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1 1
Wearing coat= width×depth×unit wt. ×Fos× =6×0.075×22×1.75× =5.775 KN/m
3 3
Deck slab
1 1
Middle portion= width×depth×unit wt. ×Fos× =6.6×0.3×25×1.35× =22.275 KN/m
3 3
Cantilever portion
w 1+w 2
X-area= ×L
2
0.3+0.2
= × 0.9=0.225 m2
2
1 1
Load= X-area×unit wt.×Nos×Fos× =0.225×25×2×1.35× =5.063 KN/m
3 3
1 1
Main Beam= width×depth×unit wt. ×Nos×Fos× =0.3×1.6×25×3×1.35× =16.2 KN/m
3 3
1 1
Cross beam= width×depth×total length×unit wt. ×Fos× =0.3×1.425×6×25×1.35× =28.856 KN
3 3
1 1
Fillet= width×depth×unit wt. ×Nos×Fos× =0.15×0.115×25×6×1.35× =1.164 KN/m
3 3
B.M. at L/8:
Mu=793.46×3.125-28.86×3.125-56.55×3.1252×0.5=2113.25 KNm
B.M. at quarter span (L/4)
Mu=793.46×6.25-28.86×6.25-28.86×1.25-56.55×6.25×6.25×0.5=3638.18 KNm
B.M. at 3L/8:
Mu=793.46×9.375-28.86×9.375-28.86×4.375-56.55×9.375 2×0.5= 4556.76 KNm
B.M. at mid span (L/2)
Mu= 793.46×12.5-28.86×12.5-28.86×7.5-28.86×2.5-56.55×12.5×12.5×0.5=4850.93 KNm
S.F. at support (just right of a) (L=0)
SF=793.46-28.86=764.6 KN
SF at L/8:
SF=793.46-28.86-56.55×3.125=587.88 KN
S.F. at quarter span (just left of point load) (L/4)
SF=793.46-28.86-28.86-56.55×6.25=382.30 KN
SF at 3L/8:
SF=793.46-28.86-28.86-56.55×9.375=205.58 KN
SF at L/2:
SF=793.46-28.86-28.86-28.86-56.55×12.5=0.905 KN
Calculation of Maximum BM and SF at critical sections due to LL
Ri=
2WI 3I
RG1= ×[1+ × 0.405× 3]=0.802W
3I I ( 9+0+ 9 )
2WI 3I
RG2= ×[1+ × 0.405× 0]=0.0.67W
3I I ( 9+0+ 9 )
2WI 3I
RG3= ×[1− × 0.405 ×3]=0.532W
3I I ( 9+ 0+9 )
For class A load
BM at L/8:
To calculate the maximum bending moment at section L/8, the load is moved from left to right
of bridge and after deciding the load at section which will cause the maximum bending moment
At that section , the calculation for BM proceeds
Trial load
KN AC part BC part Decision
27 45.12 1.2343 >
27 36.48 2.4686 >
114 58.24 7.68 >
114 21.76 12.891 >
68 43.52 16 >
68 43.52 19.109 >
68 21.76 22.217 <
68 0 0 0
Maximum BM=846.25×2=1692.5KNm (×2*since two lanes-A class loading is taken from Load
combination)
BM at L/4:
Trial load
KN AC part BC part Decision
27 51.68 1.44 >
27 47.36 2.88 >
114 40 8.96 >
114 21.76 15.04 >
68 32.64 18.667 >
68 21.76 22.293 <
68 10.88 25.92 <
68 0 0 0
Maximum
BM: 1471.2×2=2942.4 KNm
BM at 3L/8:
Trial load
AC part BC part Decision
KN
27 31.28 2.16 >
27 34.56 4.32 >
114 30.88 13.44 >
114 21.76 22.56 <
68 16.32 28 <
68 10.88 33.44 <
68 5.44 38.88 <
68 0 0 0
Maximum BM=2090.85×2=4181.70 KNm
Class 70R wheeled Loading
BM at L/8
BM at 3L/8
Trial load KN AC part BC part Decision
80 80 5.12 >
120 85.3333 12.8 >
120 72.5333 20.48 >
170 54.4 31.36 >
170 36.2667 42.24 <
170 18.1333 53.12 <
170 1.07E-06 64 <
0.00001 0 0 0
BM at L/2
BC Decisio
Trial load KN AC part part n
80 73.6 6.4 >
64.000000
120 8 16 >
54.400000
120 8 25.6 >
40.800000
170 8 39.2 >
27.200000
170 8 52.8 <
13.600000
