Pe Training Building

Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS

REGIONAL OFFICE VII
South Road Properties (SRP), Cebu City
BUILDING MAINTENANCE METHODS,

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT, PROPER
SUPERVISION, COMMON PROBLEM
AND SAFETY MEASURES
JULY 06, 2019
Field Engineer’s Course
Building Construction Methods,

Equipment Requirements,
Proper Supervision,
Common Problems and Safety
Measures
• EDGARDO C. GARCES • DANIEL A. PABLICO • ROSELYN C. NIEBRES • LEONARDO E. JARAPLASAN DPWH | Bureau of Construction
Introduction
The main purpose of a crane is to lift extremely heavy

amounts of weight. A typicalcrane is equipped with
a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains and sheaves. ... They
are used to lift and lower materials and also to move them
horizontally and transport these items to other places
DPWH | Bureau of Construction

Scope of Works in Building Construction
A – MOBILIZATION,
B – EARTHWORKS
C – TERMITE CONTROL & WOOD PRESERVATION
D – FOUNDATION WORKS
E – DAMP PROOFING / MOISTURE CONTROL
F – CONCRETE WORKS
G – MASONRY WORKS
H – CARPENTRY WORKS
I – FABRICATED MATERIALS AND HARDWARES

Scope of Works in Building Construction
J – ROOF FRAMING WORKS
K – ROOFING WORKS
L – FINISHES
M – PAINTING / VARNISHING
N – WATER PROOFING
O – SANITARY WORKS
P – ELECTRICAL WORKS
Q – MECHANICAL WORKS

A MOBILIZATION
Is best described as the deployment of
resources at the project site. This also involves
any work that is necessary to provide access to
the site including, but not limited to, grading,
clearing and grubbing.
MANPOWER MATERIALS
EQUIPMENT
A MOBILIZATION
Application in DPWH Projects
Mobilization and demobilization shall be

treated as a separate pay items of works as
prescribed in D.O. 72, Series of 2012. It shall be
computed based on the equipment
requirements of the project stipulated in the
proposal and contract booklet. In no case shall
mobilization and demobilization exceed 1% of
the Estimated Direct Cost of the civil works items.

A MOBILIZATION
D.O. 44 Series of 2012 – STANDARD PROJECT
DURATION OF DPWH PROJECTS
(Duration of Mobilization and Demobilization)
ESTIMATED DIRECT COST OF THE PROJECT TIME DURATION

Up to P5 Million 10 c.d.
Above P5 Million up to P20 Million 15 c.d.
P100 Million up to P150 Million 30 c.d.
No standard duration was established for projects

costing more than P150 Million. Computation shall be
based on the PERT/CPM schedule, considering the
use of optimum additional resources.
A Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health is the

Promotion and maintenance of highest degree
of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupation.

A Safety and Health
1 General Requirements
1. Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP)
refers to a set of detailed rules to cover the
processes and practices that should be utilized in
a specific construction site in conformity with the
OSH.
 Part of the first envelope (Technical Proposal)

during the bidding process
 Shall include but not limited to the following:

a. Composition of the Safety and Health
personnel
b. Specific safety policies
c. Penalties and sanctions for violations
A Safety and Health
2. Construction Safety and Health Organization
2.A Safety Engineer/ Officer

A Safety and Health
2.B Health Personnel

2.C Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) &
Devices
2.D Signage and Barricades
2.E Facilities
2.F Safety and Health Training

B EARTHWORKS
-Involves clearing and

grubbing, excavation,
backfilling and gravel
bedding of all structural
foundation footings for EARTHFILL
columns, walls, stairs and
other structural members. FINISH FLR. LINE
F.G.L
-Also involves the N.G.

L EXCAVATION
embankment of suitable
materials to meet the BACKFILL
required elevation
established on the line and
grade of the building GRAVEL BEDDING
structure.

B EARTHWORKS
Application in DPWH Projects
 ITEM 803 – STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

As applied to public works structures, this item shall
consist of the necessary excavation for
foundations of buildings in reasonably close
conformity with the plans or as established by the
engineer.
 ITEM 804 – EMBANKMENT

This item shall consist of the construction of
embankment in accordance with the
specification and in conformity with the lines, grades,
and dimensions shown on the plans established by
the engineer.

