Finished Version of L & C

Analysis and design of Longitudinal Girder:
Analysis and design of main girder involves the following procedures:

 Calculate the load from deck slab, cantilever portion, kerb, railing, parapet
 Determine the combination of live load that should be acted upon the required width of bridge
 Calculate the maximum bending moment and shear force at the critical sections due to dead load and live load
 Obtain the maximum value of bending moment and shear force to design the critical section
 Carry out curtailment, anchorage design and detailing of main steel bars.
Analysis of main girder
Table: Data taken for DL calculation
particulars value unit particulars value unit
Footpath/kerb Main beam
width 1.2 m width 0.3 m
depth 0.225 m depth 1.6 m
unit weight 25 KN/m3 unit wt. 25 KN/m3
FOS 1.35 - NOS 3 -
nos 2 - FOS 1.35 -
Wearing coat Fillet
width 6 m width 0.15 m
depth 0.075 m depth 0.115 m
FOS 1.75 - NOS 6
Deck slab X-beam
middle portion width 0.3 m
width 6.6 m depth 1.425 m
depth 0.3 m length 6 m
FOS 1.35 - FOS 1.35 -
cantilever portion Railing 1.5 KN/m
width w1 0.3 m
width w2 0.2 m
depth 0.9 m
unit wt. 25 KN/m3
FOS 1.35 -
Nos 2 -
Calculation of dead load
Footpath
=width
1
×depth×unit wt. ×Nos×Fos×
3
1
=1.2×0.225×25×2×1.35×
3
=6.075 KN/m
Wearing coat
1
= width×depth×unit wt. ×Fos×
3
1
=6×0.075×22×1.75×
3
=5.775 KN/m
Deck slab
Middle portion
1
= width×depth×unit wt. ×Fos×
3
1
=6.6×0.3×25×1.35×
3
=22.275 KN/m
Cantilever portion
w 1+w 2
X-area= ×L
2
0.3+0.2
= × 0.9
2
=0.225 m2
1
Load= X-area×unit wt.×Nos×Fos×
3
1
=0.225×25×2×1.35×
3
=5.063 KN/m
Main Beam
1
= width×depth×unit wt. ×Nos×Fos×
3
1
=0.3×1.6×25×3×1.35×
3
=16.2 KN/m
Cross beam
1
= width×depth×total length×unit wt. ×Fos×
3
1
=0.3×1.425×6×25×1.35×
3
=28.856 KN
Fillet
1
= width×depth×unit wt. ×Nos×Fos×
3
1
=0.15×0.115×25×6×1.35×
3
=1.164 KN/m
Uniformly distributed load (UDL) on main girder =6.075+5.775+22.275+5.063+16.2+1.164
=56.55 KN/m
Point load on main girder due to X-beam=28.86 KN
Note: Pedestrian load is not considered for the design of structural members of the bridge(IRC-6:2014,clause 206)
Calculation of Maximum BM and SF at critical sections due to DL
B.M. at L/8:
Mu=793.46×3.125-28.86×3.125-56.55×3.125 2×0.5=2113.25 KNm
B.M. at quarter span (L/4)
Mu=793.46×6.25-28.86×6.25-28.86×1.25-56.55×6.25×6.25×0.5=3638.18 KNm
B.M. at 3L/8:
Mu=793.46×9.375-28.86×9.375-28.86×4.375-56.55×9.375 2×0.5= 4556.76 KNm
B.M. at mid span (L/2)
Mu= 793.46×12.5-28.86×12.5-28.86×7.5-28.86×2.5-56.55×12.5×12.5×0.5=4850.93 KNm
S.F. at support (just right of a) (L=0)
SF=793.46-28.86=764.6 KN
SF at L/8:
SF=793.46-28.86-56.55×3.125=587.88 KN
S.F. at quarter span (just left of point load) (L/4)
SF=793.46-28.86-28.86-56.55×6.25=382.30 KN
SF at 3L/8:
SF=793.46-28.86-28.86-56.55×9.375=205.58 KN
SF at L/2:
SF=793.46-28.86-28.86-28.86-56.55×12.5=0.905 KN
Calculation of Maximum BM and SF at critical sections due to LL
Ri=
where, P= Total live load

I =Moment of Inertia of each longitudinal girder
e= Eccentricity of live load with respect to the axis of the bridge
di= distance of girder under consideration from the central axis of the bridge
n = number of longitudinal girders
Here,
Reaction Factor
For 70R Tracked load
w=350 KN
P=2W=700 KN
E=0.35m
∑di2=d12+d22+d32
d1=3
d2=0
d3=3
∑I=3I
2WI 3I
RG1= ×[1+ × 0.35× 3]=0.783W
3I I (9+ 0+9)
2WI 3I
RG2= ×[1+ × 0.35× 0]=0.67W
3I I ( 9+0+ 9 )
2WI 3I
RG3= ×[1− × 0.35 ×3]=0.55W
3I I ( 9+ 0+9 )
Class 70R Wheeled Load

w=350 KN
P=2W=700 KN
E=0.405m
∑di2=d12+d22+d32
d1=3
d2=0
d3=3
∑I=3I
2WI 3I
RG1= ×[1+ × 0.405× 3]=0.802W
3I I ( 9+0+ 9 )
2WI 3I
RG2= ×[1+ × 0.405× 0]=0.0.67W
3I I ( 9+0+ 9 )
2WI 3I
RG3= ×[1− × 0.405 ×3]=0.532W
3I I ( 9+ 0+9 )
For class A load

w=350 KN
P=4W
E=0.35m
∑di2=d12+d22+d32
d1=3
d2=0
d3=3
∑I=3I
4 WI 3I
RG1= ×[1+ ×0.35 ×3 ]=1.567W
3I I ( 9+0+ 9 ]
4 WI 3I
RG2= ×[1+ × 0.35× 0]=1.333W
3I I ( 9+0+ 9 )
4 WI 3I
RG3= ×[1− × 0.35 ×3]=1.1W
3I I ( 9+ 0+9 )
Summary of reaction factor:
Table NO:
Reaction Factor
Girder
Class 70R Tracked Class 70R wheeled Class A Loading
RG1 0.783 0.67 0.55
RG2 0.802 0.67 0.532
RG3 1.567 1.333 1.1
Impact Factor (Cl.208, IRC:6-2014)
Table No:
Loadings Impact factor
Class A 1.145
Class 70R
tracked 1.1
Class 70R
wheeled 1.131
Bending moment calculation due to Live Load