170 8 66.4 <
170 0.0000008 80 <
0.00001 0 0 0
Maximum BM=4628.2 KNm
Class 70R Tracked Loading
a' b '
The UDL is placed∈such a way that the condition = is satisfied
a b
BM at L/8
BM at L/4
BM at 3L/8
Maximum BM=3726.679 KNm
BM at L/2
Maximum SF=338.852×2=677.704 KN
SF at L/8
Maximum SF=269.602×2=539.204 KN
SF at L/4
Maximum SF=200.352×2=400.704 KN
SF at 3L/8
Maximum SF=136.772×2=273.544 KN
SF at L/2
Maximum SF=795.048 KN
SF at L/8
Maximum SF=670.048 KN
SF at L/4
Maximum SF=545.048 KN
SF at 3L/8
Maximum SF=420.048 KN
SF at L/2
Maximum SF=279.612 KN
SF at L=0
Maximum SF=636.008 KN
SF at L/8
Maximum SF=548.51 KN
SF at L/4
Maximum SF=461.011 KN
SF at 3L/8
Maximum SF=373.513 KN
SF at L/2
Maximum SF=286.015
Summary of calculated Bending Moment and Shear Force:
Table NO
Bending Moment Shear Force
Sectio 70R 70R
n 70R 70R
Class A Wheele Class A Wheele
Tracked Tracked
d d
338.85 636.00
L=0 795.048
2 8
1739.11 269.60
L/8 846.25 2093.9 670.048 548.51
7 2
2981.34 200.35 461.01
L/4 1471.2 3516.15 545.048
3 2 1
3726.67 136.77 373.51
3L/8 1874.8 4325.55 420.048
9 2 3
3975.12 102.46 286.01
L/2 2090.9 4628.2 279.612
5 8 5
Note: Lane distribution factor is already considered (class A-×2, 70R-×1) while calculating
bending moment and shear force
For the design of section, the maximum value of BM and SF is selected from the above table at
various section for outer girder and intermediate main girder.
Design BM and SF due to Live Load
Outer Main Girder Intermediate Main Girder
Section
BM KNm SF KN BM KNm SF KN
L=0 1797.95 903.7
L/8 4735.22 1515.27 2380.04 761.61
L/4 7951.54 1232.59 3996.21 619.53
3L/8 9781.95 965.74 4931.51 494.27
L/2 10466.37 739.51 5260.67 378.48
Hence,
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bw×xm× (d-0.42Xm)+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df(d-0.5Df)
=0.36×30×300×814.2× (1770-0.42×814.2) +0.446×30× (2700-300) ×250× (1770-0.5*250)
=16973.23 KNm
Design BM, Md=15317.3 KNm
Since Md< Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
Area of tension reinforcement
C=T
0.36fck×bw×Xu+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df =0.87fy×At
0.36*30*300*Xu+0.446*30*(2700-300)*250=0.87*500*At
3240Xu+8028000=435At
435 At −8028000
Xu= =0.134 At −2477.78 &
3240
MOR=0.87fy×At× (d-0.42Xu)
15317.3×106 =0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×(0.134At-2477.78))
On solving, we get
At=21546.27 mm2
Xu=0.134 At −2477.78=0.134×21546.27-2477.78=409.42 mm
At 21546.27
No of bars in tension= = =26.79
A 804.352
Provide 27 bar of 32 dia. with area=21717.504 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 27 no. of 32mm dia. Bar
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =740.415 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
VRDmax =The design value of maximum shear force which can be sustained by the member limited
by crushing of thecompression struts.