B EARTHWORKS
1.1 Earth- Moving Equipment
2 Methodology
2.1 Construction Survey
2.2 Finding Grade Level
2.3 Setting Batterboards

B EARTHWORKS
Construction procedure and lay-
out
1. Locate the boundaries of the construction
site.
2. Clear the site of any obstructions.
3. Determine the building set back from the
road line.
NYLON CHORD
BATTER BOARD
PLUMB BOB
STAKES
STAKING AND BATTER BOARD LAYOUT

B EARTHWORKS
4. Fix the ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE
intersections 1/2" x 4’ x 8’
PLYWOOD BOARD
or corners at 90
degrees.
2” x 3”
BATTER BOARD
5. Verify the 2” x 2”
measure- STAKES
ment
a) in to
Center the plan.
Center,
b) Center to Outer a c
Side
c) Outer to Outer side b d
d) Inside to inside.

B EARTHWORKS
Method on Layout and Staking with the Aid of

Instrument

B EARTHWORKS

Instrument
Staking out is done before establishing the grade level. It
begins with locating the lot lines. Corners of the lot should
normally be marked with stakes. Then, proceed:
1. Center and level the instrument (builder’s level or transit)

over the lot corner stake. Measure the setback called for by
local codes. Sight across to the opposite corner stake.
2. Drive a 2 × 2 stake at the setback in line with the lot stakes.

Use the transit or builder’s level to check alignment. The
vertical and horizontal crosshairs should center on the top of
the stake. Drive a nail on the top-center of the stake.
3. Place another stake at the correct setback for one side of

the property line. You are now ready to stake out the building
lines.

B EARTHWORKS
Instrument
Staking Procedure
Staking out building lines requires two persons. When a builder’s
level is used, the second person will use a rod that must be plumbed
along the line of sight. Since a transit can pivot up and down, the
second person uses a stake to locate corners along the building line.
1. Attach a plumb bob to the center screw or hook on the underside

of the instrument. Some instruments have an optical plumb for zeroing
in over a point. Shift the tripod until the point of the plumb bob is
directly over the point marking the corner of the building lines. This
is at point A on line AB, as shown in the figure.
2. Level the instrument before proceeding further. Recheck for
plumb.
3. From point A (or station A), turn the telescope so the vertical
crosshair is directly in line with the edge of a stake or rod held at
point B. When using a transit, sight the telescope on the stake.
4. Use a measuring tape along line AB to locate distance to the
corner. Drive a corner stake at this point.

B EARTHWORKS
*For Clearing and Grubbing, Removal of Structures, Structure
Quality Control
3 Excavation:
- If excavated materials are wasted, the volume involved

shall be reported so that Quality Control requirements may
be adjusted accordingly.
*Submit Project Engineer Certificate of Waste
- If excavated materials are incorporated into the work:

*For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
*For every 150 mm layer in uncompacted depth:
1-D, Field Density Test

B EARTHWORKS
3 Quality Control
*For Embankment:
*For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:

1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
*For every 200 mm layer in uncompacted depth:
1-D, Field Density

C TERMITE CONTROL & WOOD PRESERVATION
-Are methods to
prolong and protect
wood products and
structures from termite
infestation UPPER LOCATION:
WOOD PRESERVATION
Soil poisoning
A process wherein the soil is
treated with chemical
solutions to control and
prevent the entry of termite
into the structure
Wood preservation
a process wherein the wood
is also treated with chemical LOWER LOCATION :
SOIL POISONING
solution and are applied
directly either external or DPWH | Bureau of Construction
1.1 All labor, materials and equipment to be
used in the completion of the job shall be
furnished by the pest control provider.
1.2 Product demo should be presented which

includes product data and methods of
application
1.3 All work shall be done in the order of

progress required by the Owner’s
construction program.