Class A Loading:
BM at L/8:
To calculate the maximum bending moment at section L/8, the load is moved from left to right of span of bridge and
after deciding the load at section which will cause the maximum bending moment at that section, the calculation for
BM proceeds.
Trial load KN AC part BC part decision
27 45.12 1.2343 >
27 36.48 2.4686 >
114 58.24 7.68 >
114 21.76 12.891 >
68 43.52 16 >
68 43.52 19.109 >
68 21.76 22.217 <
68 0 0 0
Maximum BM=846.25×2=1692.5KNm (×2*since two lanes-A class loading is taken from Load combination)
BM at L/4:

27 51.68 1.44 >
27 47.36 2.88 >
114 40 8.96 >
114 21.76 15.04 >
68 32.64 18.667 >
68 21.76 22.293 <
68 10.88 25.92 <
68 0 0 0
Maximum BM: 1471.2×2=2942.4 KNm

BM at 3L/8:

34.4533333
27 3 1.728 >
38.8266666
27 7 3.456 >
114 33.92 10.752 >
114 21.76 18.048 >
68 21.76 22.4 <
14.5066666
68 7 26.752 <
7.25333333
68 3 31.104 <
68 0 0 0
Maximum BM=1874.83×2=3749.66 KNm
BM at L/2:
Trial load decisio
AC part BC part
KN n
27 31.28 2.16 >
27 34.56 4.32 >
114 30.88 13.44 >
114 21.76 22.56 <
68 16.32 28 <
68 10.88 33.44 <
68 5.44 38.88 <
68 0 0 0
Maximum BM=2090.85×2=4181.70 KNm
Class 70R wheeled Loading

BM at L/8
80 38.4 3.657142857 >
120 92.8 9.142857143 >
120 108.8 14.62857143 >
170 108.8 22.4 >
170 108.8 30.17142857 >
170 54.4000032 37.94285714 >
170 0.0000032 45.71428571 <
0.00001 0 0 0
Maximum BM=2093.9 KNm
BM at L/4

80 65.6 4.266667 >
120 100.8 10.66667 >
120 81.6 17.06667 >
170 81.6 26.13333 >
170 54.4 35.2 >
170 27.2 44.26667 <
170 1.6E-06 53.33333 <
0.00001 0 0 0
BM at 3L/8
80 80 5.12 >
120 85.3333 12.8 >
120 72.5333 20.48 >
170 54.4 31.36 >
170 36.2667 42.24 <
170 18.1333 53.12 <
170 1.07E-06 64 <
0.00001 0 0 0
BM at L/2
80 73.6 6.4 >
120 64.0000008 16 >
120 54.4000008 25.6 >
170 40.8000008 39.2 >
170 27.2000008 52.8 <
170 13.6000008 66.4 <
170 0.0000008 80 <
0.00001 0 0 0
Class 70R Tracked Loading

a' b'
The UDL is placed in such a way that the following condition is satisfied: =
a b
BM at L/8
Maximum
BM=1739.117
KNm
BM at L/4
BM at 3L/8

BM at L/2
Calculation of Shear Force at critical sections:

Class A Loading
To calculate the maximum shear force, the series of concentrated load is moved from right to left and by
calculating the ordinate under the corresponding loads on the ILD, the maximum shear force is obtained .
SF at L=0
Maximum SF=338.852×2=677.704 KN
SF at L/8
Maximum
SF=269.602×2=539.204 KN
SF at L/4
Maximum SF=200.352×2=400.704 KN
SF at 3L/8
Maximum SF=136.772×2=273.544 KN
SF at L/2
Maximum SF=102.468×2=204.936 (Load moved Left-Right)
Class 70R wheeled Loading

SF at support
Maximum
SF=795.048
KN
SF at L/8
Maximum SF=670.048 KN
SF at L/4
SF at
3L/8
SF at L/2
Maximum
SF=279.612 KN
Class 70R
Tracked Loading
SF at L=0
Maximum
SF=636.008
KN
SF at L/8
SF at L/4
SF at 3L/8
SF at L/2
Maximum SF=286.015
Summary of calculated Bending Moment and Shear Force:
Table NO
Bending Moment Shear Force
Section 70R 70R 70R 70R
Class A Class A
Wheeled Tracked Wheeled Tracked
338.85
L=0 795.048 636.008
2
846.2 269.60
L/8 2093.9 1739.117 670.048 548.51
5 2
1471. 200.35
L/4 3516.15 2981.343 545.048 461.011
2 2
1874. 136.77
3L/8 4325.55 3726.679 420.048 373.513
8 2
2090. 102.46
L/2 4628.2 3975.125 279.612 286.015
9 8
Summary of design Bending Moment and Shear Force:
Design Bending Moment= calculated bending moment×reaction factor×impact factor×Load factor
Design Shear Force= calculated shear force×reaction factor×impact factor×Load factor

Note: Lane distribution factor is already considered (class A-×2, 70R-×1) while calculating bending moment and
shear force
Design Bending Moment and Shear Force for girder 1: G1
Design Bending Moment Design Shear Force
Section 70R 70R
Class A 70R Wheeled Class A 70R Wheeled
Tracked Tracked
1163.9 1348.79893 1049.413
L=0
6 2 2
2906.8 2869.5430 926.08 1136.73643
L/8 3552.30135 905.0415
7 5 3 2
5053.5 5965.14847 4919.2159 688.20 760.6681
L/4 924.673932
7 5 5 9 5
6440.0 7338.29557 6149.0203 469.81 616.2964
3L/8 712.611432
4 5 5 2 5
7182.0 6558.9562 351.97 471.9247
L/2 7851.7413 474.361758
7 5 8 5