αcw=1 for σcp=0(RCC)- coefficient taking account of the state of thestress in the compression
chord
z=0.9d-lever arm
v1=0.6[1-fck/310]- v1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
fcd=0.446fck=0.446×30- design strength of concrete
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1770¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED=740.415 KN
For uniform cross section: Vccd=0,Vtd=0
VRds =The design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement
VNS =Net Design Shear Force = Algebraic sum of VED, Vccd and Vtd
Vccd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case of an
inclined compression chord
Vtd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, in the case of
an inclined tensile chord
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:
IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement V Rd.c is given by:
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
K=1+
√ 200 ≤2
d
=1+
√ 200 =1.336
1770
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2=0.031×1.336×301/2=0.262
σcp=Ned/Ac ≤0.2fcd- Concrete compressive stress at the centroidal axis due to axial loading or
prestressing=0(no axial force tension or compression is applied)
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
=21717.504 / (300×1770)=0.041=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.416 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=740.415 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2=12.65⁰
As per the code 21.8⁰≤θ≤45⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= ×0.9 × 1770× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰ =367.41mm
740.415× 103
Let us provide spacing = 300mm
check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= = =0.00175
s × bw 300× 300
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok
Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 300mm c/c spacing
3L/8:
Design of main reinforcement
Assuming NA lies in the flange
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
MOR=0.36fck×bf×Xu× (d-0.42Xu)
14338.71×106 =0.36f×30×2700×Xu× (1770-0.42Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=299.03 mm
Since Xu>Df, NA lies in the web
Df 250
= =0.14< 0.2
d 1770
Hence,
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bw×xm× (d-0.42Xm)+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df(d-0.5Df)
=0.36×30×300×814.2 × (1770-0.42×814.2) +0.446×30× (2700-300) ×250× (1770-
0.5*250)=16973.23 KNm
Design BM, Md=14338.71 KNm
Since Md< Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
Area of tension reinforcement
C=T
0.36fck×bw×Xu+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df =0.87fy×At
0.36×30×300×Xu+0.446×30(2700-300) 250 =0.87×500×At
Xu=0.134At-2477.78 &
MOR=0.87fy×At× (d-0.42Xu)
14338.71 ×106 =0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×(0.134At-2477.78))
On solving, we get
At=18819.62 mm2
At 18819.62
No of bars in tension= = =23.4
A 804.352
Provide 24 bar of 32 dia. with area=19304.45 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Maximum compression steel=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 24 no. of 32mm dia. Bar in tension zone
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =1171.32 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1770¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ × =3465.3 KN
310 cot 45+ tan 45
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED= 1171.32KN
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement=19304.45/
(300×1770)=0.036=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.416 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=1171.32KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2=21.26⁰
As per the code 21.8⁰≤θ≤45⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 ×1770 × 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰
1171.32×10
=232.25 mm
Let us provide spacing = 230 mm
check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= =
s × bw 230× 300
=0.0023
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok
Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 230mm c/c spacing
L/4
Design of main reinforcement
Assuming NA lies in the flange
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
MOR=0.36fck×bf×Xu× (d-0.42Xu)
11589.72×106 =0.36×30×2700×Xu× (1770-0.42Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=237.98 mm
Since Xu<Df, NA lies in the flange
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bf×xm× (d-0.42Xm)=0.36×30×2700×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)=33904.53 KNm
