MI

NORFRUI
TSANDDRYLANDHORTI
CULTURE
POM.202(
2+1)

I
ndi
a’
sdi
ver
seagr
o-cl
i
mat
icr
egi
onsf
aci
l
itat
ethepr
oduct
ionofwi
dev
ari
etyof
f
rui
t&v
eget
abl
es.I
ndi
arankssecondi
nthegl
obalpr
oduct
ionoff
rui
ts&v
eget
abl
es
wi
th160mi
l
li
ont
onesoff
rui
ts&v
eget
abl
es,i
.e.45mi
l
li
ont
onesoff
rui
tson3.
8mi
l
li
on
hect
ares. Ther
ear
ehundr
edsofedi
blef
rui
tsgr
owi
ng i
n ourcount
ry. Somear
e
consi
der
ed as maj
orf
rui
ts,based on t
hei
rar
ea,adapt
abi
l
ityand l
i
keness byt
he
consumer
ssuchasMango,bananaci
tr
uset
c.Howev
er,t
her
ear
emanyf
rui
tcr
opsy
et
t
ober
ecogni
zedandexpl
oit
edf
ort
hei
rpot
ent
iali
mpor
tance.Cur
rent
lyf
ewoft
hem ar
e
bei
nggr
ownonasmal
lscal
einhomegar
den,smal
lfor
msorasbacky
ardt
rees(
Jack,
ber
,Pomegr
anat
es,WestI
ndi
anCher
ryet
c.)andsev
eralf
rui
tsal
socomeupnat
ural
l
yin
f
orestf
rom wher
ethel
ocalpeopl
egat
hert
hef
rui
tsf
orconsumpt
ion(
Aonl
a,Kar
onda,
bael
,dat
eet
c.)
.

Def
ini
ti
onofMi
norf
rui
ts
Anexactdef
ini
ti
onofmi
norf
rui
tcr
opi
sper
hapsdi
ff
icul
t.I
nagener
alsense,
t
hosef
rui
tswhi
cht
hroughar
econsumabl
etot
hehumanbei
ngsbutr
elat
ivel
yless
Pal
atabl
ethanot
herf
rui
ts,
whi
chhav
elesserdemandi
nthemar
ket
,whi
char
egr
ownt
o
al
i
mit
ed ext
entonl
y and ar
e notusual
l
y cr
opped i
n or
gani
zed pl
ant
ati
ons wi
th
appl
i
cat
ionofi
nput
sar
econsi
der
edi
ngr
oupi
ngasmi
norf
rui
tcr
ops.Ot
hert
ermst
hat
ar
eusedf
ort
hesef
rui
tsar
eless–knownf
rui
ts,l
essappeal
i
ngf
rui
ts,l
ess-
expl
oit
ed
f
rui
ts,
str
ayf
rui
ts,
wil
dfr
uit
set
c.

Mostoft
hesecr
opsar
ehar
dandhav
ingst
urdyr
ootsy
stem,
whi
chpenet
rat
eshe
soi
ltoaconsi
der
abl
edept
handwi
dth. Thi
swi
l
lmaket
hem f
orbet
teradopt
ionf
or
r
ainf
edcondi
ti
ons. Manyt
imes,t
hesecr
opsar
egr
ownnat
ural
l
yinwast
elandsand
unsui
tabl
elandsal
os.

Ont
hebasi
sofper
for
manceoff
rui
tsunderv
ari
edsoi
l&cl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
ons,
mi
norf
rui
tshav
ebeencl
assi
fi
edIt
o2cat
agor
ies–A.Thosepl
ant
swhi
chsetf
rui
tswi
th
t
heonsetofr
ainyseasonoraf
ter
war
dsbutt
hef
rui
tsmat
urebef
oret
headv
entof
r
ainl
esssummerEg-
Ber
,cust
ardappl
e,Kar
ondaaonl
aet
c.
1
B.Thosepl
ant
swhosef
rui
tsmat
ureandr
ipedur
ingsummerwi
thst
andi
ngt
hewat
er
st
ressEg.Phal
sa,
fig.Et
c.

Adv
ant
agesofMi
norf
rui
tcr
ops:
1.Har
dinessi
sthemosti
mpor
tantqual
i
tyoft
hemi
norf
rui
tcr
opsast
heyar
eabl
e
t
owi
thst
andadv
ersesoi
l&cl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
onst
oaconsi
der
abl
eext
ent
.
2.Mi
norf
rui
tcr
opshav
ethemechani
sm ofut
il
izi
ngt
henat
uralr
esour
cest
othe
f
ull
estext
ent&pr
oduceheav
il
yev
eryy
ear
.
3.Theyr
equi
resr
elat
ivel
ylesswat
erf
ormaxi
mum bi
omasspr
oduct
ion.
4.The hi
ghl
y deser
ving char
act
erofmi
norf
rui
ts– y
iel
ding pr
oduce wi
thout
r
ecei
vi
ngar
ti
fi
cial
agr
o-i
nput
.
5.Theypr
oducesanumberofexcel
l
entpr
oduct
ssuchasmor
abbaf
rom aonl
a,Jam
–bael
,pi
ckl
es–Kar
ondaet
c.
6.Manyoft
hesef
rui
tshav
ehi
ghnut
ri
ti
vev
aluesandal
somedi
cinal&ar
omat
ic
pr
oper
ti
esEg-
Bar
badasCher
ry–r
ichestsour
ceofv
it-
C&Aonl
a–Vi
t-
C
7.Manyoft
hesef
rui
tspeci
esar
eat
tri
but
edt
ohav
ehi
ght
imerv
alue.
8.Manyoft
hesef
rui
tcr
opshav
erel
ati
vel
ylessat
tackbyser
iouspet
s&di
seases.

Dr
ylandorAr
idHor
ti
cul
tur
e

Dr
ylandhor
ti
cul
tur
emaybedef
inedast
hecul
ti
vat
ionoff
rui
t,v
eget
abl
e,f
lower
cr
opsandpl
ant
ati
oncr
opst
aki
ngt
headv
ant
ageofmonsoonandadapt
ingdr
yland
t
echnol
ogypr
inci
plesf
orhar
vest
ingr
ainf
allandconser
vat
ionofmoi
stur
einor
dert
oget
sat
isf
act
oryy
iel
dandr
etur
ns.

Dr
ycl
imat
ic/
Ari
dcl
imat
e:I
tisacl
i
mat
einwhi
chadef
ici
encyofmoi
stur
erest
ri
cts,but
notnecessar
il
yinhi
bitpl
antgr
owt
h. Wat
eri
sal
way
sal
i
mit
ingf
act
ori
nthi
scl
i
mat
e
wat
erdef
ici
encyi
stakenast
hesum oft
hemont
hlydi
ff
erencesbet
weenpr
eci
pit
ati
on
andpot
ent
ial
evapo-
tr
anspi
rat
ioni
nthebel
ownor
mal
mont
hs.
Ont
hebasi
sofr
ainf
all
,ithasbeendef
inedt
obeascant
yrai
nfal
lar
eawi
th0-
250mm
r
ainf
all
/annum.

2
 I
nar
idzone/
drycl
i
mat
erai
nfal
lisv
eryl
owandi
scont
inuedt
o2-4½mont
hsand
r
emai
ningdr
ymont
hs.Ther
ainsar
eal
soer
rat
icandof
tencomei
naf
ewbi
gst
ormsof
shor
tdur
ati
onswhi
ch r
esul
tsi
n gr
eatsun of
finst
ead ofchar
ging t
hesoi
lpr
ofi
l
e
r
esul
ti
ngIt
osoi
laswel
lasat
mospher
icwat
erst
ressdur
ingmaj
orpar
toft
hey
ear
.
Soi
lindr
ylandorAr
idar
easar
e–coar
seandst
ruct
urel
esswi
thv
eryl
owwat
er
hol
dingcapaci
ty.Thusdr
yregi
onshav
epecul
i
areco-
cli
mat
ologi
calf
eat
uresandt
hey
canexi
stsi
ntr
opi
cs.Subt
ropi
csaswel
last
emper
atezonesoft
hewor
ld.

I
mpor
tantmi
norf
rui
tcr
ops–150di
ff
erentmi
norf
rui
tspeci
eveourcount
ry.

1.BER –Zy zy phusmaur iti

ana
2.POMEGRANATE –Puni agr anat um
3.AONLA –Embl icaof ficinali
s
4.CUSTARDAPPLE –Annonasquamosa–Bul l
ockshear
t.
5.GUAVA –Psi dium guaj ava
6.DATEPALM –Phoeni xdact yli
fera
7.FIG –Ficuscar i
ca
8.PHALSA –Grewi asubi naequal is
9.TAMARIND –Tmar i
ndusi ndi ca
10.
LOSODA –Cor di amy xa
11.
JAMUN –syzy gi um cumani i
12.
KARONDA –Car issacar andas
13.
BEAL –Aegl emar mel os
14.
WOODAPPLE –Fer oni alimoni a
15.
MULBERRY –Mor usspp.
16.
KAIR –Cappr i
sapphy ll
a
17.
PILU –Sal vador aol eoides
18.
ROSEAPPLE –Eugeni
ajambos
19.
LAKOOCH –Art ocar pusLakoocha–Vol ehul
i
20.
CARAMBOLA –Av err hoacar ambol a
21.
WESTINDI
ANCHERRY –Kaduv ell
i–Mal pighiagl
abra
22.
MANGOSTEEN –Gar cini amangost ana

I
mpor
tanceandscopeofDr
yland/
Ari
dFr
uitcul
tur
einI
ndi
a

About1/3rdlandsur faceofworldi
sinthegr
ipofAri
dzone&hotdeser
ts.Theman
madedesertalonecov ers910m. haarea.Thescopeofthegrowthofdrylandfrui
t
i
ndust
ryshallbedet er
mi nedby
–Incenti
vesf orfarmer s.
- Necessi t
y
- Adapt abi
lit
yoft hecr opsand
- Futurescopef orexpansiondependi
ngontheav
ail
abi
li
tyofi
nput
s,i
nfrast
ruct
ure
f
ordistri
bution.
3
 - Mar
ket
ingsy
stem andi
ndust
ri
alsuppor
t.

1.Nut r
it
ionalsignif
icance:Thei mpor
tanceoff rui
tsi npr ov
idingv aluablenut
ri
ents,
parti
cul
arl
yv i
taminsandmi neral
sinhumandi etiswellknown,andaccor dingt
odietary
standar
dsani ndiv
idualmustconsume85gf ruit
s/day
.Af t
erwrit
ingof f20t o25percent
asposthar v
estlossesandunedi bl
eporti
onoft hefr
uits,theavailabi
l
ityisesti
matedat
46gms/ day,whichisoneofthelowestItheworld.

Tobr
idgethi
sgapofdemandandsupplythepr
oducti
onwillhavetober ai
sed
t
hroughi
ncr
easi
ngorchar
def
fi
ci
encyandbybr
ingi
ngmoreareaunderfr
uitcr
ops.

Peopl
ei nhabit
ing i
n dr
yl and areasareknown t o suf
ferfrom a numberof
nutr
iti
onaldi
sordersouringtolowerintakeofpr ot
ecti
vefoodsl
ikefrui
ts&v eget
abl
es.
Growthoff r
uitindust
ryinsuchar easshalldef
init
elyi
ncr
easethei
rintakeandhelpsin
i
mpr ovi
nghealthhazards.

Nut
rit
ional
l
yminorf
rui
tcropsar
ehi ghl
ysi
gni
ficantandcomparabl
ewi thmaj
or
cr
ops.Fol
lowingaret
hemi
neral
composit
ionofdi
ff
erentminor
/dr
ylandfr
uitcr
ops.

Nut
ri
ti
onal
val
uveofdr
idf
rui
ts/
100gedi
blepor
ti
on.

Sl. P Ca Fe Vi
tA Thi
ami
ne Vi
t.
C.
Fr
uitcr
ops Cal
ori
es
No. (
%) (
%) (
%) (I
U) (
mg) (mg)
1 Aonla/Amla 59 0.
02 0.
05 1.
2 - 30 600
2 Bael 23 0.
01 0.
09 0.
6 240 - -
3 Ber 129 0.
05 0.
03 0.
3 186 12 15
4 Bul
lockshear t 91 0.
01 0.
01 0.
6 Trace - -
5 Custardapple 105 0.
04 0.
02 1.
0 Trace - -
6 Dates 283 0.
08 0.
07 10.6 600 90 Trace
7 Fi
g 75 0.
03 0.
06 1.
2 270 - -
8 Jamun 83 0.
01 0.
02 1.
0 - - -
9 Karonda 364 0.
06 0.
16 39.1 - - 200-550
10 Pomegr anate 65 0.
07 0.
01 0.
3 - - 16
11 Roseappl e 43 0.
03 0.
01 0.
5 - - -
12 Woodappl e 97 0.
11 0.
13 0.
6 - - -

2.Theor ganizedest abli

shmentoforchardswiththesef r
uitcropscanofferbetterreturn
andy iel
d,whichal sohelpsinassuredsupplement edincomet ofarmers,part
icularl
yt he
mar gi
nalfarmers.
Eg.Berawi ldf ruitadecadebackhasgai nedcommer cialimport
ancei nRaj asthan,
Gujarat,Haryana&Punj abgivesanetpr ofi
tofRs.10, 000/ha,l
ikewiseaonl a– Rs.
20,
000/ haeveni ndr oughtyear
swhenot hercropsf ai
l
s.

1.Thesicksalineandalkali
nesoils,whi
chcan’tbeputundercerealcropsowingt o
great
ersensi t
ivi
ty,can be successful
ly used f
orf r
uitcrops li
ke ber,dat e
pomegr anat
eandaonl aandev enthei
rtol
erancecanber ai
sedbyusi ngresi
stant
rootstocks.
2.Growingofmi norf r
uitcropsensuresproperuti
li
zat
ionofmar ginallandwher e

4
 growingoff ood/fruitcropsi snotr enumerativeandcanhel pi nempl oyment
generation.
3.Ecologicalimbalancei sast r
iki
ngf eatur
eofI ndianaridzonegrowi ngminorf r
uit
crops in such areas shal lnotonl ypr ovi
de sust ai
ned economybuthel pi n
i
mpr ovingt heenvi
ronmentandst r
ikeanecol ogicalbal
ance.
4.Theneedf oradopt ionofamul tiplelandusesy stem invol
vi
ngcul ti
vati
onof
multipurposet r
ees/ shr
ubsal ongwi thagricult
uralcropspr ov
idesf ood,fodder,
fi
breorf rui
ts(4F’
s)whi chcanpr ov idealt
ernativesandabasi sf orsoundf arm
economy .
5.Provider awmat er
ialsforprocessi
ngandphar maceut i
cali
ndustri
es.

Thepr ocessedpr oductsv i

z.,Jam,Jel l
y,Juice,wi neetc.,havegoti nternati
onal
mar ketandmakeasat isfactorycont ri
but i
onint henat i
onaleconomywi tha
annualt urnoverof sev eralmi l
li
on dol l
ars. These i ndustri
es prov ide job
oppor t
unit
ies&ex tendtheexpor tpotenti
ali
tyofthecount ry.
6.Theyal soserveasagoodsour ceofor ganicmat ter/manuresandal sof uel–Eg-
Ber,Cashew, Jack,Tamar ind.
7.Int
er cr
oppingcanal sobepossi bl
eindr ylandhort.Duet owi derspaci
ng.
8.Establi
shmentofdr ylandor char donr ainfedareasser vesasi nsuranceagai nst
tot
al orparti
alcropfail
ures.

Char
act
eri
sti
cfeat
uresofdr
ylandar
eas

- Thesear eaispronedwi thhightemperat

ure(>40oCinsummer)
- Delayed&er rat
icrainfal
l.
- Highwi ndspeed&hotwi nd
- Occurrenceofdr ought&soi ler
osi
onfrequent
- Deepwat ert
able
- Soil
sofdr yl
andarev eryshall
ow&l owinwaterholdi
ngcapaci
ty&f
ert
il
it
yal
so.

1.Reasonsf orcausingdr ylandar eas.

1.Deforestation–i ndi
scriminatelyfell
ingoft r
ees.
2.Adaptat i
onofi nappropri
atecr oppingsy stems&Agr onomicpr acti
ces.
3.Overgr azingofGr assl
and&t reesindiscri
mi nat
elybyt hecatt
les.
4.Overexpl oitati
onofgr oundwat erresources&i n-equit
abledistri
buti
onofsur
face
i
rri
gation ar e some oft he impor tancer easonsf orincreased area i
n ar
id&
semiaridregi ons.

Char
act
eri
sti
cfeat
uresofdr
ylandhor
ti
cul
tur
alcr
ops

1.Dryl
andcr opshoul
dbedeepr ooted&per enni
alcrops.
2.Drylandcropshouldbeoflowwat errequir
ementcrop.
3.Thecr opshol
dhav ethi
ck&smal ll
eaves&shoul dbeShiney.
4.Cropsshouldbehar dy&tol
eranttori
gorousmonsoon
5.Cropshoul dshedt hei
rleavesduringsummer& put f
ort
hf l
ower
ing& f
rui
ti
ng
duri
ngr ai
nyseason.

Run offwat
erhar
vest
ing and r
ecy
cli
ng t
echni
ques f
orest
abl
i
shmentofdr
yland
orchar
ds.
5
I
nIndi
a,about70%ofcul
ti
vat
edar
eai
sunderr
ainf
ed12%ar
id&48%semi
ari
d(60%)
.

Forsuccessf ul dr yl and/ rai nfedhor ticul ture, besi despl ant ing, adopt ionofpr opersoi land
waterconser vat iont echni quesi sofpr imei mpor tancef ol l
owi ngt echni quesar eadopt ed.
1.Fal lpl oughi ngofl andpr i
ort oonsetofmonsoonpl oughi ngofl andacr osst he
slope pr i
ort o onsetofmonsoon speci all
y dur ing summerhel ps i n bet ter
i
nf i
ltrat ion ofr ainwat er,conser vation ofmoi stur e and al so i nr educi ng t he
i
nt ensi t yofweeds.
2.For mat ionofbunds/ t
er races: Inor dert oconser v et opsoi l
,reducer unof fofwat er
andhel pi nconser v ati
onofmoi sture,bunds/ t
erracesmaybef ormedacr osst he
slopedependi ngupont hegr adient .Thi smaybedonebef oret aki nguppl ant i
ng
orev eni nt heexi st i
ngpl ant at i
onsi ft hel andsar esl oppy .Thet erracescheckt he
runof fwat erwi t
hi nt he bl ock/ terrace,t hus hel ping i n bet teri nfil
tration and
conser vat ionofwat er. Onst eep& undul atingsl opes,f ormat ionofcr escent
bundsatt hel owersi deofpi t-halfmoonshapedbundf ormat i
ont owar dst he
slope.
3.Openi ngofcat chpi ts:Openi ngofcat chorsoakpi tsofsi ze( 1.5m l engt h,1. 0m
widt hand1. 0m dept h)wher everl andi ssl oppyandgul lyf ormat i
onoccur s,has
beenf oundt ohel pi nbet t
erconser vat ionofsoi landmoi st urer esul ti
ngi nbet ter
growt h&est abl i
shmentoft hepl ant s.Af terf i
ll
ingt hepi tswi t
hor gani cmat t erar e
remov edandappl iedt ot hepl ant saf termonsoon.
4.For mat ionoff ar m pondsandr e-cy cling:For mat ionoff arm pondsf orcol lect i
on
ofexcessr ai nwat er( monsoon)andsubsequentr e-cy cli
ng( summer )hasbeen
foundt obeasui t
abl et echni quei nmostoft hedr ylandar eas.
5.Pr epar at ion ofwi derbasi ns:I mmedi ately af tert he onsetoff irstshower ,
prepar at ionofwi debasi ns, woul dhel pnotonl ybet t erhar vestingoft her ainwat er
butal soi nbet teri nf i
ltrationofr ainwat er, conser v ationofmoi stur e.
6.Pr ov idi ngmul chandshade:Mul chi ng( 5cm t hicknessar oundt hepl ant )wi th
l
ocal l
yav ai lablemat erialslikedr yl eav es,gr assesbl ackpol ythenef ilm et c.,wi l
l
notonl yhel pi nconser vati
onofmoi st ur eandsuppr essingweedsbutwi llalso
mi nimi zesoi ler osion.Pr ovidi ngshadedur i
ngsummeri nt hei nitial y
ear swi llalso
helpi nmi nimi zi ngt hemor talityofpl ant sunderr ainf edcondi tions.
7.Ti mel ypl ant ing–Pl ant ingdur i
ngmonsoonbyt aki ngt headv antageofr ainf allis
adv isabl e.
8.Sel ect i
onofgr af t
edpl ant sf orpl anting.
9.Pl ant ingoft reesal ongt hecont our s/ trenches/ terraces.
10.Rai singwi ndbr eaksar oundt hebor der sofpl antat ionwi thf astgr owi ngspeci es
l
ikecasuar inas,si lveroaket c.wi l
lhel psi ncr eat ingsui t
abl emi crocl imat ef or
growt hofcr opsi nsi det hef ar m.

Pl
ant
ingt
echni
quesi
ndr
ylandor
char
ding

a.Selecti
onofcr ops:Sel
ecti
onofsuitabl
ehor t
icul
tur
alcropsdependsupon
di
ff
erentagr o-cl
imati
cconditi
ons–I nKarnataka–3cat agor
iesofareas
ar
eprev ai
led.
i
. Maidan-Thecr opsareJack,Tamari
nd,annona,ber
,Jamun, woodapple
Aml a,Fig,Phalsaet
c.,
i
i. Malnad–Ear lyvari
eti
esoframphal,
sit
aphal,Jamun,Jacketc.
6
 i
i
i. Coast al–Ear l
yv ar
ieti
esofKar onda,Jamun,Jack,br eadfruit
,butt
er
fruit
,Cashewappl eetc.
b.Wind br eaks:l ike casuar i
nas,Si l
ver oak hel ps in demar cati
ng the
boundar i
es&al sopr ovi
dest imber.
c.System ofplanting:Dependi ngupont helev elandslopeoft hel
andsy st
em
ofplanting–Squar e,tr
iangular,r
ectangul
arorcont oursy st
emsofpl ant
ing
couldbeadopt ed.
d.Plantingofrootst ocks&i n-sit
uati
ongr af
ting:Inrainfedareasitisalways
desirablet o plantseedl ings and t ot akeup i n sit
uation graf
ti
ng in
subsequentseason, helpsinbet t
erestabl
ishment .

Theunexpl
oit
edf rui
tplant
sforwater
shedareasare–Tamar i
nd,ber
,kar
onda,
pomegrant
e,Jamun,Jack,Aonl
a,f
ig,
phal
sa,woodapple,
cust
ardappl
eetc.

Maj
orpr
obl
emsandconst
rai
ntsi
nFr
uitpr
oduct
ionunderdr
y/Ar
idr
egi
ons

Theint er estinfrui
tcultureinari
d/dryregionsremainedspor adi
caridasahobby ,just
forsatisf act i
onoft heaest heti
curgeoft her oy
alfami l
iesandt heelit
eswhohadal l
resour
cesatt hei
rdisposal.Itcoul
dnev erbecomeapr ofession.Howev erandwher ever
the fr
uitpl antat
ions occur,theyar e oft
en rai
sed wi t
hi ndigenous techniques and
concerted ef fect
s ofa f ew so thi
sl ack ofinter
sthas some maj orr easons and
constr
ai nt s.

1.Rainfallinhotandzonei sv eryl ow andi sconf inedt otheperiodf rom July–

September ,resulti
ngbot hinsoi lmoi sturest ress&at mospher i
cwat erstr
esst o
theplant safterther ai nyseason.
2.Highsol arradiationi ncidenceandhi ghwi ndv eloci
tyresul
tinahi ghpot ential
evapo-transpi r
ationandhi ghmeanar idityindex.
3.thesoi l
sar eofpoorqual it
ywi t
hl owf erti
lit
yl evelandpoorwat erholdingcapacit y
andwi thhi ghinfilt
rat i
onr ate.
4.Thegr oundwat err esour cesar escar eandatgr eatdepthsandmost l
ysalinein
natureduet opoordr ainageandr echar ge.
5.Lackofi nterestinexpl oit
atinofpl antsamenabl etodr ycondit
ionl i
keber ,Date
palm, Kair,etc.
6.Minorf ruitcropsr equi resspeci al technologyf orsuccessfulf
rui
tpr oducti
on,since
theser egionshav ety picalecol ogicalfeat ures.
7.Lackofef fi
cientwat eruset echniquesi nthesear eas.
8.Lackofi mpl ement ationofav ailabletechnol ogyi nthefiel
dofaridfruitcult
ure.

Di
str
ibut
ionofAr
id&Semi
ari
d/Dr
ylandr
egi
onsorzonesi
nIndi
a

Thecl i
matologi
caldat
aoft hear
idandsemiari
dr egi
onsofIndi
ahavebeen
anal
ysedbysar kar&Baswas( 1980)
.Theent
ir
edryf
armingareashavebeendi
vi
ded
i
ntofourzones.Zone–D,E,F&G.

Zone-
D:Thi
szonehast
hel
owestcr
oppot
ent
ial
.Itoccur
satt
hreepl
aces.