Class A Class A
619.22 903.695284 841.62938
L=0
5 4 6
1546.4 2380.04190 2301.3735 492.67 761.613409 725.84328
L/8
5 5 3 6 4 3
3996.64947 3945.2111 366.12 619.531534 610.05585
L/4 2688.5
8 9 7 4 6
4916.65803 4931.5143 477.449659 494.26975
3L/8 3426.1 249.94
5 2 4 3
3820.8 5260.66667 5260.2829 187.25 317.822377
L/2 378.48365
6 1 1 2 9

Class A Class A
1280.3 1797.94897 1644.4304
L=0
5 6 8
3197.5 4496.5739 1018.6 1515.26966 1418.2000
L/8 4735.2177
6 6 9 4 3
5558.9 7951.54291 7708.4113 1232.59035 1191.9669
L/4 757.03
3 7 9 1 9
7084.0 9781.94800 9635.5148 516.79 949.911038 965.73653
3L/8
5 1 9 3 9 7
L/2 7900.2 10466.3711 10277.884 387.17 632.324223 739.50608
8 5 4 5 4 3
For the design of section, the maximum value of BM and SF is selected from the above table at various section for
outer girder and intermediate main girder.
Design BM and SF due to Live Load
Outer Main Girder Intermediate Main Girder

Section
BM KNm SF KN BM KNm SF KN
L=0 1797.95 903.7
L/8 4735.22 1515.27 2380.04 761.61
L/4 7951.54 1232.59 3996.21 619.53
3L/8 9781.95 965.74 4931.51 494.27
L/2 10466.37 739.51 5260.67 378.48
BM and SF due to Dead Load:
Dead Load BM &

Section SF
BM KNm SF KN
L=0 764.6
L/8 2113.25 587.88
L/4 3638.18 382.30
3L/8 4556.76 205.58
L/2 4850.93 0.905
Total Design BM and SF: DL BM & SF + LL BM & SF
Intermediate Main
Outer Main Girder
Section Girder
BM KNm SF KN BM KN SF KN
L=0 2279.87 1668.3
L/8 6848.47 2103.15 4493.29 1349.49
L/4 11589.72 1614.89 7634.39 1001.83
3L/8 14338.71 1171.32 9488.27 699.85
L/2 15317.3 740.415 10111.6 379.385
Design of Outer Main Girder:

Section properties:
width of web(bw)=300 mm
200+300
depth of flange (Df)= =250 mm
2
Overall depth of beam (D) =1900 mm
Effective width of flange:
IRC:112-2020 Clause: 7.6.1.2
beff,1= 0.2×b1 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b1
=0.2×1.2 + 0.1×25≤0.2×25 and ≤1.2
=2.74≤5 and ≤1.2
=1.2m
beff,2= 0.2×b2 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b2
=0.2×1.5 + 0.1×25<=0.2×25 and≤1.5
=2.8≤5 ≤1.5
=1.5 m
beff= beff,1 + beff,2 +bw ≤ b
=1.2+ 1.5 + 0.3 ≤ b1+b2
=3≤1.2+1.5
=3≤2.7
=2.7m
Hence, effective width of flange, beff = 2.7m
Clear cover=40mm
Let us assume 3 layers of bar of dia. 32mm
32
Effective depth, d = 1900-40-10-32-32- = 1770 mm=1.77m
2
Material properties:
Concrete used: M30 (IRC 21-2000 Table 5.B)
Characteristic strength, fck= 30 N/mm2
α × fck
Design compressive strength of concrete, f cd= [IRC:112-2020 clause 6.4.2.8]
γm
α =0.67
γm=1.5
0.67 × fck
Fcd=
1.5
Design compressive strength of concrete, fcd =0.446fck
Steel used: Fe500
Yield Strength of Steel, fy=500N/mm2
Design yield strength of steel, fyd= fy/1.15= 0.87fy
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity=2×105N/mm2
L/2
Design of main reinforcement
Assuming NA lies in the flange
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
MOR=0.36fck×bf×Xu× (d-0.42Xu)
15317.3×10^6=0.36×30×2700×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=321.26mm
Since Xu>Df, NA lies in the web
Df 250
= =0.14< 0.2
d 1770
Hence,
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bw×xm× (d-0.42Xm)+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df(d-0.5Df)
=0.36×30×300×814.2× (1770-0.42×814.2) +0.446×30× (2700-300) ×250× (1770-0.5*250)
=16973.23 KNm
Design BM, Md=15317.3 KNm
Since Md< Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
Area of tension reinforcement
C=T
0.36fck×bw×Xu+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df =0.87fy×At
0.36*30*300*Xu+0.446*30*(2700-300)*250=0.87*500*At
3240Xu+8028000=435At
435 At −8028000
Xu= =0.134 At −2477.78
3240
&
MOR=0.87fy×At× (d-0.42Xu)
15317.3×106 =0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×(0.134At-2477.78))
On solving, we get
At=21546.27 mm2
Xu=0.134 At −2477.78=0.134×21546.27-2477.78=409.42 mm
At
No of bars in tension=
A
21546.27
= =26.79
804.352
Provide 27 bar of 32 dia. with area=21717.504 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
Minimum bar in tension= = =902.7 mm 2(ok )
fy 500
Maximum bar in tension=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 27 no. of 32mm dia. Bar

Design of shear reinforcement
Design shear force, VEd =740.415 KN
Maximum Allowable Shear Force (for maximum shear force take Ɵ = 45⁰)
fcd
VRDmax=αcw×bw×z×v1× [IRC:112-2011, cl. no. 10.3.3.2, Eq10.8]
cot θ+tanθ
VRDmax =The design value of maximum shear force which can be
sustained by the member limited by crushing of the
compression struts.
αcw=1 for σcp=0(RCC)- coefficient taking account of the state of the

stress in the compression chord
z=0.9d-lever arm
v1=0.6[1-fck/310]- v1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete
cracked in shear
fcd=0.446fck=0.446×30- design strength of concrete
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED=740.415 KN
For uniform cross section: Vccd=0
Vtd=0
VRds =The design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the
yielding shear reinforcement
VNS =Net Design Shear Force = Algebraic sum of VED, Vccd and Vtd
Vccd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the compression
area, in the case of an inclined compression chord
Vtd =Design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile
reinforcement, in the case of an inclined tensile chord
Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe
Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹

Allowable shear force without shear reinforcement:
IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement V Rd.c is given by:
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
σcp=Ned/Ac ≤0.2fcd- Concrete compressive stress at the centroidal axis due to axial loading or
prestressing
=0(no axial force tension or compression is applied)
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement

=21717.504 / (300×1770)
=0.041
=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.416 KN
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN
Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN

VEd =The design shear force at a cross-section resulting from external loading
=740.415 KN
Since VEd> VRd.c, shear reinforcement design is required
Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=12.65⁰
As per the code 21.8⁰≤θ≤45⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
VRds=VNS=VED= × z × fywd × cotθ
s
Asw
S= × z × fywd ×cot θ
V ED
Let us provide 2 legged stirrups
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 × 1770× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰
740.415× 10
=367.41mm
Let us provide spacing = 300mm
check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= = =0.00175
s × bw 300× 300
Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Since, ρw> ρmin, ok

Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 300mm c/c spacing
3L/8:

Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
14338.71×106 =0.36f×30×2700×Xu× (1770-0.42Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=299.03 mm
Since Xu>Df, NA lies in the web

Df 250
= =0.14< 0.2
d 1770
Hence,
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bw×xm× (d-0.42Xm)+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df(d-0.5Df)
=0.36×30×300×814.2 × (1770-0.42×814.2) +0.446×30× (2700-300) ×250× (1770-0.5*250)
=16973.23 KNm
Area of tension reinforcement

C=T
0.36fck×bw×Xu+0.446fck(bf-bw) Df =0.87fy×At
0.36×30×300×Xu+0.446×30(2700-300) 250 =0.87×500×At
Xu=0.134At-2477.78
&
14338.71 ×106 =0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×(0.134At-2477.78))
On solving, we get
At=18819.62 mm2
At
A
18819.62
= =23.4
804.352
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
fy 500
Maximum compression steel=0.04×bw×D=0.04×300×1900=22800 mm2(ok)
Hence provide 24 no. of 32mm dia. Bar in tension zone

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED= 1171.32KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

=19304.45/ (300×1770)
=0.036
=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.416 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN
=1171.32KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=21.26⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= ×0.9 ×1770 × 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰
1171.32×10 3
=232.25 mm
Let us provide spacing = 230 mm

check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= =
s × bw 230× 300
=0.0023
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

L/4

Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
11589.72×106 =0.36×30×2700×Xu× (1770-0.42Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=237.98 mm
Since Xu<Df, NA lies in the flange
Mu, lim=0.36fck×bf×xm× (d-0.42Xm)
=0.36×30×2700×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)
=33904.53 KNm
Since Md<Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
C=T
0.36fck×bf×Xu=0.87fy×At
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At
Xu= =0.015 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 × 2700
11589.72×106 =0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.015At)
On solving, we get
At=15959.09 mm2
Xu=0.015 At =0.015×15959.09=239.4 mm
At
A
15959.09
= =19.84
804.352
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
fy 500

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
VRds=VNS=VED+Vccd+Vtd= VED= 1614.89 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

=16087.04 / (300×1770)
=0.03
=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.416 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=1614.89KN
IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
Θ=34.37⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= ×0.9 ×1770 × 434.78 ×cot 34.37⁰
1614.89× 103
=88.22 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 85 ×300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
L/8
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
6848.47×106 =0.36×30×2700×Xu× (1770-0.42Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=137.15 mm
=0.36×30×2700×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)
=33904.53 KNm

Since Md<Mu, lim, singly reinforced section can be designed
C=T
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At
Xu= =0.015 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 × 2700
6848.47×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.015At)
On solving, we get
At=9195.67 mm2
Xu=0.015 At =0.015×9195.67 =137.94 mm
At
A
9195.67
= =11.43
804.352
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
fy 500

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

=9652.22 / (300×1770)
=0.018
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.018× 30)
=294.98 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=2103.15 KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
Θ=sin−1( ¿1)
Hence, let us take Θ=45⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
× 0.9× 1770× 434.78 ×cot 45⁰
2103.15× 10
=51.9 mm
check
Asw 157.1
Shear reinforcement ratio ρw= =
s × bw 50× 300
=0.0105
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

Hence provide 10mm 2- legged vertical stirrups at 50 mm c/c spacing
Design of shear reinforcement at support(L=0):

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

Since the section at L=0 has not been designed for bending, so no Asl)
Hence, let us take 𝜌1=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.42 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=2279.87 KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4

Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
Θ=sin−1( ¿1)
Hence, let us take Θ=45⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= × 0.9× 1770× 434.78 × cot 45⁰
2279.87× 103
=47.72 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 45 ×300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

Design of Intermediate Main Girder:
depth of flange (Df)= 300 mm

IRC:112-2020 Clause: 7.6.1.2
beff,1= 0.2×b1 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b1
=0.2×1.5 + 0.1×25≤0.2×25 and ≤1.5

=2.8≤5 and ≤1.5
=1.5m
beff,2= 0.2×b2 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b2
=0.2×1.5 + 0.1×25≤0.2×25 and ≤1.5
=2.8≤5 ≤1.5
=1.5 m
=1.5+ 1.5 + 0.3 ≤ b1+b2
=3.3≤1.5+1.5
=3≤3
=3m
Hence, effective width of flange, beff = 3 m

Clear cover=40mm
Let us assume 3 layers of bar of dia. 32mm
32
Effective depth, d = 1900-40-10-32-32- = 1770 mm=1.77m
2
Material
properties:
α × fck
γm
α =0.67
γm=1.5
0.67 × fck
Fcd=
1.5
Steel used: Fe500
L/2
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2mm
10111.6×10^6=0.36×30×3000×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=184.38 mm
=0.36×30×3000×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)
=37671.703 KNm
Design BM, Md=10111.6KNm
C=T
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At

