ENERGY CONVERSION II

EEE 205
Avijit Saha
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, UIU

Synchronous Motor
What is Synchronous Motor?

 Synchronous motors are synchronous machines used

to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 Its operation is opposite to Synchronous Generator.
 An ac supply is applied at the stator terminals and a
dc supply is applied to the field winding in the rotor.
 The use of synchronous motor is specialized and is
not used as widely as induction motor.
 Synchronous motors are usually used in large sizes
because in small sizes they are costlier as compared
with induction machines.
Advantages of Synchronous Motor

 The principal advantages of using synchronous motor are as

follows:
 Power factor of synchronous motor can be controlled very
easily by controlling the field current.
 It has very high operating efficiency and constant speed.

 For operating speed less than about 500 rpm and for high-
power requirements (above 600KW) synchronous motor is
cheaper than induction motor.
 In view of these advantages, synchronous motors are
preferred for driving the loads requiring high power at low
speed; e.g; reciprocating pumps and compressor, crushers,
rolling mills, pulp grinders etc.
Why Synchronous Motor has no
Starting Torque?
Why Synchronous Motor has no
Starting Torque?
Methods of Starting of Synchronous
Motor : Using a Separate Motor
 Synchronous motors are mechanically coupled with
another motor. Either 3 phase induction motor or DC
shunt motor.
 DC excitation in the syn. motor is not fed initially.
 It is rotated at speed very close to its synchronous
speed and after that DC excitation is given.
 After some time when magnetic locking takes place
supply to the external motor is cut off.
Methods of Starting of Synchronous
Motor : Using Damper winding
The Equivalent Circuit of a
Synchronous Motor
 A Synchronous Motor is the same in all
respect as a synchronous generator, except
that the direction of power flow is reversed.
 So, the equivalent circuit of a synchronous
motor is exactly same as the equivalent circuit
of a synchronous generator except that the
reference direction of IA is reversed.
 The resultant full equivalent circuit is given in
next slide.
The Equivalent Circuit of a
Synchronous Motor
jXs RA
IA1
+
+ _
jXsIA1 + _ RI +
A1
Radj EA Vph1
IF - 1

+ -
jXs RA
RF IA2
_ _ +
+ jXsIA2 + RIA2
+
EA2 Vph2
VF (dc)
LF -
-
jXs RA
IA3
_ _ +
+ jXsIA3 + +
- Vph3
EA3
- RIA3
-
The Equivalent Circuit of a
Synchronous Motor
jX
IA
+
+ - jXIA +
EA Vph

-
-
V ph  E A  jI A X s  RA I A

E A  V ph  jI A X s  RA I A
The Power Flow Diagram

Pconv

P
m t u o   t u oP  dni 
ni
m

soc L I TV3

Stray Friction and

Core
losses windage I2R loss
losses
losses (copper
losses)
Example 5.1 of Chapman’s Book

 A 208-V, 45 kVA, 0.8 pf leading delta-connected 50 Hz

synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance
of 2.5 ohm and a negligible armature resistance.
Initially the shaft is supplying a 15 hp load, and the
motor’s pf is o.8 leading. Its friction and windage
losses are 1.5 kW and core losses are 1.0 kW.
 Determine IA, IL and EA and sketch the phasor
diagram of the motor.
15 hp

3 phase 208V, 45 kVA, 0.8 pf (lag)

 Solution

 Pout =15X0.746 kW=11.19 kW

 Pin =Pout+Pmech.L+Pcore.L+Pcopper.L
=11.19+1.5+1.0+0=13.69 kW
 Since the motor’s power factor is 0.8 leading, so, load current, IL
Pin 1 13.69
IL    cos (0.8)  36.87 0 A  47.536.87 0 A
3VL ( pf ) 3 X 208 X 0.8
 Since the armature is delta connected so, the armature
current is IL
IA  A  27.436.87 0 A
3
 From the equivalent circuit, EA can be calculated as,
E A  V ph  jX s I A  2080 0  j 2.5 X 27.436.87 0  255  12.4 0 V
The Phasor Diagram