Thef
ir
ststar
tsf
rom t
heJamnagardi
str
ictofGuj
aratt
oFerozpuri
nPunj
ab.
Thesecondincl
udespar
tofAlmadnagar
,Pune,Satar
a,SolapurandSangl
idist
ri
ctof
7
Maharastr
a.
Thethir
di ncl
udesporti
onsofBij
apur,RaichurandBel
l
arydi
str
ict
sofKar
nat
akaand
Kar
nool &Anantpurdi
str
ict
sofAndhr
aPr adesh.

ZONE–E:Thi sareaex tendsfr

om Rajkoti
nGujaratalongwi theastofZone- Dupto
PunjabthroughRajast
hanandHar y
ana. Thisareaalsoext endsfrom Ahamadnagar
(Maharast
ra)to coast
alar eas ofCadappah(
Andhra Pradesh)t hr
ough Stara,Pune,
Sol
apur & Sanglidist
rictsofMahar ast
raandBijapur
,Bellary& Tumkurdi str
ict
sof
Karnat
aka.

ZONE-F:Thiszonei sconf i
edtotwolocali
ti
esinthecount
ry.I
nt henort
h,i
tcompr i
ses
vastar
easofGuj ar
at,Rajasthan,Ut
tarPradeshandaporti
onofHaryanaandPunjab.In
theSouth,thiszonest retchesfr
om theNasikdist
ri
ctofMaharastr
atoKanyakumariof
about1/3rdlandsurfaceofwor l
disinthegripofAri
dzoneandhotdessert
s.Theman
madedeser talonecov ers910m haarea.

Tami
l
nadu.Al
argepor
ti
onofKar
nat
akaandAndhr
aPr
adeshal
sof
all
wit
hint
hiszone.

ZONEG:Thi szonehast hehi

ghestcroppotent
ial
.Thisareaconsist
sofsmallporti
onof
Utt
arPradhesh,Madhy a Pr
adesh,Gujarat& TamilNadu and considerabl
e parts of
Maharastra and Andhr
a Pradesh. A partofTami lNadu r ecei
ves t
he Nort
h east
monsoon and t he gr
owing season,ther
efor
e dif
fer
s signi
fi
cantl
yf r
om the restof
l
ocali
ti
es.

Di
str
ibut
ionofdr
yzone/
Ari
dzonei
nIndi
a.

TheAr idzonesarecharacter
izedbyspar sescat t
eredandhi ghlyvari
abl
epr ecipitat i
on,
extremev ar
iat
ionofdayandni ghtt emperatureandhi ghevaporat
ion.InIndiat hear i
d
regionsoccupynearly12% oft helandsur f
acecompr isi
ng317000km2( 39.54m. ha–
31.71m.hainhotar idand7. 83m. hai ncoldar i
dr egion)i
nt hestatesofRaj ast han,
Gujarat
,AndhraPradesh,Punj
ab, Haryana,
Kar nat
aka&Mahar ast
ra.

St
atewi
sear
easofar
idzonesofI
ndi
a

St
ate Ar
eaunderAr
idZone(
m/ha) %agear
eaoutoftot
aland
zone.
1.Rajast han 19.61 62
2.Gujar at 6.
22 20
3.A.P. 2.
10 7
4.Punjab 1.
45 5
5.Hary ana 1.
20 4
6. 0.
86 3
Karnataka
7. 0.
13 0.
4
Mahar ast r
a

Thust
hear
eai
nthear
idzone,
N-WI
ndi
aconst
it
utesal
most90%oft
het
otalar
idzonei
n

8
t
hecount
ry.

Ext
entofar
idr
egi
oni
nIndi
a
Regi
ons Ar
ea(
m.ha) I
mport
ant di
str
ict
s
r
epr
esent
s
A.Hotaridr
egi
on 31.
71
a)North-
WestI
ndi
a 28.
56
-WesterRaj
ast
han 19.
61 Bikaner,Bar mer,Jaisal
mer,
Jodhpur, Ganganagar
,
Churupali
, Jal ore, Nagor,
AjmerSi kar,Jhunjhanu
-Nor
th–West
ernGuj
arat 6.
22 Kutch, Amr el
i, Jamnagar
Surendranagar, Jungadh
Banaskant ha,Mehsana
-South-
WesternPunj
ab 1.
45 Ferozpur,Bhatinda
-South–West er
nHaryana 1.
28 Hissar&
b)Souther
nIndia 3.
15
-AndhraPradesh 2.
16 Anantaur, Kur nool &
Cuddapah
-Kar
nat
aka 0.
86 Dharwad, Chitradur
ga,
Bel
laryandRai
chur
-Mahar
ast
ra 0.
13 Dhuli
a,Nasi
k,Sholapurand
Sat
ara
B.Col
dar i
dregion 7.
83
-Jammu&Kashmi r 7.
00 Leh,Kargi
l
,Ladakh
-HimachalPradesh 0.
83 Kinnaur
,Chamba,
39.
54m.
ha

9
 Agr
o-cl
imat
icchar
act
eri
sti
csofDr
ylandi
nIndi
a

Theter
m Agr o-cli
matedenotes“Theconditi
onsandef
fect
sofv
aryingquantit
yof
ai
r,soi
lmoist
ure,soiltemperat
ure,Sunshineunderbot
hmacroandmicr
oi nf
luenceson
cr
opgrowthandAgr icult
ural
effi
ciencybroadl
y”.

Ar
idzonesar echaracteri
zedbyl ow &hi ghvari
ablepreci
pitat
ioncompar edto
highev aporati
vedemand.Ther eforethemoistur
estressisthecharacter
ist
icfeatur
eof
thear i
dzones.About91% oft heIndianari
dzonecov ersnorth-
westGuj aratwester
n
Rajasthan,SouthwesternpartofPunjab&Har yana.Thereisalsoasmal lpocketofari
d
zonei nsout hcoveri
ngporti
onsofRay al
seemai nAndhraPradhesh&east ernpart
sof
Bell
ar ydist
.Wester npar
tsofRai chur&v erysmallport
ionsofChitradurga&Dhar wad
dist
rictsofKarnataka.

Outofappr oximately10m. ha.ofcul t

ivat
edlandinKarnataka,6.9m. haisunder
blacksoi ls,whichmai nl
yoccur sIthedistri
ctsofBijapur
,Bagalgot,Gulbarga,Raichur,
Koppal ,Bidar,Bel
lary
,Chitradurga,Bel
gaum andDhar wad.About80%ofcul ti
vatedland
experiencesdr oughtwi t
hannualmeanr ainfal
lof500mm orless, t
hesebl acksoilshave
highcl aycont entwithapr onouncedpr operlyofswel l
i
ngonwet t
ingandshr inkageon
dryingr esult
inginformationofcr acksduringsummer ,soi
lshavelowr at
eofi nfil
trat
ion,
buthighwat erholdi
ngcapaci ty
.

Dist
ribut
ionofRai nfall
:InI
ndiaamajorport
ionoftheannualrainfal
lisconfinedtosout
h
western monsoonf rom JunetoSeptember ,i
nar i
dt r
actofSout hI ndi
a,thesouth
westernmonsoonr ainscondenceby1weekofJune( Mrigbahar),whileNorthIndi
anand
zonebyt hebeginningofJul y.Gujar
at&South&Cent ralRajasthanr ecei
ves90-95%of
rai
nfallfrom sout h western monsoon and 78% contri
bution from sout h wester
n
monsoon season i n Punjab. 48% i n Karnat
aka and 67% i n Andhr a Pr
adesh.
Dependabi l
i
tyofrainfall
.

Temper
atur
e&R.
H.

Duri
ngwinter
,low r
elati
vehumidit
y,lar
gedi
urnalv
ari
ati
onsoft
emper
atur
eand
l
i
ghtnor
theast
ernwindsar
et hefeat
ureoftheweat
her.

Thenor
malmi ni
mum temper
atur
eduri
ngcoldestmonthsandnor
malmaxi
mum
t
emper
atur
eduri
nghott
estmonthsi
ndif
fer
entdr
yregionsofI
ndi
a.

Normaltemper
atur
er ange
Coldest
Regions/st
ates Mi
nimum temperat
ure Maxi
mum t emperat
ure Hot
testmont
h
mont h
(Jan&Dec.) ( May-
July)
Ladakh January -
9to–14oC 25to31oC Jul
y
Punjab&Har yana January 3to5oC 41to42oC May
Rajasthan January o10oC
3t 41to42oC May
Gujarat January 11to15oC 32to41oC May
o
Decembe 40to41C May
Mahar ast
ra 11to15oC
r

10
 Decembe o41oC
39t May
Kar
nat
aka o15oC
11t
r
Decembe o41oC
40t May
Andhr
aPr
adesh o18oC
16t
r

Soi
lcondi
ti
onsi
ndr
ylandhor
ti
cul
tur
ear
easofI
ndi
a

Therearef i
vemaj orgroupsofsoi
lfoundpredominantintheseareas.Theyar e,
black,alluvi
al,r
ed,Sierozemsandsubmonstanesoil
s.Inthenor t
handnor t
hwestoft he
count r
y ,al
l
uv i
al,si
erozemicandsubmontanesoulsaredomi nant
e.IncentralandSouth
India,blackandr edsoi l
soccupyt hemaj
orarea.I
nt heheavyrai
nfallar
easandcoast al
areast helater
iti
csoulspr edominate.

Dependabi
li
tyofr
ainf
all

Accordingtothevariabil
it
yofr ainfall
fourclasseshav
ebeeni
dent
if
ied,
theyar
e
a.Abundantrainf
all(doublethanav erage)
b.Averageorabov eav er
ager ainfall
.
c.Dryorbelowav eragerainfal
l.
d.Ki
lleryear
swi t
hext remelylowt oni lrai
nfal
l.

Aber
rantweat
hercondi
ti
ons:

Aber
rantweatherist hemosti mpor
tantvagar
yoft hemonsoon,whi chcanbe
consider
edasthe‘Core’inputfordryl
andar
eas.Thefarmershavet
obeart hefol
lowi
ng
ty
pes ofaber r
antweat hercondi t
ion,t
hatari
se in di
ff
erenty
ears and impai
rcrop
producti
on.

1.Lowerthannormalrainfall
withequal distri
buti
on.
2.Ear
lycommencementofnor mal rai
nsf ollowedbyl ongdrought.
3.Veryl
ateonsetofrai
nswi t
hnor mal intensity.
4.Lat
eonsetwithabruptendf i
nishing.
5.Lat
eonsetwithabov enor malrainsf oll
owedbydr oughti
nmi ddl
e.
6.Ear
lyonsetwithl
oweri ntensi
tyf oll
owedbynor malorabovenormal r
ains.
7.Abnormalrai
nswithrespectt oonset ,intensit
y,durati
onanddistr
ibut
ion.

Blacksoi
ls:Thebl
acksoil
saredeeper
,cl
ayt
ocl
ayl
oam andar
echar
act
eri
zedby–l
ow
permeabi
lit
yand
-highwat
erholdi
ngcapaci
ty.

Thesesoil
scontai
nshighper centageofclay(>30%)andthecl
ayandsi
ltfr
act
ions
toget
hermakeupmor et han80per centoft hesoil
.Ther egi
onscompri
seAkola,
Bel
lary
,
Bij
apur,I
ndore,Raj
kot
,Kov i
l
patt
i,Rewa, SolapurandUdaipur.

RedSoil
s:Ther egi
onsunderr
edsoi
l
scompr
ise–Anant
apur
,Bangal
ore,Bhubaneswar
,
Hyder
abad,Thansi&Ranchi
.

Ther
edsoilsareli
ghtt
extur
ed,
shal
lowtomedium i
ndepthandusual
l
yunder
lai
n
bycompactsubsoil
,fai
rl
yporousandlow wat
erhol
dingcapaci
ty.Soi
lsarepr
oneto
11
er
osi
onandsur
facecr
ust
ing.

All
uvi
alsoi
ls:Thedr ylandhor
ti
cult
urefarmingcent
erswit
hall
uvi
alsoil
sareAgr
a,and
var
anasi
,extensiv
ear easofPunjab,Rajast
han,South-
westUt
tarPradeshandNorth-
WestMadhy aPradesh.

Thesesoil
sar efai
rl
ylevel
,deep,l
ighttomedi
um i
ntext
urewi
thf
avour
abl
e
phy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
csandgoodpermeabi
l
ity.

Sier
ozemicsoi
ls:Thedry
landf
armi
ngcent
ersundert
hesesoil
sareDantiwada,Hi
ssar
andJodhpur.Sandy,l
oamysandsandsandyl
oamsar efoundinJodhpurandHissar
regi
ons.

Low moistur
est orage,i
nst
abi
l
ityofsoilst
ruct
ureandpoorsoilfer
ti
li
tyar
et he
majorprobl
emsofsoi lmanagementinthesedesertecosy
stem.Soilsareli
ght
,loose
andlowinbulkdensi
tyleadingt
odeeppercol
ati
onandhighevapor
ati
onofrai
nwater.

Submont
anesoils:Theset
ypeofsoi
l
sar edi
str
ibut
edi
nthedr
ysubhumi
denvi
ronment
ofHosi
arpurinPunjabandRakhDhiansari
nJammuandKashmi randint
hehumi d
tr
act
sofDehradun.

Thesoil
srangef r
om loamysandstosandyl oams,si
ll
yloamsandcl ay
-loams
wit
hsoilmoist
urestor
agecapacit
yimprov
ingi
nt hatorder
.Soilcrusti
ngoccurinsoil
s
ofdryandsubhumidregions.Low moi
sturer
etenti
vit
yandlow ferti
l
ityst
atusarethe
mainprobl
emsofloamysoils.

Sel
ect
ionoff
rui
tcr
opsf
orar
idar
eas/
dry
landar
ea.

Inthest
rat
egyofdev
elopmentoffr
uitindust
ryi
ndry
landareaofIndi
ai.
ecorr
ect
sel
ecti
on offr
uitcr
opsisofpr i
mesi gni
ficance. Thecrop shoul
d hav
ef ol
l
owing
att
ri
butes.

1.Thef ruitcr opsel ect

edf ordrylandmustbesucht hatitsmaxi mum gr owthperiod
synchronisewi tht heper iodofmaxi mum wat erav ail
abil
it
y.I deall
yt heper i
odf r
om
fl
owering tof r
uiti
ng mustal so fal
ldur ing thi
s per i
od and frui
tr ipeni
ng mustbe
completedwel lbef oretheonsetofsummer . Fruitslikeber,custardappl e,phalsa,
Gonda( Cordi ami xa) .Conf or
mtot hi
scondi ti
onother wisethecropssel ect
edshouldbe
sucht hatt heirr eproductivecyclecanbemoni toredt osy nchromisewi thmaxi mum
moistureav ailabil
it
yper iods–Thecr opslikeGuava, Pomegr anat
e,acidlime,whichbear
fr
uitsindistinctbahar sandt hebahar( f
lushes)whichcoi nci
deswi t
hr ainyseason(mr i
g
bahar)canonl ybeencour aged.

Si
nce,t
hewat eri
sal imi
ti
ngfact
ori
ndry
lands,
thecr
opssel
ect
edf
orar
idr
egi
ons
shoul
dhavedroughttol
erancemechani
sm l
i
ke.

a.Deeprootsy st
em todrawwaterfrom deepersoilprofi
lel
i
keber.
b.Sheddingofleavesinsummert oconservemoisturelikei
nberandGonda.
c.Waterbindi
ngmechani sm asi
nFig
d.Otherxerophyti
ccharact
ersli
kewasecoat ing,hair
inesssunkenandcov
eredst
omata
12
onleav
estomi ni
mizethel
ossofwat
ert
hrought
ranspi
rat
ionasi
nfi
g,phal
sa,berand
Gonda.
e.Pl
antst
oler
anttodr
yhabi
tat
.

3.Fr ui
tcropsofari
dregionshouldhav etol
erancet osali
nit
yandsali
newat erand
alkal
ini
tywhichar
ecommonf eat
uresoftheseareas,
frui
tsli
keaonl
a,andberhav
egreat
toler
ancetopHandcangrowintherangeof9.2to10.5(Singhetal
.1987)

4.Dryatmospher
eandhighheataccumul
ati
oni
sthehal
lmarkofIndi
anar
idz
one.The
cropsadapt
ablet
othesecl
i
mateli
kedatepal
m,gr
apesandpapaya.

5.Thevari
etyselect
edorevol
v edforar
idcondit
ionsshoul
dbeshor
tdurati
onsothat
theycan completethei
rfr
uit
ing per
iod i
n shor
testpossi
blet
imeto avoi
d dr
ought
condi
ti
on.

Runi
ffwat
erhar
vest
ingandr
ecy
cli
ng

Waterispartandparceloftheplantcellst
ruct
ureandcellsap.Thus,plant
scan
notli
vewi thoutwaterforalongt i
me.I ti
sneededbyt heplantsateverystage,ri
ght
from t
heger minati
onofseedst otheripeni
ngofseedsi .
e.i
tisthelif
eli
neoft heplant
.
General
ly,
indr y
landareas,
therainf
alli
stheonlysourceofwaterbutthi
stooisseasonal
thatl
imit
st hegrowingperi
odofthev egetat
ion.

Lackofadequat erainfallandscar ci
tyofassuredrainf
allandnon-avai
labil
i
tyof
suff
ici
entwat erfori r
ri
gat i
on f aci
l
iti
esand t he i
ntr
oducti
on ofnew t echnologyfor
boosti
ng production ar
ef actorsr esponsi
blefordemand ofwat er
. Conser vati
on
necessit
atet
her eachofev erydropofwat ertotheneedyplaceofroots.

Conser
vat
ionofmoi
stur
e:

Soi
lmoi st
ureconser
vati
onreferst
osav ingofwat erl
ossesf
rom sunof
f,leachi
ng
andev aporat
ionandmaki ngi tavai
labl
ef orcroppr oduct
ion. I
ngeneralcont ext
,a
numberofsoi landsoi lmoist
ureconservati
onmet hodshav ebeensuggested,buti n
ref
erencetoaridcondi
ti
on,i
tisnecessary
.

1.Toprev
entsoilerosi
on
2.Toi
ncreasein-
sit
u-moist
ureconser
vati
on
3.Toremoverunoffwateroutoft
hefi
eldswit
houtsi
gni
fi
canter
osi
onhazar
ds.

I
nor
dert
omaket hewateravai
l
abl
eatthetimeofitsneedtotheplantandtoconser
ve
t
hemoi
stur
eint
hesoil
foralongper
iod,
dif
ferentmethodsar
efol
lowedt heyar
e.

1.Cult
uralpract
ices 6.Gr
adedbunds–600mm r f
2.Terr
acing 7.Di
tchmaki
ng/Far
m ponds
3.Mulching 8.Si
ttr
appi
ngdams
4.Windbarri
ers 9.Cl
aybundi
ng
5.Contourbunding-
Rf-
600mm 10.Wat
erharvest
ingt
echnol
ogy

Wat
erhar
vest
ing&r
ecy
cli
ngt
echnol
ogy
:
13
 Inthi
ssystem rai
nwateriscol
lect
edandusedf orirri
gat
ionofpl
antsatt heti
me
ofthei
rneed,usual
lyduri
ngthemonsoonseasonorot herperi
od,t
herainwat erwhich
hasnotbeenabsor bedbysoilflowsasgr avi
tati
onalwat erandthi
si scoll
ectedand
stor
edinapondort ankandthenusedatt heti
meofi t
sbar enecessi
ty.Thismet hodis
al
soknownasr ecy
clingofwateraswat ercol
lectedfrom theeart
hisr et
urnedt othe
eart
hbutwhenneededbyt heeart
h.

I
nsi
tusoi
lmoi
stur
econser
vat
ion:

Waterisal waysacr i
ticalf act
ori ndryl
ands. Seedl i
ngsur vivalcanbegr eatl
y
enhancedbyshapi ng,thesurfaceont heimmedi atevi
cinit
yoft hetrees.Sot hatrunof
f
coll
ectsatt herootzone.Var iousmet hodscanbeusedt oshapet hegroundsur f
ace
andcausessur facewat ert
oconcent r
at einonear eaaroundt hebaseofnewl ypl
anted
tr
ee. Thepr i
ncipl
eist oconst r
uctmi ni
-wat
ershedst hatcol l
ectssheetf low inone
specifi
car eaev eniflightrainoccur s. Inlooset extur
ed soils,thest r
uct ur
eswi l
l
disappearsoonandassuchmai ntenanceisrequiredduri
ngt hefir
stfewy ears.

Theobjecti
veofrunoffwat
erhar
vesti
stwo-
fol
d.Itoharvestahighpercent
age
ofrai
nfal
lev
eni fl
ightr
ainsoccur
sandIIi
stoimpr
ovethechancesofsurv
ivalt
omany
fol
dsindryl
and.

The si
ze and shape ofindi
vidualbasini s determined by the slope,the
permeabil
it
yofsoil,i
ntensi
tyanddurationofrai
nsandt hest or
agecapacityofeach
catchments(Di
ff
erentshapesarepossibleonroll
i
ngt opography,halfmoon,‘V’shape
couldbemadeacr osstheslope.Onalllevel
edfl
atlands,“Saucershaped”depressi
ons
couldbemade.)

Mi
ni-
Cat
chment
s:

Forin-si
tuwat erharvesti
ng onlevel
ed fl
atl
ands,depr
essi
onresembli
ng t
he
shapeof‘Saucer’of15cm depthatthecenterandmini
mum 1.0m di
ameterar
emade.
Treei
splantedinthecent
eroft hesaucer
.

Onmi l
dsl
opinglands(2-
4percent
)depr
essi
onsr
esembl
i
ngt
heshapeof‘
V’of
15cm dept
handt
reeisplant
edneart
heapexof‘
V’.

Onsloppylands(4-6percent),aseri
esofr i
dgesar econst
ructedalongcont
our
l
ines(
orongentl
ygr adi
entstoint
erceptandt emporar
il
ystoresurf
acewat er.Ri
dgesof
dif
fer
entshapes are possi
ble,li
ke horseshoe,halfmoon,f ish bone,etc.
)around
i
ndivi
dual
treet
oconcent r
ateandretainr
unoffintherootzone.

Compar
tmentmi
ni-
cat
chment
s:

I
nthismethodthef i
eldisdi
videdinto76t o100m2compartment 3m2si
sby0. ze
bunds,dependi
ngupont hespacingofthetrees.Thetreei
splant
edatt hel
owercor
ner
ofthecompar t
ment .Thesoi lsur
facewithi
nt hecompart
mentissuitabl
ymodif
iedto
concentr
atetherunof
finthespecif
icareawheretreei
stobeplant
ed.

14
Cont
ourf
urr
ow/
Trenchmet
hod

Onthehi l
l
yorundul ati
ngl ands,itisessential topl
antthetreesalongthecont ours.
Upt oasl opeof6per centcont ourf urrow systemswi l
lbeef fectiv
e. Bey ondt hat,
contourt r
enchsy stem wi llbemor eef f
icacious.Thesef urrowsandt r
encheswi thmi l
d
gradientwillactasdr ainagedi tchesandexcessr unof fmaysaf elybedi ver
tedt owater
harvestingponds.I nthecont ourf ur
row sy stem,t reeisplantedint hefurr
ow neart he
ri
dge, whil
ei nthet renchsy stem thetreeshoul dnev erbeplantedint hedeeppoi ntofthe
trench.Thebot t
om oft het r
enchshoul dbemadei ncli
nedandt r
eeshoul dbepl antedin
theupperpar toft het r
ench.Cont ourt rencheswi l
lhav eanadv antageofpr eventi
onof
soillossonhi l
lyterrains.

Mi
cro-
rel
iefsy
stem f
orDr
ylandf
rui
ts–CRI
DAAppr
oach.

Ami ni
-reli
efsystem i
sdesignedbyt heCent
ralResearchI
nst
itut
ef orDryl
and
Agri
cult
ure(CRIDA)tor ai
se fr
uittrees wit
hthe i
n-si
tu wat
erharv
esting and al
so
pr
ovisi
onismadet orecycl
etherunoffcol
lect
edi
napondof75m3capaci tyformanual
i
rr
igati
onatcri
ti
calper
iods.

Cr
oppi
ngsy
stems,
spaci
ngandpl
ant
ingpat
ter
nforr
ainf
edhor
ti
cul
tur
alcr
ops:

Due to uncer t
ainl
yofweat hercondi ti
onsand poorsoi lcondit
ions,different
systemsoff arming/croppingr athert hanmono- cul
turesy stem maybeadopt ed. I n
thesesystemscr opsofdi ff
erentneedsf ortheiragro- cl
i
mat i
cconditi
onsar er aised.
Thesesy stemsar eusallyknownasmul t
iplecropping,mi xedcroppingandr otation
system.I nmul ti
plecropping,mor et hantwocr ops,oneaf t
ert heotheraresowni nt he
orchard,
whi l
ei nmixedcr opping,linesofcr opsmayal terwitheachot her.Thisassur es
thatatleastonecr opwi llbecomi ngupni cel
y. Whi lesel ecti
ngthecr ops,forsuch
systems,certainprinci
plesar et obef ol
l
owed.Onecr opmaybedr oughtresi
st antor
tol
eranttosalineoralkali
necondi tionsoronemaybel egumi nousorwi t
hampl efoliage.

Croprotati
onincludesraisi
ngofcrops,oneaf t
ertheother.Onecanhav e3-04
cropsinonecal endaryearfrom thesamel andcropst ober ot
atedmaybeleguminous
foll
owedbynon- l
eguminous,exhaust
ivebynor malcrops,short
-dur
ati
onbyl
ongdur at
in,
requir
inghighdoseoff erti
li
zersbynof er
ti
lizer
s,et
c.Byf ol
lowingagoodr
otati
on,the
fert
il
it
ylevelofthesoil
canbemai nt
ainedi
nt herai
nfedorchard.

