Chaotic Analysis As A Tool For Sensing Long-Term Degradation of High Voltage Fibre Reinforced Plastic Core Used in Composite Insulators

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2022.3144503, IEEE
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JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. 14, NO. 8, AUGUST 2015 1
Chaotic Analysis as a Tool for Sensing Long-Term

Degradation of High Voltage Fibre Reinforced
Plastic Core used in Composite Insulators
Sounak Nandi and Subba Reddy B, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—The leakage current which flows on the surface of characteristics of artificially polluted suspension insulator. A
dielectric rods under high voltage involves a series of events which similar work is described in [4] for a string of suspension
include partial arcing, discharges and corona, these phenomenon insulators. El-Hag et. al. [5] studied the fundamental and low
are highly non-linear. These sequence of events render the leakage
current signal to be very much chaotic. In the present work, frequency harmonics of the leakage current that can be used to
the process of delay-embedding is employed to study the phase- distinguish various stages of scintillations along the surface of
portrait of the signal, further Lyapunov Exponents are computed the insulator. Papers [6]–[8] presented the recurrence plot anal-
to characterize the chaotic nature of the leakage current. The ysis which can be used as a tool to understand the phenomenon
main focus of the study is intended to understand the chaotic related to condition monitoring of insulators. Papers [9]–[13]
nature of leakage current behaviour over the ageing period and
to determine the degree of degradation on the dielectric rod describes the mathematical theory of time series embedding
surface. and chaotic analysis based on lyapunov exponent. Das et. al.
[16] and Deb et. al. [17] used advanced signal processing
Index Terms—Insulators, Lyapunov Exponent, Leakage Cur-
rent. techniques for leakage current analysis. Liu et. al. [15] deals
with how chaotic features of the leakage current used as an
indicator for flashover for ice-covered porcelain insulators.
I. I NTRODUCTION
T HE leakage current flowing on the dielectric rod surface

comprise of a series of events like:partial discharges,
intermittent discharges along the surface, discharges near the
B. Organization of the present work
electrodes and current flowing due to surface conductivity. The present ageing analysis is conducted on Fibre Re-
These phenomenon are highly non-linear and render the leak- inforced Plastic rod (FRP)/dielectric rod used as a core
age current in a highly chaotic state. It is important to under- in the composite insulators. The surface leakage current is
stand the temporal evolution of current and how this evolution captured using a NI data acquisition system. The data is further
and cause ageing. Chaotic analysis has been employed on analyzed based on the chaotic theory suited to time series
the acquired leakage current to see how surface degradation information.
and ageing can be predicted. However, the concern about the • The data is fragmented into several intervals and Lya-
proper prediction of the degradation or failure analysis lies punov Exponent(LE) is computed for each of the interval
in the optimum interpretation of data. The interpretation of to understand the instantaneous behaviour of the surface
the data obtained during the experimentation is very crucial leakage current.
for understanding the chaotic behaviour and changes over • Lyapunov exponent is computed for each of the periods
the period of time. Very few literatures are available on the corresponding to ageing, and explanation is provided on
chaotic nature of surface leakage currents. This has motivated how lyapunov exponent can be used to interpret various
the authors to understand, conduct the chaotic analysis and arcing activities.
also to quantize the random behaviour of the signals. This • Phase-portraits are presented to validate the explanation
methodology can be used as tool for comprehending amount based on Lyapunov Exponents.
of degradation and ageing in the dielectrics exposed to higher • Comparison of Chaotic Analysis is done with FFT(Fast
voltages. Fourier Transform) for validation purpose.
A. Literature Review
Scant literature is available where chaotic analysis was used C. Novelty of the present work
for condition monitoring of insulators. Papers [1] and [2] The novelty presented in this work is listed below:
studied the basics of polymeric insulators and its chemical
and electrical properties. Suda et. al., [3] studied the frequency • Lyapunov Exponents are computed for condition moni-
toring and ageing studies.
Authors are with High Voltage Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical Engi- • Phase portrait Analysis is included for understanding
neering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India (e-mail : temporal evolution of the Chaotic System in Space.
sounaknandi@iisc.ac.in, sreddy@iisc.ac.in ).
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2022.3144503, IEEE
II. E XPERIMENTAL A RRANGEMENT