I A  27.436.87 0 A

  36.87 0
V ph  2080 0 V
  12.4 0
X s I A  68.5126.87 0 V

E A  255  12.4 0 V
Steady State Operation of
Synchronous Motor
 A Synchronous motor while operating at a
certain condition, may be subjected to change
in different quantities.
 Its load may change
 Its field current may change
 In general it may be used as power factor
correction equipment.
 For simplicity, the discussions will be carried
out assuming the armature resistance is
negligible.
Effect of Load Change on Synchronous
Motor
 If a load is applied to a motor, the motor will
develop enough torque to keep the motor and
its load turning at synchronous speed.
 The torque and corresponding power delivered
is proportional
I  P to the rotor angle,
A

Vph

 P

EA

What happens if the load is increased?

Effect of Load Change on Synchronous
Motor

 P3
 P2
IA1  P1
IA2
Vph

1  P1
IA3 2  P2
EA  P3
3
EA
EA
Numerical Problem on Effect of Load
Change
 A 208-V, 45 kVA, 0.8 pf leading delta-connected 50 Hz
synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance of
2.5 ohm and a negligible armature resistance. Initially
the shaft is supplying a 15 hp load, and the motor’s pf
is o.8 leading. Its friction and windage losses are 1.5
kW and core losses are 1.0 kW.
 If load is increased to 30hp, what should be the value
of IL, IA and EA? What will be the new power factor of
the load?
Solution

 Now, the input power, Pin = Pout + Pmech.L + Pcore.L

 Hence, Pin=30 ( 0.745) + 1.5 + 1.0 = 24.88kW.
 The real part of line current can be obtained from,
P 24.88 X 10 3 I A X S sin 
I L cos    69.06 A
3VL 3 (208) 
69.06 IA
So, I A cos   39.873 A
3
 Vph

• From vector diagram, I A X S cos

E A2  (V ph  I A X S sin  ) 2  ( I A X S cos ) 2
EA
255 2  (208  I A X S sin  ) 2  (2.5)(39.873)] 2
65025  (208  2.5I A sin  ) 2  9936 .6
I A sin   10.684 A
Solution
The power factor angle is ,
I A sin 
  tan 1
 tan 1 (0.268)  15 0
I A cos
The power factor is ,
pf  cos  0.966(leading)
The phase and line currents are ,
I A  ( I A cos ) 2  ( I A sin  ) 2  (39.873) 2  (10.684 ) 2  41.28 A
I L  3 (41.28)  71.5 A
The rotor angle can be obtained from the angle of E A ,
E A  V ph  jX s I A  255  23 0
so,   23 0
The Vector Diagram Showing the
Effect of Increase of Load

Quantity before after

Vph 208 208

EA 255 255
IA 27.4 41.28
IL 47.5 71.5
 12.4 23
 36.87 15
pf 0.8 0.966
(lead) (lead)
Change in Field Current in a
Synchronous Motor
 The following phasor diagram represents the
operating condition of a synchronous motor
drawing a lagging current
P
Vph

IA
 P

EA

 Now if the field current is increased, how the

operation will change?
Change in Field Current in a
Synchronous Motor

P
IA3
IA2 Vph

IA1
P

EA1 EA2 EA3

Observations

 Line current first decreases and then increases.

 At low EA the armature current is lagging and the motor is an
inductive load.
 It is acting like an inductance-resistance combination,
consuming reactive power Q.
 As the field current is increased, the armature current
eventually lines up with Vph, and the motor looks pure
resistive.
 As the field current is increased further, the armature current
becomes leading and the motor becomes a capacitive load.
 It is now acting like capacitive-resistive combination,
consuming negative reactive power –Q, or alternatively
supplying reactive power to the system.
V Curve of Synchronous Motor

 A plot of IA versus IF is shown in the figure.