Pl
ant
ingpat
ter
n&spaci
ng.

Lay
outisasy stem throughwhi chtheexactlocat
ionofatreetobepl ant
edi
nt he
fi
eld.Thepl acet obeselectedf orplant
ingoft reedependsupont hetypeofthesoil,
natureoftheplantandthecl i
mat e.Thediff
erentsyst
emsofplanti
ngf ol
l
owedi ndr
yland
frui
tcropsare,1.Rectangular,2.5Quare,3.Quincunx4.Hexagonal.5.Contouret
c.(f
or
furt
herdetai
lsrefermanual offundamentals)

Pitsarepr epared(1x1x1m)eit
herbefor
et heonsetofrai
nsi.e.i
nMay-Juneori n
theearlywinter,part
icular
lyinthel
astweekofOct ober
.Formerseasonisf
orplanti
ngof
ever
-greenfruittreesinplainsandval
ley
s,whil
elateronei
sfordeciduousf
rui
ttreesthat
areplantedduringwi nterandthisi
smostlyi
nhil
ls.
15
 Ther
ecommendedspaci
ngf
oll
owedundernor
malsoi
landcl
i
mat
efori
mpor
tant
dr
ylandhor
ti
cul
tur
alcr
opsar
e

Fr ui
ts Spaci ng
1.Aonla 6-8x6-8m
2.Datepalm,Jamun 8x8m
3. Ber , Jack f rui
t, Bael, 8-10x8-
Cashewnut,Loquat ,Mangost
ein 10m
4.Lasora,
Mul berry 7½ x7½
m
5.Pomegranat e,custar
dappl
e 5x5m
6.Fi
g 3-6x3-6m
7.Palsa 1½x3m
8.Karonda 1x1½m

Mi
xedpl
ant
ingoff
rui
ttr
ees:

Di
ff
erentfr
uittreeswi thdi f
ferentcanopysi zesandr otati
onsar ei nt
er-
plant
ed
wit
ht heaim ofdi
versif
icati
onf r
uittreef ar
mi ngandi ncr
easedandsust ai
nedeconomi c
ret
urns.Thepr i
ncipleistoi ncl
udesl ow gr owingandl atebearingtreesliketamar i
nd,
woodapple,Jamunet cwi t
haf astgrowi ngandear lybeari
ngtreeslikeber,pomegranate,
guava,phalsa,custard apple etc.in di f
ferentratios/
number s depending upon the
need/demandofthepar ti
cularfr
uit.Someoft hecommonmi xedplantingsystemsar e

1.Ber/Guava+Tamar ind/
Mangoi n4:1rat
io
2.Pomegr anate+Sapot a/Aonl
ain4:1rat
io
3.Drumstic+Tamar i
nd/woodappl ei
n4:1rat
io
4.Custardapple/Phalsa+Jamun/ Bael
5.Phalsa/Karonda+Ber /
Guav a
6.Pomegr anate/Phalsa+Sapota/Aonl
a
7.Karonda+Aonl a/
Guav a

Int
he1, 2&3rd systems,frui
tt r
eeofslowgr owi
ngnat uremaybepl ant
edint he
centeroft
hef ourfastgrowingt r
ees.Eg- 1Tamari
ndt r
eeint hefourfastgrowi
ngtrees.
Eg-1Tamar i
ndt reeint hecenteroff ourbertrees. Insy st
em no.4and6,t r
eesar e
plantedal
ter
nativel
ywi t
hi nther ow,Eg. -
Int
hefir
strow,t hefir
stplantwillbecustard
appleandinthesecondadj acentrowf ir
stpl
antwil
lbej amunandwi t
hintherowthese
plantsarealternat
elypl ant
ed,sucht hatsamef r
uittreei splaceddiagonall
y. The
spacingwit
hintherowi skeptconst ant
.

Pr
esentr
esear
chsetupondr
ylandFr
uitcul
tur
e

Frui
tshav eal
waysbeenconsideredasl uxur
yi nourcount
rythepri
ori
tytohigh
val
uefrui
tcropsli
kemango,banana,
grapes,ci
trusandappleismorebytheresear
chers,
soincaseofaridfr
uit
sremai
nedneglect
edbyr esearcher
s.

16
 Abeginni
ngwaspr obablymadebyCAZRI
-cent
ralAr
idZoneResear
chInsti
tute,
Jodhpurbyworkingonwater
-harv
est
ingandmoi
stur
econserv
ati
on,f
rui
tfl
yresi
stance
androotst
ockstudiesi
nber
.

Improv
ementi
nPomegr
anat
eforqual
i
tyat
tri
but
es(
ari
l
,col
our
,sweet
nessand
seedcont
ent)

- Evaluati
onofger mplasm andpr
ocessi
ngtechni
quesi
ndat
epal
m. Nut
ri
ti
onal
st
udi esandirri
gati
onscheduli
ngi
ndatepal
m.
- Propagat i
oninKair(cappar
sdeci
duas)
- Germpl asm col
lecti
oninAnnona.

CAZRIhasitssubstationatpi tuandBi kaner(Rajasthan)

- TheI IHR,Bangal or ehasdonesomewor konchemot axanomyofAnnonaceous
fr
uit
sandpomegr anat eev aluat
ion.
- Theexper iment alst at i
onatGoadhr ahasst art
edwor konHor t
i-
pastor
ialsystem
andsil
vi-
hort
i pastor ial system andsil
vi-hortipast
orial
sy st
em f
orari
dregions.
- TheNBPGR,Regi onalst ation Jodhpurconduct ed somewor kon germpl asm
surv
eyandconser v ationf orar i
dzonefruitcrops.
- PAU,Ludhi ana,Har y anaAU,Hi ssar
,RAU,Bi kanerand GAU,S. K.Nagaral so
workedonf r
uitslikeber ,
dat epalm,pomegr anateetc.

Realimpet usonr esearchonar i

dzonef r
uitswasst artedt hroughAgr i
cultural
producti
oncessf undschemeent itled“ Resear chonsomesel ectedfruitsinthesemi ari
d
areasi nIndiaat10 cent r
esspr ead ov ert hest atesofPunj ab,Har yana,Himachal
Pradesh,Rajast han,Guj arat,Mahar astra,Kar natakaandTami l
naduonf r
uitsli
kedat e
palm ber,pomegr anat e,fi
g,custardappl e,wal nutandapr icat
.Thi sschemewasmer ged
withAllI
ndiacoor dinatedFruiti
mpr ov ementpr ojectforAridzonef r
uits(AICRPAZF)wi th
13cent r
es.Undert hiscellcoordinat edwi thheadquar t
ersatHAU, Hissar.Coordinated
Researchf ort estingt echnologieswi t
hr espectt ober ,pomegr anat edatepal m,f ig,
custardapple,aonl aandbael i
sinpr ogress.Fi nall
y,aNat i
onalResear chcentersforAr i
d
fr
uitswasest abl i
shedatBeechawal (Bikaner /
Raj asthan)CIAH.

Or
gani
zat
ionsi
nvol
vedi
nresear
ch&dev
elopmentofdr
ylandorar
idhor
ti
cul
tur
e

I
CARI nst
itut
es SAU
1.CI
AHBikaner 1.RAU,
Bikaner
2.NRCforSeedspicesAj
mer 2.MPAU,Udaipur
3.NRCforMedi ci
nal&Aromat
ic 3.CCS,
HAU, Hissar
pl
ants–Anand
4.CAZRI
,Jodhpur 4.PAU,Ludhiana
5.MPKV, Rahuri
6.BSKVV, Dapol
i
7.NDVATFai zabad
8.GAU,Guj ar
at

Ot
her
s–AI
CRPonAZF

17
Cr
op-
wise,
area,
product
ionandpr
oduct
ivi
tyofAr
idf
rui
tcr
ops

Cr
ops Area(ha) Pr
oduction(
f) Pr
oducti
vit
y(t
/ha)
Ber 87700 894900 10.10
Pomegr anate 53050 500500 9.
43
Aonla 49620 150500 3.
03
Datepalm 4950 50940 10.20
Tamarind 15280 82300 5.
39
Other
s( custar
d appl
e, 12700 13699 10.37
Fi
g,phalsaetc.)

JAMUN Gul
abJamun/Jav
aPl
um

B.N–Syzygi
um cumini
iSkeel
s
Famil
y–My r
taceae
Ori
gin–I
ndia 2n=40

Jamuni soneoft hemostpopul arminorfr

uitofI ndia,grownt hroughoutt
he
countr
y .Itismorepopularasanav enuetreeandf orwi ndbr eak.Thet reesofthi
s
speci
esar ealsofoundinSri
lanka,Thail
and,thePhil
ippines,Medagasker ,WestIndi
es,
EastandWestAf ri
ca,Al
geri
aandI sr
ael.I nI
ndia,
Iti
sgr owni ntheI ndo-
Gangeti
cplai
ns,
l
owerr angesoftheHimal
ayasandTami l
Nadu.

ThegenusSy
zygi
um i
shav
ingabout400–500spp.ofwhi
chaf
ewpr
ovi
deedi
ble
f
rui
tsl
i
ke

1.S.Jamboa( Roseappl eorsaf edJamun) :Thet reeisor nament althefruit

sar e
l
ighty ell
ow–whi t
eincol our.Theseedsar epolyembrionic.Itisgrowni nAssam,
Bihar,AP, Tami lNadu,WestBengal ,Mahar ashtr
a&Guj ar
at .
2.S.f r
uitecosum –Thet reesaresui t
ableforwi ndbreak,frui
tsar eedibl
e,smal lin
si
ze.
3.S.Jav anica( Waterapple):Thisspeciesisfoundi nSouthIndi aandWestBengal .
4.S.densi fl
ora–asar ootst ockforS.cumi nii
.Itisresi
stanttoat t
ackoft ermites.
5.S.uni f
lora( Suri
nam cher ryorpitangacher ry)
:Itissmal ltreebear ssmal lsized,
brightredwi tharomat i
cf l
avourfrui
ts.
6.S.Zey lanica–Smal l
tree,bearsediblefr
uitsinWest ernghat sofIndia.

Usesandcomposi
ti
on

Fr
uit
sar eeat
enwhenful
lyri
pen,pr
ocessedintobever
ages,j
ell
i
es,jam,squash,
v
inegar
,pi
cklesandwine.Thef
rui
tsaregoodsourceofsugar
,pr
otei
n(0.7%),f
at(0.
1%)
18
carbohydrates(19.
7%),Ir
onandot hermineralmatter
s.Jamunj ui
cemixedwithmango
j
uiceisv erygoodforl
iketics.Theextract
sf r
om bark,seeds,
leavesandfr
uit
sareused
againstdiabeti
csandalsomoderatelyanti
bacter
ial
.

Jamunv i
negarisgoodforcuringstomachdisorder
. Thef reshbark/st em
extr
acti
susedforprev
enti
onofdysent
erybymixi
ngwithotherconcentr
ateandusedas
goodanimalfood. Thewood( Ti
mber)isusedf orr
ail
waysl eeperequipment
. The
fl
owersareani
mportantsour
ceofhoney.

Climate:Iti
sgrownundert r
opicalandsub-t
ropi
calcli
mate,al
sof oundgrowinglower
rangesofHi malayaupt oanat ti
tudeofabout1300m. I fpr efer
sdryweat herat
fl
oweringandf r
uit
ing.Earlyrai
nsisbetterf
orpropergrowthdevelopmentandri
pening
offrui
ts,andannualrai
nfal
lof350mm i sgoodforJamun.

Soi
l:
Jamungrowswelli
ndeep,
loamyandwelldr
ainedsoil
s.Iti
ssensi
ti
vet
osodi
um.I
t
canalsobegr
ownundersal
i
neandwaterl
oggedcondit
ions.

Var
iet
ies/Cult
ivars–Therei snonamedv ar
ieti
esandlotofvariati
onexisti
nthisf
ruit
.
Howeverl
ocaltypesofseveralplacesar
esuper i
or.Alar
gefrui
tedl ocalt
ypesinGuj
arat
i
sknownas‘Paras’.ThemostcommonCv ’sgrownare
1)Ram Jamun–Thef rui
tlengthfrom 2.5–3.0cm.anddi a.1.5–2.0cm.wi th
obl
ongshape, deeppurpleorblui
shblackincol
our,wi
thlightpinkorgrayi
shpulp
whi
chisjuicyandsweet .

2)Ot
herst
rai
nsar
e

a)NDUA&T–Nar endraDevaUniv.Agr
i.&Technology–Faizabad–Fr
uitwt
.
i
smoreandhighpul
p:Seedrat
io
b)GAU–Paras
c)MPKV–15,4,14and13.
d)KKV–Seedl
ess,Gokak–KonkanKr i
shiVidy
aPeet ,
e)KRC–DAU–KJS–20–Col l
egeofHor t
icul
tur
e,Arabhav
i

Propagati
on:TheJamunispr
opagat
edbyseedsandv
eget
ati
vemet
hodsaswel
l
.
Seed:Freshseedsacnabesown( wi
thin3-4weeks)germi
nat
edin10– 15day
,
seedl
ingsareready–Feb.–Mar
ch.

Veget
ati
veMet
hods:

Buddi
ng:I
tisdoneononey
earol
dseedl
i
ngst
ocksdur
ingJul
ytoAugusti
nlowr
ainf
all
ar
ea.

AirLayer
ing:Iti
sdoneinspr
ing–about60%r
oot
edai
rlay
ersar
eobt
ainedwhen500
ppm IBAinlanol
i
npast
eisused.

Cut
ti
ngs:
Treat
edwi
th2000ppm I
BAgav
ehi
gherr
oot
ing.

Ingraf
ti ng,S.densi
ngorbuddi blor
aisusedasr
ootst
ockt
oimpar
tresi
stanceto
t
ermi
teat
tack.
19
Plant
ing:
Pitsof1m si
zear
eopenedatadi
stanceof10x10m.forgr
aft
sand12x12m.
forseedl
ings– doneduri
ngMar ch– May( monsoon)andpl
anti
ngisdoneduri
ng
monsoon.

Manuri
ng:About20kgFYM/Pl
ant.Thi
smuchquant
it
yofo.
m.suf
fi
cest
her
equi
rement
f
orgrowthandfl
oweri
ngoff
rui
ti
ng.

Ir
ri
gati
on:Jamunisahar dypl
ant,usuall
y8–10l ighti
rri
gati
onsarerequi
reddur
ingthe
earl
yageoftheplants.Beari
ngt reesshouldnotbegi venirr
igat
ioninSept–Octt o
encour
agefr
uitbudformati
on.Similarl
ywithhol
dingirr
igati
oninFeb–Mar chenhances
fl
oweri
ng&frui
ti
ngdependinguponcl i
maticcondi
tion.

Int
er&Mixedcr
opping:Upt
opr e-
bear
ingperi
odfrui
tcr
opsl
ikeGuava,Kagz
il
ime&f i
g
canbegr
ownasfil
l
ercrop.Legumes,oni
on,peas,
gram,
mung,et
c.ar
egoodintercr
ops.

Pr
uning&Tr aini
ng:Iti
salwaysbettertokeep4-
5m.mai ntr
unkwithoutanylat
eral
br
anches,beari
ngtreedoesnotrequir
eanypruni
ngexceptr
emovalofdry,di
seased,
cr
iss-
crossbr
anches.

Fl
ower
ingandFr
uit
ing:Seedl
i
ngt
rees–8–10y
ear
s,gr
aft
ed–6-
7year
s.

Flowersareborneint heaxi
lsofleav
esonbr anchletsfl
ower i
ngstart
sf r
om
MarchtoApr il
. Thehermaphrodi
tefl
owersarel
ighty ell
ow i
ncol our
. Anthesi
sand
dehi
scenceoccursbet
ween10am t o12noon.Sti
gmar ecepti
vi
tyismaximum oneday
aft
eranthesi
s.Honeybees,housefl
i
esandwindar
er esponsibl
eforcrosspol
l
inati
on.

Thereisaheav ydr
opoff l
owersandf r
uit(50-
60%)wit
hin3-
4weeks.Al ar
ge
numberoff r
uitsdropoffatveryyoungstageduring5-8weeksaft
erbloomi
ng.The
fl
owerandfruitdropcanbereducedwitht
hehel poftwospray
sofGA3 60ppm oneat
ful
lbl
oom andot her15day
safteri
nit
ial
set
tingoffr
uit.

Ther
eare3phasesoffr
uitgr
owthanddevel
opmenti
.e.t
hef
ir
stphasef
rom 15t
o
52day
saf t
erf
rui
tsethav
ingsl
owgr owt
hoffr
uit
.

TheI
Iphasef
rom 52t
o58day
saf
terf
rui
tsethav
ingf
astgr
owt
handt
he

I
IIphaseandl
astphasef
rom 58t
o60day
saf
terf
rui
tsethav
ingsl
owgr
owt
h.

Harv
esti
ng:Theri
pefrui
tschangethei
rcolourint
odeepr edorviol
et.Ful
l
yri
pefrui
ts
ar
epluckedsi
ngl
yorinbunchesbyhandfrom thet
ree.Si
nceallt
hefrui
tsar
enotr
ipeat
ati
me,3-4har
vest
ingareneeded.

Yi
eld–Thefull
ygrownseedl
ingJamuntr
eeproducesonanaver
age80-
100kg.f
rui
ts.
Whereasi
tisabout60-
70kg.fr
om v
eget
ati
vepropagat
edt
ree.

Posthar
vesthandl
ingandst
orage

Thef
rui
tsofJamunar
ehi
ghl
yper
ishabl
eonnat
uref
rui
tsar
egener
all
yhar
vest
ed
20
dai
lyandsenttomarketonthesameday .Theycannotbest
oredmorethan3-
4day s
underor
dinar
ycondi
tions.However,pr
e-cool
edfr
uit
spackedinper
for
atedpol
ythene
bagscanbestor
edwellupto3weeksatl
owt emper
atur
e(9±1oC)and85-
90%RH.

Pest
s

1.Leafeat
ingcaterpi
l
lar–Careasubt
il
is
 Cater
pil
laratt
acksthel
eavesandtreebecomedef
oli
ated.

Mnt–Spr
ayr
ogar30EC0.
1%orMel
athi
onat0.
1%

2.Fr
uitf
ly–Di
aleur
odesengeni
s

- Aff
ectedfr
uit
sgetwormyappearanceonthesur
face
Mnt–Destroyt
hemaggotsandpupaehi ber
nati
nginthesoi
laroundt
hetr
eetrunkby
di
ggi
ngupthesoi
laroundt
hetr
eetrunkandpluckal
laf
fect
edfr
uit
sanddest
royt
hem.

Di
seases

Ant
hracnose–Gl
omer
ell
aci
ngul
ata

- Aff
ect
edleavesshowsmallscatt
eredspot
s,l
i
ghtbr
ownorr
eddi
shbr
own,f
rui
ts
showsmallci
rcul
arl
esi
ons,
frui
trot.

Ment–Spr
ayt
het
reewi
thDi
thanaZ–78at0–2%orBor
deauxmi
xtur
e(4:
4:50)

WOODAPPLE

Bel
a/By al
a
El
ephantappl
e

N.=Fer
B. oni
ali
moni
a,L.

Fam:
Rut
aceae

2n=18

Or
igi
n–I
ndo–Mal
ayanr
egi
on(
Indi
a&Cey
lon)

Woodappl eorel ephantappl eisknownasFer oni

alimonia.ThenameFer oniais
assignedt ot het reeint hehonouroft heRomangoddessoff or
estsandl imoniain
al
lusion–I ndirectt oi
tsl emonl ikefruit
.I ti
soneoft hehardytreef
oundgr owninsemi -
ari
dandar i
dr egionsoft hecount r
y.Itisapopulartreeofindooryar
dgardenandcanbe
exploit
edf orregul arcultivat
ioni ndryar ea.Thetreeisthorny,medium t
ol ar
gewi t
ha
cyl
indricalstem andf oundi ndrydeci duousfor
est,
itisalsocall
edasanel ephantapple,
monkeyf r
uitcurdf rui
t,katubel,etc.

21
 Woodappleist
henati
veofIndi
aandSril
ankaandiscult
ivat
edt hr
oughoutthe
pl
ainsofI
ndi
a,i
e.I
nsemiar
idzonesofMahar
ast
ra,MP,UP.I
tisal
sof oundinJava.

Composit
ionanduses:Ther i
pefr
uit
scont
ainsour-
Sweetaromati
cpulp,whichi
sabout
70%oftotalwei
ght,i
nwhichseedsareembedded.Itcont
ainspr
otei
n( 7.
3%)fat(
0.6%),
miner
almatter(
1-9%),Ri
bof
lavi
n(170mg/100g)aci
dit
y(2.
3%)sugars(7.2%)andpecti
n
(3-
5%).

Therindiscrackedwi t
hhammer ,thescoopedoutpul pthoughsti
cky,eatenraw
wit
horwi t
houtsugarorsal tyoungchildrenenjoythisfruitwit
hsalt.Pulpsomet imes
bl
endedwi thcoconutanddr unkasabev erageorfrozenasani cecream.Itisalsoused
i
npr eparat
ionofchutney,jell
yandj am.Thewhi tetransparentgum exudat
esf rom t
he
tr
unkandbr anchesusedasasubst it
utef oradultr
antofgum Ar abi
candi susedi n
makingwat ercolour/arti
stscol ouri
nk,Dy esandv ar
mi sh.Thewoodi sdurableand
usedassmal l
timberandforstati
onaryar t
icl
es,Agri
limplementsandf i
rewood.

Thef
rui
tismuchusedmedici
nall
yasr
emedyf ordiar
rheaanddysent
eryandasa
l
i
verandcar
diactoni
c.Anef
fect
ivet
reat
mentofcough,sourthr
oatandgum di
seases.

Thejui
ceofy oungleav
esismi xedwi
thmi lkandsugarcandyandser
vedasa
remedyfori
ntest
inaltroubl
esofchi
l
dren.Leaves,dar
k,root
sandfrui
tpul
pareal
lused
agai
nst‘
Snakebit
e’

Cli
mate:Woodappleismostl
ygr
ownindryregi
onsoft
ropi
calandsub-
tr
opicalar
easof
thecountr
y.Itthri
veswellupt
o600m elevat
ionanddoesnotgr ow above1500m.
temper
atur 15oC–l
e 0. owaswell
ashighas47.5oC.

Soil
:Itcangrowinwi
dev ar
ietyofsoil
sincl
udi
ngdegradedsoi
l
sofari
dregionandcan
tol
eratesal
ini
tyt
ocert
ainextent.Itcomesupwellunderbl
ackcot
tonsoi
ls.Itcanbe
successful
l
ygrowni
nmar gi
nallands.

Culti
var
s:ThegenusFer oni
ai samonot ypicgenusoft heI ndo-Mal ayanregi
on.There
arenonamedorst andardculti
varsofthi
sf ruit
.Theav ailablet y
pesgr oupedintotwo
for
ms,onewi thlargesweet i
shf rui
tsandanot heronewi thsmal l
,acidicfr
uit
s. The
avail
abl
etypesgr oupedi nt
ot woforms,onewi t
hl ar
gesweet ishfruitsandanotherone
withsmall
,acidi
cf r
uits.TheMAU, Par
bhani,Mah.Hasr eleasedat ypecal l
ed
1)HB–10–Lar gesizedfrui
tswithanav eragewei ghtof350gandpul pof
222g.
2)ELLORA( MAUSel ect
ion)–Itisasel ecti
onf rom localseedlingtr
eeatFRS,
Himay atbag,Aurangabad.Itisregularbear erwithav eragefrui
twt.of350
gwi th64% pul pandabout200- 250f r
uit
s/t ree.Fr uitsarelessseeded
suit
ablef ordr
ylandconditi
ons.

Propagati
on:Itisgener
all
ypropagat
edbyseed.Vegetat
ivel
yitcanbepropagat
edby
cutt
ings,buddi
ngandgraft
ing,sof
twoodgr
aft
ingi
shighlysuccessf
ulwi
th8-10m.old
seedli
ngs.

Pl
anti
ng:Ther
egul
arpl
antat
ionofwoodappl
edoesnotexi
st.Forr
egul
arpl
ant
ati
on,t
he
pi
tsof50cm3ataspaci
ngof8x8m.ar eopenedandabout5-
10kg.FYM i
smixedwit
h
22
soi
landfi
ll
edintot hepi
t. Onet
otwoy
earol
dseedl
i
ngsar
epl
ant
eddur
ingt
he
begi
nni
ngofmonsoon.

Manur
ingandf
ert
il
izat
ion

Manur
ingisnotpracti
cedbutitwil
lbebenefi
tedifmanuredt hetreewi
th25kg
FYM orcompost/
yearinthebegi
nningofmonsoon.I twil
lhel
pini ncreasi
ngfr
uitsi
ze
andqual
it
y.Researchworkonnut
rientr
equir
ementofwoodappletreeisneeded.

I
rr
igati
on:Intheini
ti
alstage,prov
ideirr
igat
ion.Howev
er,conser
vat
ionofr
unof
frai
n
wateri
nrootzonewi
llenhancetheproducti
vi
ty.