Experimental Investigations are conducted on the FRP (Fi-
bre Reinforced Plastic) Rods used as the dielectric core in
composite insulators. The Rotating wheel accelerated ageing
experimentation is performed on the FRP rods to investigate
the cause of FRP fracture-related failures. The leakage current
signal is then acquired for entire period of investigation. Exper-
imentation was conducted as per standards IEC 62217 [18] and
IEC/TR 62730 [19]. The FRP rods used for experimentation
are of 245 mm length and 19.1 mm diameter with metallic end
fittings. The voltage applied for the experimentation is 9 kV
based on the dry-arc length factor of 27.6 mm/kV. The voltage
is applied through a high voltage transformer of rating 300
kVA and 150 kV/2A. The supply to the transformer is from a
415 V, the input voltage is controlled through a motorized-
variac. The voltage is applied to the dielectric through a Fig. 1. Experimental Setup (1. HV connection 2. Ground End 3. Current
protective resistor. The applied voltage is measured using a Sensor 4. Rotating Wheel 5. FRP Rod)
NI-DAS through a divider of ratio 10000:1. The current along
the surface of the rod is measured through a divider circuit
with surge protection. The maximum current is limited to 50
mA and the maximum voltage to the NI-DAS is 10 V. Once
the current exceeds 50 mA, the protective GD tube will limit it
to almost zero volts by discharging.The acquisition of data was
done from the day, the experiment started. Data was collected
three times a day and was stored in the PC. The data was later
analyzed for condition monitoring.
In this experiment, the FRP rod rotates and comes in contact
with the high voltage electrode. The duration of contact on
the HV electrode is 40 seconds. So, the data is acquired
for a period of 40 seconds. The duration of 40 seconds is
mentioned in [18] and [19]. After touching the HV electrode
for 40 seconds, the insulator moves to another position where
it cools down. The transition time is 8 seconds. It cools
down again for 40 seconds and then moves and wets in the
Fig. 2. Ageing Process Evolution
salt solution. After that it stays there for 40 seconds and
moves to the position where the water drips off. Then again
it moves to contact the HV electrode. So one rotation is of
4 ∗ 40 + 4 ∗ 8 = 192 seconds.The data is captured only when
the insulator is energized. The rotating wheel experimentation
is performed as per [18] and [19].
III. S TEPS EMPLOYED FOR C HAOTIC A NALYSIS
The current signal is fragmented into intervals of 8 seconds
such that all the signals can be analyzed separately. For in-
stance: the current signal for nth hour is of 40 seconds.The en-
tire 40 seconds signal is broken into 5 parts (small signals) of
8 seconds each, where n is 0, 100, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000
hours of ageing.
• Phase-portraits of the signal is computed.
• Lyapunov Exponent is computed for each of the frag-
mented signals.
• Lyapunov Exponent is computed for the entire signal. Fig. 3. Flow Diagram of Data Acquisition and Computation
The results are compared and are implemented to predict the
surface degradation and ageing status of the test specimen.
is mainly influenced by the local instability of the system, the
IV. D EFINITION OF LYAPUNOV E XPONENT IN C HAOS initial conditions and rate of growth. The rate of growth of the
Consider a sphere expanding in an n-dimensional phase- principal axis of each ellipse in any direction is assumed to be
space with n-directions. The rate of growth in each direction exponential with time. At time t, the system dynamics in the
ith -direction is governed by the Lyapunov Exponent in that where hi is used to denote average value over all j.
direction. The Lyapunov Exponent (LE) in the ith -direction is
given by V. C HAOS A NALYSIS OF L EAKAGE C URRENT BASED ON
1 pi (t) LYAPUNOV E XPONENT
Li = lim ln (1)
t→∞ t pi (0) The LE is computed for each of the ageing periods and also
So, at time t, the current for each of the period is broken down into shorter
duration and chaotic nature has been quantized.[the analysis
pi (t) = lim pi (0)eLi t (2) is presented in Figures 4 to 17 and Tables I to VII].
t→∞
Note:
Where pi (t) is the length of the principal axis in ith -
• The time axis of the Figures[4,6,8,10,12,14 and 16] are
direction which is governed by the sign of the LE(Li ). If Li
in seconds. The magnitude axis shows the current value
is positive the sphere will diverge in the ith direction. If the
in Amperes.
value of Li is negative, it will converge. To quantify chaos,
• Figures [5,7,9,11,13,15 and 17] have Time in seconds in
the value of the largest LE is computed and studied.
the horizontal axis and Current Magnitude in Amperes in
The time series embedding is used to compute the largest
the vertical axis.
LE. We have a N -point set of time series. It is represented
as x = [x1 , x2 , ..., xN ]. After time series embedding, the ith A. Lyapunov Exponent Analysis of the Shorter Duration
state-variable is denoted as Xi = [xi , xi+j , ..., xi+(m−1)j ] Pulses for all periods of Ageing
where j is the lag and m is embedding dimension. So, the
T The current waveform is broken into 5−pulses of 8 seconds
state space matrix is X = [X1 , X2 , ..., XM ] where X is a
each. The leakage current is a sequence of events consisting of
matrix of M × m dimension and M = N − (m − 1)j. The
discharges, heating and sometimes no current. To understand
matrix X in expanded form is
how the current is evolving with time, each of the leakage cur-
rents is fragmented into pulses of 8 seconds. Then Lyapunov
 
