KEMENTERIAN PERHUBUNGAN

BADAN PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA PERHUBUNGAN

POLITEKNIK PENERBANGAN MEDAN

TEKNIK INSPEKSI PESAWAT

DAN PENANGANAN PESAWAT

BY: UNGKAP MAJU PURBA, ST, MT

MEDAN, 09 NOVEMBER 2021

 OVERVIEW

AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE HISTORY

MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

TYPE OF DEFECTS

INSPECTION TECHNIC

GENERAL REPAIR METHOD

STRUCTURAL REPAIR METHOD

AGING, FATIGUE AND CORROSION CONTROL PROGRAMMED

MAINTENANCE DATA
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NON DESTRCUTIVE
TEST

DESTRCUTIVE TEST
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DESTRUCTIVE
TEST

TENSILE COMPRESSION
HARDNESS TEST PEEL TEST IMPACT TEST FLAME TEST
STRENGTH TEST TEST

Inspection by damaging the goods being inspected, this method is intended to determine the
characteristics, content, properties, and capabilities of the goods, because by visual means do
not get the desired data. This method is usually used for goods with metal and non-metal types
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Tensile testing is a destructive form of

testing where a controlled (constant)
tension is applied to pull the sample
until it is fully fails. It is used to find the
strength, i.e. how strong the material is
and how much it can stretch before
breakage.
​
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Hardness is a general term which

describes a combination of properties
such as the resistance to penetration,
scratching, marring and abrasion. With
respect to solid materials, hardness is the
resistance to penetration and
indentation or the ability of the material
to resist compression, scratching, and
indentation.
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Peel strength tester is one of the best methods

that is used in the industries for analyzing the
strength and efficiency of the adhesives that are
used for packaging of different products. The test
method is best for ensuring that the adhesive is
best for a particular application or not.
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In compression test the material experiences

opposing forces that push inward upon the
specimen from opposite sides or is otherwise
compressed, squashed, crushed, or flattened. The
test sample is generally placed in between two hard
metal bearing blocks that distribute the applied
load across the entire surface area of two opposite
faces of the test sample and then the plates are
pushed together by a universal testing machine
causing the sample to flatten.
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Impact test on aggregate is determines the

ability of an aggregate to withstand sudden
loads. Aggregates are the significant factor
that contributes adequate strength to
concrete. Therefore it is important to obtain
the right quality aggregate for
construction. Aggregates are often subjected
to impact due to the movement of vehicles on
road. Hence it should possess good impact
resistance or else it results in disintegration
and breaking into pieces.
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Flame tests are used to identify the presence of

a relatively small number of metal ions in a
compound. Not all metal ions give flame
colors.
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NON
DESTRUCTIVE

NON
INSPECTION DESTRUCTIVE
INSPECTION

GENERAL SPECIAL PENETRANT

DETAILED
VISUAL DETAILED RADIOGRAPHIC EDDY CURRENT ULTRASONIC
INSPECTION INSPECTION
INSPECTION INSPECTION
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Inspection – General Visual A visual examination

of an interior or exterior area, installation or
assembly to detect obvious damage, failure or
irregularity. This level of inspection is made from
within touching distance unless otherwise
specified. A mirror may be necessary to enhance
visual access to all exposed surfaces in the
inspection area. This level of inspection is made
under normally available lighting conditions such
as daylight, hangar lighting, flashlight or drop-
light and may require removal or opening of
access panels or doors. Stands, ladders or
platforms may be required to gain proximity to
the area being checked.
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Inspection – Detailed (DET) An intensive

examination of a specific item, installation
or assembly to detect damage, failure or
irregularity. Available lighting is normally
supplemented with a direct source of
good lighting at an intensity deemed
appropriate. Inspection aids such as
mirrors, magnifying lenses, etc. may be
necessary. Surface cleaning and elaborate
access procedures may be required.
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Inspection – Special Detailed (SDI) An intensive examination of a specific item,

installation, or assembly to detect damage, failure or irregularity. The examination is
likely to make extensive use of specialized Inspection Techniques and/or equipment.
Intricate cleaning and substantial access or disassembly procedure may be required.
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Non Destructive Inspection, is used to find out the type of defect on the surface or inside that cannot
be seen directly by the naked eye, and the selection of inspection with this method is usually with the
aim and intent that the goods being tested will still be used again, or in the context of personnel
certification.
Penetrant Inspection, Introduced during World War II,
namely 1942, the Penetrant Inspection method can
be used to detect defects on the surface or defects
that come from the inside but appear to the surface
for metal, ceramic, plastic, glass, and the like. At this
time commonly used in this way are: Leaks in the
Tank, Welding Results, Crack on the surface of the
goods, seam on the tube, the results of the treatment,
to detect parts after a long time of use (according to
the periodic inspection schedule determined by the
procedure). ) which is usually caused by: Stress,
Fatigue, Corrosion, etc.
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The Work Process for the Implementation of the Examination with the Penetrant Method is as
follows:
1) Cleaning and drying on the surface of the goods to be inspected
2) Penetrant process can be done by: dipping, brushing, or spraying, depending on the type of
penetrant that will be used so that it can enter / seep / penetrate the defect area
3) Clean the penetrant area
4) Give Developer, by spraying, or dripping / smeared (the developer is in the form of a very soft /
fine powder and usually white)
5) Check with a contrasting light (usually using Ultra Violet, Black Light) do the inspection in a
dark place. If a defect occurs, a white color (the developer earlier) will appear on the surface
even if it is wiped it will come out again, while the one that is not defective after wiping, no
seepage appears on the surface of the item.
6) Mark the area affected by the defect as a report of the inspection results
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X Ray Inspection, this method uses the

concept of difference in the absorption
sharpness/sharpness of the radiation
reflected on the film screen, or with other
monitors/types. Indications on the outer
and inner surfaces will be shown in
black/white/or gray contrasting those seen
on film (negative).
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 The working principle of this method is to use