Tr
aini
ngandpr uning: Treesar eall
owedtogrow fr
eel
yoncentr
alleaderwit
hwell
sl
pacedbranchesi nalldirect
ion. Woodappl
etreedoesnotr
equir
er egul
arpr
uni
ng.
However
,unwant edbranches/t wi
gscanberemoved.

Fl
ower i
ng: Flower
ing occur
sf r
om Feb – Mar
ch. Flower
s ar
e staminate and
hermaphrodi
te.I
tishighl
ycrosspol
l
inat
edcr
oppol
li
nat
ioni
sdonebyinsects.Frui
ts
areavai
labl
einwat
er.

Har
vest
ing

Av egetat
ivelypropagat
edt r
eest art
sbeari
ngat5y earswhereastheseedli
ng
tr
eesf r
om 8- 10 y ear
s. Fullydevelopedi mmat
urefr
uit
sar eharv
ested forchut
ney
preparation.Mat urefruit
sareav ai
l
ablef r
om Oct–March.Fruit
sareharvestedal
ong
withtheirf r
uitstal
kwi ththefrui
tpicker.Yiel
d–Agrownupt reecanbear200–250
fr
uits/y ear.

Post–har
vesthandl
ingandst
orage

Afterhar
vesti
ng,cr
ackedandotherdeformedf r
uitsaresor t
edfrom goodones
andaregradedinto2gradesi.
e.l
argeandsmall-
sizedfr
uits.Frui
tscanstoredfor7-
10
daysunderordi
nar
ycondit
ion.Howeveri
tisbett
ertomar ketthem assoonasossibl
e.

Problem:Ther
ear enoseri
ouspet s&diseasesrecordedonthiscr
op.Howev er
,these
at
tackoncitr
usarealsoknownt oatt
ackonthiscrop.Viz.
,Anarbut
ter
fl
y,cat
ersl
ug,etc.
Xanthonasbi
lvae,
bacter
ial
disease.

23
 PHALSA

B.
N.:
Grewi
asubi
naequal
i
sD.orG.asi
ati
caL.
Fam:
Til
i
aceae 2n=18
Or
igi
n:I
ndi
a–Bar
oda–Guj
arat

Phal
sai
sani
ndi
genousf
rui
tpl
antofar
idandsemi
ari
dregi
ons.I
tbear
sdel
i
cious
f
rui
tandhasmedi
cinalqual
i
ties.Phal
sai
sasmal
lbush,whi
chbear
smanysmal
lber
ry
–l
i
kef
rui
ts.I
tiscommer
cial
l
ycul
ti
vat
edi
nUt
terpr
adesh,Punj
ab,Har
yana,Raj
ast
han,
M.
P.Mahar
ast
ra,
Guj
arat
,AP,
BiharandWB,
inSout
hIndi
aov
ert
heWest
ernghat
sal
ong
t
heMal
abarcoast
.Iti
sal
sogr
ownasaf
ull
ert
reeal
ongmangoes.I
tspopul
ari
tyi
s
r
est
ri
ctedbyt
hef
actt
hatt
hef
rui
tisdel
i
cat
eandeasi
l
yper
ishabl
eandhast
obepi
cked
sev
eral
timesdur
ingt
hef
rui
ti
ngseason.
24
Usesandcomposi
ti
on

Thef
rui
tsexcel
l
entf
ormaki
ngj
uiceandsquash,Thef
ull
yri
penf
rui
tsar
eeat
en,
al
so used f
ormaki
ng r
efr
eshi
ng dr
ink i
n summerhav
ing cool
i
ng ef
fect
. Sev
eral
bev
eragesi
.e.nect
ar,concent
rat
esar
epr
epar
ed.Themuci
l
agi
nousext
ractoft
hebar
k
i
scommonl
yusedf
orcl
ari
fi
cat
ionofsugar
canej
uice.Theshoot
sofpl
antcanbeut
il
ized
f
ormaki
ngbasket
s.Fi
brecanbeusedf
ormaki
ngr
opes.

Ther
ipef
rui
tsar
esub-
aci
dicandgoodsour
ceofVi
t.A,
Candf
airsour
ceofPand
Fe.Fr
uit
scont
ain50-
60%j
uice,Sugar
(10%)
,Ci
tr
icaci
d(25%)
,tr
acesofMal
i
caci
d.The
f
rui
tcol
ouri
sduet
othepr
esenceofant
hocy
ani
npi
gment
.TheseedKer
nelcont
ains
23.
7%oi
lri
chonl
i
nol
eicaci
d.

Medi
cinalandot
heruses:Thef
rui
tisast
ri
ngentandst
romachi
c. Whenunr
ipe,f
rui
t
al
l
evi
atesi
nfl
ammat
ionandi
susedagai
nstr
espi
rat
ory
,car
diacandbl
ooddi
sor
deras
wel
lasi
nfev
err
educt
ion.Ther
ootbar
kisempl
oyedi
ntr
eat
ing“
Rheumat
ism”–(
Joi
nt
pai
ns)
.Thel
eav
esar
eappl
i
edonski
ner
upt
ionandt
heyar
eknownt
ohav
eaut
il
oiot
ic
act
ion.Thebar
kisusedasasoapsubst
it
utei
nBur
ma.

Thewoodi
syel
l
owi
sh–whi
te,st
rongandf
lexi
ble.I
tisusedf
orar
cher
s’bows,
spearhandl
es,
shi
ngl
esandpol
esf
orcar
ryi
ngl
oadsont
heshoul
der
s.

Cl
imat
eandSoi
l:

Phal
sai
sahar
dyf
rui
ttr
ee,whi
chi
scapabl
eofgr
owi
ngev
enunderdr
ought
condi
ti
on,gr
owsundersub-
tr
opi
calcl
i
mat
e,wher
einwi
nteri
tshedsl
eav
esandf
rui
tsi
n
summer
.Thepl
antcant
oler
atet
emper
atur
eashi
ghas44oC.Andpr
oducewel
lupt
oan
el
evat
ionof1000m.
Thepl
antcangr
ow underwi
dev
ari
etyofsoi
lforbestcr
opwel
ldr
ainedl
oamy
soi
l
sar
epr
efer
red.
Var
iet
ies:Ther
eisnodi
sti
nctCv
.Av
ail
abl
einphal
sa.Somel
ocalt
ypes,i
.e.
,localand
25
shar
abat
iar
ebei
ngpopul
ari
ngr
owi
ngar
ea.Twodi
sti
nctt
ypesi
.e.
,Tal
landDwar
fwer
e
r
ecogni
zedandt
hedwar
fty
pewasf
oundt
obemor
epr
oduct
ive.

Pr
opagat
ion:Phal
sai
spr
opagat
edbyseeds,
har
dwoodcut
ti
ngs,
lay
eri
ngandbyst
ool
i
ng.
I
tiscommer
cial
l
ypr
opagat
edbyseed. Fr
eshl
yext
ract
edseedsshoul
dbeusedf
or
r
aisi
ngseedl
i
ngs.Seedsr
equi
re15-
20day
sforger
minat
ionandseedl
i
ngsar
ereadyf
or
pl
ant
ingwi
thi
n3-
4mont
hs.

Pl
ant
ing:Undersubt
ropi
cal
condi
ti
onpl
ant
ingi
sdonedur
ingspr
ingseason(
Feb/
Mar
ch)
,
t
hepi
tsof60cm3ar
eopenedat2.
5-3.
0m apar
tbot
hway
s.I
tisal
sowel
lsui
tedf
orhi
gh
densi
typl
ant
ingandal
sov
erygoodf
il
lercr
opi
nmango,
guav
aandot
herf
rui
tcr
ops.

Tr
aini
ng&pr
uni
ng:
Pr
uni
ngi
soneoft
hei
mpor
tantcul
tur
aloper
ati
onsi
nphal
sacul
ti
vat
ion.Annual
pr
uni
ngi
sessent
ialf
orsecur
inghi
ghy
iel
dofbet
tergr
adef
rui
tsasf
lower
sar
ebomeon
t
hel
eafaxi
l
sofnew shoot
s.Pl
ant
scanbepr
uneddur
ingDecemberorJanuar
ywhen
t
heyar
edor
mant
.Iti
snor
mal
l
ypr
unedat0.
9–1.
2m abov
ethegr
oundl
eveli
nwi
ntert
o
av
oidt
hepossi
bil
i
tyoff
rostdamageoft
henewl
yemer
gedshoot
s.

Manur
ingandFer
ti
li
zat
ion:Phal
sar
espondswel
lformanur
ing. Thef
ert
il
izer
sand
manur
esshoul
d beappl
i
ed i
mmedi
atel
yaf
terpr
uni
ng. Chundwat& Gupt
a(1074)
r
epor
ted t
hatappl
i
cat
ion of15 kg FYM af
terpr
uni
ng f
oll
owed by125g N/
plaf
ter
spr
out
ingi
sopt
imum f
orhi
ghpr
oduct
ionor100:
40:
25kgNPK/
ha/
yeari
ngener
al.

I
rr
igat
ion:Phal
sai
sregar
dedasadr
oughtt
oler
antcr
op.Howev
er,
ithasbeenobser
ved
t
hati
rr
igat
ioni
snecessar
yforqual
i
tyandbi
ghar
vest
.Ir
ri
gat
ionsat2-
3weeksi
nter
val
dur
ingsummer(
Mar
ch-
May
)ar
edesi
rabl
e.

Fl
ower
ingandFr
uit
ing:Fl
ower
ingi
nphal
sast
art
sfr
om Feb-
Mar
chandcont
inuest
il
lMay
,
f
loweropeni
ngst
art
sfr
om base.Thef
lower
sar
emost
lycr
oss–pol
l
inat
edandhoney
beeact
saspol
l
inat
ingagent
.

Phal
saf
rui
tsar
egl
obose,
redorpur
plei
ncol
ourt
hef
rui
tisl
obedwi
thonet
otwo
26
seedsandi
tisbi
ggert
hanseedoft
hepea.Appl
i
cat
ionofGA3at60ppm atf
ullbl
oom
st
agei
mpr
ovest
hey
iel
dandqual
i
tyoff
rui
ts.

Har
vest
ing and y
iel
d:Phal
sa pl
antst
art
sbear
ing i
nay
earort
wo butcomest
o
maxi
mum capaci
tyi
nthi
rdy
ear&t
her
eaf
ter
.Fr
uit
sbegi
ntor
ipei
nlastweekofApr
il
(
Summer
).Al
lthef
rui
tsdonotr
ipeatt
hesamet
ime.Ther
efor
e,pi
cki
ngcont
inuesf
rom
endofApr
ilt
oJune.Fr
uit
sshoul
dbehar
vest
edatr
opest
agewheni
tat
tai
nsr
eddi
sh
pur
ple col
our
. The r
ipe f
rui
tsar
e hi
ghl
yper
ishabl
e and t
her
efor
etheyshoul
d be
mar
ket
edassoonaspossi
ble.

Theav
eragey
iel
dfr
om amat
urebush–5–10kg

Pest
sanddi
seases:
1.Meal
ybug–Mangomeal
ybug–Dr
osi
camangi
fer
ae
Thi
spestaf
fect
sser
iousl
ydur
ingset
ti
ngst
age.
Mnt
:Spr
aywi
th0.
04%Di
azi
nonorMonocr
otophos.
2.Bar
keat
ingcat
erpi
l
lar–I
nder
bel
atet
raoni
s–I
tisusual
l
yfoundi
nnegl
ect
edor
char
ds.
I
tis pol
yphagous pestwhi
ch damages t
he pl
antbymaki
ng t
unnel
sint
he mai
n
br
anch/
trunk.
Mnt
:Inj
ectker
oseneorpet
rol
int
hehol
es&pl
ugwi
thmud.
3.Leafeat
ingcat
erpi
l
lar–Eupr
oct
isf
rat
ernal
Mnt
:Spr
aywi
thcar
bar
yl&Endr
inat0.
1%

Di
seases:1.Leafspotdi
sease–Cer
cospor
agr
ewi
ae
Mnt–Spr
ayDi
thane2-
78at0.
3%orBl
i
tox0.
2%.

KARONDA Chr
ist
’s t
hor
n/Bengal
cur
rant

B.
N:Car
issaCar
anda,
L.
Fam:
Apocy
nacea
Or
igi
n:I
ndi
a/Jav
a2n–22

27
 Kar
onda(
Chr
ist
’st
hor
n)i
sanev
ergr
eenspi
nyshr
uborsmal
ltr
ee. I
tisan
i
ndi
genousf
rui
tofsub-
tr
opi
calr
egi
on. Gener
all
yiti
spl
ant
edont
hebor
deroft
he
or
char
d,whi
chact
sasapr
otect
ivehedge.I
tiswi
del
ygr
owni
nIndi
a,Sout
hAf
ri
caand
Mal
yasi
aInI
ndi
a,i
tispopul
ari
nUP,
Punj
ab,
Har
yana,
Raj
ast
hanandDel
hi,
iti
ssai
dtobe
wi
l
dinBi
har
,WestBengalandi
nPar
tsofSout
hIndi
a. Thef
rui
tcr
opi
samoni
tor
y
r
ewar
dtot
ri
bal
communi
ti
esi
nvar
iouspar
tsofI
ndi
a.

TheGenusCar
ri
ssai
shav
ingaboutt
hir
tyspeci
esofwhi
ch6-
8speci
esofI
ndi
an
or
igi
nincl
udi
ng.
1.cCar
andasL.–Thi
sisdi
chot
omousl
ybr
anchedspi
nousbushf
rui
tsar
eber
ry
el
l
ipsoi
dorgl
obosewhi
chi
sgr
ape– gr
eenwheny
oung,whi
te& pi
nkwhen
appr
oachi
ngmat
uri
tyandnear
lybl
ackwhenr
ipe.
2.cgr
andi
fl
ora–Nat
alpl
oum –Thef
rui
tsar
edar
kredwi
thpaper
yski
nandaf
ew
smal
lseeds.Fr
uit
sar
eav
ail
abl
ethr
oughoutt
hey
ear
,ver
ygoodhedge.
3.cbi
spi
nosa – Thef
lower
sar
esmal
l& f
rui
tsar
ebor
nei
ncl
ust
ersand ar
e
r
esembl
esl
i
kecgr
andi
fl
ora.
4.cedul
i
s -Fl
ower
sar
ewhi
te,pi
nkandsceut
ed,f
rui
tsar
eov
ali
nscapeandr
edi
n
col
ourbutt
urnbl
ackatmat
uri
ty.
5.cspi
ndr
um –Thi
ssp.Beanssmal
lfr
uit
s.Thi
sist
hehar
diestsp.Ofcar
ri
saandi
s
knownt
othr
ivei
npoorandr
ockysoi
l
.
6.Car
ri
saov
eta–Thi
sisAst
ral
i
anspeci
eswi
thsmal
lbush&seedsar
esmal
l&
sui
tabl
eforj
am pr
epar
ati
on.
7.ccunj
est
eta:wi
l
dspeci
esf
oundi
nal
lov
ert
hecount
ry.
8.cf
ansi
nar
via:I
tisf
oundi
nvar
iouspar
tsofsout
hIndi
a,pl
ant
sar
ebushywi
th
smal
lfr
uit
s.

Composi
ti
onanduses:t
her
ipef
rui
tsar
esubaci
dict
osweetwi
thpecul
i
arar
oma.The
f
rui
tisr
ichi
nvi
tc,
prot
ein(
2.3%)
,Fat(
9.6%)
,mi
ner
als(
2.8%)
,CHD’
s(67.
1%)
,Fe(
39.
1%)
.

Thepl
anti
susedashedgeduet
othepr
esenceofpr
omi
nentspi
nesonbr
anches.
I
tisal
sousedf
oror
nament
alpur
posef
rui
tsar
eeat
enasr
awwhenr
ipeandcookedas
v
eget
abl
es. Excel
l
entqual
i
tyofpi
ckl
e,Jam,Jel
l
y,mur
abba,sauce,cor
ri
sacr
eam or
j
ell
i
edsal
adf
rom i
tsf
rui
ts. Thedr
iedf
rui
tscanbecandi
edj
ustl
i
kecher
ry,wi
neis
28
pr
epar
edf
rom r
ipef
rui
ts.Fr
uit
scanal
sobeusedi
ndy
ing&t
anni
ngi
ndust
ri
es.
Theunr
ipef
rui
tsy
iel
dmi
l
kyl
atex–usedi
npr
epar
ingchewi
nggum andr
ubber
.
Thewoodi
swhi
teandhar
d.I
tisusedf
ormaki
ngspoonsandcombs.
Thel
eafdecoct
ioni
susedt
ocur
ethei
nter
mit
tentf
ever
,di
arr
hoea,or
ali
nfl
ammat
ion
andearache.Ther
ooti
sempl
oyedasabi
tt
erst
omachi
candv
ermi
fuse,
ani
ngr
edi
enti
n
ar
emedyf
ori
tches,r
ootext
ract
sar
eusedf
orchestcompl
aint
sandv
ener
aldi
seases,
al
sosl
i
ght
lydecr
easesbl
oodpr
essur
e.

Cl
imat
icandsoi
l:
Kar
ondai
swel
ladopt
edt
othear
idandsemi
-ar
idcl
i
mat
es.I
tisasunl
ovi
ngpl
ant
.
Thepl
ant
sar
esuscept
ibl
etocol
dandar
edamagedunderf
rostcondi
ti
ons.

I
tisv
eryhar
dypl
antandgr
owswel
lev
eni
nthesoi
l
sofmar
ginalf
ert
il
it
yst
atus.
Thespeci
escar
issaspi
ndr
um i
sthehar
diestandev
encanbegr
ownonwast
eandr
ocky
soi
l
s.I
tismostf
rui
tful
londeep,f
ert
il
e,wel
l
-dr
ainedsoi
l
.Itcant
oler
atesal
i
nesodi
c
soi
l
stoagr
eat
erext
ent
.

Pr
opagat
ion:I
tiscommer
cial
l
ypr
opagat
edbyseeds. Fr
eshseedsshoul
dbesown
dur
ingAug.orSept
..Theseedsger
minat
esi
n40-
45day
saf
tersowi
ng.Tr
eat
ingt
he
seedswi
th400ppm GA3,
enhancesger
minat
ionper
cent
age.

Veget
ati
vemet
hods:I
tisdi
ff
icul
ttor
ootpl
antanddoesnotr
ooteasi
l
y.Cut
ti
ngsof
y
oung pl
ant
str
eat
ed wi
th 1BA 1000ppm r
oot
ed bet
ter
. Ai
rlay
eri
ng wi
th 2500-
10,
000ppm 1BA&NAAi
nlanol
i
npast
eroot
edbet
ter
.Root
edl
ayer
swer
eobt
ainedaf
ter
3½ mont
hsofl
ayer
ing. Buddi
ng,i
nar
chi
ngandr
ecent
lysof
t–woodgr
aft
ingal
so
pr
ovedsuccessf
ul.

Var
iet
ies–ont
hebasi
soff
rui
tcol
our
,thev
ari
eti
esof
…….

Pl
ant
ing:Car
ondabehav
esasaxer
ophy
ticpl
ant
.Pl
ant
ingi
sdonedur
ingr
ainyseason.
Thepi
tsof30-
45cm3ar
eopenedat1.
0–1.
5m f
orhedgeandf
orr
egul
aror
char
d1.
5–
2.
0m apar
t.

29
Pr
uni
ngandt
rai
ning:Pr
uni
ngcanbedonedur
ingwi
ntermont
hs(
Oct
-Dec.
).Thet
ree
bearheav
il
yunl
esspr
unedsev
erel
ytr
aini
ngi
sessent
ialf
orpr
ovi
dinggoodf
rame-
wor
k
t
othepl
antest
abl
i
shedf
orr
egul
aror
char
dsshoul
dhav
esi
ngl
est
em at
leastupt
o75cm
htandbr
anchesshoul
dbedev
elopedi
nal
lthedi
rect
ion. Cr
isscr
oss,di
seasedand
dr
iedbr
anchesshoul
dber
emov
edr
egul
arl
y.

Manur
ing:Bei
ng a mi
norf
rui
tcr
op/
hedge pl
antsci
ent
if
ic exper
iment
s wer
e not
conduct
edonmanor
ialr
equi
rement
. Howev
err
epor
tsf
rom pr
ogr
essi
vecul
ti
vat
ors
r
evealt
hatkar
ondar
espondswel
ltoor
gani
cmanur
ing,
whenappl
i
edatt
her
ateof15-
20
kg/
bear
ingt
reee/
yeardur
ingbegi
nni
ngofmonsoon.

I
rr
igat
ion:Bei
ngxer
ophy
ticpl
ant
,itdonotr
equi
remuchwat
er.Wat
erhar
vest
ingmodel
shoul
dbedonet
ocol
l
ectr
unof
fwat
erdur
ingr
ainyseasons.

Fl
ower
ing& f
rui
ti
ng:Fl
ower
ingt
akespl
acef
rom Dec.t
oMar
chandst
art
sbear
ing
f
lower
sfr
om t
hir
dyearonwar
ds.Fr
uit
sri
penedi
nthemont
hofAugust
.

Har
vest
ing:Thef
rui
tsar
eav
ail
abl
efr
om Junet
oAugustbot
hunr
ipe&r
ipef
rui
tsar
e
har
vest
ed.Gr
eenunr
ipef
rui
tsar
eav
ail
abl
efr
om Mar
cht
oMayusedf
orpr
epar
ati
onof
Chut
ney&pi
ckl
es. Whi
l
eri
pef
rui
tsar
ehar
vest
edi
nMay– June. Ther
ipenf
rui
ts
changesi
tcol
ourf
rom gr
eent
odar
kpur
pli
shbl
ack.

Yi
eld:About10-
15kgf
rui
ts/
plantar
eobt
ainedundergoodmanagement
.Howev
er,on
wast
elandpl
ant
ing4-
5Kg/
pl.

Gener
all
ythe t
ree-
ri
pe f
rui
ts ar
e har
vest
ed. Because ofi
ts sof
tfl
esh wi
th
moi
stur
econt
ent
,it
sshel
fli
fei
sshor
t.Fr
uit
scanbekeptatr
oom t
emper
atur
eonl
y3-
4
day
s.

Pest&di
seases:Kar
ondai
sfr
eef
rom anyser
iouspestanddi
seasesat
tack.Thel
eaf
eat
ing cat
erpi
l
lar
s at
tack i
tsf
oli
arpar
ts dur
ing spr
ing – spr
ayi
ng Mal
athi
on or
Met
asy
stox(
0.2%)
.

30
Amongdi
seases
1.Ant
hracnose – Col
l
etot
ri
chum i
namdar
ii– Sr
.in UP spr
ayi
ng 0.
1% copper
sul
phat
e.
2.Bact
ri
alcanker–Xant
homonarCar
issa.
Dar
kspot
sonl
owersur
faceofl
eafunderser
viourcondi
ti
on–necr
osi
scont
rol–
spr
ayphy
tomy
cin–200ppm.

WestI
ndi
anCher
ry Bar
badascher
ry

B.
N:Mal
phi
giapunci
fol
i
a
Fami
l
y:Mal
phi
giaceae
Or
igi
n:Tr
opi
cal
Amer
ica

TheWestI
ndi
anCher
ryi
sav
eryi
mpor
tantf
rui
tbecauseofi
tshi
ghascor
bicaci
d
cont
ent(
10-
33g/
kgedi
blepul
p).I
tiswi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edt
hroughoutt
ropi
calAmer
ica
Af
ri
caandwestI
ndi
es.I
tiswi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edt
hroughoutt
ropi
calAmer
icaAf
ri
caand
westI
ndi
es.I
tisal
socal
l
edAcer
ola,
cer
ezai
nPuer
tor
ico,
Bar
bedascher
ryi
nFl
ori
daand
Texas.
Thepl
anti
sor
nament
aland whenl
adenwi
thcl
ust
ersofi
tscr
imsonf
rui
ts,
pr
esent
sav
eryat
tract
iveappear
ance.I
tisamedi
um si
zedshr
ubandcanser
veas
or
nament
alt
reesonaccountoft
hei
rfr
uit
s,f
lower
s,f
oli
ageandt
hedr
oopi
ngbr
anches.

Composi
ti
on:I
tisanexcel
l
entsour
ceofVi
t.C(
1-4%)
,Mal
eicaci
d,Gl
ucose,f
ruct
ose,
Sucr
ose,
Cal
cium,
P,Fe,
Na&Ki
ntr
acequant
it
ies.Becauseofi
tshi
ghv
it-
Ccont
ent
,the
f
rui
tofwestI
ndi
ancher
rycanber
ight
lycal
l
edast
hepi
l
lofnat
uresv
it-
c.Eat
ingoneor
t
wof
rui
tsev
erymor
ningwi
l
lmeett
hedai
l
yrequi
rementofv
it.C.Thef
rui
tal
socont
ains
pr
otei
nCHO’
sFi
bre,
car
otei
n,t
hiami
ne,
Rhi
bof
lav
inet
c.

Uses:Ther
eisgoodpot
ent
iali
nthef
orm ofpr
ocessedpr
oduceandal
sof
ort
hef
ood
andphar
maceut
icali
ndust
ri
es.Thef
rui
tsar
eeat
enasf
resh,i
tcanbej
uicedf
orpunch
f
orj
ell
i
esandi
nthepr
epar
ati
onofgel
ati
ndesser
ts,sal
adsorf
orf
ort
if
yingot
herj
uices
l
owi
nvi
t.C.