Xu= =0.013 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 ×3000
MOR=0.87fy×At(d-0.42Xu)
10111.6×106 =¿0.87×500×At× (1770-0.42×0.013At)
On solving, we get
At=13712.86 mm2
Xu=0.013 At =0.013×13712.86 =178.27 mm
At
A
13712.86
= =17
804.352
Provide 17 no. bar of 32 dia. with area=13673.98 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
fy 500

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

=13673.98/ (300×1770)
=0.025
=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.416 KN
VRd.c=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bw×d
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=379.385 KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=6.32⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 × 1770× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰
379.385× 10
=717.05 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 300× 300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

3L/8
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
9488.27×10^6=0.36×30×3000×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=172.51 mm
=0.36×30×3000×814.2 ×(1770-0.42×814.2)
=37671.703 KNm
Design BM, Md=9488.27KNm
C=T
0.36fck×bfXu=0.87fy×At
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At

Xu= =0.013 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36∗30∗3000
9488.27×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.013At)
On solving, we get
At=12831.09 mm2
Xu=0.013 At =0.013×12831.09 =166.8 mm
At
A
12831.09
= =16
804.352
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
fy 500

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

=12869.63/ (300×1770)
=0.024
=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.416 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=699.85 KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=11.91⁰

Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= × 0.9× 1770× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰
699.85× 103
=388.7 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 300× 300

0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30
ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

L/4
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2 mm
7634.39×10^6=0.36×30×3000×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=137.6 mm
=0.36×30×3000×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)
=37671.703 KNm
C=T
0.36fckbfXu=0.87fyAt
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At

Xu= =0.013 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 ×3000
7634.39×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.013At)
On solving, we get
At=10238.82 mm2
Xu=0.013 At =0.013×10238.82 =133.1 mm
At
A
10238.82
= =12.72
804.352
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
fy 500

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

=10456.58/ (300×1770)
=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.416 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=1001.83 KN
IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4

Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=17.66⁰
Hence θ=21.8⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 × 1770× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰
1001.83× 10
=271.54 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 270× 300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

L/8
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1770=814.2mm
4493.29×10^6=0.36×30×3000×Xu× (1770-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=79.86 mm
=0.36×30×3000×814.2×(1770-0.42×814.2)
=37671.703 KNm

C=T
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At

Xu= =0.013 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 ×3000
4493.29×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1770-0.42×0.013At)
On solving, we get
At=5944.84 mm2
Xu=0.013 At =0.013×5944.84 =77.28 mm
At
A
5944.84
= =7.4
804.352
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1770
fy 500

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2

+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

=6434.82/ (300×1770)
=0.012
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.012×30)
=258.03 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=1349.49 KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4

Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=25.57⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 ×1770 × 434.78 ×cot 25.57⁰
1349.49× 10
=168.5 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 165× 300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

Design of shear reinforcement at support(L=0):
fcd
cot θ+tanθ
compression struts.

z=0.9d-lever arm
cracked in shear
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1770¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=3465.3 KN
Vtd=0

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2

+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1770
=1.336
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.336×301/2
=0.262
prestressing

Since the section at L=0 has not been designed for bending, so no Asl)
Hence, let us take 𝜌1=0.02
+0.15×0] ×300×1770
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.336×(80 × 0.02× 30)
=305.42 KN
= (0.262+0.15× 0) × 300×1770
=139.122 KN

=1668.3 KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4

Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=37.16⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
×0.9 × 1770× 434.78 ×cot 37.16 ⁰
1668.3× 10
=86.05 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 85 ×300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

Limit state of serviceability check
Since, the bendinig moment at mid span of outer main girder is largest, we will consider that bending moment
for checking serviceability criteria
Factored BM due to dead load=4850.93 KNm
Unfactored BM due to dead load=4850.93/1.35=3593.28 KNm
Unfactored live load bending moment=4628.2 KNm
Total unfactored BM=3593.28+10466.37=8221.48 KNm
Limit state of cracking:confused……………………………………………………………………………………………

Clause 12.3.4 of IRC-112-2019
Calculation of NA
Let us assume NA lies in the flange( X u < D f ¿

MOR=0.36*fck*bf*Xu*(d-0.42Xu)
8221.48*10^6=0.36*30*2700*Xu(1770-0.42*Xu)
On solving, we get
Xu=165.81 mm
Since Xu<Df(250mm), NA lies in the flange and the calculated value is actual NA depth
from the extreme compression fibre
Ast=11113.04 mm2
3
bD 3
Cracked moment of inertia, Icr= +mAst (d−X u)
12
W k =S rmax ( Esm −Ecm )

f c ,teff
σ sc −K t × ( 1+ α e ) ρ p ,eff
ρ p , eff σ sc
E sm−Ecm = ≥ 0.6
Es Es
As
ρ p , eff =
Ac , eff
Ac , eff =b w × hc ,eff
Where h c, eff is lesser of
i) 2.5(h-d)
ii) (h-x)/3
iii) h/2
K t =0.5
Es
α e=
E cm
sr, max is the maximum crack spacing

εsm is the mean strain in the reinforcement
εcm is mean strain in the concrete between cracks
σsc is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section
For the case of deformed bars associated with pure bending Eq. 12.112 m A st b . d
3.4 C +0.17 Φ eq
Srmax =
ρ p ,eff
c is the clear cover to the longitudinal reinforcement ¿ ¿
2 2
n1 Φ1 +n 2 Φ2
Φ eq=
n1 Φ1 +n 2 Φ2
Tensile strength of concrete, f ct ,eff =f ctm =2.5 GPa [IRC 112 page 103 & table 6.5]
Depth of neutral axis depth, X = √

−m A st + (( m A st )2 +2 m A st bd )
b
Modular ratio, m=Es/Ec,eff
Es=200Gpa(modulus of elasticity of steel
Ec,eff=
Confused……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Analysis and design of Cross girder:

Intermediate cross grider
Analysis:
Calculation of dead load on cross girder:
Weight of slab= depth of slab*unit wt.*Fos
=0.3*25*1.35
=10.13KN/m2
Weight of wearing coat=thickness*unit wt.*Fos
=0.075*24*1.75
=3.15 KN/m2
Total load from slab and wearing coat=10.13+3.15
=13.28 KN/m2
Total point load from slab and wearing coat=13.28*area of 2 triangles
4∗1
=13.28* ∗1.5∗1.5
2
=59.76 KN
59.76
Equivalent UDL from slab and wearing coat= =19.92 KN/m
3
Self weight of cross girder=width*depth*unit wt.*Fos

=0.3*(1.425-0.3)*25*1.35
=11.39 KN/m
Total UDL on cross girder=19.92+11.39
=31.31 KN/m
Let us assume, the load shared by each girder is same i.e. the girder is rigid
31.31∗6
Hence the reaction at each end point of girder = =¿ 62.62 KN
3
Maximum shear force due to DL= reaction at the support=62.62 KN

Maximum bending moment for dead load is calculated at the same point for which the bending moment due to
live load will be maximum.
Calculation of live load on cross girder:
Class 70R track loading

To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class 70R track vehicle,
the load is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
let us take the span which occupy half the track of 70R load as shown in red color and a part of cross girder as
the support
Track load, W=350 KN

Length of track= 4.57m
350
Equivalent UDL= =76.58 KN/m
4.57
Reaction calculation due to live load
Taking moment about the 1, we get

∑ M 1= 0
76.59∗2.285∗2.285
R2∗5− =0
2
199.95
R2∗5=
5
R2=39.99 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−76.59∗2.285=0
R1=175.01−39.99
R1=135.02 KN
Since the reaction calculated above is from half of the track load only, hence multyplying by 2 to get the
reaction
for full length of the track i.e. 135.02*2=270.04 KN
It is actually the load coming on the girder
Calculating the reaction and finding the bending moment under the load to get the maximum value of BM
Assuming that the cross girder has rigid reaction on each longitudinal girder:
2∗270.04
R1=R 2=R3= =180 KN
3
Maximum LL bending moment under the load=180*1.97=354.6 KNm
Maximum LL bending moment considering impact factor= 354.6*1.1=390.06 KNm [ImF-page 6]
Maximum shear force due to LL=reaction at support=180 KN
Maximum shear force due to LL considering impact factor=180*1.1=198 KN [ImF-page 6]
Maximum BM due to DL= 62.62*1.97-31.31*1.97*1.97*0.5=62.60 KNm
Total design BM=BM due to DL + BM due to LL

=62.60 KNm+390.06 KNm
=452.66 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL
=62.62 KN+198 KN
=260.62 KN
Class 70R wheeled loading
To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class 70R wheeled
vehicle, the load is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
In the case of 70R wheeled load the tyre dimensions are so small in comparison with track of 70R track vehicle,
so we assume that the total wheel load act as a point load on the single girder
Reactions
2∗85
R1=R 2=R3= =56.67 KN
3
Maximum live load BM under the load=56.67*2.035=115.32 KNm
Maximum live load BM due to LL considering IF=115.32*1.131=130.43 KNm
Maximum SF due to LL considering IF=56.67*1.131=64.09 KN
Maximum BM due to DL=62.62*2.035-31.31*2.035*2.035*0.5=62.60 KNm
Maximum SF due to DL= 62.62 KN
Total design BM=BM due to DL+BM due to LL=62.60+130.43=193.03 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL=62.62+64.09=126.71 KN
Class A loading
To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class A vehicle, the load
is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
Calculation of load acting on the cross girder:
Equivalent UDL corresponding to 57 KN load=57/0.25=228 KN/m

∑ M 1= 0
228∗0.125∗0.125
R2∗5− =0
2
1.781
R2∗5=
5
R2=0.356 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−228∗0.125=0
R1=28.5−0.356
R1=28.144 KN
reaction
4∗56.288
R1=R 2=R3= =75.05 KN
3
Maximum LL bending moment under the load =75.05*0.75=56.28 KNm
Maximum LL bending moment considering impact factor and lane distribution factor= 56.28*1.145*2
=128.9 KNm [ImF-page 6]
Maximum shear force due to LL=reaction at support=75.05 KN
Maximum shear force due to LL considering impact factor and lane distribution factor =75.05*1.145*2
=171.86 KN [ImF-page
6]

=38.16 KNm +128.9 KNm =167.06 KNm

=62.62 KN+171.86 KN
=234.48 KN
Summary of design BM and SF
IRC loading BM KNm SF KN

70R Track 452.66 260.62
70R wheel 193.03 126.71
Class A 167.06 234.48
Since the design BM and SF are maximum for 70R track loading, hence
Design BM=452.66 KNm
Design SF=260.62 KN
Design part
Design BM=452.66 KNm

Design SF=260.62 KN
Section properties:
IRC:112-2020 Clause: 7.6.1.2
beff,1= 0.2×b1 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b1
=0.2×2.5 + 0.1×3≤0.2×3 and ≤2.5
=0.8≤0.6and ≤2.5
=0.6m
beff,2= 0.2×b2 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b2
=0.2×2.5 + 0.1×3<=0.2×3 and≤1.5
=0.8≤0.6 ≤2.5
=0.6 m
=0.6+ 0.6 + 0.3 ≤ b1+b2
=1.5≤2.5+2.5
=1.5≤5
=1.5m
Clear cover=40mm
Let us provide 28mm dia. bars
28
Effective depth, d = 1425-40-10- = 1361 mm=1.361 m
2
α × fck
γm
α =0.67
γm=1.5
0.67 × fck
Fcd=
1.5
Steel used: Fe500
Xm=0.46d=0.46×1361=626.06mm
452.66 ×10^6=0.36×30×1500×Xu× (1361-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=20.66 mm

=0.36×30×1500×626.06×(1361-0.42×626.06)
=11136.66 KNm

C=T
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At

Xu= =0.0269 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 ×30 ×1500
452.66×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1361-0.42×0.0269At)
On solving, we get
At=769.45 mm2
Xu=0.0269 At =0.0269×769.45 =20.70 mm
At
A
769.45
= =1.2
615.834
Provide 2 no. bar of 28 mm dia. with area=1231.67 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1361
fy 500
Hence provide 2 no. of 28 mm dia. Bar in tension zone