Design BM, Md=11589.72 KNm
Since Md<Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
C=T
0.36fck×bf×Xu=0.87fy×At
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At
Xu= =0.015 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 × 2700
MOR=0.87fy×At× (d-0.42Xu)
11589.72×106 =0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.015At)
On solving, we get
At=1959.09 mm2
Xu=0.015 At =0.015×15959.09=239.4 mm
At 15959.09
No of bars in tension= = =19.84
A 804.352
Provide 20 bar of 32 dia. with area=16087.04 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 20 no. of 32mm dia. Bar in tension zone
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =1614.89 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1770¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ × =3465.3 KN
310 cot 45+ tan 45
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED= 1614.89 KN
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement=16087.04 /
(300×1770)=0.03=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.416 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=1614.89KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
Θ=34.37⁰
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 ×1770 × 434.78 ×cot 34.37⁰ =88.22 mm
1614.89× 10
Let us provide spacing = 85 mm
Check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= =
s × bw 85 ×300
=0.006
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok
Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 85mm c/c spacing
L/8
Assuming NA lies in the flange
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
MOR=0.36fck×bf×Xu× (d-0.42Xu)
6848.47×106 =0.36×30×2700×Xu× (1770-0.42Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=137.15 mm
Since Xu<Df, NA lies in the flange
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bf×xm× (d-0.42Xm)=0.36×30×2700×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)=33904.53 KNm
Design BM, Md=6848.47 KNm
Since Md<Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
C=T
0.36fck×bf×Xu=0.87fy×At
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At
Xu= =0.015 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 × 2700
MOR=0.87fy×At× (d-0.42Xu)
6848.47×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.015At)
On solving, we get
At=9195.67 mm2
Xu=0.015 At =0.015×9195.67 =137.94 mm
At 9195.67
No of bars in tension= = =11.43
A 804.352
Provide 12 bar of 32 dia. with area=9652.22 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 12 no. of 32mm dia. Bar in tension zone
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =2103.15 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1770¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ × =3465.3 KN
310 cot 45+ tan 45
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED= 2103.15 KN
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement=9652.22 /
(300×1770)=0.018
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=294.98 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.018× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=294.98 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=2103.15 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
Θ=sin−1( ¿1)
As per the code 21.8⁰≤θ≤45⁰
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2=0.031×1.336×301/2=0.262
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
Since the section at L=0 has not been designed for bending, so no Asl) Hence, let us take 𝜌1=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.42 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.42 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=2279.87 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
Θ=sin−1( ¿1)
As per the code 21.8⁰≤θ≤45⁰
Material properties:
Concrete used: M30 (IRC 21-2000 Table 5.B)
Characteristic strength, fck= 30 N/mm2
Design compressive strength of concrete, fcd =0.446fck
Steel used: Fe500
Yield Strength of Steel, fy=500N/mm2
Design yield strength of steel, fyd= fy/1.15= 0.87fy
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity=2×105N/mm2
L/2
Design of main reinforcement
Assuming NA lies in the flange
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2mm
MOR=0.36fck×bf×Xu× (d-0.42Xu)
10111.6×10^6=0.36×30×3000×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=184.38 mm
Since Xu<Df, NA lies in the flange
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bf×xm× (d-0.42Xm)=0.36×30×3000×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)=37671.703 KNm
Design BM, Md=10111.6KNm
Since Md< Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