31
 Thef
rui
tisusedt
ocur
eoft
hroatpai
n,Di
arr
hea,t
hebar
kext
racti
shav
ing26%
Tanni
nusedf
orl
eat
hercondi
ti
oni
ngandf
orcol
our
ingsi
l
kandwool
encl
oths.

Soi
l:I
tcanbegr
owni
nwi
der
angeofsoi
lwi
thgooddr
ainage.Thesoi
lpHshoul
dbe5.
0
–6.
5.

Cl
imat
e:I
tisat
ropi
calpl
ant
,thr
iveswel
linwar
mlow l
andcl
i
mat
es. Thenumberof
f
lower
ingcy
clesdependsupont
emper
atur
eandt
her
ainf
allpat
ter
n.Awel
ldi
str
ibut
ed
av
erageRFofabout175cm/
yri
sgoodf
orgr
owt
handf
rui
ti
ng.I
tcannotwi
thst
andl
ow
t
emper
at e<5oCf
ur orl
ongerper
iod.

Cul
ti
var
sand speci
es:TheGenusMal
phi
giamai
nlyhav
ing 2 r
elat
ed speci
es– M
Cocci
j
eraandM ur
ense.L.y
iel
dsedi
blef
rui
ts.
Thecul
ti
vat
edt
ypesgr
oupedont
wogr
oups
1.Aci
dty
pes–t
hesear
egener
all
ybet
tery
iel
derwi
thmor
edesi
rabl
efor
m.Thev
it-C
l
eveli
nexcess,t
hesef
rui
tsar
econsi
der
edaccept
abl
einmanycount
ri
eswher
efr
uiti
s
usedf
reshorbl
endedt
ofor
ti
fyot
herj
uicesl
owi
nVi
t.
C
Var
iet
ies–Maunawi
k,J.
H.Beanmont
,C.
F.Rehnbong,
F.Hal
ey,
Redj
umbo.

2.Sweett
ype:These cul
ti
var
swer
edev
eloped f
orgener
alhome pl
ant
ing and f
or
pot
ent
ial
usei
nbabyf
oodsandpr
oduct
srequi
ri
ngmi
nimum aci
dit
y.

Var
iet
ies:Manoasweet
,Tr
opi
calRuby
,Hawai
i
anQueen,Fl
ori
dasweetot
herv
ari
eti
es–
A-
14,
12,
B-6,
7,9,
15&17gr
owni
nPuer
toRi
co.

Pr
opagat
ion:I
tispr
opagat
edbot
hbyseeds&v
eget
ati
vemeans.Seedpr
opagat
ioni
s
donepr
imar
il
ytopr
oduceseedl
i
ngsf
orsel
ect
ionpur
posesorf
orr
oot
stocks.Duet
othe
hi
ghhet
ero-
zygosi
ty,seedl
i
ngsar
enotr
ecommendedf
orpr
oduct
ionpur
poses.Seeds
l
ooset
hei
rvi
abi
l
ityqui
ckl
y,sosowt
heseedsi
mmedi
atel
yforqui
ckger
minat
ion.I
ttakes
about10-
12day
sforger
minat
ion&6-
8mont
hsol
dseedl
i
ngsar
eusedf
ort
ranspl
ant
ing.

Veget
ati
vel
yitcan be mul
ti
pli
ed byhar
dwood cut
ti
ng,ai
rlay
eri
ng,buddi
ng.
32
Har
dwoodcut
ti
ngst
reat
edwi
thI
BAat2500ppm r
esul
tedbet
terr
oot
ingcommer
cial
l
yai
r
l
ayer
ingi
sfol
l
oweddur
ingr
ainyseason.

Pl
ant
ing:Pl
ant
ingi
sdonei
n1m3pi
tsataspaci
ngof7x7m f
orgener
alcul
ti
vat
ionandat
3x3m f
orhedgepur
pose.
Manur
ing:About40-
50kgcompost
/pl
/yearshoul
dbeappl
i
edi
n2spl
i
ts.

Tr
aini
ngandpr
uni
ng:Thepl
ant
str
ainedt
oasi
ngl
etr
unksy
stem wi
thscaf
fol
dbr
anches
pr
oducedabout60-
90cm abov
egr
ound,i
sgoodf
oreasycul
tur
aloper
ati
ons.Si
ncet
he
f
rui
tbear
sonl
yoncur
rentseasongr
owt
h,l
i
ghtpr
uni
ngi
snecessar
ytoencour
agenew
gr
owt
h.Fl
ower
-budpr
oduct
ionappear
stooccurbet
ween15and18day
saf
terpr
uni
ng.

Fl
ower
ing:Thef
lower
ingst
art
saf
tert
woy
ear
sandgener
all
ycommenceswi
thonsetof
mansoon(
Mayt
oAugust
).

Har
vest
ingandy
iel
d:Thef
rui
ti
ngst
art
sfr
om secondy
earaf
terpl
ant
ing.Thef
rui
tsar
e
har
vest
edatdi
ff
erentst
agesofmat
uri
tybasedonpur
poseofuse.Haf
ttof
ull
yri
pef
rui
t
canbeut
il
izedf
orv
ari
ouspur
pose.Mat
uregr
eenf
rui
tar
esui
tabl
eforv
it.C.ex
tract
ion.
Al
lfr
uit
smaynotr
ipenatat
ime.Hencer
epeat
edhar
vest
ingi
srequi
red.Thef
rui
tist
hin
ski
nned,
del
i
cat
eandhi
ghl
ysuscept
ibl
etobr
uisi
ng.Af
terf
ull
ripeni
ngf
rui
tsf
all
down.
Anav
eragey
iel
dof2kg/
plcoul
dbeobt
ainedf
rom f
our
-year
-ol
dtr
ees.

33
 POMEGRANATE

B.
N.:
Puni
cagr
anat
um l
i
n. 2n=18
Fam:
Puni
caceae Or
igi
n:I
ron.

Pomegr
anat
eisananci
entandt
abl
efr
uiti
ntr
opi
calcount
ri
es.I
tisgr
ownal
lov
er
t
heI
ndi
aandcommer
cial
l
yinMahar
ast
ra(
>60%)f
oll
owedbyGuj
arat
,Raj
ast
hanU.
P,A.
P,
Kar
ant
aka,TN et
c.Besi
des. I
tisal
so gr
ownonl
argescal
eint
heMedi
ter
ranean
count
ri
essuchasI
ron,
Spai
n,Mor
occo,
Egy
ptet
c.

Theedi
blepar
tofpomegr
anat
eisaj
uicyout
growt
hoft
heseedcal
l
edt
hear
il
.It
i
sli
kedf
ort
hecoolr
efr
eshi
ngj
uiceandal
sov
aluedf
ori
tsmedi
cinalpr
oper
ti
es.The
j
uicei
susef
ulf
orpat
ient
ssuf
fer
ingf
rom l
epr
osy
. Thebar
k& r
indoft
hef
rui
tar
e
commonl
yusedi
ndy
sent
eryanddi
arr
hea.Thedr
iedseeds,ofpomegr
anat
egi
vesan
i
mpor
tantcondi
ment
s–‘
Anar
dana’Tanni
nisobt
ainedf
rom f
rui
tri
nd,st
em &r
ootbar
k
andl
eav
es.Thef
lower
syi
eldr
eddy
e,whi
chi
susedf
ordy
eingcl
oth.Onepomegr
anat
e
f
rui
tsuppl
i
es40%ofanadul
tsdai
l
yvi
t-
Crequi
rement
.Iti
sal
sor
ichi
nRi
bof
lav
in,
prot
ein,
f
at,
sugar
,pect
in,
Ca&I
roncont
ent
.

Thet
reei
sdeci
duousi
ntemper
atecount
ri
es,whi
l
eiti
sev
ergr
eeni
ntr
opi
caland
subt
ropi
calr
egi
ons.Thef
rui
tsar
ebor
net
ermi
nal
l
yonshor
tspur
s,ar
isi
ngf
rom mat
ure
shoot
s.Tr
eei
shar
dyandbushyhav
ingat
endencyofdev
elopi
ngmul
ti
-st
ems.

Cl
imat
e:Bestqual
i
tyf
rui
tscanbegr
owni
nar
easofcoolwi
nter
sandhot&dr
ysummer
s
wher
erai
nfal
lisl
ow i
tcanbegr
owni
ntr
opi
calt
owar
mtemper
atecl
i
mat
esandf
rom
pl
ainst
oel
evat
ionofabout1800mt
rs.

Tr
eer
equi
rehot&dr
ycl
i
mat
edur
ingf
rui
tdev
elopmentandr
ipeni
ng.I
tcannot
pr
oducesweetf
rui
tsundert
het
emper
atur
eishi
ghf
orconsi
der
abl
eamountofdr
ought
butdoeswel
li
fpr
ovi
dedwi
thi
rr
igat
ion.

Soi
l:Pomegr
anat
ecanbegr
ownonsoi
l
s-whi
char
econsi
der
edunsui
tabl
eformost

34
ot
herf
rui
tcr
ops.I
tcant
oler
atel
i
my,al
kal
i
neandsal
i
nesoi
l
sandal
sot
hri
veswel
lin
shal
l
ow r
ockygr
avelsoi
l
s.Howev
erbesty
iel
d&qual
i
tyoff
rui
tscoul
dbeobt
ainedi
n
deepheav
y,l
oamyandwel
ldr
ainedsoi
lwi
thpHr
angeof5.
5–7.
5.

Var
iet
ies:
1.Papershel
l:I
tisgr
owni
nSout
hIndi
a.Thef
rui
tsar
emedi
um t
olar
gesi
ze.The
f
leshi
spi
nki
shandt
heseedsar
esof
t.Thear
ilhasgoodf
lav
ourwi
thv
eryhi
gh
f
rui
tbear
ingcapaci
ty.
2.Al
andiorVadki
:Iti
scommonl
ygr
owni
nMahar
ast
raandGuj
arat
.Fr
uit
sar
eof
medi
um si
ze,bl
oodr
eedordeeppi
nkf
leshwi
thsweetsl
i
ght
lyaci
dicj
uice.The
seedsar
ever
yhar
d.
3.Ganesh:I
tisasel
ect
ionf
rom ‘
Alandi
’Thef
rui
tismedi
um i
nsi
ze. I
thassof
t
seeds.Thear
ili
spi
nk,
highy
iel
ding,
wit
hav
eragef
rui
twei
ghtof325g,
sweetand
soundf
rui
tshape,
TSS16.
47%,
Aci
dit
y0.
42%.
4.Jy
othi
:Iti
ssel
ect
ionf
rom Basi
nseedl
essv
ari
etydev
elopedbyUAS,Bangal
ore,
f
rui
tsar
ebi
ggersi
zewi
that
tract
iver
edcol
ourwi
thsof
tseededandmor
efl
esh&
TSSof16%.
5.Mr
idul
a:I
tisaseedl
i
ngsel
ect
ionf
rom anopenpol
l
inat
edF2popul
ati
onofacr
oss
Ganesh&Gul
-e-
Shanr
ed.Fr
uit
sar
eredi
ncol
ourandr
oundshapewi
thsweetar
il
sof
tseededf
rui
t.

Hy
bri
d–Ruby
:Ganesh&Kabul
xyer
car
ed
Thef
rui
tsr
esembl
esl
i
keGaneshv
ari
etywi
thr
eddi
shbr
ownski
nwi
thgr
een
st
ri
pesonski
n,sof
tseededwi
thbi
ggersi
zeandr
edcol
our
edar
il
s,heav
yyi
elder(
16-
18
t
/ha)
.

The ot
herv
ari
eti
es popul
arl
ygr
own ar
e – Dhol
ka,Kandhar
iKabul
,Muscat
,
Jodhpurr
ed,
P-23,
P-26,
G-137,
Bhagawa.
Jal
oreseedl
ess–I
tisasof
tseededv
ari
ety
,isdev
elopedandr
ecommendedbyCAZRI
,
Jodhpurf
orar
idr
egi
onsast
hef
rui
tmat
uri
tyi
sear
lyandmaxi
mum f
rui
tpr
oduct
ioni
s
coi
nci
dedwi
thav
ail
abl
esoi
lmoi
stur
edur
ingmonsoon,l
argef
rui
ts(
200g)wi
thpi
nkt
o
deepr
edski
n,ar
il
sar
epi
nkt
oredhav
ingsof
tseedswi
that
tract
iveov
eral
lappear
ance
off
rui
t.
35
Pr
opagat
ion:Pr
esent
ly,pomegr
anat
eissuccessf
ull
ypr
opagat
edbyhar
dwoodcut
ti
ng,
ai
r-
lay
eri
ng.
St
em cut
ti
ng -Cut
ti
ngsar
epr
epar
edf
rom hi
ghy
iel
dingpl
ant
sofoney
earol
d&f
ull
y
mat
uredshoot
s.About25-
40cm l
ongcut
ti
ngshoul
dbepl
ant
edbyr
emov
ingl
eav
esand
t
reat
ingt
hebot
tom endofcut
ti
ngswi
thr
oot
inghor
moneandi
nser
tedi
nthesoi
l
,pl
ant
s
wi
l
lber
eady(
IBA -2000ppm)i
n55-
60day
s.
Ai
rlay
eri
ng–Pomegr
anat
emayal
sobepr
opagat
edbyai
rlay
eri
ng.I
tshoul
dbedone
dur
ingr
ainyseason,
thegi
rdl
edpor
ti
oncanbet
reat
edwi
thI
BA10,
000ppm.

Est
abl
i
shmentofor
char
d:
Pl
ant
ing:Landi
spr
epar
edt
hor
oughl
ydur
ingonsetofmonsoon. Pi
tsof60-
75cm3ata
spaci
ngof5x2m pl
ant
ingshoul
dbedonedur
ingmonsoonseason.Pl
ant
ingof1-
2year
ol
droot
edcut
ti
ngsi
ncent
erofpi
tsandpr
ovi
dest
aki
ng.

I
rr
igat
ion:Newl
ypl
ant
edor
char
drequi
resf
requentandr
egul
ari
rr
igat
ion,
dur
ingf
lowr
ing
andf
rui
ti
ng,or
char
dshoul
dbei
rr
igat
edr
egul
arl
ytoav
oidcr
acki
ngoff
rui
tsandf
or
bet
terdev
elopmentoff
rui
ts.

I
nter
croppi
ng & I
nter
cul
ti
vat
ion:Legumi
nous,v
eget
abl
esand cer
eal
scan bet
aken
dur
ingpr
e-bear
ingst
age.Papay
acanbet
akenasf
il
lerpl
ant
.Theseshoul
dnotbeany
oft
heweedswi
thi
ntheper
ipher
yoft
ree.Av
oiddeeppl
oughi
ngot
her
wisei
tcausesr
oot
di
str
uct
ion.

Manur
eandFer
ti
li
zer
s:Pomegr
anat
eisahar
dypl
antbuti
trespondswel
ltomaur
eand
f
ert
il
izer
s.About20kgFYM &50kgFYM/
Treef
orbear
ingt
rees/
year
.Addi
ti
ont
othi
s
400gN:200gP:
200gK/
Tree(
197:
99:
99kgNPK/
ha)¾ N+f
ulldoseofP&Kshoul
dbe
gi
venatt
het
imeofbahar(
fl
oweri
nduct
ion)t
reat
ment
,remai
ning¼t
hN-
giv
enat1½ -
mot
hsaf
terf
rui
tset
ti
ng.Att
heageof8-
10y
ear
sthi
sdoseshoul
dbedoubl
e.

Tr
aini
ngandpr
uni
ng:
Tr
aini
ngofpomegr
anat
epl
anti
simpor
tantt
oal
l
owcer
tai
nnumberofshoot
s/st
ems
perpl
ant
.Itmaybet
rai
nedas
36
 1.Mul
ti
-st
emmedt
ree:Thi
smet
hodi
spr
efer
redi
nMahar
ast
rawher
ein3-
4st
ems
ar
eret
ainedatahi
l
landr
emai
ningshoot
sar
eremov
ed.Buty
iel
dhasnotbeen
f
oundt
obeaf
fect
ed.Thi
swi
l
lgi
veabushyf
ramewor
ktot
hepl
ant
.
2.Si
ngl
est
emmedt
ree:Byr
emov
ingal
lthesi
deshoot
s,si
ngl
est
em i
slef
t.Thi
s
oper
ati
onbegi
nsatt
het
imeofpl
ant
ing.Themai
nst
em i
spi
nchedatahei
ghtof
……r
esul
tsi
nthef
ormat
ionofbr
anches.Onl
ywel
ldi
str
ibut
ed4-
5br
anchesonal
l
si
desabove60-
70cm f
rom gr
oundar
eal
l
owedt
ogr
ow.
3.Pr
uni
ngofwat
ershoot
s,weakcr
otchesdeadt
wigs,ol
dspur
sisdoner
egul
arl
y.
Af
ter10y
ear
s,ol
dmai
nst
emsshoul
dber
emov
edbycut
ti
ngbackt
omakei
t
mor
epr
oduct
ive.

Fl
ower
ingandf
rui
tset
:

Toobt
ainhi
gherf
rui
tyi
elddur
ingapar
ti
cul
arper
iod.Thepomegr
anat
epl
ant
sar
e
gi
venar
est
ingper
iodbywhi
cht
henat
uralt
endencyoft
het
reei
sal
ter
edwi
thar
ti
fi
cial
means.I
tisdonebywi
thhol
dingofwat
erf
orabout60day
sinadv
anceoft
henor
mal
f
lower
ing,
rootexposur
eandal
souseofchemi
cal
sisknowni
sbahart
reat
ment
.

- Mr
ig-
bahar
-Fl
ower
ingcar
ebei
nducedi
nJune-
Jul
y,coi
nci
dingwi
tht
hebr
eakof
monsoons,t
hist
reat
menti
stakeni
nthear
easwher
ewat
eri
sscar
cedur
ingt
he
hotweat
her
.
- Ambebahar–Fl
ower
ing–Feb-
Mar
ch–Thi
sist
akeni
nthear
easwher
eenough
wat
eri
sav
ail
abl
edur
inghotweat
heri
.e,i
nDhol
kaar
eaofGuj
aratSt
ateduet
o
av
ail
abi
l
ityofsub-
soi
lwat
er.
- Hast
hBahar–Fl
ower
ing–Sept
.–Oct
.wher
ethet
reeshav
etobemadedor
mant
dur
ingAug– Sept
. Thi
sisr
atheruncer
tai
nbecauseoft
her
ainst
hatoccur
s
dur
ingt
hisper
iod.Duet
othi
sreasonhast
hbahari
sver
ydi
ff
icul
t.

Thet
reest
art
sbear
ingf
rui
tsf
rom f
our
thy
earandcont
inuesf
orabout25t
o30
ey
ars.Economi
cyi
eldi
sgener
all
yobt
ainedf
rom 10thy
earonwar
ds.

Har
vest
ingandy
iel
d:
Pomegr
anat
efr
uit
s become r
eady f
orhar
vest
ing i
n 5-
7 mont
hs af
tert
he
37
bl
ossomi
ng.Mat
uref
rui
tsbecomesl
i
ght
lyy
ell
owi
sh&f
urt
herpi
nkt
ored.Ont
appi
ng,
t
hef
rui
tsgi
vemet
all
i
csoundandwhenpr
essedt
heygi
vea“
Crunch”sound.

Yi
eld–t
hef
ull
ygr
ownupt
reeofabout10y
ear
sol
dpr
oduces80-
120f
rui
ts(
16-
20kgs)
Pest
sanddi
seases:
1.Anarf
rui
tfl
y/f
rui
tbor
er-v
irachol
aisocr
ates.
- Rot
ti
ngoff
rui
t&af
fect
edf
rui
tsf
all
down
Management – Spr
ayi
ng wi
th met
aci
d 50EC @1ml
/l
it
.Or car
bor
yl0.
2% or
phosphami
donat0.
3%f
ort
night
lyi
nter
val
.
- Bagy
oungf
rui
tswi
thmusl
i
ncl
oth.

2.Bar
keat
ingcat
erpi
ll
ar–I
nder
bel
atet
raoni
cs:
- I
tbor
esi
ntot
hebar
k&t
reebecomesweak&donotbearf
rui
ts.
Management–Cl
eant
hehol
d&pl
ugi
twi
thcot
tonpl
ugdi
ppedi
npet
rol
,chl
orof
orm
orker
oseneoi
l&seal
i
ngi
twi
thmud.
a.Fr
uitr
ot–Phomopsi
ssp.–Spr
ayBav
ist
in(
0.5%)orD-
Z-78at0.
25%at15
day
sint
erv
als.
b.Leafspot–Col
l
etot
ri
chum gl
oeospor
iodi
es
Management
:Spr
ayDi
thaneM-
45orcapt
anat0.
2%at15day
sint
erv
al.

Phy
siol
ogi
caldi
sor
der–Fr
uitcr
acki
ng–I
tiscommoni
npomegr
anat
eandal
soser
ious.
Thecr
ackedf
rui
tsar
eal
sol
i
abl
etobei
nvadedbycer
tai
nfungiandbact
eri
a.Thef
rui
ts
l
ooset
hei
rmar
ketv
alueandbecomeunf
itf
orhumanconsumpt
ion.Thi
sdi
sor
deri
sdue
t
othepr
eval
enceofhi
ght
emper
atur
eandmoi
stur
est
ressf
oll
owedbyr
ainshel
psi
n
f
rui
tcr
acki
ngdur
ingf
rui
tdev
elopment
.Accor
dingt
ochundawat(
1990)i
nthey
oung
f
rui
tsi
tcoul
dbeduet
obor
ondef
ici
ency
.Whi
l
einMr
igbahar(
Jul
y)gr
ownf
rui
tsi
tmi
ght
beduet
osuddenf
luct
uat
ioni
ndayandni
ghtt
emper
atur
e.
Pr
olongeddr
oughtcondi
ti
onscausehar
deni
ngofpeel
,i
fthi
sisf
oll
owedbyheav
y
r
Fori
rr
igat
iont
hent
hepul
pgr
owsf
astandr
esul
tsi
ncr
acki
ngofpul
p.

TheCr
sli
keBedanaBosek’Jal
oreseedl
essandkhogar
ecompar
ati
vel
ytol
erant
t
ocr
acki
ng.
Cont
rolmeasur
es:
38
- Pl
ant
ingofv
ari
eti
est
oler
antt
ofr
uitcr
acki
ng.
- Ear
lyhar
vest
ingoff
rui
tsi
mmedi
atel
yaf
termat
uri
ty
- Mai
ntai
nopt
imum soi
lmoi
stur
edur
ingMr
igbaharf
rui
ti
ng
- Spr
aycal
cium hy
droxi
deonf
oli
ageaf
terf
rui
tset
.
- I
fbor
ondef
ici
ency–spr
aybor
axat0.
1per
centt
opl
/20g/
pl/
year
.
- Spr
ayGA3at250ppmni
nJune.
- Pl
antwi
ndbr
eakar
oundt
hepomegr
anat
epl
ant
ati
on.

39
 BER
Ar
east
ret
chi
ngf
rom Or
igi
n–I
ndi
ato5WnAsi
a.
B.
N.:
Zyzy
phusmaur
it
ianaLamk(
Indi
anber
)
Fam:
Rhamnaceae
Beri
sknownaski
ngofar
id&semiar
idf
rui
ts.Beri
sawast
elandcr
op,
andi
san
i
dealf
rui
ttr
eef
orar
idandsemiar
idr
egi
onsi
ntr
opi
calandsubt
ropi
calcl
i
mat
e.I
tisa
poor
man’
sappl
eandhi
ghl
ysui
tabl
eformar
ginall
andandhotar
idr
egi
on.I
tismai
nly
gr
owni
nIndi
a,cent
ralAsi
a,Chi
na,Tai
wan,Aust
ral
i
a,USA,I
tal
y,Fr
ance.I
nIndi
aitcan
sui
tabl
ygr
owni
nal
lpar
tsofNor
thI
ndi
anpl
ains,Ut
tarPr
adesh,Har
yana,Madhy
a
pr
adesh,Punj
ab,Raj
ast
han,Bi
har
,Mahar
ast
ra,Assam,Guj
arat
,Andr
aPr
adesh,Tami
l
Nadu&WestBengal
.ThegenusZi
zyphushasabout40speci
esdi
str
ibut
edt
hroughout
.
Composi
ti
onandusesofber
:
Berf
rui
tsar
eequal
l
yrel
i
shedbyr
uralandur
ban,
peopl
easwel
lasbyy
oung&ol
d,
t
heyar
ehi
ghl
ynut
ri
ti
ous.I
tisar
ichsour
ceofv
it.Candal
sof
air
lygoodsour
ceofv
it.A
andB.Theyal
socont
aincal
cium,Pot
assi
um andFer
rous.Acompar
isonofnut
ri
ti
ve
v
alueofberandappl
erev
eal
sthatt
heberi
sri
cheri
ntheamountofpr
otei
n,2.
9%et
c.
Theberseed,r
oot
s,st
em andbar
kcont
ainal
kal
oids,Thef
rui
tusedasdr
ied,
candi
ed,pi
ckl
ed,squash,j
uice,berbut
tert
heext
ractofberi
ssai
dtobeabl
oodpur
if
ier
andal
sohel
psi
ndi
gest
ion.Thepowder&decoct
ionpr
epar
edoutofr
oot
sar
eef
fect
ive
i
ncur
eoff
ever
,ul
cer&ol
dwounds.Thest
em bar
kissai
dtober
emedyf
ordi
arr
hea,
the
l
eav
esar
eusedasaf
olderi
ndr
yregi
on.Thest
em gi
vesav
aluabl
eti
mberandal
so
qual
i
tywoodusedi
nAgr
icul
tur
ali
mpl
ement
s,gi
vesexcel
l
entchar
coal
s,t
het
hor
ny
br
anchesandusedasf
encemat
eri
als.
Outt
he t
ropi
caland sub t
ropi
calr
egi
ons. Among t
he v
ari
ous speci
es:Z Juj
uba
(
Chai
nesej
ujube)andZmaunt
iana.Thei
mpor
tantspeci
esofZi
zyphusi
nIndi
aar
e
Z.mour
it
iana,Zj
ujube–Nat
iveofChi
na&cul
ti
vat
edi
nPunj
ab,Ut
tarPr
adesh,Bi
har&
Raj
ast
han.
Z.nummul
ari
s(Z.r
otundi
fol
i
a)–Foundi
nN-
WIndi
a&Andr
apr
adesh.
Z.Oenopl
i
a–Foundi
nNor
th&Peni
nsul
arI
ndi
a.
Z.r
ugosa–Foundi
nUt
tarPr
adesh,
Bihar
,Madhy
apr
adesh.
Z.Sal
i
va–Foundi
nPunj
ab&Bengal
.
Z.Zy
lopy
rus–Foundi
nMadhy
aPr
adesh.