x1 x1+j · · · x1+(m−1)j
 x2 x2+j · · · x2+(m−1)j  Exponent is computed for them to characterize the chaotic
X(M,m) =  . (3)
 
.. .. .. behaviour of current at different instances of time. The initial
 ..

. . . 
flow of current is governed by the conductivity of electrolyte
xM xM +j ··· xM +(m−1)j on the surface of the dielectric. But at later stages, the rod
The definition of largest Lyapunov exponent [14], is given surface gets dried up, which results in the formation of dry
as bands. Over a period, non-linear activities arise, and current
d(t) = Ceλ1 t (4) pulses get chaotic. The pulses corresponding to the period 0−8
seconds are positive valued, for, the 0th hour, the value of
where d(t) is the average divergence at time t and C is
this exponent increases and then again decreases. This implies
a constant that normalizes the initial separation. Now the
that initially, due to ohmic conduction, the Lyapunov exponent
nearest − neighbourf inding algorithm is implemented such
was lesser compared to other periods. The value reaches the
that the nearest neighbour of Xj is found as Xĵ such that two
maximum when the arcing and scintillation become prominent
conditions are satisfied.
and then in the later period it decreases. For all the cases, the
•
Lyapunov exponent is positive; this means that even during
dj (0) = min kXj − Xĵ k (5) the initiation of leakage current flow, the triple point arcing at
Xĵ
• the HV end renders a chaotic feature to the leakage current.
kj − ĵk > meanperiod (6) This trend is followed till 500 hours of ageing. During 500
hours of ageing, the leakage current becomes so chaotic that
Where, LE is given by all of its LE are comparable. This indicates the start of the
1 1
MX−k
dj (i + k) spontaneous arcing along the surface of the rod. During 750
λ(i, k) = ln (7) hours of ageing the exponents reaches the maximum value.
k∆t M − k j=1 dj (i)
This implies that degradation has started and will continue
where k is held constant. The value of ∆t is the sampling till failure. But it is observed that, after at 1000, 1500 and
period of the time series, and dj (i) is the distance between the 2000 hours of ageing, the LE is lower compared to that of the
jth pair of nearest neighbors after i discrete-time steps, i.e., 750 hours of ageing. The observation can be supported by the
i∆t seconds. assuming the distance is diverging exponentially, fact, which was observed during experimentation, with time
the largest λ1 is given by the arcs were observed to be elongating. The probability of
occurrence of a single prominent large arc at a single point
dj (i) ≈ Cj eλ1 (i∆t) (8) along the rod has increased with time instead of many small
ln dj (i) ≈ ln Cj + λ1 i∆t (9) intermittent arcs.
Equ.9 represents a family of straight lines with j = 1, 2, ...M . B. Overall Lyapunov Exponent Analysis for all periods of
The largest LE is computed using least-square fit, the line is Ageing
defined by With reference to Fig.18, it is observed that Lyapunov
1
y(i) = hln dj (i)i (10) Exponent for the initial few hours of ageing has shown a rising
∆t
0.01
0.01
0
-0.01
0.005
-0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.01
Magnitude
0
0
-0.01
-0.005 8 -3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
10
5
-0.01
0
-5
-10
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-0.015 0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time 0
-0.01
Fig. 4. Current at 0th hour of ageing 0.01
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0
10-3 -0.01
5 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
0
-5
-10 Fig. 7. Various Current Intervals for 100th hour of ageing
0 10-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5
0
-5 TABLE II
-10 LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AT 100th HOUR
8 10-3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
5
Time Slot Lyapunov Exponent Overall Lyapunov Exponent
0
0 − 8 secs 50.0
-5
8 − 16 secs 160.8
1610-3 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
5 16 − 24 secs 208.7 174.9
0
24 − 32 secs 200.8
32 − 40 secs 171.8
-5
24 10-3 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
4
2 10-3
0 8
-2
-4 6
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
4
Fig. 5. Various Current Intervals for 0th hour of ageing 2