2 Treatment Procedures
2.1 Pre-Construction Treatment
2.1a Soil Treatment
Bottom surface and the

sides of the excavation
made from masonry
foundations and
basements shall be
treated with termicide
concentrate at a rate of
5 L/ m2 surface area or
as specified by the
product data
Treatment for Foundation

Pits
Treatments for Masonry Foundation,

Reinforced Concrete Foundation
2.2 Post- Construction Treatment
2.2. a Soil Treatment
 Cordoning Method
- When there is no visible
evidence
of termite infestation
Drenching Method
- When the soil shows termite
infestation
Drenching Method along

the perimeter of the
building DPWH | Bureau of Construction
2.2 Post- Construction Treatment
2.2. b Drilling Service
- Is done in order to treat the

soil
under cemented floor slabs.
Termicide solution is injected

through soil injector using the
power machine deep under the
surface to penetrate the hidden
areas susceptible to
subterranean termites

2.3a Pressure Treatment Method
Pressure treating is a process that

forces a chemical preservative
deep into the wood. The wood
product is placed into a
humongous cylindrical holding
tank, and the tank is
depressurized to remove all air.
The tank is then filled with the
preservative under high pressure,
forcing it deeply into the wood.
The tank is then drained and the
remaining preservative reused.
The wood is removed from the
tank and prepared for shipment
Pressure Treatment to your local lumberyard.
Method
2.3b Non-pressure Treatment
Method
- Hot-Cold Bath, Vacuum
3 Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:
1- IR (Inspection Report for materials

used)

D FOUNDATION WORKS
(2) main structures

 Superstructure- the
structural elements above
the ground.
 Substructure-usually called
the “Foundation” which is
the chief means of
supporting a building. They
carry both the dead load
and the live loads and their
primary purpose is to
transmit the collective
building loads to the
underlying soil or rocks.

D FOUNDATION WORKS
Considerations:
1. Check the foundation base or soil condition
if it complies with the boring data.
2. Check the depth if it complies with plans.
3. Check alignment and distances.
4. No footing shall rest on fill.
5. All footings and tie beams shall rest on a
well compacted gravel bed
6. Back fill shall be place in layers at 200mm
thk. and shall be compacted to 95%
Maximum Dry Density.

D FOUNDATION WORKS
2 Types of Building Foundation

2.2 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Strip foundation
Spread footing Mat

Foundation

D FOUNDATION WORKS

2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION
Micropiles Bored Piles Pre-cast Piles

D FOUNDATION WORKS

2.3 JET GROUTING
Ground stabilization
procedure that works on
plastic granular materials
using the principle of Ultra
High Pressure Injection of
Cement Grout

D FOUNDATION WORKS
3 Quality Control
3.1 Pile integrity test
Crosshole Sonic Logging Low Strain High Strain

(CSL) Dynamic Dynamic
Testing Testing
3.2 Minimum Testing Requirement
(Same with Concrete Works)

E DAMP PROOFING/ MOISTURE CONTROL
- is a process designed to contain and

eliminate the penetration of moisture
discharged by the earth/soils on the
building structures.
- Damp proofing membrane/vapor barrier
is a vertical, horizontal or sloping water
proof skin such as asphalt 20mm thick,
copper sheets, polyethylene film or any
other materials of various designs and
manufacturing specifications.
- It is placed directly on the slab on fill
(SOF) for low rise building or on the
basement floor for high rise building to
form a protective barrier between the soil
and the concrete structure which, in turn,
E DAMP PROOFING/ MOISTURE CONTROL

F CONCRETE WORKS
1.1 Formworks and Scaffoldings
1.2 Steel Reinforcement
1.3 Cement
1.4 Aggregates
1.5 Water
1.6 Admixture
1.7 Storage of Materials

F CONCRETE WORKS
1 Methods
FORMWORKS AND SCAFFOLDINGS
1. Formworks Construction
Concrete forms shall be mortar-tight, true to the

dimensions, lines and grades of the structure. They
should have the sufficient strength, rigidity, shape and
surface smoothness.
Form fasteners consisting of form bolts, clamps or

other devices shall be used as necessary to prevent
wrecking the forms during concrete placement. The
use of ties consisting of twisted wire loops to hold forms
in position will not be permitted.