Design shear force, VEd =260.62 KNm
fcd
cot θ+tanθ
αcw=1 for σcp=0(RCC)

z=0.9d
v1=0.6[1-fck/310]
fcd=0.446fck=0.446×30
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1361¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=2664.56 KN

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2

+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1361
=1.383
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.3831.5×301/2
=0.276
σcp=Ned/Ac ≤0.2fcd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02
=1231.67 / (300×1361)
=0.00301
+0.15×0] ×300×1361
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.383×(80 × 0.00301×30)
=130.13 KN
= (0.276+0.15× 0) × 300×1361
=112.69 KN

=260.62 KN

IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4

Θ=sin −1 ¿ ¿)/2
=5.64⁰
Adopt Θ=21.8⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
2
3.142∗10
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= ×0.9 ×1361 × 434.78× cot 21.8⁰
260.62×10 3
=802.6 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 300× 300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079

Side face reinforcement or skin reinforcement:

As= 1% of web area
1
As= As= ∗300∗1125=3375 mm 2
100
Let us provide 12 mm dia. Bar for skin reinforcement
3375
=29.8
No. of bars= 3.142∗122
4
Provide 30 bars of dia. 12 mm in the internal perifery of the beam
End cross grider
Weight of slab= depth of slab*unit wt.*Fos
=0.3*25*1.35
=10.13KN/m2
Weight of wearing coat=thickness*unit wt.*Fos

=0.075*24*1.75
=3.15 KN/m2
Total load from slab and wearing coat=10.13+3.15

=13.28 KN/m2
Total point load from slab and wearing coat=13.28*area of 2 triangles
2∗1
=13.28* ∗1.5∗1.5
2
=29.88 KN
29.88
Equivalent UDL from slab and wearing coat= =9.96 KN/m
3
Self weight of cross girder=width*depth*unit wt.*Fos
=0.3*(1.425-0.3)*25*1.35
=11.39 KN/m
Total UDL on cross girder=9.96+11.39
=21.35 KN/m
Let us assume, the load shared by each girder is same i.e. the girder is rigid
21.35∗6
Hence the reaction at each end point of girder = =¿ 42.7 KN
3
Maximum shear force due to DL= reaction at the support=42.7 KN

Maximum bending moment for dead load is calculated at the same point for which the bending moment due to
live load will be maximum.
Calculation of live load on cross girder:
Class 70R track loading
To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class 70R track vehicle,
the load is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
let us take the span which occupy half the track of 70R load as shown in red color and a part of cross girder as
the support
Track load, W=350 KN
Length of track= 4.57m
350
Equivalent UDL= =76.58 KN/m
4.57
Reaction calculation due to live load
∑ M 1= 0
76.59∗2.285∗2.285
R2∗5− =0
2
199.95
R2∗5=
5
R2=39.99 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−76.59∗2.285=0
R1=175.01−39.99
R1=135.02 KN
reaction
2∗270.04
R1=R 2=R3= =180 KN
3
Maximum LL bending moment under the load=180*1.97=354.6 KNm
Maximum LL bending moment considering impact factor= 354.6*1.1=390.06 KNm [ImF-page 6]
Maximum shear force due to LL=reaction at support=180 KN
Maximum shear force due to LL considering impact factor=180*1.1=198 KN [ImF-page 6]

=42.69 KNm+390.06 KNm
=432.75 KNm
=42.7 KN+198 KN
=240.7 KN
Class 70R wheeled loading
To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class 70R wheeled
vehicle, the load is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
In the case of 70R wheeled load the tyre dimensions are so small in comparison with track of 70R track vehicle,
so we assume that the total wheel load act as a point load on the single girder
Reactions
2∗85
R1=R 2=R3= =56.67 KN
3
Maximum live load BM under the load=56.67*2.035=115.32 KNm
Maximum live load BM due to LL considering IF=115.32*1.131=130.43 KNm
Maximum SF due to LL considering IF=56.67*1.131=64.09 KN
Maximum BM due to DL=42.7*2.035-21.35*2.035*2.035*0.5=42.69 KNm
Total design BM=BM due to DL+BM due to LL=42.69+130.43=173.12 KNm
Total design SF=SF due to DL+SF due to LL=42.7+64.09=106.79 KN
Class A loading
To calculate the live load on the cross girder to have maximum bending moment due to class A vehicle, the load
is placed symmetrically about the centre line of bridge as show in figure below
Calculation of load acting on the cross girder:
Equivalent UDL corresponding to 57 KN load=57/0.25=228 KN/m

∑ M 1= 0
228∗0.125∗0.125
R2∗5− =0
2
1.781
R2∗5=
5
R2=0.356 KN
∑ F y =0
R2 + R1−228∗0.125=0
R1=28.5−0.356
R1=28.144 KN
reaction
4∗56.288
R1=R 2=R3= =75.05 KN
3
Maximum LL bending moment under the load =75.05*0.75=56.28 KNm
Maximum LL bending moment considering impact factor and lane distribution factor= 56.28*1.145*2
=128.9 KNm [ImF-page 6]
Maximum shear force due to LL=reaction at support=75.05 KN
Maximum shear force due to LL considering impact factor and lane distribution factor =75.05*1.145*2
=171.86 KN [ImF-page
6]
Maximum BM due to DL= 42.67*0.75-21.35*0.75*0.75*0.5=26 KNm

=26 KNm +128.9 KNm =154.90 KNm
=42.7 KN+171.86 KN
=214.56 KN
Summary of design BM and SF
IRC loading BM KNm SF KN