40
Cl
imat
eandsoi
l:Beri
sthemosthar
dyf
rui
ttr
ee,I
tisf
oundgr
owi
ngunderv
ary
ing
cl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
ons,al
mostt
hroughoutI
ndi
a.I
tpr
efer
shotanddr
ycl
i
mat
eforqual
i
ty
f
rui
ts&pr
oduct
ion,I
tcanbegr
ownupt
oanat
ti
tudeof1500m.Thet
imeofgr
owt
h,
f
lower
ingandf
rui
tmat
uri
tyar
etemper
atur
edependent
.
Beri
sgr
ownsuccessf
ull
yinmar
ginall
ands,becauseofi
tshar
dynat
ureandt
ap
r
ootsy
stem,i
tcanbegr
owni
nawi
der
angeofsoi
lincl
udi
ngpor
ousandunf
ert
il
esoi
l
s.
I
tgr
owswel
linsandyl
oam soi
lwi
thneut
ralorsl
i
ght
lyal
kal
i
ner
eact
ion.I
tal
sogr
ows
sat
isf
act
ori
l
yinsal
i
nesoi
l
.
Var
iet
ies:Ther
ear
emor
ethan125cul
ti
var
sgr
owni
nIndi
a.Thei
mpor
tantcommer
cial
cv
sindi
ff
erentbergr
owi
ngst
atesofI
ndi
aar
e;
1.Adhr
aPr
adesh–Bodhi
a,Banar
asi
2.Bi
har–Banar
asi
,Nagpur
i,Thor
nless
3.Har
yana–Gol
a,Saf
eda,
Sandhur
a,Seo,
Chonchal
,Umr
anMahr
ara,
Mur
ia,
etc.
4.Mahar
ast
ra–Shamber
,Badami
,Manuki
,Gul
i
,Mehr
un,
etc.
5.Punj
ab– Nazuk,Noki
,seo,Gol
a,Saf
eda,Rohat
aki
,Banar
asi
,Dandan,Umr
an,
Pat
hani
,I
lai
chi
,et
c.
6.Raj
ast
han–Gol
a,Seb,
Seo,
Jogi
a,Mundi
a,Ti
kadi
,Kat
ha,
7.Ut
tarPr
adesh–Nar
ma,
Var
nasi
,Del
hi,
Gol
a,Mut
hiy
a,Mur
iyaBanar
asiGol
a,Jogi
a,
Al
i
gan.
8.Guj
arat–Mehar
aun,
Ajmer
i,Chamet
i,Rander
i,et
c.
Umr
an:Thi
svar
iet
ywasdev
elopedf
rom Fr
uitResear
chSt
ati
on,Bahadur
gar
h(Punj
ab)
.
Thet
reei
sspr
eadi
ngt
ype.Fr
uit
sar
efai
rl
ybi
ginsi
zeov
alwi
thr
oundapex,Fr
uiti
s
br
owni
sh–r
ed,whi
cht
urnst
ogr
eeni
sh-
yel
l
owonr
ipeni
ng.Thepul
pissweetwi
th19%
ofTSS,wi
tht
heav
eragey
iel
dof30-
40KKgf
rui
t/
tree,l
argel
eafsi
zewi
thdar
kgr
een
col
our
.
Gol
a:Thi
sisanear
lyv
ari
ety&gr
ownext
ensi
vel
y,r
oundf
rui
ts,col
ouri
sgol
deney
ll
ow
whenr
ipewi
thsof
t,whi
teandsweetpul
p(TSS–16–20%)y
iel
d80kg/
tree.
Seo:Thef
rui
tresembl
etoGol
a,wi
thTSSof20.
5%heav
yyi
elder90-
105kgear
lyv
ari
ety
.
I
lai
chi
:Thef
rui
tsar
esmal
l(6.
0g)andr
esembl
escar
damom i
nshape,wi
thgoodt
ast
e
andpecul
i
erf
lav
our&v
erysweet(
TSS–22.
5%)
,yi
eldi
ngabout115kg/
tree.
Dandon:I
tismi
dseasonv
ari
ety&commonl
ygr
owni
nHar
yana.Fr
uithaspoi
ntedbeak,
ski
noff
rui
tist
hin,
pul
piswhi
te,
sof
t,sweetandf
lav
ouri
spl
easant
.
41
Pr
opagat
ion:Theexi
stenceofol
d or
char
dsi
nIndi
aisr
aised byseedl
i
ngs& t
hus
pr
oduced i
nfer
iorqual
i
tyf
rui
ts,now i
tis commer
cial
l
y pr
opagat
ed by v
eget
ati
ve
met
hods.(
InI
ndi
a,beri
scommer
cial
l
ypr
opagat
ed)bybuddi
ng.Themostcommon
met
hodi
sshi
eldbuddi
ngdonef
rom June-
Aug.i
nsi
tuat
ionbuddi
ngi
shi
ghl
ysuccessf
ul.
Pl
ant
ing:I
nsubt
ropi
calr
egi
on,pl
ant
ingcanei
therbedonei
nspr
ing(
Dec.orJanuar
y)
pr
ovi
dedwi
thi
rr
igat
ionf
aci
l
iti
esori
nmonsoon(
Jul
ytoSept
.)
.Int
ropi
cs,t
hebest
pl
ant
ingi
sdur
ingJul
ytoAugust
.
Thepi
tssi
zeof60cm3at6x6m apar
tar
eopenedandf
il
ledwi
th15kgFYM &
t
opsoi
l
.Thebudgr
aft
shav
ing6-
leafst
agear
etobesel
ect
edf
orpl
ant
ingi
nmai
nfi
eld
f
orbet
terest
abl
i
shment
.
Manur
esandFer
ti
li
zer
s:Thedef
ici
encyofNPKwasf
oundt
oinhi
bitr
ootl
engt
h,l
eaf
numberataxi
l
lar
ybr
anchpr
oduct
ion.Sor
egul
arappl
i
cat
ionofmanur
esandf
ert
il
izer
sis
necessar
y.About20-
30KgFYM and400-
500gN 200gP2O5and200gK2O/
treef
or
i
rr
igat
edcr
opf
orr
ainf
edcr
ophal
fdoseoff
ert
il
izer
sshoul
dbegi
venhal
fofNut
ri
ti
onand
f
ulldoseofP&Kshoul
dbeappl
i
edi
nJune-Jul
ywhi
l
eremai
ningNshoul
dbegi
ven
dur
ingSept
-Oct
.

I
rr
igat
ion:Duet
over
ydeept
apr
ootsy
stem andxer
ophy
ticnat
ure,
berpl
anti
sver
yhar
dy
andonceest
abl
i
shedi
tneedsv
eryl
i
ttl
ecar
eandi
rr
igat
ion.I
tbear
scr
opev
enwi
thout
i
rr
igat
ion. Howev
er,suppl
ement
aryi
rr
igat
ion gener
all
y benef
it
str
ees and hi
gher
pr
oduct
ioni
sobt
ained.
I
rr
igat
ethepl
ant
sdur
ingpostmonsoon(
Oct
-Mar
ch)per
iodwhencr
opi
son,
i
mpr
ovesf
rui
tsi
zeand qual
i
ty. Thei
rr
igat
ionshoul
dbewi
thhel
datt
het
imeof
f
lower
ing.
Tr
aini
ng and Pr
uni
ng:Unl
ess ber t
rees ar
etr
ained,t
he t
rees become bushy
,
unpr
oduct
iveandhi
nderal
lint
ercul
tur
aloper
ati
ons.Toest
abl
i
shast
rongf
ramewor
k,
t
het
reet
rai
ntoasi
ngl
est
em upt
oahei
ghtof75-
90cm i
nIy
ear
. Lat
er3-
5mai
n
br
ancheswi
del
yspr
eadatal
ldi
rect
ionsmaybeencour
aged.Thesamepr
ocessshoul
d
ber
epeat
edt
odev
elopt
ert
iar
ybr
anchesassecondar
yshoot
s. Fi
nalbal
anci
ngand
cor
rect
ionoff
ramewor
kshoul
dbedonei
nthet
hir
dyear
.
Pr
uni
ngkeepst
het
reespr
oduct
iveandi
mpr
vesf
rui
tsi
ze,
wei
ghtandqual
i
ty.Thef
rui
ts
ar
ebor
neIt
heaxi
l
sofl
eav
esont
hey
oungshoot
sofcur
rentseason. Ther
efor
ea
42
r
egul
arannualpr
uni
ngi
nberi
sver
ymuchnecessar
ytoi
nduceagood&heal
thygr
owt
h
whi
chwi
l
lpr
ovi
det
hemaxi
mum f
rui
tbear
ingar
eaont
het
ree.Somet
hinni
ngoutof
br
anchesi
sal
sonecessar
ytoav
oidt
oomuchcr
owdi
ngwhi
chhel
psi
nreduci
ngt
he
i
nci
denceofpest&di
seases.

Thebestt
imef
orpr
uni
ngi
saf
tert
hehar
vestdur
ingt
hehotanddr
yseasonor
wheni
tshedsi
tsl
eav
es&becomesdor
mant
.Dr
y,deadanddi
seasedwood,cr
iss–
cr
ossbr
anchesandweakcr
otchesar
eremov
edatt
het
imeofpr
uni
ngev
eryy
ear
.
Foropt
imum y
iel
dandgoodqual
i
tyf
rui
ts,25per
centofoney
earol
dshoot
s
shoul
dbeheadedback,
ever
yyear
.
Fl
ower
ingandf
rui
ti
ng:
Thei
nfl
orescencei
nberi
sanaxi
l
lar
ycy
me.Eachi
nfl
orescenceconsi
stsof15-
30
f
lower
s.Thef
lower
ingst
art
sIt
hemont
hofSept
emberandext
endsupt
oNov
emberi
n
N-
Indi
ancondi
ti
ons.I
nW-
Indi
a,f
lower
ingst
art
sonAugust
.InSout
hIndi
a,f
lower
ing
st
art
sfr
om Jul
yand cont
inues t
o Sept
. I
tis cr
oss-
pol
l
inat
ed cr
op & pr
omi
nent
pol
l
inat
ingagent
sar
ehoneybees,
housef
li
esandy
ell
owwasp.
Spr
ayi
ngofGA3,
2,4,
5-Ti
sfoundt
oimpr
ovet
hef
rui
tsandr
educest
hef
rui
tdr
op.
Thegr
owt
handdev
elopmentofberf
rui
tismostact
ivedur
ingt
hef
ir
stsi
xweeks
andt
hel
astei
ghtweeks.Dur
ingt
hemi
ddl
eei
ghtweekst
hegr
owt
hisv
erysl
ow.
Har
vest
ing:Har
vest
ingoff
uri
tsatpr
operst
ageofmat
uri
tyi
sver
yimpor
tantf
rom qual
i
ty
poi
ntofv
iew.Ther
ipenf
rui
tschangesi
tscol
ourf
rom gr
eent
oyel
l
owi
shandgol
den
y
ell
owt
obr
owni
sh,
frui
tsbecomesweti
ntast
ei.
e.sugari
ncr
eases&aci
dit
ydecr
eases.
Underr
ipef
rui
tswhenpi
ckeddonotr
ipenpr
oper
ly&nev
erat
tai
nthedesi
red
qual
i
ty.Ov
er-
ri
pef
rui
tsl
ooset
hei
rat
tract
ivecol
our&becomesr
ed,l
ooset
hei
rcr
isp&
j
uicyt
ext
ure. Suchf
rui
tshav
elessst
oragel
i
feanddet
eri
orat
equi
cky
. Ther
efor
e
har
vest
ingatpr
operst
agei
sext
remel
yessent
ial
.
Yi
eld:Agr
aft
edpl
antst
art
sopt
imum pr
oduct
ionaf
ter5-
6year
sofpl
ant
ing.Fr
uit
sar
e
har
vest
edf
rom Nov
embert
oMar
ch. Theav
eragey
iel
dofdi
ff
erentv
ari
eti
esatt
hei
r
opt
imum ageofbear
ingv
ari
esf
rom 80-
200kg/
tree–I
rr
igat
ioni
ndr
yar
eas50– 80
kg/
tree.
Posthar
vesthandl
ingandst
orage:
Af
terhar
vest
ingundesi
rabl
efr
uit
sar
esor
tedout
.Heal
thyf
rui
tsar
egr
adcedi
nto
l
arge,medi
um &smal
lsi
zef
rui
ts.Thegr
adedf
rui
tsar
epackedi
ngunnybags,bamboo
43
basket
s,packi
ngi
nmul
ber
rybasket
shasbeenpr
ovedbet
ter
.Beri
sanon-
cli
mact
ri
c
f
rui
t.Howev
er,
whenneededr
ipeni
ngcanbeenhancedwi
tht
heappl
i
cat
ionofet
hephon
at500ppm.

Underor
dinar
yst
oragecondi
ti
ons,berf
rui
tscanbekeptf
orabout5-
6day
s.
Howev
er,shel
fli
feof‘
Umr
an’f
rui
tisi
ncr
easedwi
thper
e-har
vestspr
ayi
ng(
10day
s)of
cal
cium chl
ori
de (
1.7g/
li
tusi
ng 0.
1% Teepolsur
fact
ant
),and packi
ng t
he f
rui
tsi
n
mul
ber
rybasket&st
ori
ngt
hem atambi
entt
emper
atur
e.

Pest&di
seases:
1.Fr
uitf
ly– Car
pomy
iav
esuv
iana– Theaf
fect
edf
rui
tsbecomemi
s-shapen&
gul
l
iesi
nsi
det
hef
rui
ts&f
rui
tsbecomesr
ott
en.
Management
:col
l
ectt
hei
nfest
edpar
ts&dest
roy
Spr
ayRogar–0.
05%
Oer
otophosat0.
04%.Resi
stcv
-Il
aichi
,Umr
an.
2.Bar
keat
ingcat
erpi
l
lar–I
nder
bel
l
aquadr
inot
ata
Hol
esi
nthet
runk&f
eedst
hebar
k,st
art
edgr
owt
h.
Management
:Pai
nti
ngt
hehol
eswi
thmonocr
otophosat0.
1%
Resi
stantcvDesi
Alwar
,
3.Hai
rycat
erpi
l
lar–Eupr
oct
isf
rat
erna
Management
:Dust
ingof10%Li
ndaneor0.
1%Car
bor
ylorenf
osul
fan.
Di
seases:
1.Powder
ymi
ldew–Oi
dium er
ysi
phoi
derf
.zi
zypi
)
Af
fect
edf
rui
tsshowwhi
tepowder
yspot
s,l
atercov
erwhol
ear
eaoff
rui
tsshow
whi
tepowder
yspot
s,l
atercov
erwhol
ear
eaoff
rui
ts,
flower
s&l
eav
es.
Management
:Spr
ayKar
atane–0.
1%orSul
fex0.
2%at15day
sint
ernal
,af
terf
rui
t
set
.Gr
owi
ngt
oler
antv
ari
eti
es–NazukGl
ory
,Kat
ha-
phal
,Saf
eda-
Roht
ak.
2.Soot
ymoul
dorBl
ackl
eafspot–I
sar
iospi
sindi
ca
- Bl
ackspot
sonl
owersur
faceofl
eaf
,lat
ert
heuppersur
facebecomesy
ell
ow &
l
eav
esf
ull
premat
urel
y.
Management
:Spr
ayDi
thane–Z-
78at0.
2%orCoc–0.
6%.
3.Fr
uitr
ot–phomopsi
ssp.
,col
l
etot
ri
chum spp.Al
ter
mar
oas[
[/
- Br
ownspot
sondi
stal
endoff
uri
t.
44
- Management
:Spr
ayDi
than–Z-
78at0.
3$orbl
i
tox–0.
2%.

45
 DATEPALM
Bot
ani
cal
Name:
Phoeni
xdact
yli
fer
aL.
Fami
l
y–Pal
mae 2n=36
Or
igi
n–Per
sianGul
f,I
raq

Dat
epal
misamonocot
yledon,
wit
hunbr
anchedst
em.I
tisoneoft
heol
destf
rui
t
cul
ti
vat
edbymanki
nd,
Itwasofst
il
lgr
eat
eri
mpor
tance,
becausei
tfor
medt
hepr
inci
pal
di
etoft
henat
ivepopul
ati
on.Ev
ent
oday
,iti
sst
apl
efoodoft
heAr
abs.Al
thoughi
tisa
f
actt
hatdat
epal
m or
igi
nat
ednearI
ndi
aandbecamenat
ural
i
zedi
nthi
scount
ryi
nver
y
ear
lyt
imes,t
her
ear
enocommer
cialpl
ant
ati
onsofhi
ghqual
i
tydat
es.Exceptsome
seedl
i
ngpl
ant
ati
onsofgr
eatv
alue&pot
ent
ial
i
tyi
nKut
chr
egi
on&squar
sht
raofGuj
arat
st
ate,Raj
ast
han,Punj
abandHar
yana.I
nSout
hIndi
a,t
hewi
l
dspeci
esexi
stsandy
iel
d
t
hef
rui
tsofi
nfer
iorqual
i
tyi
.e.phoeni
xsul
vest
ri
sP.homi
l
ies&Pf
ari
nif
era.

Thel
argestpr
oducerofdat
esi
nthewor
ldi
sIr
aq,
Sandi
Arabi
a,Al
ger
ia,
Iran,
Egy
pt,
Li
bya,
Paki
stan,
Mor
occo,
USAet
c.Dat
esr
ankf
our
thi
nthewor
ldpr
oduct
ionaf
terci
tr
us,
bananasandpi
neappl
e.

Usesandcomposi
ti
on:Thedat
esar
ehi
ghl
ydel
i
ciousandf
avour
abl
efr
uitofI
ndi
an.
Dat
esser
veasar
ichsour
ceofsugar
sandmi
ner
alcont
ent
s.Thesear
eeat
en
f
resh,dr
ied.Acombi
nat
ionofmi
l
kanddat
espr
ovi
desabal
ancedhumandi
et.The
di
bbl
epor
ti
onoff
reshdat
escont
ainsabout75per
centsugar
s,2-
4per
centpr
otei
nsand
2-
3per
centmi
ner
al.SuchasI
ron,
CaandPot
assi
um cont
ent
.Fr
uit
sar
egoodsour
ceof
v
it-
A,B1,
B2&B6,
1Kgr
ipef
rui
tspr
ovi
de3150cal
.ofener
gy.

Thedr
ydat
esar
epr
eser
vedandar
ecal
l
edas‘
Chhuhar
a’andsof
tdat
esar
ecal
l
ed
as‘
PindaKhaj
oor
’bot
hdr
ydat
esandsof
tdat
eshav
egr
eatdemandi
nmar
ket
.These
f
rui
tshav
erel
i
gioussi
gni
fi
cancet
oo.Musl
i
msar
eusi
ngt
hef
rui
tsdur
ingRamz
anmont
h,
al
sobyHi
ndusdur
ingper
for
mingPooj
a’
sormar
ri
ages.

Dat
epul
pisusedf
ormaki
ngal
coholi
nIr
aq,i
tisknownas‘
Orak’v
inegar
,jui
ce
whi
chi
sknownas‘
Dibbi
s’
/wi
ne/
Neer
a-f
rom wi
l
dsp.i
nKar
nat
aka.

46
 Thet
runki
susedast
imber
,forconst
ruct
ion&f
urni
tur
e,l
eav
esar
eusedf
or
pr
epar
ati
onofbasket
s,br
ooms,
mat
sforcot
tagei
ndust
ri
es&al
sof
uel
s.

Cl
imat
e:Thedat
epal
misaf
rui
toft
hedeser
tsofMi
ddl
eEast
.Iti
ssai
dthati
tli
kest
o
hav
eit
sheadi
nfi
reandi
tsf
eeti
nwat
er.I
tappl
i
esonl
ythati
trequi
respr
olonged
summerheatdur
ingr
ipeni
ngwi
thoutr
ain.

Thei
deal
meant
emper
atur
edur
ingf
lower
ingandf
rui
tri
peni
ngshoul
dbe25-
39oC.
Thewi
l
ddat
epal
msar
eseengr
owi
ngev
enupt
oanal
ti
tudeof1500mt
s.

Soi
l:Thedat
e-pal
m cangr
ow andpr
oducef
rui
tonawi
der
angeofsoi
lwel
ldr
ained
sandyl
oam soi
l
sar
ethebestsui
tedf
ori
tscul
ti
vat
ion.Ther
eshoul
dnotbehar
dpanor
Kaukerl
ayerwi
thi
n60-
90cm f
rom t
hesur
facedownwar
ds.

Var
iet
ies:Al
argenumberofv
ari
eti
esar
eknownbutonl
yaf
ewar
ecommer
cial
l
ygr
own,
t
heyar
egener
all
ydi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreegr
oupsbasedonmoi
stur
econt
enti
nthef
rui
ti.
e.
sof
t,semi
-dr
yanddr
y.

9.Sof
tvar
iet
ieshav
ear
elat
ivel
yhi
ghwat
ercont
ent
,li
tt
leornosucr
osewhenf
ull
y
r
ipeal
socal
l
edi
nver
tsugardat
es–Hal
awykhadr
awy
,Medj
ool
,shamr
an,
Hay
ani
,
Sai
dy.
10.
Drydat
esorsemi
-dr
ydat
espossessahi
ghsugarandl
owwat
ercont
ent&r
etai
n
mor
esucr
osewhenf
ull
yri
peal
sor
efer
redascanesugardat
es–v
ari
eti
esar
e
Thoor
y,Degl
etNoor
,Zahi
di,
Day
ari
.
Non-
ast
ri
ngentv
ari
eti
es–Hal
awy
,Bar
hee,
Chi
pchap,
ShakerShahaani
Var
iet
iesf
orChuhar
amaki
ng–Medj
ool
,Zahi
di,
Khadr
awy
Var
iet
iesf
orpi
ndkhaj
oor–Zahi
diJui
cev
ari
ety–Zagl
oal
Hay
ani
Descr
ipt
ionofsomecommer
cial
var
iet
iesar
e:
2.Bar
hee– I
tisasof
tdat
efr
om I
raq and i
samberonr
ipeni
ng hav
ing l
i
ttl
e
ast
ri
ngency
,heav
yyi
elderupt
o150kg/
pl.
3.Hal
awy
/Hi
l
lawi–I
tisasof
tdat
efr
om I
raq.I
tri
pensear
lyandy
iel
ds100-
125
kg/
pal
m.I
tdoesnotgetdamagesbyoccasi
onal
rai
nsandhi
ghhumi
dit
y.
47
 4.Day
ari– I
tisasemidr
ydat
efr
om I
raq. Doesnotgetdamagedbyhumi
dy
weat
her
,whencur
edi
tat
tai
nsadar
kred-
browncol
our
.Ami
dseasonv
ari
etyand
y
iel
ds75-
100kg/
pal
m.
5.Degl
etnoor–I
tisasemi
-dr
ydat
efr
om Al
ger
ia,al
eadi
ngcommer
cialv
ari
etyof
USA,
itget
sdamagedf
rom r
ainandhi
ghhumi
dit
yandy
iel
ds100-
150kg/
pal
m.
6.Zahi
di-Semi
-dr
ydat
efr
om I
raq.Lesst
oler
antt
orai
nandhi
ghhumi
dit
y.Ri
pensi
n
mi
dseason,
100-
150kg/
pal
m.
7.Thoor
y-Dr
ydat
efr
om Al
ger
ia.I
tissl
i
ght
lydamagedbyhi
ghhumi
dit
yyi
eldi
s100-
120kg/
pal
m.