F CONCRETE WORKS
FORMWORKS AND SCAFFOLDINGS

2. Removal of Forms
Forms shall not be removed without the consent of the
Engineer.
Minimum %
Minimum Time
Design Strength
Centering under girders,
14 days 80%
beams frames or arches
Floor slabs 14 days 70%
Walls 1 day 70%
Columns 2 days 70%
Sides of beams and all
1 day 70%
other vertical surfaces
Forms and falsework shall not be released from under the
concrete without first determining if the concrete has gained
adequate strength without regard to the time element. In the
absence of strength determination, the forms and falsework
are to remain in place until removal is permitted by the
Engineer. DPWH | Bureau of Construction
F CONCRETE WORKS
B. STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
Steel is considered as an excellent partner of
concrete in resisting tension and compression. The
design of reinforced concrete assumes that concrete
and steel acts together in carrying load in the state
1.of) simultaneous
Bar splicing deformation.
a. Tension Bar
b. Compression Bar
2. ) Bar Spacing
- shall not be less than the normal diameter of the bars
or
40 mm for column, or as specified in the structural
design notes.

FF CONCRETE WORKS
a. Splice location on suspended slab
b. Splice location for continuous beams

E CONCRETE WORKS
a. Splice location for cantilever beams

F CONCRETE WORKS
a. Splice location for columns

F CONCRETE WORKS
3. Concrete Protection For Reinforcement

Structure Minimum cover (mm)
A. Footing, Footing Tie Beams 75 mm
B. Beams and Columns (to stirrups and ties) 40mm
C. Walls, side of FTB (cast against forms) 40mm
D. Suspended Slab 20mm

F CONCRETE WORKS
a. ) Standard
4. Details Hooks
of Reinforcement
• 180 deg. Bend plus 4 bar diameter extension,
but not less
than 65 mm at free end of bar.
• 90 deg. Bend plus 12 bar diameter extension at
free end
of bar.
•For stirrup and tie hooks
A. 16mm bar and smaller, 90 deg. Bend plus
6 bar
diameter at free of bar or
B. 20mm and 25mm bar, 90 deg. Bend plus
12 bar
diameter extension at free end of bar or
C. 25mm bar and smaller, 135 deg. Bend plus
6 bar
diameter at free end of bar, or
D. As specified in the structural design notes
F CONCRETE WORKS

F CONCRETE WORKS
5. Minimum Bend Diameter

MINIMUM DIAMETER OF BEND
Bar size Minimum Diameter
10mm to 25mm 5 bar diameter
28mm to 32mm 8 bar diameter
36mm 10 bar diameter
6. Bending
1. All reinforcements shall be bent cold, unless otherwise
permitted by the Engineer.
2. Reinforcement partially embedded in concrete shall

not be field-
bent except as shown in the design drawings or as
permitted by
the engineer.
F CONCRETE WORKS
C. CONCRETE
1. Mixing and Delivery
Concrete may be mixed at the site of construction or at
the
batching plant.
Mixer Capacity Mixing Time
not less than 60
1.5m3 seconds
Greater than 1.5 not less than 90
m3 seconds
Delivery of concrete shall be timed and regulated to

sustain
continuous placing unless there is delay in the actual
placing
operations. The intervals between deliveries of batches
shall
not be so long allowing the concrete in place
DPWH | Bureauto harden
of Construction
F CONCRETE WORKS
2. Storage of Materials
Cement and aggregates shall be stored in such a
manner as to prevent their deterioration or the intrusion
of foreign matter. Cement shall be stored, immediately
upon arrival on the site of the work, in substantial,
waterproof bodegas. The floor must be sufficiently
elevated to deter dampness. Aggregates shall be stored
separately from other foreign materials.

