. During te data gaterin the researcher create a
question trough google form and send to teg identify respondents. After the will be retrieved
and tabulated.
Scale Description
High Time Management Skills means learner manage their time effectively and
excellently that they can accomplished their daily task without procastinating. Moderate Time
Management Skills means learner manage their time moderately and fairly well but sometimes
Low Time Management Skills means learner need to work on the things to manage their time
more effectively.
Academic Performance (Mean)
To measure the Academic performance, the researcher used the final General Point
Average (GPA) in the first semester of the respondents. This was validated through the records
90-100 Outstanding
80-84 Satisfactory
Outstanding means learners perform excellently in school and have high academic
performance.
Very satisfactory means learners perform well in dealing with the activities in schools.
Satisfactory means learners have moderate and satisfying performance and lacks a mastery in
Fairly Satisfactory means learners perform in school fairly but having some difficulty to
Did Not Meet means learners have a poor performance in dealing with the school related
activities.
Statistical Analysis
The statistical tools were classified into descriptive and inferential statistics. For
descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation was utilized while t-test for independent
sample. For the inferential statistics, the researcher used Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient.
Mean. This descriptive statistic was used to examine the time management skill and
academic performance of learners. The time management skill of the respondents are based on
their scores in the Time Management Questionnaire (TMQ), classified as Always=2, rarely=1,
and Never=1, as a whole and when grouped according to their Academic Strand and Sex.
Standard Deviation. This descriptive statistics was used to identify the homogeneity
and heterogeneity of the scores in the Time Management Questionnaire (TMQ) and as well as
The researcher utilized the following statistical tool for independent sample:
T-test. This independent sample was used to modify and explain the time management
used to determine the relationship between time management and academic performance of