Pr
opagat
ion:Dat
esmaybepr
opagat
edbyseedsorof
fshoot
sorsucker
s. I
fdat
es
pr
opagat
edt
hroughseeds,t
hepopul
ati
onshal
lbehal
fmal
e&hal
ffemal
e(1:
1).I
tmay
t
ake5-
8year
sforf
lower
ing/
frui
ti
ng.
A pl
antr
aisedf
rom of
fshoot
,comest
ruet
othepar
ent
,whi
chdev
elopf
rom
axi
l
lar
ybudsont
het
runk.
Medi
um si
zedof
fshoot
swei
ghi
ng10-
25kgi
spr
efer
red.I
tmusthav
egoodr
oot
sy
stem.At
reecoul
dpr
oduceatt
hemost10-
25of
fshoot
sdur
ingi
tspr
oduct
ivel
i
fe.
Pl
ant
ing–Dat
epal
m,bei
ngdi
oeci
ousi
nnat
urer
equi
respl
ant
ati
onofmal
esucker
s,f
or
pr
operpol
l
inat
ional
ongwi
thf
emal
eof
fshoot
s,t
hemal
eshoul
dbe(
10%)pl
ant
ed.

Pl
ant
ingshoul
dbedonei
nthepi
t.Si
zeof1m3atadi
stanceof8x8m/
7x7m/
6x6m
i
nrai
nyseason.
Af
terpl
ant
ingt
heof
fshoot
sneedt
obepr
otect
edbot
hfr
om excessi
veheatas
wel
lasl
ow wi
ntert
emper
atur
efort
hef
ir
st2-
3year
sbypr
ovi
dingpar
ti
alshade.Case
shoul
dbet
akent
hatt
hecr
ownoft
hepl
ant
edof
fshoot
sremai
nsat
least10-
15cm
abov
e/hi
ghert
hant
hegr
oundl
evelsot
hatt
hei
rr
igat
ionwat
erdoesnott
ouchi
torent
er
i
ntoi
t.

Manur
esandFer
ti
li
zer
s:
Commer
cialor
char
dingofdat
epal
misnotknowni
nIndi
a,t
her
efor
e,wor
kon
nut
ri
ti
onalr
equi
rementi
slacki
ng.Howev
erf
orhi
ghpr
oduct
ionofgoodqual
i
tyf
rui
ts,
manur
ingandf
ert
il
izat
ioni
sessent
ial
.

48
 About30-
40kgFYM/
treeand30:
20:
50kgNPK/
haFul
lofFYM al
ongwi
thhal
f
doseofN&f
ullofP&Ki
sappl
i
edi
nthemont
hofSept
ember
-Oct
oberandr
emai
ningN
i
s……….
.i
nJan.
Feb.

I
rr
igat
ion:Dat
epal
mrespondst
oir
ri
gat
ions.I
mmedi
atel
yaf
terpl
ant
ingofof
f-
shoot
s,
l
i
ghti
rr
igat
ionshoul
dbegi
ven.Youngerpl
ant
ati
onneedsmor
efr
equent
lyi
rr
igat
iont
han
wel
lgr
ownuppl
ant
ati
on,
15day
sint
erv
alsdur
ingsummer
.

I
nter
cul
tur
eandi
nter
croppi
ng:

Pr
uni
ng:Suf
fi
cientnumberofgr
eenl
eav
esi
snecessar
yforbet
tergr
owt
hdev
elopment
andy
iel
d.I
tisf
oundt
hatabout75-
100l
eav
esar
enecessar
yatt
hebear
ingagei
.e.upt
o
5y
ear
spl
antdoesnotr
equi
repr
uni
ngofl
eav
es. Howev
er,wel
lgr
ownupbear
ing
pl
ant
ati
onr
equi
resl
eafpr
uni
ng. Themai
ntenanceofadequat
eleafbunchr
ati
ois
necessar
yfori
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
i
tyoff
rui
tsi
ntheseason.Hi
gherr
ati
obr
ingshi
gh
humi
dit
yar
oundt
hef
rui
tleadst
othedev
elopmentofBl
acknosedi
sor
der
.Pr
uni
ngof
addi
ti
onal
leav
espr
ovi
desbet
teraer
ati
onandsav
esf
rui
tsf
rom suchdi
sor
der
s.Besi
des,
y
oungof
f-
shoot
satt
hei
rver
yyoungst
agear
eal
sor
emov
edt
hatwi
l
limpr
ovef
rui
ti
ng.

Fl
ower
ingandFr
uit
ing–Cr
osspol
li
nat
ed

Dat
epal
m st
artbear
ingatt
heageof4t
o5y
ear
s.Thef
lower
ingst
art
sinwi
nter
seasoni
nNor
thI
ndi
a,Fl
ower
ingi
nmal
epal
mtr
eeswas15day
sear
li
ert
hanf
emal
e
t
rees,
becausei
tisadi
oeci
oust
ree.Pol
l
inat
ionoff
emal
etr
eesi
sdonebyhandandf
or
t
hatst
andsoff
reshl
yopenedmal
einf
lor
escencei
scutf
rom t
het
ree,3-
4st
randsar
e
pl
acedbet
weent
hest
randsoff
emal
efl
owercl
ust
eri
nani
nver
tedposi
ti
onassoonas
f
lowerant
hesi
sinf
emal
etakespl
ace.

I
ndat
epal
mthet
reewhosepol
l
eni
sresponsi
blef
ort
hef
ert
il
izat
ionexer
cisesa
di
recti
nfl
uenceont
hesomat
ict
issueoft
hef
rui
tout
sidet
heembr
yoandt
heendosper
m.
Thi
sinf
luencei
scal
l
edas‘
Met
axeni
a’

Thef
rui
tdev
elopsi
nasi
gmoi
dcur
vewi
thf
ourst
ages
49
 Ist
age–pr
e-dokaorGandor
aor
chmr
ist
agei
nwhi
cht
heber
ri
esar
ehar
dand
r
emai
nsgr
eeni
ncol
our
.
I
Ist
age– Doka/
Khal
alst
age– Fr
uit
sar
eful
l
ygr
own,har
dandber
ri
esat
tai
n
y
ell
oworr
ed.Thi
sDokamayf
urt
herbesubdi
vi
dedi
nto2st
ages1.Ear
lydoka–y
ell
ow
orr
eddi
sh
2.Lat
edoka–Col
ourchangest
oful
lred.
I
II
.st
age:DangorRut
ab–r
ipeni
ngofdokaber
ri
es,char
act
eri
zedbysof
teni
ngf
rom t
ip
t
oful
lfr
uit
.
I
V.Pi
ndKhaj
oor
/Tamar–Thef
rui
tsar
eful
l
yri
penedanddehy
drat
ed&ber
ri
esbecomes
compl
etel
ytr
ansl
ucentorsof
t.
Fr
uitt
hinni
ng:Fr
uitt
hinni
ngi
sdonet
oensur
eadequat
efl
ower
ingi
nthesucceedi
ngy
ear
,
t
oincr
easet
hesi
zeoff
rui
ttoi
mpr
ovet
hef
rui
tqual
i
ty,t
opr
eventdel
ayedr
ipeni
ng,t
o
r
educecompact
nessofbunches,and al
so t
o av
oid shr
ivel
i
ng ofber
ri
es,al
ter
nat
e
bear
ing,
toav
oiddamagesduet
orai
nshumi
dit
y.

Thet
hinni
ngi
sdoneei
therbyr
educi
ngt
henumberoff
lower
sorf
rui
tsoneach
bunchorbyt
her
emov
alofsomeoft
hebunchesf
rom t
het
reeorbyr
emov
alofsome
st
randsorshor
teni
ngoft
hest
rands. Amongal
lthese,f
rui
tthi
nni
ngf
rom i
ndi
vi
dual
st
randgi
vesbet
terr
esul
ts.Thet
hinni
ngi
sgener
all
ydone6-
8weeksaf
terpol
l
inat
ion.
Usual
l
y,f
rui
t-
thi
nni
ngi
sdonemanual
l
y.Howev
eri
tcanal
sobedonewi
tht
heuseof
chemi
cal
sef
fect
ivel
ybyspr
ayi
ngofet
hephonat100or200ppm at10-
20day
saf
terf
rui
t
set
.

Seedl
essFr
uit
s:Appl
i
cat
ionofGA3j
ustbef
orepol
l
inat
ionmayi
nduceahi
ghper
cent
age
ofseedl
essf
rui
t. Al
soappl
i
cat
ionofGA3925-
100ppm)att
het
imeoff
lower
ingof
f
emal
efl
owerandagai
nat4weeksaf
teri
nducest
hef
ormat
ionofseedl
essf
rui
ts.

Fr
uitr
ipeni
ng:Appl
i
cat
ionofGA3at400ppm causesdel
ayi
nri
peni
ngoff
rui
t,buti
t
i
ncr
easest
hesi
zeoft
hef
rui
tont
hecont
rar
yappl
i
cat
ionofet
hephonat2000ppm
causesear
lyr
ipeni
ngbutdecr
easesf
rui
tsi
ze.Acombi
nedappl
i
cat
ionofbot
h(GA3&
et
hephon)r
esul
tedi
nfor
mat
ionofl
arge–si
zedf
rui
tsandr
ipeni
ngoff
rui
tsear
ly.

Har
vest
ing:Agr
owi
ngdat
epal
mfr
uitpassest
hrough4di
sti
nctphases–Ki
mri
,khal
al,
50
Rut
abandTamer
.
Thef
rui
tsar
ehar
vest
edatDokast
ageunderI
ndi
ancondi
ti
onst
oav
oidspoi
l
age
duet
orai
ns&hi
ghhumi
dit
ysoi
thast
obehar
vest
edbef
oremonsoonbycut
ti
ngt
he
whol
ebunch&pl
ucki
ngt
heber
ri
esf
rom bunch.Fr
uit
sforf
reshmar
ket
,har
vest
ingi
sto
bedoneatDangst
agebuthandl
i
ngofsuchf
rui
tsi
sapr
obl
em.UnderMedi
ter
ranean
cl
i
mat
etheyar
eal
l
owedt
ori
pef
ull
y&har
vest
ed.

Cur
ing:
Forpr
epar
ati
onoff
ind–Ful
l
yri
pef
rui
tsofdokast
agear
esel
ect
edanddi
ppedi
n
boi
l
ingwat
erf
or1½hr
s.&i
nai
rat48oC.

Chuahar
aar
epr
epar
edbyboi
l
ingdat
esf
or20mi
nfol
l
owedbydehy
drat
ion.Thepacki
ng
i
sdonei
ncar
dboar
d,l
i
ghtwoodencont
ainer
sorpol
ythenebags.

Bot
hri
peaswel
lasdr
ieddat
efr
uit
scanbest
oredf
orl
ongerper
iodi
ncol
d
st
orage,r
ipef
rui
tsar
est
oredat5.
5to7.
5oC&85-
90%RHf
or2weeks,wher
easdr
eid
f
rui
tsat1-
11oC&65-
70%RHf
oroney
ear
.

Yi
eld:Wel
lmai
ntai
neddat
epal
m st
artbear
ingi
nfour
thy
earandsubst
ant
ialy
iel
dsf
rom
f
if
thy
earonwar
ds&t
het
reer
emai
npr
oduct
ivef
ro40-
50y
ear
s.Anav
eragey
iel
dof30
kg/
pal
mindr
ylandcondi
ti
onandupt
o200kg/
pal
mini
rr
igat
edcondi
ti
ons.

Pest
sanddi
seases:I
tiscompar
ati
vel
yfr
eef
rom ser
iouspet
s&di
seases.Howev
er,
somepest
sli
ke.

1.Bl
ackheadedcat
erpi
l
lar–Opi
sinaar
enosel
l
a–Guj
arat
.Thecat
erpi
l
lar
sfeedon
l
eav
es,
hidi
ngi
nsi
det
het
unnel
sint
hef
oldsoft
hel
eav
es.
Management
:Remov
eaf
fect
edpar
ts&dest
royt
hem. Rootf
eedi
ngwi
th5-
10ml
monocr
otopos&al
sospr
ayt
hesameat0.
04%.
2.Redweev
ilorI
ndi
anPal
m weev
il–Rhy
nchophor
usf
err
ugi
neus.
- Thel
arv
aebor
etunnel
satt
hebaseofy
oungl
eav
esneart
het
op&l
eadst
o
wi
ther
ingoft
het
op,
dry
ing&br
eakageoft
op.
Management
:Mechani
cal
crushi
ngofl
arv
ae,
&fi
l
lthehol
ewi
thDDTorBHC
Remov
ethepal
mswhi
char
eser
iousl
yaf
fect
ed
51
 - Fi
l
lthet
art
oal
lcutendsoft
hel
eav
es&pl
ugal
lol
dhol
es.
3.Rhi
nocer
osbeet
leorBl
ackpal
m beet
le–Or
yct
esr
hinocer
os
- Adul
tbeet
lebor
est
hroughcl
osedl
eav
esandgi
vesoutf
ibr
ousdebr
is. Under
sev
erecondi
ti
ont
opl
eav
eswi
theranddr
op.

Management
:Spr
inkl
ewi
th0.
15% BHC powderar
oundt
hebr
eedi
ngpl
aceoft
he
beet
les&al
sospr
ayt
otheaf
fect
edt
ree.

4.Scal
einsect
s–Par
alat
ori
abl
anchar
di
- I
tat
tacksbot
hleav
es&f
rui
ts,
slowgr
owt
hofpl
ant&decr
easespr
oduct
ivi
ty.
Management
:Remov
etheaf
fect
edl
eav
es&dest
roy
- Spr
aywi
th0.
08%Mel
athi
on.

Bi
rdsal
socauseappr
eci
abl
edamaget
othef
rui
tst
opr
otectf
rom t
hesebi
rds–
cov
eri
ngt
hebuncheswi
thal
kat
hene. Thi
scov
eri
ngal
sopr
otect
sfr
om t
hedamage
causedduet
orai
ns.

Di
seases:Fal
sesmutorGr
aphi
olaspot–Gr
aphi
olaphoeni
cus–Dar
kbr
ownorbl
ack
pust
uleswi
thy
ell
ow spor
esonaf
fect
edl
eav
esandar
escat
ter
edov
erbot
hupper&
l
owersur
faceofl
eaf
let
s.

Management
:Remov
eaf
fect
edl
eav
es&dest
roy
.
-Spr
aywi
thBor
odeauxmi
xtur
e(4:
4:50)andr
epeati
taf
teraf
ort
nighti
nter
val
.

52
 AMLA/
ANOLA/
INDI
ANGOOSEBERRY

B.N.Phyl
l
anthusembli
caLi Embl
nn.[ i
caof
fi
cinal
i
sGaer
tn.
]
Family
:Euphorbi
aceae 2n=28 Or
igi
n:I
ndi
a

Anol
aisi
ncul
ti
vat
ioni
nIndi
asi
ncet
imei
mmemor
ial
.Iti
sani
mpor
tantmi
nor
f
rui
tcr
ophav
ingcommer
cialsi
gni
fi
cance.Thecr
opi
squi
tehar
dy,pr
oli
fi
cbear
erand
hi
ghl
yremuner
ati
veev
enwi
thoutmuchcar
e.Thef
rui
tiscapsul
ar(
drupaceous)wi
tha
f
leshyexocar
p.

Anol
aissai
dt obeindi
genoustot r
opicalSout
h-East
ernAsia.I
tisalsor
eport
ed
tobet henati
veofIndi
a.Thet reesaregrownal lov
erIndiaandupto1200met er
sin
Himalayasand1500met ersint heNil
gir
ihill
sofSout hIndi
a. However
,commercial
orchar
dingcanbeseeninU.P.andGujarat
.

UsesandComposi
ti
on
Anol aishighlynut r
it
iveandi soft her i
chestnat uralsour ceofv itaminC( 500-
750mg/ 100gofpul p. Thef rui
tsalsocont ainabout5percentt anninsi susefulin
protecti
ngt heascor bicacidfrom oxidat i
on.Thef r
uithasani mpor tantplacedint he
preparationofay urvedicmedi ci
neslikeTr i
phalaandChav anprash.I tisv al
uedasan
diur
eticlaxative,al
ternati
veandant ibiotic.Thef r
uitcanbeusedasr aw mat er
ialsin
preservationindust
ry.Fr uit
sar ecommonl yusedf orpr eserve( Mur abba) ,pi
ckl
e,candy,
j
am,j ell
y,squasheset c.Oneort heot herpar t
soft heplantcoul dbeusedi ntr
eating
chronicdy senter
y,brondit
is,di
abetesfev er,diar
rhea,jaundice,coughandal sointanning
anddy eingindustri
es.Anol aisalsousedf ormanuf acturi
nghai roilandshampoo.

Anol
atreeishar
dyandofmedi um height.Howev er
,seedl
i
ngtr
eegrowsupto30
meter
sheight
.I ti
severgreenleafsheddi
ngt akesplaceduri
ngFebr
uar
y-March.Tr
ee
t
runkissmoot
handwhi ti
shwhichresemblesGuav a.

Curr
entl
yAnolaisgrownov er60000haar eainthecountrywi t
h2. 25lakhtons
producti
on.Theaverageproducti
vi
tyis4-5tons/ha.Upi sthelargestproducerwit
h63
tonsfrom 15750ha.I tisincr
easinginthesemiar idregi
onsofMahar ast
ra,Guj
arat
,
AndraPradesh,Kar
nataka,
TamilNadu,Haryana,Punjab,
Rajasthanetc.

Propagati
on:Apartfrom seedpropagati
on,thecommer ci
almethodofpr opagati
onis
budding(shiel
d,f
orkbud,patch)
,Bhuj
bal(1975)repor
tedthat,di
ppingofseedsinGA3
(500ppm)f or24hour sgav emaximum seedger minati
on. Seedsaresowni nthe
nurseryei
therduri
ngMar chorJune-Jul
y. Theseedlingswithproperst
em gi r
thare
buddedduringJune-August.

53
Soi
lsandCl
imat
e
Sandyl
oam soi
l
sar
ethebestsui
tedf
oraonl
acul
ti
vat
ion.Theyshoul
dbeat
least
2m deepot
her
wisepl
antwi
l
lnotpr
olongbey
ond12y
ear
sinf
rui
ti
ng.I
tthr
iveswel
lwi
th
anel
i
vat
ionof1800m MSL.I
tcanbesuccessf
ull
ygr
owni
nsub-
tr
opi
calr
egi
onandi
t
canal
sobegr
owni
nsemi
-ar
idandar
idr
egi
on.Thewel
l
-gr
ownt
reet
oler
atesf
reezi
ng
o
t
emper
atur
eandal
sot
emper
atur
eupt
o46C.

54
Var
iet
ies

A numberofaonl
avar
iet
ieshav
ebeennamedandar
efoundt
obegr
owni
n
di
ff
erentpar
tsofI
ndi
a.Theyar
e

1.BANARASI–Anear l
ybearer,erect
,spreading,medium tot al
ltr
ee,shyandsl
ightly
al
ternat
ebearer.Thef rui
tsar emedium t olarge,roundishwei ghi
ngabout50g,
whiti
sh green wit
h6l ki
neargr ooves,st one is sli
ghtly embedded inflesh,
hexagonalwit
hsmal lel
l
ipti
calseeds.I thasl essnumberoff emaleflower
sand
henceshybear er. Thef r
uitcontainhi ghamountofVi taminCwi thTSS13%,
aci
dity2.
13%,totalsugars8%, seedtopul prati
oof1. 21.

2.CHAKAI YA – I
tisahar dycul
ti
var
,treehasspr eadi nghabi t
,medium hei ght
,
prol
if
icandregularbear
ing,medi
um sizefrui
t,f
lattenedatbaseandr oundapex
withgoodkeepingquali
ti
es,t
hefrui
tsarecompar ativelysmal lsi
ze,gr
eeni shand
fi
brouswith6-
8segment sTSS–9%, acidi
ty–2.17%, totalsugars–9.6%, seedto
pulprat
io–1.17

3.HATHI JHOOL( Fr
ancis)–Thi sisgrowinginPratapgarhdi
stri
ct(UP).I ti
sanlate
andmoder at
ebearerandhaspoorkeepi ngqual
ity,f
rui
tsarelar
geov al,r
oundish,
shortstal
kwi th6leneargrooves,l
i
ghtgr eenandt hi
nskinwithfi
rmf leshsl
ightly
fi
brous,fir
mlyadhert ostone.TSS–11. 5%,acidit
y–2. 5% andtotalsugars–
7.3%,stoneissmallfl
att
enedanddul lgreen.

4.KANCHAN- NA- 5(Narendr

adev aAonla)–I tist
hechanceseedli
ngofChakaiya.
Treehasspr eadhabit
,bearsprofusel
y.Fruit
ssmal
ltomedium,fl
attenedobl
ong,
skin smooth,y el
l
owish in colour
,ideal
l
ysui t
abl
eforpreparati
on ofpickl
es,
tr
iphalaandotherproduct
s.

5.KRISHNA-NA-4–Itisthechanceseedl i
ngofChakai
ya,moder
atebearer
, medi
um
tolargefr
uitsi
ze,fl
attened,conicalangul
ar,wi
thver
ysmoot hyel
lowish,fl
esh
fi
brel
esshardandsemi transpar
ent.

6.NA-6–Itisthechanceseedl
i
ngfrom Fr
anci
sexcell
entpr
oli
fi
cbear
er,goodt
ree
si
ze,f
rui
tsat
tract
ivei
nappear
anceandduetofi
bresuit
abl
eformaki
ngcandyand
j
am.

7.NA-7–Chanceseedl i
ngofBanar si
,iti
spr
oli
fi
cbear
er,bestsui
tedformaki
ng
chav
anprash,squash. I
thasadopt edwel
linRaj
ast
an,Bihar,Andr
aPradesh,
TamilNaduandMady aPradesh.

Anand-1,Anand-
2:Thesear
esuper
iorov
erl
ocalv
ari
eti
esi
nter
msofsi
ze,shape,t
otal
weight
.

BSR-1:Bhav
aniSagar
aResear
chI
nst
it
ute-
1,TN-
60-
70kgf
rui
ts/
tree/
yearr
ichi
nVi
tami
n
‘
C’.

55
Est
abl
ishmentofOr
char
d
Plant
ing:GraftsorbuddingofAonlaareplantedint hebeginni
ngofmonsooni nJune-
Julyatadi stanceof8- 10m bot
hway sisr ecommended. Pr iort
oplanti
ngthef iel
d
shoul
dbet horoughlyprepar
edandmar kedappr opriat
ely
. Thepitsof1m3 si zeare
madewel li
nsummeri neachpit10-
15kgFYM ar emi xedwithsur
facesoi
landf il
l
ed.
Theplantsareplantedinthecent
erofpit
saf terf
irstshowerfourpr
operst
akingshould
beprovided.

I
ndryareas,wheremor t
ali
tyaftert
ranspl
ant
ingi
susual
l
yhigh,t
heseedli
ngroof
st
ockcanberaised‘
in-
sit
u’atappropr
iatedist
ancef
orbuddi
ngwit
hsuperi
orcl
one.

Trainingandpr uni
ng:Itisnotaidedi nAonlabutatinit
ialstageitrequirespruningand
tr
aining,pruningshouldbedonet ohav ethebalancetr
aini
ng.Ast hebranchesofAonl a
tr
eesof tenbr eakof fcarr
yingheav ycroploadduet obr i
ttl
enat ureofwood,t heplant
shouldbet rainedtodev el
opast rongframef orwhicht het r
eeshoul dbet r
ainedto
si
ngl estem upt otheheightof0.75m from ground.Theplantshoul dtr
ainedtomodi fi
ed
l
eadersy st
em.Thef ramewor kshouldbedev el
opedbyencour agingthegr owthof4t o
6wel lspacedbr anchesallaroundthetrunk.

Thepruni
ngofbear ingplant
scanbedoneaf t
erthetermi
nati
onofthecr
opeach
year
. Whil
epr uning,dead,diseased,br
oken,weak,crossi
ngbranchesandsucker
s
appear
ingf
rom rootstockshouldberemoved.

Int
er-croppi
ng:Aonl
at r
eei squi
tef
astgrowi
ngt ype.Howev er
,inini
ti
al3to4y ears,
suff
icientspaceisavai
labl
ewhichcouldbeuti
li
zedforrai
singint
ercr
ops,duri
ngr ai
ny
seasonori npostmonsoonperi
odprov
idedi
rr
igat
ionfaci
l
iti
es.Legumesandv eget
ables
canbet akenasaninter
crop.

Int
ercul tiv
ation:Itref
erstomanagementofsoi linsuchawayt hatproducti
vi
tyis
maint ai
nedandsoi ll
ossesaremi ni
mi zed.Duri
ngsummersoilshoul
dnotbedi st
urbed
andnat uralcovercanbeall
owed.I nthebeginni
ngofmonsoonthebasincanbecleared,
fert
il
izersandmanor i
alappl
icat
ioncanbedoneandt hegreenmanurecropshouldbe
growni nbetweent herowsandincorporatedi
nthesoi
l.

Manur ingandFer ti
li
zerappli
cati
on:Regul
aror chardi
ngofAonl aisararephenomenon,
therefore,nutr
iti
onishar dl
ypract
iced.Howev er,toharv
estgoody iel
dandqual i
tyfr
uits
and incr ease sexr ati
o,appli
cati
on of20-40kg FYM/ tree/yearduri
ng September–
October .I naddit
ion,appli
cat
ionof1.5kgN,0. 4kgPand1. 0kgK/tr
ee/yearfor10tyear
oldt r
eei n2spl i
tsSept ember–Oct oberandApr il–May .Spr ayof0.6percentbor ax
thri
cei nt hemont hofSept emberandOct oberatabout10- 15daysinterv
altocontrol
frui
tnecr osis.