 Such a plot is called synchronous motor V curve, for the
obvious reason that it is shaped like the letter “V”.
IA

Leading
Lagging
power
power
factor
factor
unity power
factor
IF
0
V Curves for Different Power Inputs

IA
P=P3
P=P2
P=P1

Lagging Leading
power power
factor factor

unity power
factor

IF
0
Q supply to and from the power system

 For each curve minimum armature current

occurs at unity power factor, when only real
power is being supplied to the motor.
 At any other point on the curve, some reactive
power is being supplied to or by the motor.
 Therefore, by controlling the field current, IF of
a synchronous motor, the reactive power
supplied from or supplied to the power system
can be controlled.
Under- and Over-Excited Motor

 When the projection of EA onto Vph is shorter that Vph,

synchronous motor has a lagging current and consumes
Q.
 Since the field current is small in this situation, the motor
is said to be under-excited.
 On the other hand, when the projection of E A onto Vph is
greater that Vph, synchronous motor takes leading
current and supplies Q to the system.
 Since the field current is large in this situation, the
motor is said to be over-excited.
 The phasor diagrams are exhibited in the next slide.
Phasor Diagram

V ph V ph

E A cos  E A cos 

IA
 
IA

EA
EA

a) Under-Excited Condition b) Over-Excited Condition

Problem Demonstrating the Effect of
Change in Field Current
 In the example of Lecture#8 the field current
was 4.0A. If the field flux is increased by 25%,
find out the new phasor diagram.

Problem statement of lecture#8

A 208-V, 45 kVA, 0.8 pf leading delta-connected 50 Hz

synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance of
2.5 ohm and a negligible armature resistance. Initially
the shaft is supplying a 15 hp load, and the motor’s pf is
o.8 leading. Its friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW
and core losses are 1.0 kW.
Solution
 Assuming that filed flux and the armature voltage 0f the
synchronous motor vary linear with the field current
 If the field current is increased by 25%, the excitation
voltage will also increase by 25%,
 Now, EA2= 1.25 x EA1 = 1.25 x 255 = 318.75V
I A  27.436.87 0 A
  36.87 0
V ph  2080 0 V
  12.4 0
X s I A  68.5126.87 0 V
Original Case
E A  255  12.4 0 V
Problem Demonstrating the Effect of
Change in Field Current
IA2

IA1 Vph

1
2 P

EA1 EA2

Since the input power has not been changed so,

E A1 sin  1  E A 2 sin  2

From which we get,  2  9.892 0

Problem Demonstrating the Effect of
Change in Field Current
IA2

IA1 Vph

1
2 P

EA1 EA2

The voltage equation is, E A2  V ph  jX s I A2

The current vector is obtained from the above equation

and it is, I A2  47.72462.68 0
Synchronous Motor for Power Factor
Correction
 The synchronous motor draws lagging or leading
current depending on magnitude of the field current.
 It means that the motor is a variable power factor
load.
 Hence this can be used in parallel with other loads
(fixed power factor) to adjust the overall power factor.
 In other words, if a system of load has a poor power
factor, then by connecting a synchronous motor we
can improve the overall power factor.
 Now, what is poor power factor and why it needs to be
improved?
What is Poor Power Factor?

 If a load draws current at lower power factor, for same power

output the line current increases. This is illustrated in the
following figure.
 This current comes to the load through some line, so more is
the line current more is the loss.
 So, the power factor in the 2nd case is poorer than the first
case.
 And in power system, power factor less than 0.95 is treated
as poor power factor.
Vph
1

2 I1 P  VI1 cos1  VI 2 cos 2

Since, cos 2  cos1 so, I 2  I 1
I2
Why the Power Factor of a Load
Premises Should be Improved?
 The interest of the power supplier for maintaining good
power factor is obvious.
 If power factor is good, the line losses decreases and
more energy is saved.
 From consumers’ points of view real power is same
whether power factor is poor or good.
 Since real power is same, electric bill (which depends on
kwhr) is also same.
 Realizing the non-interest of improving the power factor,
utilities (who supply the power) imposes penalty on the
consumers whose power factor is less than 0.95
 In that case, consumer becomes interested to install
power factor correction equipment.
How Much is Penalty?