Magnitude
-2
TABLE I
LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AT 0th HOUR -4
-6
-8
0 − 8 secs 69.3
8 − 16 secs 151.9 -10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
16 − 24 secs 196.8 173.3 Time
24 − 32 secs 212.7
32 − 40 secs 163.4 Fig. 8. Current at 500th hour of ageing
0.01
0.02
0
0.015
-0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.01 10-3
5
0.005
0
Magnitude
0 -5
-0.005 8 -3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
10
4
-0.01 2
0
-2
-0.015
-4
16 -3 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-0.02 10
4
2
-0.025 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -2
Time -4
24 -3 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
10
Fig. 6. Current at 100th hour of ageing 2
0
-2
-4
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
trend while it has a dropping trend for the remaining portion.
Fig. 9. Various Current Intervals for 500th hour of ageing
This can be explained based on the fact that initially, the
arcing and scintillation were intermittent and less prominent.
Nevertheless, at a later stage, the arcs became prominent and
0.04
TABLE III
LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AT 500th HOUR 0.03
0.02
0 − 8 secs 255.3 0.01
8 − 16 secs
Magnitude
253.5
0
16 − 24 secs 256.1 281.7
24 − 32 secs 247.7 -0.01
32 − 40 secs 272.0
-0.02
-0.03
0.04
-0.04
0.03 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time
0.02
Fig. 12. Current at 1000th hour of ageing

0.01
Magnitude
0
0.02
-0.01
0
-0.02
-0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-0.03
0.01
0
-0.04
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -0.01
Time -0.02
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0.02
Fig. 10. Current at 750th hour of ageing 0
-0.02
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0.02 0.02
0
-0.02 0
-0.04 -0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0.02 0.02
0 0
-0.02
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 -0.02
0.02 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
0
-0.02
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0.02
0.06
0
-0.02 0.04
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0.02
0.02
0
Magnitude
-0.02 0
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
-0.02
-0.04
TABLE IV
LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AT 750th HOUR -0.06
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time
0 − 8 secs 279.6 Fig. 14. Current at 1500th hour of ageing
8 − 16 secs 344.7
16 − 24 secs 274.9 336.4
24 − 32 secs 303.3 TABLE VI
32 − 40 secs 336.5 LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AT 1500th HOUR