Ir
ri
gat i
on:Aonlatreesar ehardyandst andv erywellagainstdrought
.Ther ef
orehardl
y
anyirri
gati
onispracticed.They oungpl antsrequi
rewat eri
ngduringsummermont hsat
fort
nightl
yint
erval
st i
lltheyhavef ull
yest abl
ished.Thecr opshallbebenefi
tedbygiv
ing
2-3ir
rigat
ionsatthetimeoff ullbloom andset .Irr
igati
ondur i
ngOctobertoDecemberat
20day sinter
valhelpsinbetterdev elopmentoff ruit
s.Dur i
ngsummer ,whent hef
rui
tis
56
dor
mant
,av
oidi
rr
igat
iont
osav
ewat
er.

Flower i
ngandFr ui
tset:Flower i
ngt akespl aceondet erminateshoot sappear i
ngi n
springseason.Ther eisnosel f-
incompat i
bil
it
yi nAonl aandt hecauseofpoorf r
uitset
may( 12–18%)beduet oahi ghper centageofst aminateflowersandt hef r
uitsremai n
i
ndor mancyf orabout8½ mont hincv .Banar asidor mancydi scont i
nuousf rom last
weekofJul yt ofi
rstweekofAugustandf r
uitsst art
sdev el
opinggr adual l
yint hei ni
tial
stage butr apidl
y duri
ng the mont h ofSept ember ). I n Banarasicv .Flowerbud
diff
erenti
at i
onwasobser v
eddur i
ngt he1stweekofMar chandf l
ower sst art
st oopen
fr
om l astweekofMar ch.(Fl
ower sopeni nthemor ni
ngandpol lengr ainsdehiscei nt he
eveningbet ween4and6. 0pm.Onl y30% ofpol lensar ev i
able.St igmat i
cr ecept i
vity
startsafterthreedaysofopeningoff emal efl
ower sandst i
gmar emai nr ecepti
veonl yfor
18hour s)Pol l
inat
ionoccursthroughwi ndaswel l ashoneybees.

Ther
ear
ethr
eest
agesoff
lowerandf
rui
tdr
opsoccuri
naonl
a.

i
) The‘fir
stdrop’isabout70% oft hef l
owerdr opof fwithori n3weeksof
fl
oweringduetounferti
l
izedover
iesanddegener atedovul
es.
i
i
) The‘seconddrop’occur sfr
om JunetoSept emberdr opofy oungfr
uit
let
sat
theti
meofdor mancybr eakmaybeduet olackofpol l
inat
ionandfer
ti
li
zati
on.
i
i
i) The‘thir
ddrop’dur
ingr api
dgrowthfrom August -
Octobermaybeduet olack
ofauxini.
e.,
embryologi
calandphysi
ological
factors.

Harvesti
ng:Thefruitatt
ainsful
lmaturi
tybyNov ember-December. Anseedli
ngt
rees
mayt ake10-12yearstobearfrui
tsbutveget
ativ
elypropagatedt
reestart
scommercial
cropsaft
er6-8yearsofplant
ing.Theproduct
iveli
feoftreesi
sesti
mat edtobe50t
o60
yearsundergoodmnt .

Immat ur
efrui
tsar
egr eenincolour
,butwhentheymat ure,thecolourbecomes
dul
lgr eenish-y
ell
ow. [Frui
ts become ready forhar
v est
ing in wint
er( November
-
December )
].I n SouthI
ndiat hetreesbearfruit
stwicea y ear. Some t r
eesbear
thr
oughoutt heyear.

Yi
eld:Aver
agey i
eldf
rom f
ullgr
ownupt
reei
sabout125-
250kg,
dependi
nguponcv
.And
mntpracti
ces.

PostharvestManagement :Aft
erharvesti
ng,unwantedfrui
tsli
kediseased,inj
uredand
spl
itt
edonesar edi
scarded,healt
hyfruit
saregradedint o3gradesbasedonsi zeas
l
arge,medi um andsmal l
.Fruitscanbepackedi nbasket.Underor dinar
ycondi t
ions
aonlafrui
tscanbestored8-10day safterhar
vesti
ng,undercont
rol
ledconditi
on( Temp.
32-35oFand85-90%RH)canbekeptf or7- 8weeks.

Pests:
1.Bar
keatingcater
piar– I
l
l nderbel
at et
raoni
ssy
mpt
oms–Thecat
erpi
l
larmakes
hol
etunneli
nthemaint
runkorbranches.
Mnt –spr ay0.
03percentEdri
n.
–I
njectker
oseneoi
lorpet
rol
int
hehol
es.

57
 2.Gallcater
piar– Bet
l
l onsastyl
ophora – They
oungcat
erpi
l
lar
sbor
eint
othe
shoots–fomati
onofgal
lneart
hetip.
Mnt –pruneaff
ect
edplantpart
s.
–spr
aypar
athi
onat0.
03%orr
ogorat0.
03%.

3.Leafrol
li
ngcater
piar– Gar
l
l cil
l
ariaaci
dula– Af
fect
edleavesrol
l
edi nwar
dand
l
eavesfal
ldown.
Mnt –spr aywi
thMalat
hion@ 0.08%orMonocr
otophos0.04%.

ybugs–Ni
4.Meal paecoccusvastat
or
- Duri
ngApri
ltoNov emberthei
nfest
ati
oni
scommonlysun.
Mnt – wit
h Mal at
hion @ 0.
08% orMonocr
otophos 0.
04% orMet
hyl
par
athi
on
at0.
03%.

Di
seases
1.Aonlarust–Ravenell
i
aemblica
- Formationofbrownpustul
esonleavesandfrui
ts.
- Af f
ect
edleavesandfr
uit
smaydr opbeforematuri
ty.
Control–Dit
haneZ-78at0.
2%f rom Jul
ytoSeptember.

2.Fr
ui ot–Peni
tr ci
ll
i
um isl
andi
cum
- Brownpatcheswi t
hwat ersoakedar
easonfrui
ts.
- Exudat
ionofdropsofy ell
owishli
qui
dfr
om fr
uitandemi t
sabadodour
.
Mnt–Treatthefr
uitswit
hbor axorsodi
um chl
i
ridesolut
ion.

3.Fruitnecr
osis–I ti
saphy si
ologicaldisorderduetobor ondefi
ciency.Br owning
ofmesocar pi nt
hef r
uitextendingt owardst heuppersurfaceandr esult
inginto
brownishblackareasonf ruitsurface.Insev erecasescorkyandgumypocket s
areformed.
Mnt– Spr ayboraxat0. 6percentt hri
ceatf ort
night
lyint
ervalsfrom ear l
y
September.

58
 ANNONA

B.N.AnnonaSquamosaLi
nn.
Family
:Annonaceae 2n=14 Or
igi
n:Tr
opi
cal
Amer
ica-Per
u

Thecust ar
dappl ehasbeengr owingi nIndi
aforti
meimmemor ial
.I tisfound
growingwi l
di nsub-tropicalandt r
opicalpartsofIndi
a.I
thasabout120speci es,f
iveof
them havingpomol ogical signifi
canceand4oft he5spp.ar
eimportantinthecommer ce
andar eor i
ginatedinSout hAmer icaandoneseemst ohaveoriginat
edf r
om Eastern
Afri
ca.Thef irstgroupincl udes–
Annonacher i
mol a–Cher imoya/Laxmanphal a
A.mur icata–Sour sop/Mul luRamphal
A.reti
culata–Bul lock’shear t/
Ramphal
A.squamosa–Cust ardapple/Si
taphal
A.glabra–Pondappl e
TheAf r
icansp.A.senegal ensis–wi l
dsour sop

The A.cherimoyaist he only speci

es adapted t
o sub-t
ropicalort r
opical
condi
ti
ons.Cust
ardapplei
sculti
vat
edmai nlyi
nMahar asht
ra,Andr
aPr adesh,Kar
ataka,
MadyaPradesh,
UttarPr
adesh,
Bihar,
Assam, Ori
ssa.

At
emoy
a–Hanumanphal
isacr weenA.squamosaxA.cher
ossbet imol
a

Thecust ardappl ef rui

tsaremost lyusedast ablefruitsorpul pismi xedwi t
hmi l
k
orice-cream.I tisr ichi nCHO’ sandpr ovidesgoodamountofpr oteinsandmi neral s.It
i
sagoodsour ceofVi t-
AandC.I t
scal orifi
cv aluer angesf rom 822t o1050KCal /kgas
compar edt o741ofmango.
Medi ci
nali mpor tance:Thedi ff
erentpar t
sofpl antar ewi delyusedi nf olkmedi cine
becauseofbi oact iv ecompounds,mai nlyacet ogeni ne,alkal oids,f l
avonoidsf oundi n
l
eav es,roots,fruitsandseeds.
- Acet ogeni ns ar e pot enti
alant i
cancerpr operty compounds as t hey hav e
cytotoxicef fect.
- Fl avonoi dsf oundi nseeds,r oots,bar k,st emsar epot ent i
alchemopr ev entive
agent s,giv enev idencethattheydecr easet umouri nci dence.
- Et hanolext ract
sofcher i
moy aseedsar eusedasi nsect i
cidesandant i
par asiti
c
proper ti
es.
- Ther ootsar eusedt otreatacut edy sent ery,depr essi onandspi nalmar r
ow
diseases.
Cli
mat e:Cust ar dappl eisahar dy,prefersdr yclimat ewi thmi l
dwi nterandv erysensi t
ive
tofrost.Thet reegoest odor mancyi nNov ember -Januar yaf terhar vesti
ng.Thet reecan
begr ownsuccessf ull
yf rom 1000m f rom seal evel. Moi stcl imat eisfav ourabl ef or
propergr owthanddev elopmentoff r
uits.Thepl antcant oler ateext r
emesofheatbut
they i
eldgoesdownassheddi ngoff l
ower soccur sabov e39oC.

Soil
:Thiscr opgrownwel lonsandy
,rockery,gr
avel
,evenonheavysoi
ls.Itdoesnot
requi
redeepsoi l
,butdrai
nageshoul
dbepr operwit
hrichi
norgani
cmatter
,thebestpH
ofsoilshouldbe6–6. 5.
Propagation:Custar
dappl ecanbepropagatedbothbysexualandasexualmethods,

59
sinceseedslooseviabi
l
ityinthefi
eld,theyshouldbesownassoonaf terremov alfr
om
ri
pef r
uit
s.Theseedsofcher i
moyat r
eatedwi t
h10000ppm GA3 si
gni
ficantl
yincreased
(by70%)germinati
on.Itisalsopr
opagat edeasi
lybybuddi
ngandgraft
ing.
Var
iet
ies
1.Bal anagar :Itisanpopul arv ari
etyofAndhr aPr adeshgr owst o3. 5to4m t all.The
yieldpot ent i
aloft hi
sv ariet
yisv eryhighwi tht hef ruitsi
zeof350- 450gwi thl ess
numberofseeds( 40-80),pulpi swhi t
ebut terysweetwi thTSSof29%,aci dit
yof
0.24%.
2.Mammot h:Thi sisahi ghy i
eldi
ngv ari
etywithpr ol
if
icbearer, f
ruitsareir
regul arin
shape.Theav er
agef ruitweighti sabout180- 200g.Thear eolesar emedi um t o
bigi nsi ze,v erysmoot handr ound.Themesocar pi swhitei ncol oursmal lto
medi um gr anules. Thenumberofseedsi sless( 15-30seeds/ fr
uit
). Thef ruit
hav eagoodkeepi ngqual ity
.
3.Redsi taphal :Thef rui
tsar emedi um insize( 170- 250g)t her i
ndi spink,sl i
ght ly
acidi candsweet ,TSS- 25%wi t
hgoodqual ityf ruit
s,acidit
y0. 21%wi t
hsmal lsize
seeds.
4.Bar bados:The f rui
ts are ofsmal lto medi um i n size (170- 200g),fr
ui ts are
spher i
calinshape.Themesocar pwi t
hmedi um gr anuleswithcr eamywhi tepul p,
moder atelysweet ,wi t
ht heTSSof24%aci di t
yof0. 21%.Thi sisahi ghy ielding
var i
ety.
5.Br i
tishGui nea:Thi sishi ghy i
eldingv ari
ety,thef r
uitsremai ngr eenatr ipening,
medi um i n size (170-340g) . The mer ocarpiswhi te and sof t,pulpiswhi te,
moder atelyjuicyandsweet .TSS- 25%.
6.Islander :Largef r
uit(410g) ,
TSS26%wi thlessseeded.
7.At tmoy a:Hy bridbetweenA.squamosaxA. cher imoy a–sweetpul p,fewseeds.

Plant
ing:Pl anti
ng ofseedl
ings i
s done duri
ng monsoon,about6-
12 mont
hs ol
d
3
seedl
ingsandgr aft
saresel
ectedforpl
anti
ng.Thepit
sof45-60cm ar
edugandfi
ll
edi
n
withami xt
ureofgoodsoilandcompost,pl
anti
ngisdonefor
Cheri
moy aat–6x4t o8x6m
Custardapple–3x3t o5x5, 5x7m
Soursop–4x4t o8x8m
Bull
ock’sheart–5x5m

ManureandFert
ili
zers:Thepl
antati
onmaybegr ownwithgreenmanur
ecr
opli
kes
mungandotherleguminouscrops.Appli
cat
ionofcast
ercakeandbonemeal
,in2:
1
r
ati
oisfoundbenefici
al.Appl
i
cationof250:
125:
125gNPK/ t
ree/y
eari
n2spl
it
s.

Irr
igat i
on:Custardappleismainl
ygrownasr ainf
edinI
ndi
a.Thi
scr
opisbenef
it
edfr
om
ther ainfal
lthati
sr ecei
veddur
ingthefr
uit
ingseason.Oneort
woir
ri
gat
ionsdur
ingf
rui
t
dev elopmenti mprovethesi
zeandquali
tyoffruit
s.

TrainingandPr uning:Newlyplantedseedl
ings/gr
aftsaret r
ainedwi thwoodenst i
cks.
Gener al
ly,
pruningi snotrecommendedi ncustardappl
e.Fr ui
tsar ebor neonoldaswell
asnew wood. Li ghtpruni
nghelpsi ninducingbetterbranchi ng. Howev er
,sever
e
pruninggivestreeasetback, pruni
ngcanbedonet oav oi
dov ercrowding.
Flower i
ngandFr uit
ing:Annonapl ant
sstart
sbear i
ngf rom 3y ear
sofpl anti
ngand
economi cy i
eldsst artsfr
om 5-6yearsaft
erplanti
ng.Fl oweringper i
odsextendsfrom
60
spr
ingt
otheendoft
her
ainyseason.
Fact
orsaf
fect
ingf
rui
tset
1.Failur
eofmanyf lowerstof or
mf ruit
sduet olackofpolli
nat
ion.
2.I
ti sdesirabl
etosetf ruit
sear l
yi nt heseason,buti nIndiatheearlyfl
owers
producenopol lenandhencear tif
icialpol l
i
nati
onisdi ff
icul
t.Handpolli
nat
ion
givesabout85%f rui
tsetcompar edt onat uralpol
l
inat
ion(30%).
3.Dichogamy :Thest i
gmasar enotr ecept i
vewhent hepol l
enisshedandt he
recepti
vi
tyalsoremainsf orashor tperiod.Somecust ar
dappletreesshedpol
len
ont hemor ni
ngandot hersintheaf t
ernoon.

Incr
easeinfrui
tsetispossi
blebyappl
icat
ionofNAAat20ppm dur
ingf
lower
ing
f
or3-
4timesat8-10daysint
erval
andspray
ingwithGA3at50ppm.

Pestsanddi
seases:Cust
ardappl
ehasnoser
iouspestexceptmeal
ybugs.Theycause
sever
edamagetocrop.

Mealybug:Pl
anococcuspaci
ficus
Cont
rol–Sprayi
ngwithDimethoate/
Phosphomi
don/
Monocr
otophosat0.
05%gi
vesbest
cont
rol
.

Someti
mes,newgrowthofcustar
dappletreeduringspri
ngissever
lyaffect
edby
Aphi
ds and Jassi
ds – these pest
s are ef
fecti
vely cont
rol
led wi
tht he spray of
Monocrot
ophosat0.2%orRogarat0.
1%concentrat
ion.

Di
seases

1.Collarr otand Rootr ot:Pi t

hium sp.,Phy t
ophthora sp.– Theseedl i
ngsar e
affected, i
ncidencei smor esev erewhent hereisproblem withdr ainage.
2.Ant hacnose:Gl
r omer ell
a cingulata– I taffects on f r
uit
s,i nfecti
ons startat
bl
ossom endandl aterspr eadsonent ir
ef r
uitsurface,af f
ect edf r
uitsmayf al
l
downf r
om t ree.
Cont r
ol:Av oid excesswat ering,thi
noutseedl i
ngsandav oid overcrowding.
Prov i
degooddr ainage.Dr encht heseedli
ngswi thBav ist
inat0. 1%t wiceat10-12
day sintervals.
3.Leafspot :Cer cosporaanonnae–Br ownspot sonleav esundersev erecondit
ion
l
eav esf alldown.
Cont r
ol: Spraywi th0.1%Bor deauxmi xt
ure.
4.Fruitrot:Phomophsi sanonacear um –Rot t
ingoffruit
si nstoragecondi ti
on.
Cont r
ol–Onl yhealthyf r
uit
ssel ectedforstorage.Bef orestoragef rui
tsdippedin
prochloraz0. 125–0. 25g/ l,soluti
onatroom temper ature

Harvesti
ng and Yi el
d: Cust ard appl e mat ures/r
ipens dur i
ng Oct ober-
November /
Decemberindr yregi
on,whereasinhumi dar easharvesti
ngi sdonedur i
ng
August.
Cust
ardapplefr
uitsarecli
macter
ic,ther
eforetheyareharv est
edwhent heyare
mature,fi
rm andplumpy ,onmaturi
tyfrui
tturnlightgreen. Thei nt
eraer eolarspace
widensthefrui
tst
urncreamywhitetheskinbetweenthesegment sort uberclesturni
nto
61
l
ightyell
owcol our.
Fort ransporti
ng overdistantmar ket
,t hef r
uit
sar et o bepicked beforeful
l
ri
pening and ar e packed i
n singlel ayerwel lv enti
l
ated wooden boxes wi th sof
t
cushioningmat er
ial. Agoodbear ingt r
eegi vesabout100- 150f r
uitsi.e.
,about8-10
tonnes/ha.Thef r
uit
sar ehi
ghl
yper i
shableandcannotbest or
edf orlongdurati
on.It
canbest or
edi ngoodconditi
onupt o7day sbyt reati
ngthem wit
h8%waxemul si
on.

62
 BAEL

N.Aegl
B. emar
mel
osCor
r. Fami
l
y:
Rut
aceae
2n=18 Or
igi
n:I
ndi
a

Baelf ruitisahar dyfrui

tcr op and canbegr own successf ul
lyin dr yareas
throughoutI ndiaandal soinSout h-EastAsia. Itisalsogr owni nSr i
l
anka,Paki stan,
Bangl adesh, Burma, Thail
and.Baelisat al
l,
deciduousandsl owgr owingtree, l
eavesare
tri
foli
ate,br ancheshav espines,fr
uitishar dshelledberry
,globose,per i
car psmoot h
grayishy ell
ow i ncol our
. Besidesr egul
arplanti
ng,baeli ssuitablet ogr ow inpar ks,
gardens,al ongr oadsides.Thepl antissacredtot heHindusandi tispreferredtogr ow
near‘ LordShi v’temples.Baelisalsoknownas‘ BengalQuince’/
’IndianQui nce’.Duet o
Muci langenoust ext
ureandnumer ousseedsi nitspulp,baelisnotpopul arasaf resh
frui
t.

UsesandNut
ri
ti
veval
ue:Thefreshr
ipef
rui
tsareeat
en,f
rom t
hepul
psher
betandsy
rup
canbemade.Thel
eavesareusedtowor
shipLordShi
va.

Almostev erypartofbaelplanthasmedi ci
nalval
ueduetomar mel
osinismost
pr
obablythet herapeut
ical
lyactiv
ef actor. Thegreen fr
uit
saregood forst omach
ai
l
ment s. The mar malade prepared fr
om itsfrui
tsis used agai
nstdi
arrhea and
dy
sentery
.Ripefruiti
stonicandgoodf orhear
tandbrain.

Thebaelf
rui
tisrichsour
ceofribof
lav
in,car
oteneprotei
n,f
at,thiami
ne,niaci
n,
v
itami
n-Candothermineral
s.Theleav
escont ai
ns0.6% ofessent
ialoilcomposedof
l
i
monene.

Cl
imate:Thebaelt r
eesgr ow successful
l
yand producehi ghery
ieldi
n subt
ropi
cal
cl
i
mat e,wher
esummeri shotanddr yandwinterismild. Itcanbegrownupt oan
at
ti
tudeof1200m andisotdamagedbyt emper
atur
eof46. 6oCandaslowas7oC.

Soi
l:I
tcanthr
ivewellev
eninswampy,al
kal
i
neandstonysoi
lshavi
ngpHr angefrom 5-
10i
nwhi chmanyotherf
rui
ttr
eesf
ail
.However
,wel
ldrai
nedsandyl
oam soili
sthebest.

Vari
eti
es:Ther earer ar
elynamedv ari
eti
esav ai
labl
einbael,namesforbaelcult
ivars
havebeengi venont hebasisofl ocali
tyv ar
iati
onsinsizeandshapeoffrui
t,bearing
habi
t,quali
tyofflesh,col
our,text
ure,sugarpecentageetc.Culti
var
ssuchasAy odhy a,
Kagzi
,Mirzapuri
,Rampur i
,Goinda,Etawab,BastiNo.1et
c.

Propagati
on:Thebaelist
radi
ti
onall
ypr opagat
edbyseeds.Nowwi t
hadvancementof
vegetat
ivemethods,
iti
snotusual
l
ypr opagatedbyseedsexceptseedl
ingsar
erai
sedfor
root
stocks.

Veget
ati
vepr
opagat
ion:Sucker
s/buddi
ng/
airl
ayer
inget
c.

Buddi
ng:Pat
chbuddi
ngpr
ovedt
obet
hebestJuneorJul
y.

63
Graf
ti
ng:itcan be gr af
ted successful
l
y on t
o a numberofrelat
ed pl s.A.
ant
fr
aegl
egabonensi
s,Aegl
opsischeval
i
eri,
A.pani
cul
araandSwi
ngl
eagl
uti
nosa.

Ai
rlayer
ing:Itisdoneona15y ear
sol
dtrees,provi
dedthatmot hert
reesaregiven
i
nvi
gorat
iont r
eatmentbyheadingbacksomeoft hethi
ckbranchesduringApri
l. Ai
r
l
ayer
sarepr epar
edint hesecondweekofAugust,bybarkr
oughingandapplicat
ionof
I
BAat10,000ppm inlanol
inpast
e.

Planti
ng:Thepisof1m3 si
t zeatadist
anceof10x10m prepar
edduringr
ainyseason
andf i
ll
edwith10-15kgFYM andtopsoi
l. Pl
anti
ngcanbedonedur ingJune-Jul
yfor
rai
nfedcondi
ti
onandduringFebr
uar
y-Marchir
ri
gat
ionf
aci
li
tyisther
e.

ManuresandFerti
li
zer
s:Nutri
ti
onalrequi
rementisconcerned,nosystemat
icworkhas
beentaken-
uponbaeltree.Howev ertohar
vestgoodyiel
dappl i
cat
ionof10-15kgFYM
and60gN,40gP and60gK/ tr
ee/yearupt o10y earsandt hedosageshoul dbe
i
ncreasedaft
er10year
s.

Tr
aini
ngandpr uni
ng:Youngpl ant
saretrainedwit
ht hehelpofst akes,t
helateral
br
anchesveryneartothegroundshoul
dber emovedtoprov
idegoodframewor kt
ot he
pl
ant. Pr
uninginbaelt reeisusual
lynotdone,dead,weak,brokenandcr i
ss-
cross
br
anchesareprunedoff.

I
rr
igat
ion:Youngpl
ant
sneedwat
eri
nthe1sty
earofpl
ant
ing.

Fl
oweri
ngandFr ui
ti
ng:Theseedl
i
ngt r
eesr
equi
re7-8year
swhilebuddedpl
antsstar
ts
fr
om 4-
5y ear
sforbear
ingf
rui
ts.I
tfl
owersi
nMay-Juneandfr
uit
sbecomereadyaft
er8-
10months.

Harvest
ingandyi
eld:Matur
ebaelfrui
tsar
eharvest
edindi
vi
dual
lyal
ongapor t
ionoffr
uit
stal
k.Forunif
ormripeni
ng,f
rui
tscanbetreat
edwith1000-
1500ppm Et
hrelandkeepi
ng
at30oC.

Awel
lgr
ownupt
reeofabout12-
15y
ear
sol
dpr
oducesabout300-
500f
rui
ts.

Pestanddiseases:Thebaelt
reehasnoser
iousi
nsect
-pest
. Howev
er,t
hedi
sease
whichhar
mt hecrop.

Shot-
holeandFr uitcanker– Xanthomonasbilvae–bacterialdi
sease,aff
ect
edleaves
showsr ound,wat ersoakedspot ssur
roundedbyacl earhalo,undersevi
ouscondit
ion
brownlesionsf al
ldownr esul
tingi
nshotholes,
theyal
soinfectonfrui
t,t
wigset
c.
Contr
ol – Remov e af f
ected porti
on and dest roy. Spray bacter
ici
de-
Agri
my ci
n/ posamy ci
nat1000ppm.

64