 The penalty is calculated according to the following

formula.
 Energy bill 
Penalty    Energy bill  ; if pf  0.95
 pf 

 If a consumer consumed 800kWh at 0.8 pf and if

the average rate of bill is 4.0 Taka/kWh
 Then his bill will be 3200 Taka.
 But if the same energy is consumed at 0.8 pf, he
has to pay a penalty of (3200/0.8 – 3200), i.e., 800
Taka.
 So, his total bill will be 4000 Taka instead of 3200
Taka.
A Practical Example
VL=480V

Infinite bus I.M1

I.M2
Long distribution line

 Suppose, an industry is S.M

connected to a power system
(infinite bus) through a long An Industry
distribution line. It has three
motors, two of them are
Induction motors and one is
Synchronous motor.
Study
 Case I: I.M1 takes 100 kW at 0.78 pf lagging
I.M2 takes 200 kW at 0.8 pf lagging
and the S.M. takes 150 kW at 0.85 lagging.
 Case II: I.M1 and I.M2 take same as before.
and the S.M. takes 150 kW at 0.85 leading.

Compare the line losses between the two cases.

Solution
CASE I:
 The reactive power consumed by I.M 1 is

Q1  P1 tan(cos 1 0.78)  100 X 0.802  80.2kVAR

 The reactive power consumed by I.M2 is
Q2  P2 tan(cos 1 0.8)  200 X 0.75  150 kVAR
 The reactive power consumed by S.M is
Q3  P3 tan(cos 1 0.85)  150 X 0.62  93kVAR
 Now total real power is,
Ptot=P1+P2+P3 = 100+200+150=450 kW
 Total reactive power is,
Qtot=Q1+Q2+Q3 = 80.2+150+93=323.2 kVAR
Solution
 Therefore, the overall power factor is,
 Qtot  1  323 .2 
 I  tan 1
  tan  1
  tan (0.718)  35.69
0

 Ptot   450 
 The line current in this case is,

Ptot 450 X 10 3
I LI    666 A
3VL cos( I ) 0
3 (480) cos(35.69 )
Solution
CASE II:
 IM1 and IM2 are operating at same power factor, so their
reactive power will be the same,
 But, the power factor of SM is same but it is now

leading, so the Q3 will be negative.

 Now total real power is,

Ptot=P1+P2+P3 = 100+200+150=450 kW
 Total reactive power is,
Qtot=Q1+Q2+Q3 = 80.2+150-93=137.2 kVAR
 Therefore, the overall power factor is,
 Qtot  1  137 .2 
 I  tan 
1
  tan  1
  tan (0.957 )  16.96
0

 Ptot   450 
 The line current in this case is 566 A.
Comparative Study…
 In both the cases, the real power consumption is same
(450 kW), but the line current in Case II is much less
that that in Case I.
 So the line losses can be compared as follows:
loss in case II I II2 RL 566 2
 2  2
 0.722
loss in case I I I RL 666

Therefore, the line current in Case II is 27.8% less that

that in Case I.

The reduction of line current in Case II is possible because

of operating the SM in leading pf condition.
Discussion
 It is observed from the previous example that if
a motor in an industry is a synchronous motor,
then the overall power factor can be improved
and thereby the line current is reduced.
 Although the cost of synchronous motor is
more than that of induction motor, not only for
this reason but also for several other
advantages, synchronous motor may be used
in place of induction motor, provided the
purpose is served in both the case.
The Advantage of Using
Synchronous Motor
 A leading load (synchronous motor), can supply some
reactive power Q for nearby lagging loads, instead of
it coming from the generators in the system.
 Since the transmission lines carry the current, for a
given rated power flow, the line current can be
smaller.
 So, the lines can be of lower rating and this will
reduce the cost of lines significantly.
 The operation of motor in leading power factor means
that it will be operated at overexcited condition, i.e.
large EA. This will increase the pull out torque of the
machine. (of course, field ckt losses will be high, care
should be taken to avoid overheating)
Synchronous Motor Used Only for
Power Factor Correction
 In the past, synchronous motor was used for power
factor correction equipment by running it at no load.
 It means the motor was not driving any load on its
shaft, it will draw current from the supply according to
the magnitude of the field current.
 If such a motor (with no load) is connected with a
group of load which is having poor power factor, the
overall power factor can be improved.
 Since it can be used just like a capacitor, it is called
Synchronous condenser.
 Now a days capacitor and other static equipments are
used in place of Synchronous Condenser.