C=T
0.36fck×bf×Xu=0.87fy×At
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At
Xu= =0.013 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 ×3000
MOR=0.87fy×At(d-0.42Xu)
10111.6×106 =¿0.87×500×At× (1770-0.42×0.013At)
On solving, we get
At=13712.86 mm2
Xu=0.013 At =0.013×13712.86 =178.27 mm
At 13712.86
No of bars in tension= = =17
A 804.352
Provide 17 no. bar of 32 dia. with area=13673.98 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 17 no. of 32mm dia. Bar in tension zone
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =379.385 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
z=0.9d-lever arm
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1770¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ × =3465.3 KN
310 cot 45+ tan 45
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED=379.385 KN
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement V Rd.c is given by:
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
K=1+
√ 200 ≤2
d
=1+
√ 200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement=13673.98/
(300×1770)=0.025=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.416 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bw×d= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=379.385 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement=12869.63/
(300×1770)=0.024=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.416 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bw×d= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=699.85 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2=11.91⁰
As per the code 21.8⁰≤θ≤45⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
× 0.9× 1770× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰ =388.7 mm
699.85× 10
Let us provide spacing = 300mm
Check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= = =0.00175
s × bw 300× 300
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok
Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 300mm c/c spacing
L/4
Design of main reinforcement
Assuming NA lies in the flange
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
MOR=0.36fck×bf×Xu× (d-0.42Xu)
7634.39×10^6=0.36×30×3000×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get,Xu=137.6 mm
Since Xu<Df, NA lies in the flange
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bf×xm× (d-0.42Xm)=0.36×30×3000×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)=37671.703 KNm
Design BM, Md=7634.39 KNm
Since Md< Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
C=T
0.36fckbfXu=0.87fyAt
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At
Xu= =0.013 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 ×3000
MOR=0.87fy×At(d-0.42Xu)
7634.39×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.013At)
On solving, we get,At=10238.82 mm2
Xu=0.013 At =0.013×10238.82 =133.1 mm
At 10238.82
No of bars in tension= = =12.72
A 804.352
Provide 13 no. bar of 32 dia. with area=10456.58 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 13 no. of 32mm dia. Bar in tension zone
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =1001.83 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1×
cot θ+tanθ
[IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1770¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ × =3465.3 KN
310 cot 45+ tan 45
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED=1001.83 KN
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement=10456.58/
(300×1770)=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.416 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bw×d= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=1001.83 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2=17.66⁰
As per the code 21.8⁰≤θ≤45⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
157.1
S= ×0.9 × 1770× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰ =271.54 mm
1001.83× 103
Let us provide spacing = 270 mm
check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= =
s × bw 270× 300
=0.00194
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok
Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 270mm c/c spacing
L/8
Design of main reinforcement
Assuming NA lies in the flange
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2mm
MOR=0.36fck×bf×Xu× (d-0.42Xu)
4493.29×10^6=0.36×30×3000×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get,Xu=79.86 mm
Since Xu<Df, NA lies in the flange
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bf×xm× (d-0.42Xm)=0.36×30×3000×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)=37671.703 KNm