 This eddy current will generate a magnetic field that is
Eddy Current is used to detect crack on the surface
of the material, subsurface crack, corrosion, either
on the surface or on the subsurface.
alternating current flowing in the coil. When the coil is
placed near the object being tested, it will generate a
magnetic field known as an excitatory field (indicated by
the red arrow in Figure) and generate a current in the
test object known as "Eddy Current" (indicated by the
blue circle in Figure).
opposite to the excitatory field (indicated by the green
arrow in Figure), the magnetic field generated by the
eddy current will interact with the excitatory magnetic
field and change its impedance if there is a defect in the
area, the instrument measures and display impedance
changes in the form of a display to facilitate the
inspector to conclude important information about the
properties and conditions of the test object.
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Inspection with the Eddy Current method consists of

an AC generator, probes and Eddy Current
instruments.
The generator produces an alternating electric current EQUIPMENT TYPE MANUFACTURER
(AC) which will flow through the probe. INSTRUMENT
The probe is the main connection between the Eddy GENERAL ELECTRIC
Current instrument and the object being tested, the EDDY PHASEC 3D
COMPANY
probe plays two important roles, namely causing Eddy CURRENT
currents, and as a sense to detect any flow distortion
caused by defects, while the Eddy Current instrument VM 200 (100 -
PROBE VM SOLUTION INC
as a tool that provides information through a display 400 KHz)
to the inspector about the properties and conditions
of the test object.
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Step to operate eddy current instrument:
Connect the instrument to a 120 volt power outlet or
use the internal battery. If using batteries, make sure
that the available battery power is sufficient/sufficient
to carry out the inspection. Turn on the instrument
and allow it to go through the diagnostic self-test
cycle;
Connect the appropriate probes and cables to the
instrument;
Set the frequency at 100 KHz;
Position the balance point (50% vertical and 50%
horizontal) and the alarm gate (as shown in Figure) so
that any signal exceeding 20% ​of the amplitude scale
in the vertical direction will trigger an alarm.
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Test block
Perform lift off calibration, which is:
 Placing the probe on the test block /
calibration block by placing it away from
artificial flaws. Make sure the probe is in the
correct position against the surface of the
test block. Perform balancing on the
instrument.
 Pressing the “lift-off” button, then
repeatedly lifting and attaching the probe to
the test block by placing it away from the
artificial flaws, giving rise to an indication
signal

Lift off calibration

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Perform sensitivity calibration, which is:
Move the probe over the three artificial defects (with gaps of
0.005 inch, 0.010 inch and 0.020 inch) on the test block and note
three separate responses;
Ensure that the indication signal from the third artificial defect
has triggered an alarm to sound which indicates that the
artificial defect has resulted in an Eddy Current instrument
response of more than 20% of the amplitude scale.

Defect Respond Signal

Lift Off Signal

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Inspection of the main landing gear

wheel halves by moving the probe
all over the wheel halves, in the
areas where crack is suspected.
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Inspection with the Ultrasonic method, the principle is to use Sound
Energy to detect defective Workpieces/Tests. If a test object is found
to be defective, a beep will be heard and it will be directly connected
to the LCD Computer Monitor Screen for program data to show an
indication of the defects found.
Ultrasonic testing is a non-destructive testing technique
because the workpieces or components to be tested are
not damaged during the test. If there are no complaints
after the test, the component can continue to be used.
Ultrasonic tests are therefore often used for weld
inspections.
The most common form of ultrasonic testing is based on
the pulse-echo method. Acoustic waves in the ultrasonic
range with typical frequencies between 0.2 MHz and 100
MHz are induced pulse-like into the workpiece to be tested
by a probe. The pulse duration is usually a few
microseconds.
These sound pulses propagate in the workpiece with
characteristic sound velocity (depending on the material).
At locations where the propagation speed of the ultrasonic
pulses changes, the sound waves are reflected. This is then
referred to as an echo.
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Echoes occur particularly at imperfections such as pores, cavities or cracks, since the speed of sound in the metal
structure is approximately 10 to 20 times higher than that of air. Such reflection points are also referred to
as reflectors. In contrast to flaw echos (or defect echos), reflections also occur on the rear wall of the test material
(backwall echo).
The sound pulses reflected from the backwall or from imperfections are registered by a receiver. From the elapsed
time between emission of a sound pulse and registration of a flaw echo, the location (depth) of the echo point and
thus the position of the imperfection can be determined, provided that the propagation speed of the sound waves is
known (depending on the material). It should be noted that the measured time results from twice the distance until
the echo location is reached, since the sound pulse needs the same time for the return path after reflection.
In ultrasonic testing, sound pulses are passed through the workpiece, which are reflected at imperfections (flaw echo).
In this way, defects can non-destructively be localized!
In order that the probe can induce the ultrasonic pulses into the workpiece and the entire sound pulses are not already
reflected on the outside of the test material (input echo), the entire area of the probe must rest completely on the
workpiece surface. However, due to the surface roughness of each workpiece or probe, this is not easily possible. For
this reason, a gel-like coupling agent is applied to the workpiece. This completely wets the surface of the probe and the
workpiece, thus enabling the sound pulses to be emitted and received again with low reflection. In order to achieve the
necessary coupling effect in special automated processes, the entire component can also be immersed in water.
Coupling agent is used to introduced the ultrasonic waves into the workpiece with low reflection and to receive them
again with low reflection!