0 − 8 secs 119.1
TABLE V
LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AT 1000th HOUR
8 − 16 secs 290.7
16 − 24 secs 274.7 281.0
Time Slot Lyapunov Exponent Overall Lyapunov Exponent 24 − 32 secs 265.1
0 − 8 secs 157.8 32 − 40 secs 271.5
8 − 16 secs 255.9
16 − 24 secs 235.0 246.2
24 − 32 secs 232.3
32 − 40 secs 226.1 were able to elongate. This elongation of arcs marks the
initiations of surface flashover and tracking. So, the sudden
decrease of Lyapunov exponent marks the stability of the arc
and more chances of degradation. The chaotic nature can be
0.05 aggravated by intermittent arcs but degradation rendered by

0 them is minimal. Prominent, elongating and longer arcs are
-0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
more detrimental for the insulators, which can be observed
0.02 at a later stage of ageing. Therefore decrease of Lyapunov
0 Exponent does imply a comparatively less chaotic system,
-0.02
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
but here this decrease is due to the appearance of prominent
0.02 scintillation at later stages of ageing.
0
-0.02 350
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0.02 300
0
-0.02 250
Lyapunov Exponent
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0.02 200
0
150
-0.02
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
100
Fig. 15. Various Current Intervals for 1500th hour of ageing 50
0.06 0
0 hr 100 hr 500 hr 750 hr 1000 hr 1500 hr 2000 hr
Time
0.04
Fig. 18. Lyapunov Exponent Variation

0.02
Magnitude
0
VI. C HAOS A NALYSIS OF L EAKAGE C URRENT BASED ON
-0.02
P HASE D IAGRAM
-0.04 Note: Figures 19 to 25 have horizontal axis as x(t) and
vertical axis as x(t + delay). The x is basically the magnitude
-0.06
0 5 10 15 20
Time
25 30 35 40 of the current in Amperes.
The phase diagram of the corresponding ageing times are
Fig. 16. Current at 2000th hour of ageing plotted and shown to reinforce the analysis based on Lyapunov
Exponent. The diagram for the 0th hour of ageing is observed
0.05
to cross-over and is expanding, this is due to the stable triple
0
-0.05
point arcs at the high voltage end of the insulator. This trend
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 is maintained in the 100th hour of ageing. The phase portrait
0.02
0
in Fig.20 is only expanding. This expansion is due to the
-0.02 fact that arcing frequency has been more but only confined
0.02
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 to a smaller portion of the insulator. Later in 500th (Fig.21)
hour, the points are seen to be highly dispersive. This marks
0
the beginning of intermittent scintillations along the surface
-0.02
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 of the insulator. Later, at 750 hours of ageing, the plots are
0.01
0
seen to elongate but not dispersed. This phenomena is because
-0.01
-0.02
of sustained arcing. The phase portraits for the later stages
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 are also elongating, which implies that with time the surface
0
-0.005 degradation is aggravated and end-of-life is approached.
-0.01
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 0.01
Fig. 17. Various Current Intervals for 2000th hour of ageing 0.005
TABLE VII
x(t+delay)
0
LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AT 2000th HOUR
Time Slot Lyapunov Exponent Overall Lyapunov Exponent -0.005

0 − 8 secs 170.2
8 − 16 secs 258.1
-0.01
16 − 24 secs 196.7 242.8
24 − 32 secs 207.1
32 − 40 secs 200.9 -0.015
-0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01
x(t)
Fig. 19. Phase Diagram at 0th hour of Experimentation
0.02 0.06
0.015
0.04
0.01
0.005 0.02
x(t+delay)
x(t+delay)
0
0
-0.005
-0.01 -0.02
-0.015
-0.04
-0.02
-0.025 -0.06
-0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
x(t) x(t)
Fig. 20. Phase Diagram at 100th hour of Experimentation Fig. 24. Phase Diagram at 1500th hour of Experimentation
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.02
x(t+delay)
x(t+delay)
0
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.04
-0.05
-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 -0.06
-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
x(t)
x(t)
Fig. 21. Phase Diagram at 500th hour of Experimentation Fig. 25. Phase Diagram at 2000th hour of Experimentation
0.04
0.03
behaviour like arcing near electrodes, dry-band arcing and
0.02
sudden periods of zero currents. these events are explained
0.01 on the basis of the chaotic analysis.
x(t+delay)
0
• During the initial hours of ageing, the inherent surface
-0.01 resistivity of the rods are very high. The current flowing
-0.02 is mainly sinusoidal. Nevertheless, the distribution of
-0.03 current is non-uniform. The non-uniform distribution of
-0.04
current results in local hot-spots, which are zones of
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
x(t) very high temperature. The surface in these regions gets
dried up and bands are formed. These are called dry-
Fig. 22. Phase Diagram at 750th hour of Experimentation bands. Then a high electric field starts developing across
the dry-band, which results in the breakdown of the
0.04
air-gap. These breakdown streamers connecting the dry-
0.03
band, impinges charged particles on the surface of the
0.02
dielectric rods. The charge bombardment process causes a
0.01 significant lowering of surface resistivity. The liquid gets
x(t+delay)
0 dried up due to ohmic losses. Now only faint discharges