Design BM, Md=4493.29 KNm
Since Md< Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
C=T
0.36fck×bf×Xu=0.87fy×At
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At
Xu= =0.013 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 ×3000
MOR=0.87fy×At(d-0.42Xu)
4493.29×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.013At)
On solving, we get,At=5944.84 mm2
Xu=0.013 At =0.013×5944.84 =77.28 mm
At 5944.84
No of bars in tension= = =7.4
A 804.352
Provide 8 no. bar of 32 dia. with area=6434.82 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 8 no. of 32mm dia. Bar in tension zone
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =1349.49 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1770¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ × =3465.3 KN
310 cot 45+ tan 45
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED=1349.49 KN
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement V Rd.c is given by:
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement=6434.82/
(300×1770)=0.012
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=258.03 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.012×30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bw×d= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=258.03 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=1349.49 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
Since the section at L=0 has not been designed for bending, so no Asl)
Hence, let us take 𝜌1=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770=305.42 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bw×d= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770 =139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.42 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=1668.3 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 × 1770× 434.78 ×cot 37.16 ⁰ =86.05 mm
1668.3× 10
Since, the bendinig moment at mid span of outer main girder is largest, we will consider that
bending moment
for checking serviceability criteria
As
ρ p , eff =
Ac , eff
Ac , eff =b w × hc ,eff
Where h c, eff is lesser of
i) 2.5(h-d)
ii) (h-x)/3
iii) h/2
K t =0.5
E
α e= s
E cm
For the case of deformed bars associated with pure bending Eq. 12.112 m A st b . d
3.4 C +0.17 Φ eq
Srmax =
ρ p ,eff
2 2
n1 Φ1 +n 2 Φ2
Φ eq=
n1 Φ1 +n 2 Φ2
Tensile strength of concrete, f ct ,eff =f ctm =2.5 GPa [IRC 112 page 103 & table 6.5]
R2=39.99 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−76.59∗2.285=0
R1=175.01−39.99
R1=135.02 KN
Since the reaction calculated above is from half of the track load only, hence multyplying by 2 to
get the reaction for full length of the track i.e. 135.02*2=270.04 KN.It is actually the load coming
on the girder
Calculating the reaction and finding the bending moment under the load to get the maximum
value of BM.Assuming that the cross girder has rigid reaction on each longitudinal girder:
2∗270.04
R1=R 2=R3= =180 KN
3
Maximum LL bending moment under the load=180*1.97=354.6 KNm
Maximum LL bending moment considering impact factor= 354.6*1.1=390.06 KNm [ImF-page 6]
Maximum shear force due to LL=reaction at support=180 KN
Maximum shear force due to LL considering impact factor=180*1.1=198 KN [ImF-page 6]
Maximum BM due to DL= 62.62*1.97-31.31*1.97*1.97*0.5=62.60 KNm
Total design BM=BM due to DL + BM due to LL=62.60 KNm+390.06 KNm=452.66 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL=62.62 KN+198 KN=260.62 KN
Reactions
Assuming that the cross girder has rigid reaction on each longitudinal girder:
2∗85
R1=R 2=R3= =56.67 KN
3
Maximum live load BM under the load=56.67*2.035=115.32 KNm
Maximum live load BM due to LL considering IF=115.32*1.131=130.43 KNm
Maximum SF due to LL considering IF=56.67*1.131=64.09 KN
Maximum BM due to DL=62.62*2.035-31.31*2.035*2.035*0.5=62.60 KNm
Maximum SF due to DL= 62.62 KN
Total design BM=BM due to DL+BM due to LL=62.60+130.43=193.03 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL=62.62+64.09=126.71 KN
Class A loading
To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class A
vehicle, the load is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
Calculation of load acting on the cross girder:
Equivalent UDL corresponding to 57 KN load=57/0.25=228 KN/m
Taking moment about the 1, we get
∑ M 1= 0
228∗0.125∗0.125
R2∗5− =0
2
1.781
R2∗5=
5
R2=0.356 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−228∗0.125=0
R1=28.5−0.356
R1=28.144 KN
Since the reaction calculated above is from half of the track load only, hence multyplying by 2 to