70R Track 432.75 240.7
70R wheel 173.12 106.79
Class A 154.90 214.56
Since the design BM and SF are maximum for 70R track loading, hence
Design BM=432.75KNm
Design SF=240.7KN
Design part
Design BM=432.75KNm
Design SF=240.7KNm
Section properties:
IRC:112-2020 Clause: 7.6.1.2
beff,1= 0.2×b1 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b1
=0.2×0 + 0.1×3≤0.2×3 and ≤0
=0.3≤0.6and ≤0
=0m
beff,2= 0.2×b2 +0.1×Lo≤0.2×Lo and ≤b2
=0.2×2.5 + 0.1×3<=0.2×3 and≤2.5
=0.8≤0.6 ≤2.5
=0.6 m
=0+ 0.6 + 0.3 ≤ b1+b2
=0.9≤0+2.5
=0.9≤2.5
=0.9m
Clear cover=40mm
Let us provide 28mm dia. bars
28
Effective depth, d = 1425-40-10 - = 1361 mm=1.361 m
2
α × fck
γm
α =0.67
γm=1.5
0.67 × fck
Fcd=
1.5
Steel used: Fe500

Xm=0.46d=0.46×1361=626.06mm
432.75×10^6=0.36×30×900×Xu× (1361-0.42×Xu)
Solving, we get
Xu=33.05 mm

=0.36×30×900×626.06×(1361-0.42×626.06)
=6681.99 KNm

C=T
0.87 fy × At 0.87 ×500 × At

Xu= =0.045 At
0.36 fck × bf 0.36 × 30× 900
432.75×106 =¿0.87×500×At(1361-0.42×0.045At)
On solving, we get
At=738.52 mm2
Xu=0.045 At =0.045×738.52 =33.23 mm
At
A
738.52
= =1.199
615.834
Provide 2 no. bar of 28 mm dia. with area=1231.67 mm2
Check
0.85× bw × d 0.85 ×300 ×1361
fy 500
Hence provide 2 no. of 28 mm dia. Bar in tension zone

fcd
cot θ+tanθ
αcw=1 for σcp=0(RCC)

z=0.9d
v1=0.6[1-fck/310]
fcd=0.446fck=0.446×30
θ=45⁰
30 0.446 ×30
=1×300×¿ 0.9×1361¿ ×¿ 0.6[1- ]¿ ×
310 cot 45+ tan 45
=2664.56 KN

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2
+0.15σcp] bwd
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12K(80 ρ 1. fck )
K=1+
√
200 ≤2
d
=1+
√200
1361
=1.383
Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2
=0.031×1.3831.5×301/2
=0.276
σcp=Ned/Ac ≤0.2fcd
𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02
=1231.67 / (300×1361)
=0.00301
+0.15×0] ×300×1361
0.33
VRd.c=[0.12×1.383×(80 × 0.00301×30)
=130.13 KN
= (0.276+0.15× 0) × 300×1361
=112.69 KN

=240.7 KN
IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.3.1.-4
Θ=sin−1 ¿ ¿)/2
=5.2⁰
Adopt Θ=21.8⁰
Asw
s
Asw
V ED
3.142∗10 2
Asw=2× =157.1 mm2
4
Fywd=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
157.1
S= 3
× 0.9× 1361× 434.78 ×cot 21.8⁰
240.7 ×10
=869.04 mm
check
Asw 157.1
s × bw 300× 300
0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

ρmin = fyk
= 500 =0.00079
Side face reinforcement or skin reinforcement:

As= 1% of web area
1
As= As= ∗300∗1125=3375 mm 2
100
Let us provide 12 mm dia. Bar for skin reinforcement
3375
=29.8
No. of bars= 3.142∗122
4
Provide 30 bars of dia. 12 mm in the internal perifery of the beam
Design of abutment

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Analysis and design of Longitudinal Girder:

Analysis and design of main girder involves the following procedures:

Calculation of Maximum BM and SF at critical sections due to LL

where, P= Total live load

Class 70R Wheeled Load

For class A load

Summary of reaction factor:

Bending moment calculation due to Live Load

Trial load KN AC part BC part decision

Maximum BM: 1471.2×2=2942.4 KNm

Trial load KN AC part BC part decision

Maximum BM=1874.83×2=3749.66 KNm

Maximum BM=2090.85×2=4181.70 KNm

Class 70R wheeled Loading

Maximum BM=2093.9 KNm

Trial load KN AC part BC part decision

Maximum BM=3516.15 KNm

Maximum BM=4325.55 KNm

Class 70R Tracked Loading

Maximum BM=2981.343 KNm

Maximum BM=3726.679 KNm

Maximum BM=3975.125 KNm

Calculation of Shear Force at critical sections:

Maximum SF=102.468×2=204.936 (Load moved Left-Right)

Class 70R wheeled Loading

Summary of calculated Bending Moment and Shear Force:

Summary of design Bending Moment and Shear Force:

Design Bending Moment= calculated bending moment×reaction factor×impact factor×Load factor

Design Shear Force= calculated shear force×reaction factor×impact factor×Load factor

Design Bending Moment and Shear Force for girder 2: G2

Design Bending Moment and Shear Force for girder 3: G3

Design BM and SF due to Live Load

Outer Main Girder Intermediate Main Girder

BM and SF due to Dead Load:

Dead Load BM &

Total Design BM and SF: DL BM & SF + LL BM & SF

Design of Outer Main Girder:

Hence provide 27 no. of 32mm dia. Bar

αcw=1 for σcp=0(RCC)- coefficient taking account of the state of the

Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2

VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd

𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement

Maximum of VRd.c & VRd.c, min=305.416 KN

Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement

By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get

Let us provide 2 legged stirrups

Let us provide spacing = 300mm

Minimum shear reinforcement ratio:

0.072× √ fck 0.072× √ 30

Since, ρw> ρmin, ok

Design of main reinforcement

Assuming NA lies in the flange

Since Xu>Df, NA lies in the web

Area of tension reinforcement

Design of shear reinforcement

αcw=1 for σcp=0(RCC)- coefficient taking account of the state of the

Since, VRds < VRDmax, the section is safe

Let us check whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not☹

IRC 112-2020 clause 10.3.2

VRd.c, min=(Vmin+0.15σcp) × bwd

𝜌1 = 𝐴𝑠l/𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02- Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement

Calculation of shear reinforcement having vertical reinforcement

By equating VNS and VRdmax, we get

Finished Version of L & C

Finished Version of L & C