-0.01 are seen at the electrodes, which are not that intense when
-0.02
compared with the dry-band arcs. This process of drying
up along with very faint arcs in the electrode region
-0.03
causes the LE to fall during the period 16 − 40 seconds.
-0.04
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
x(t)
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 The arcs near the electrodes are due to the triple point of
air-conductor-dielectric. These are zones of the very high
Fig. 23. Phase Diagram at 1000th hour of Experimentation electric field. During the 0th and100th hours of ageing
these arcs are very faint.
• During the 500th hours of ageing the LE are comparable.
VII. C ORRELATION OF LYAPUNOV E XPONENTS AND This can be attributed to the fact that surface resistivity
P HYSICS OF L EAKAGE C URRENT has considerably fallen. Now the dry-band arcing starts at
The Leakage Current flowing along the surface of the FRP a much early stage. The drying up of the surface causes
Core, is comprised of a series of events pertaining to a chaotic the current magnitude to fall gradually. However, the LE
during the later few seconds is mainly due to intensified TABLE VIII
triple point arcing. FFT RESULTS
th
• During the 750 hour of ageing the LE is seen to increase Ageing Period(hrs.) Third to First Fifth to First
with time. This can be attributed to the multiple dry- 0 0.145 0.050
bands evolving over the period due to a more non-uniform 100 0.145 0.040
500 0.370 0.070
distribution of current. These dry-bands coupled with 750 0.115 0.020
triple point arcing will render the dielectric rod with very 1000 0.230 0.070
high surface conductivity. During the 1000 − 2000 hours, 1500 0.067 0.010
the conductivity being very high, the initial current will 2000 0.085 0.025
be sinusoidal. Then ohmic heating will cause dry-band
formation at multiple places. These dry-band arcs will
elongate and join to form a longer arc. This will result in of the FRP rods has significantly increased. So, considerable
a high surface current and will eventually cause complete leakage currents have started flowing with persistent stable
tracking of the rod. arcing. Random and transient arcs are now less, but the
An algorithm can be developed and implemented for sensing magnitude of the leakage current causing ohmic losses has
the degradation based on the analysis: risen. This comparison shows that the results predicted by
Chaotic Analysis match well with FFT analysis. Moreover,
• Collect Data from the Data-Logger Installed with the
the chaotic analysis results give us a better insight into the
Insulator.
physical process of degradation of the FRP rods.
• Sample the Data at more than 1000 samples per second.
• Input to PC: Date of Installation of the insulator and
IX. C ONCLUSIONS
Sampled Current data.
• Compute ageing time of the insulator.
The conclusions derived from the observations are:
• Compute Lyapunov Exponent and Phase Portrait Dia- • Predominantly ageing starts after 500 hours; this is be-
gram. cause prominent arcs were seen to appear after 500 hours
• Compare the values of the earlier Lyapunov Exponents of ageing.These arcs in later stages will elongate to cause
and the regularity of the phase portrait diagram. complete tracking of the dielectric rod.
• If Lyapunov exponent is suddenly more than the earlier • Even the phase-portrait for 500 hours is observed to
exponents and the phase portrait is scattered, it means, be dispersive; this indicates the appearance of multiple
ageing has started. arcs along the surface of the insulator. These multiple
• Take out the insulator and perform flashover test. arcs later stabilizes by elongation, resulting in sustained
• If FOV (Flashover Voltage) is considerably less than the arcing. This sustained arcing is indicated in phase-space
value before installation reject the insulator and install a by elongation along the central axis of the phase-portrait.
new insulator else install back the insulator after cleaning • The authors feel that Chaotic analysis can be used as a