get the reaction for full length of the track i.e. 28.144*2=56.288 KN.It is actually the load coming
on the girder
Calculating the reaction and finding the bending moment under the load to get the maximum
value of BM.Assuming that the cross girder has rigid reaction on each longitudinal girder:
4∗56.288
R1=R 2=R3= =75.05 KN
3
Maximum LL bending moment under the load =75.05*0.75=56.28 KNm
Maximum LL bending moment considering impact factor and lane distribution factor=
56.28*1.145*2=28.9 KNm [ImF-page 6]
Maximum shear force due to LL=reaction at support=75.05 KN
Maximum shear force due to LL considering impact factor and lane distribution factor
=75.05*1.145*2 =171.86 KN [ImF-page 6]
Maximum BM due to DL= 62.62*0.75-31.31*0.75*0.75*0.5=38.16 KNm
Maximum SF due to DL= 62.62 KN
Total design BM=BM due to DL + BM due to LL=38.16 KNm +128.9 KNm =167.06 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL=62.62 KN+171.86 KN=234.48 KN
Since the design BM and SF are maximum for 70R track loading, hence
Design BM=452.66 KNm
Design SF=260.62 KN
Design part
Design BM=452.66 KNm
Design SF=260.62 KN
Section properties:
width of web(bw)=300 mm
depth of flange (Df)= 300 mm
Overall depth of beam (D) =1425 mm
Effective width of flange:IRC:112-2020
Clause:7.6.1.2
beff,1= 0.2×b1 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b1=0.2×2.5 + 0.1×3≤0.2×3 and ≤2.5=0.8≤0.6and ≤2.5=0.6m
beff,2= 0.2×b2 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b2=0.2×2.5 + 0.1×3<=0.2×3 and≤1.5=0.8≤0.6 ≤2.5=0.6 m
beff= beff,1 + beff,2 +bw ≤ b=0.6+ 0.6 + 0.3 ≤ b1+b2=1.5≤2.5+2.5=1.5≤5=1.5m
Hence, effective width of flange, beff = 1.5m
Clear cover=40mm
Let us provide 28mm dia. bars
28
Effective depth, d = 1425-40-10- = 1361 mm=1.361 m
2
Material properties:
Concrete used: M30 (IRC 21-2000 Table 5.B)
Characteristic strength, fck= 30 N/mm2
α × fck
Design compressive strength of concrete, fcd= [IRC:112-2020 clause 6.4.2.8]
γm
α =0.67
γm=1.5
0.67 × fck
Fcd=
1.5
Design compressive strength of concrete, fcd =0.446fck
Steel used: Fe500
Yield Strength of Steel, fy=500N/mm2
Design yield strength of steel, fyd= fy/1.15= 0.87fy
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity=2×105N/mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1361
Minimum bar in tension= = =694.11 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 2 no. of 28 mm dia. Bar in tension zone
Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =260.62 KNm
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45 ⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300׿ 0.9×1361¿ ׿ 0.6[1- ]¿ × =2664.56 KN
310 cot 45+ tan 45
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED=260.62 KN
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹
Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement V Rd.c is given by:
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
K=1+
√ 200 ≤2
d
=1+
√ 200
1361
=1.383
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.3831.5×301/2
=0.276
σcp=Ned/Ac ≤0.2fcd=0(no axial force tension or compression is applied)
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02=1231.67 / (300×1361)=0.00301
+0.15×0] ×300×1361=130.13 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.383×(80 × 0.00301×30)
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bw×d= (0.276+0.15× 0) × 300×1361 =112.69 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=130.13 KN
VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading=260.62 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement IRC 112:2020 Cl
10.3.3.1.4
Adopt Θ=21.8⁰
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= ×0.9 ×1361 × 434.78× cot 21.8⁰
260.62×10 3
=802.6 mm
Let us provide spacing = 300 mm
check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= =
s × bw 300× 300
=0.00174
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok
Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 300mm c/c spacing
Side face reinforcement or skin reinforcement:
As= 1% of web area
1
As= As= ∗300∗1125=3375 mm 2
100
Let us provide 12 mm dia. Bar for skin reinforcement
3375
=29.8
No. of bars= 3.142∗122
4
Provide 30 bars of dia. 12 mm in the internal perifery of the beam
End cross grider
R2=39.99 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−76.59∗2.285=0
R1=175.01−39.99
R1=135.02 KN
Since the reaction calculated above is from half of the track load only, hence multyplying by 2 to
get the reaction for full length of the track i.e. 135.02*2=270.04 KN.It is actually the load coming
on the girder
