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EEE 205
Avijit Saha
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, UIU
Synchronous Generator
Field Excitation of a Synchronous
Generator
Two common approaches are used to supply a DC
current to the field circuits on the rotating rotor:
Supply the DC power from an external DC source to
the rotor by means of slip rings and brushes;
Supply the DC power from a special DC power
source mounted directly on the shaft of the machine.
Slip rings are metal rings encircling the shaft of a
machine but insulated from it.
DC rotor winding is connected to each of the two slip
rings on the machine’s shaft.
Graphite-like carbon brushes connected to DC
terminals ride on each slip ring supplying DC voltage
to field windings.
Slip Rings
Slip rings
Brush
Brushless Exciter
Slip rings and brushes have certain disadvantages:
increased friction and wear (therefore, needed maintenance),
brush voltage drop can introduce significant power losses.
On large generators and motors, brushless exciters are used.
A brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose field circuits are
mounted on stator and armature circuits are mounted on the rotor.
The exciter generator’s 3-phase output is rectified to DC by a 3-phase
rectifier (on rotor) and fed into the main DC field circuit.
It is possible to adjust the field current on the main machine by
controlling the small DC field current of the exciter generator (located
on the stator).
Since no mechanical contact occurs in the rotor, exciters of this type
require much less maintenance.
Brushless Exciter
A brushless
exciter: a low 3-
phase current is
rectified and used
to supply the field
circuit of the
exciter (located on
the stator).
-
-
Other Voltage Drops
+ -
jXs RA
RF IA2
+
+ + jXsIA2 - + RIA2-
EA2 Vph2
VF (dc)
LF -
-
jXs RA
IA3
+
+ + jXsIA3 - + RIA3-
- Vph3
EA3
-
-
Wye and Delta Connection
RA
EA1
jXA RA
RA
jXA Vph
jXA jXA VT
EA1 Vph
EA3
RA
-
EA3
Y-Connected + EA2
Stator
-
+
VT
jXA RA jXA EA2
RA -Connected
Stator
Per Phase Equivalent Circuit
IF
+
Radj jXs RA
RF IA
+
+ + jXsIA - + RIA-
VF (dc) EA Vph
LF -
-
-
The Phasor Diagram at Different
Power factor EA
ZIA
Vph jXsIA
IA
EA
b) Lagging pf IARA
ZIA jXsIA
IA Vph IARA EA
a) Unity pf jXsIA
IA ZIA
IARA
c) Leading pf Vph
Few Observations
For a given phase voltage and armature current,
a larger internal generated voltage, EA is needed
for lagging loads.
Alternatively, for a given field current and
magnitude of load current, the terminal voltage is
lower for lagging load and higher for leading load.
In real synchronous machine of large capacity,
the synchronous reactance is much higher than
the winding resistance, RA
So RA is often neglected for qualitative study of
voltage variations.
Power and Torque
Synchronous generators convert mechanical
power into three-phase electrical power.
The source of mechanical power can either be a
diesel engine or a steam turbine or a gas turbine
or a water turbine or any similar device.
Whatever may be the source, it must have the
basic property that its speed is almost constant
regardless of power demand.
Not all the mechanical power going into a
synchronous generator becomes electrical power
out of the machine.
The difference between the input and output
power represents the losses of the machine.
The Power Flow Diagram
Pconv
3VT I L cos
Core I2R loss
Stray Friction and losses (copper
losses windage losses)
losses
Different Losses
Stray losses: Stray losses are caused by the magnetic
leakage and fringing flux in the synchronous machine. It is
also called load losses.
Friction and windage losses: (a) Friction losses are due to
the bearing and brush friction. (b) The air friction of the
rotating machine causes windage losses.
Core losses: (a) In order to reverse continuously the
molecular magnets in the armature core, some amount of
power has to be spent. This power is hysteresis losses. (b) In
addition to the voltage induced in the armature conductors,
there are also voltages induced in the armature core. This
voltages causes a circulating current causing a power losses
called eddy current losses.
I2R losses: The losses occur in resistances of different
windings.
The Converted Power
The input mechanical power is the shaft
power in the generator
Pin appm
While the power converted from mechanical
to electrical form internally is given by,
Where, is the angle between EA and IA
The difference between the input power to
the generator and the power converted in the
generator represents the mechanical, core
and stray losses of the machine.
