EEG 211

Quick Revision (Outline)

• Linearity
• Superposition
• Source Transformation

EEG 211
 Linearity
Linearity satisfies two conditions:
 Homogeneity
 Superposition

 Homogeneity means if you scale the inputs to a system

by a constant then the outputs will be scaled by the same
constant. As illustrated below:

x1 y1 ax1 ay1
IF Then
xn System yn axn System ayn

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 Superposition
xa1 ya1 xb1 yb1
IF and
xan System yan xbn System ybn

Then
xa1+ xb1 ya1+ yb1
xan+ xbn System yan+ ybn

EEG 211
 Linear circuits / systems
 Circuits / systems with linear elements

 By linear elements we mean i α v in those elements

 Obeys homogeneity and superposition rules

 C, L and R are linear elements

Question ?
What are the inputs and outputs (responses)
of a linear circuit / system ?

Inputs – independent voltages and currents

Outputs – node voltages and branch currents

EEG 211
 What superposition rule says ?
In order to determine the net response due to all
independent sources in a linear circuit, we can determine
the response due to each source individually and then
combining (summing) them to get the net response.
Procedures
• Form a sub-circuit for each independent source with all other independent
sources set to zero (killed).
• Obtain the response due to individual sources from each sub-circuit
• Obtain the total response by summing together each of the individual responses.

Rules
• To set Voltage source = 0, we apply a short circuit
• To set Current source = 0, we apply an open circuit
• Leave dependent sources as they were in the circuit

EEG 211
 Simple example
Solve for 𝑉𝑥 and 𝐼𝑥

 There are four independent sources

 We will obtain 𝑉𝑥 and 𝐼𝑥 due to each of the sources each acting alone

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 Contribution from -5V source
 Leave only -5V source and set other sources to zero
 To set voltage sources = 0, replace the source with a short circuit
while to set current sources = 0, replace the source with open circuit
 Draw the sub-circuit as shown below and solve for 𝑉𝑥1 and 𝐼𝑥1

𝑉𝑥1 = − −5 𝑉 = 5𝑉
𝑉 −5
𝐼𝑥1 = = 𝐴 = −2.5𝐴
𝑅 2

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 Contribution from 3V source
 Similarly, leave only 3V source and set other sources to zero
 Draw the sub-circuit as shown below and solve for 𝑉𝑥2 and 𝐼𝑥2

𝑉𝑥2 = + 3 𝑉 = 3𝑉
𝐼𝑥2 = 0 𝐴

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 Contribution from -1A source
 Similarly, leave only -1V source and set other sources to zero
 Draw the sub-circuit as shown below and solve for 𝑉𝑥3 and 𝐼𝑥3

𝑉𝑥3 = 𝑖𝑅 = −(−1 × 3Ω) = 3𝑉

𝐼𝑥3 = − −1𝐴 = 1𝐴

EEG 211
 Contribution from 2A source
 Similarly, leave only 2A source and set other sources to zero
 Draw the sub-circuit as shown below and solve for 𝑉𝑥4 and 𝐼𝑥4

𝑉𝑥4 = 𝑖𝑅 = − 3 × 2Ω = −6𝑉
𝐼𝑥4 = 0𝐴

EEG 211
 Total response
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥1 + 𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑥3 + 𝑉𝑥4 = 5 + 3 + 3 − 6 = 5V

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥1 + 𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑥3 + 𝐼𝑥4 = −2.5 + 1 + 0 + 0 = −1.5A

EEG 211
 Source transformation
For ideal independent sources

Vs
Where Is = R

Where Vs = Is 𝑅

EEG 211