Calculating the reaction and finding the bending moment under the load to get the maximum
value of BM.Assuming that the cross girder has rigid reaction on each longitudinal girder:
2∗270.04
R1=R 2=R3= =180 KN
3
70R wheeled vehicle, the load is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in
figure below
In the case of 70R wheeled load the tyre dimensions are so small in comparison with track of
70R track vehicle, so we assume that the total wheel load act as a point load on the single girder
Reactions
Assuming that the cross girder has rigid reaction on each longitudinal girder:
2∗85
R1=R 2=R3= =56.67 KN
3
Maximum live load BM under the load=56.67*2.035=115.32 KNm
Maximum live load BM due to LL considering IF=115.32*1.131=130.43 KNm
Maximum SF due to LL considering IF=56.67*1.131=64.09 KN
Maximum BM due to DL=42.7*2.035-21.35*2.035*2.035*0.5=42.69 KNm
Maximum SF due to DL= 42.7 KN
Total design BM=BM due to DL+BM due to LL=42.69+130.43=173.12 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL=42.7+64.09=106.79 KN
Class A loading
To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class A
vehicle, the load is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
1.781
R2∗5=
5
R2=0.356 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−228∗0.125=0
R1=28.5−0.356
R1=28.144 KN
Since the reaction calculated above is from half of the track load only, hence multyplying by 2 to
get the reaction for full length of the track i.e. 28.144*2=56.288 KN.It is actually the load coming
on the girder
Calculating the reaction and finding the bending moment under the load to get the maximum
value of BM.Assuming that the cross girder has rigid reaction on each longitudinal girder:
4∗56.288
R1=R 2=R3= =75.05 KN
3
Maximum LL bending moment under the load =75.05*0.75=56.28 KNm
Maximum LL bending moment considering impact factor and lane distribution factor=
56.28*1.145*2=28.9 KNm [ImF-page 6]
Maximum shear force due to LL=reaction at support=75.05 KN
Maximum shear force due to LL considering impact factor and lane distribution factor
=75.05*1.145*2=171.86 KN [ImF-page ]
Maximum BM due to DL= 42.67*0.75-21.35*0.75*0.75*0.5=26 KNm
Maximum SF due to DL= 42.7 KN
Total design BM=BM due to DL + BM due to L==26 KNm +128.9 KNm =154.90 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL=42.7 KN+171.86 KN=214.56 KN
Since the design BM and SF are maximum for 70R track loading, hence
Design BM=432.75KNm
Design SF=240.7KN
Design part
Design BM=432.75KN
Design SF=240.7KNm
Section properties:
width of web(bw)=300 mm
depth of flange (Df)= 300 mm
Overall depth of beam (D) =1425 mm
Effective width of flange:
IRC:112-2020 Clause: 7.6.1.2
beff,1= 0.2×b1 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b1=0.2×0 + 0.1×3≤0.2×3 and ≤0=0.3≤0.6and ≤0=0m
beff,2= 0.2×b2 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b2=0.2×2.5 + 0.1×3<=0.2×3 and≤2.5=0.8≤0.6 ≤2.5=0.6 m
beff= beff,1 + beff,2 +bw ≤ b=0+ 0.6 + 0.3 ≤ b1+b2=0.9≤0+2.5=0.9≤2.5=0.9m
Hence, effective width of flange, beff = 0.9m
Clear cover=40mm
Let us provide 28mm dia. bars
28
Effective depth, d = 1425-40-10 - = 1361 mm=1.361 m
2
Material properties:
Concrete used: M30 (IRC 21-2000 Table 5.B)
Characteristic strength, fck= 30 N/mm2
α × fck
Design compressive strength of concrete, fcd= [IRC:112-2020 clause 6.4.2.8]
γm
α =0.67
γm=1.5
0.67 × fck
Fcd=
1.5
Design compressive strength of concrete, fcd =0.446fck
Steel used: Fe500
Yield Strength of Steel, fy=500N/mm2
Design yield strength of steel, fyd= fy/1.15= 0.87fy
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity=2×105N/mm2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck)
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
K=1+
√ 200 ≤2
d
=1+
√ 200
1361
=1.383
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.3831.5×301/2
=0.276
σcp=Ned/Ac ≤0.2fcd=0(no axial force tension or compression is applied)
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02=1231.67 / (300×1361)=0.00301
+0.15×0] ×300×1361=130.13 KN
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.383×(80 × 0.00301×30)
check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= = =0.00174
s × bw 300× 300
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok
Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 300mm c/c spacing
Side face reinforcement or skin reinforcement:
As= 1% of web area
1
As= As= ∗300∗1125=3375 mm 2
100
Let us provide 12 mm dia. Bar for skin reinforcement
3375
=29.8
No. of bars= 3.142∗122
4
Provide 30 bars of dia. 12 mm in the internal perifery of the beam
Design of abutment