Pconv ind m
3E A I A cos
The Converted Power
The real electrical output power of the
synchronous generator can be expressed in line
quantities
Pout 3VT I L cos
and in phase quantities, Pout 3V ph I ph cos
The reactive power output of the synchronous
generator can be expressed in line quantities,
900
The Expression of Power ignoring RA
ωm=1000*2*π/60=104.72 rad/sec
The input torque to the generator,
Pin app m
Pin 36.62 *1000
app 349 .7 N m
m 104 .72
The induced counter torque to the generator,
Since RA=0, so Pconv=Pout
Pconv ind m
Pconv 34.12 *1000
ind 325.83 N m
m 104.72
Solution to Numerical Problem 02
The voltage regulation,
(Vno load V full load )
regulation (%) X 100
V full load
EA,
V
OCC
(Open Circuit
Characteristics)
I f,
0
A
Short Circuit Test
Set the field current at
zero first
Then the terminal of
stator is made short
circuited through three
ammeter.
Now the field current is
increased gradually and IA, A
the stator short circuit
current is recorded at
each step.
Such readings are plotted
and the curve is called SCC
short circuit (Short Circuit
characteristics. Characteristics)
I f, A
OCC and SCC superimposed
EA, V OCC
SCC
Isc, short
circuit current
I f, A
0
Ifsc
Calculation of Xs from the two tests
Since, in short circuit test, VT=0, so,
E A( during sc )
Zs R X2
A
2
s
IA
V ph,oc (if
Since, X s R A , so X s
sc is removed)
I A, SC
If EA and IA are known for a given situation, then the
synchronous reactance Xs can be found from the above
relation.
Therefore, the approximate method for determining the
synchronous reactance Xs at a given field current is
Get the internal generated voltage EA (Vph,OC) from the OCC
at that field current.
Get the short circuit current flow IA,SC at that field current from
SCC.
Find Xs from Vph,OC/IA,SC
Problem in measuring Xs
EA
EA
EA
jXsIA1 jXsIA1
2
jXsIA2 1
O O
Vph1 Vph2 Vph1
IA1 (a) IA1
(b)
IA2
EA
EA EA
jXsIA1
jXsIA1 1 2 jXsIA2
O O
Vph1 IA1 IA2 Vph2 Vph1
IA1
(a) (b)
IA2 EA
IA1 EA IA1 jXsIA2
jXsIA1
1 2 jXsIA1
O O
Vph1 Vph1 Vph2
(a) (b)
0.8 pf leading
Terminal Voltage
532V
505.54V
If , field Current, A
Solution
(a) Phase Current,
1200
I ph 0.5 X cos1 0.8 346 .4 36.8 0
3
The Generated voltage when terminal voltage is 480 V is
E A V ph I ph ( R A jX s ) 480 0 0 (346 .4 36.8 0 ) * (0.015 j 0.1)
505 .542.79 0
The keep terminal voltage at 480 V, the generated voltage EA must
be 505.54 V.
From the OCC curve, for EA=505.54 V, IF=5.0 A
(b) Now if load current is increased to 1200 A at same pf, the terminal
phase voltage can be obtained from the following equation,
E A V ph 0 0 I ph * Z
1200
I ph 36.80 A 692.8 36.80 A and Z (0.015 j 0.1)
3
Solution
After putting the value of Iph and Z, we obtain,
E A V ph 49.88 j * 49.19
or , E A (V ph 49.88) 2 (49.19) 2
and , E A 505 .54 V ,
so, V ph 453 .26 V
If we want to get back the terminal phase voltage to 480V, the
internal generated voltage, EA must be increased, the
required EA can again be found from the following formula
with full load current
E A V ph I ph ( R A jX s ) 480 0 0 (692 .8 36.8 0 ) * (0.015 j 0.1)
532 5.30
From OCC, the required field current would be, 5.6 A.
Numerical Problem 06
Field Current, A
Solution
Initial field current = 4.3 A, from OCC curve, EA,L = 2300 V
Since the generator is Y-Connected, so
2300
E A, ph 0 0 1328 0 0 V
3
Machine Impedance, ZM=0.15+j1.1 ohms
Load Impedance, ZL=(17.32+j10)/3 =(5.77+j3.33) ohms
The equivalent circuit is as follows
ZM IA
EA Vph
ZL