and perform the above mentioned checks. condition monitoring tool for the study on dielectrics and
Note: The flashover process is a disruptive discharge. If the insulators. The sudden change of Lyapunov Exponent and
FRP rod’s surface has been considerably degraded then the the sudden dispersion of points in the phase portrait along
surface resistivity will fall and the flashover current will the central axis can be used as a tool for the identification
flow through the surface. Now, if the insulator is healthy, of degradation.
• Comparison of chaotic analysis with FFT is made. It is
the flashover current will flow in the air surrounding the
rod without affecting the surface. In the second instance the observed that chaotic analysis better correlates with the
voltage required to cause flashover will be considerably high physics of the leakage current and is capable of quan-
compared to the first instance. This difference in voltage will tizing the amount of degradation. Moreover, the phase
serve as an indicator of whether the dielectric rod has to be portraits are seen to mark at which time the considerable
removed or not. ageing starts.
X. A PPENDIX I
VIII. C OMPARISON OF C HAOTIC A NALYSIS WITH
FFT(FAST F OURIER T RANSFORM ) The Lyapunov Exponent is used to characterize the dynamic
behaviour of any system. It is used mainly to quantize chaos.
The method proposed here for analysis of leakage current
The Lyapunov exponent of a dynamical system is a quantity
is compared with FFT analysis. The ratio of third harmonic
that characterizes the rate of separation of infinitesimally close
to fundamental and fifth harmonic to fundamental is used as
trajectories Z(t) and Z0 (t) in phase space [20]. Now suppose
a parameter for comparison. Now, Table VIII shows the ratio
both tractories have temporal evolution in space. Let,
of third harmonic to fundamental and also fifth harmonic to
fundamental. At 500 hours, the values of the harmonic content δZ(t) = Z(t) − Z(0) (11)
are rising, which is also seen in the chaotic analysis. In the
δZ0 (t) = Z0 (t) − Z0 (0) (12)
later stages, the magnitude of the harmonics decreases. This
signifies the fact that considerable ageing has started from Now,
500 hours. After 500 hours of ageing, the surface conductivity |δZ(t)| ≈ expλt |δZ0 (t)| (13)
So, λ is called the Lyapunov Exponent. It gives the rate at Sounak Nandi was born in West Bengal, India in 1992. He is currently work-
which the trajectories are exponentially separation in phase- ing towards the Ph.D. degree in high voltage engineering with the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. His
space with time. research interests include high voltage engineering, polymeric insulators for
outdoor applications, computational electromagnetics, numerical techniques
in electrostatics, over voltages in power systems, composite insulation for
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Chaotic Analysis As A Tool For Sensing Long-Term Degradation of High Voltage Fibre Reinforced Plastic Core Used in Composite Insulators

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Chaotic Analysis As A Tool For Sensing Long-Term Degradation of High Voltage Fibre Reinforced Plastic Core Used in Composite Insulators

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Chaotic Analysis as a Tool for Sensing Long-Term

T HE leakage current flowing on the dielectric rod surface

II. E XPERIMENTAL A RRANGEMENT

Fig. 5. Various Current Intervals for 0th hour of ageing 2

Fig. 12. Current at 1000th hour of ageing

Time Slot Lyapunov Exponent Overall Lyapunov Exponent

0.05 aggravated by intermittent arcs but degradation rendered by

Fig. 15. Various Current Intervals for 1500th hour of ageing 50

Fig. 18. Lyapunov Exponent Variation

Time Slot Lyapunov Exponent Overall Lyapunov Exponent -0.005

Fig. 19. Phase Diagram at 0th hour of Experimentation

0 dried up due to ohmic losses. Now only faint discharges

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