F CONCRETE
Aggregate WORKS
Tests
Samples of the fine and coarse aggregates to be used
shall be
selected by the engineer for test at least 30 days before the
start of
the concreting operations.
No aggregates shall be used unless certified to have
satisfactory
passed all tests, and a written authority has been served for
Admixtures
their use.
Admixture Shall Conform to

Air-entraining admixtures ASTM C 260
Water-reducing admixture
Retarding
ASTM C 494.
Water-reducing/retarding
Water-reducing/accelerating

F CONCRETE WORKS
3. Conveying/ Transporting
Buckets or Hoppers
Manual or Motor
Propelled Buggies

F CONCRETE WORKS
Chutes
Pipes

F CONCRETE WORKS
Conveyor Belt
Concrete Pump

F CONCRETE WORKS
4. Depositing of Concrete
a. Column
Drop
Chute
Maximu
m Drop
Height
1.50 meter
or less
PROPER IMPROPER
F CONCRETE WORKS

F CONCRETE WORKS
b. Slab

F CONCRETE WORKS
c. Wall
F CONCRETE WORKS
5. Compaction of Concrete
Concrete during and immediately after placing

shall be
thoroughly compacted. Compaction shall be
done by
mechanical vibration. The intensity of vibration shall
be such
as to visibly affect a mass of concrete with a 3 cm
slump over
a radius of at least 50 cm

F CONCRETE WORKS
6. Construction Joints
Construction joints shall be made only as shown in the
Plans or as
called for in the pouring schedule, unless otherwise
approved by
the Engineer. It shall be thoroughly cleaned of foreign
matter and
laitance.

F CONCRETE WORKS

F CONCRETE WORKS
7. Curing of Concrete
All newly placed concrete shall be cured in
accordance with this Specification unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer. The types of
curing methods are the following:
1. Water Method
2. Curing Compound
3. Waterproof Membrane Method
4. Forms-in-Place Method

a) CONCRETE: WORKS
CONCRETE
F 1. Design Mix
1.a Batching Plant – to be prepared by the Supplier
3 Quality Control
1.b Jobsite – to be prepared by the contractor
2. Conduct Trial Mix (reference only)
3. Submit Samples for:
3.a Portland Cement
1- Q (Quality Test) for every 2,000 bags or fraction
thereof
3.b Fine Aggregates:
1- Q (Quality Test) for every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction
thereof
1- G (Grading Test) for every 75 cu.m. or fraction
thereof
3.c Coarse Aggregate:
1- Q (Quality Test) for every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction
thereof
1- G (Grading Test) for every 75 cu.m. or fraction
thereof
3.d Water:
1- Certificate from Project Engineer
F CONCRETE WORKS
3.e As work progresses, at least one (1) set of sample
consisting of
three (3) concrete cylinder test specimens, shall be
taken from
each class of concrete placed each day. Each set
represents not
more than 75 cu. m of concrete. The age strength
test shall be
28 days, or where specified.

G MASONRY WORKS
- is a form of construction work equipped with stone,
bricks, concrete, hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile,
or other similar building units or material or a
combination of these materials laid up unit and set in
Concrete Hollow Blocks
mortar.
Concrete hollow blocks are classified as load bearing
and
non- load bearing blocks.
1 Requirements
A. Strength Requirements
a) Non load bearing concrete masonry units – ASTM C
129
- 100 mm thick
Individual – 3.45 Mpa ( 500 Psi )
Average - 4.14 Mpa ( 600 Psi )
b) Load bearing Concrete masonry units – ASTM C 90
- 150 mm to 200 mm thick
Individual - 5.5 Mpa ( 800 psi )
Average - 6.9 Mpa ( 1000 Psi ) DPWH | Bureau of Construction
G MASONRY WORKS
2 Methods
Block laying after
the
concreting of tied
column
Concreting of
column
after block laying
of
walls

G MASONRY WORKS

G MASONRY WORKS

G MASONRY WORKS

G MASONRY WORKS
3 QualityTestControl
Minimum Requirements:
Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB )

1- Q, Quality Test for every 10,000 units or fraction thereof
a) Non load bearing concrete masonry units – ASTM C 129

Individual – 3.45 Mpa ( 500 Psi )
b) Load bearing concrete masonry units – ASTM C 90

Individual - 5.5 Mpa ( 800 psi )
For Portland Cement, Fine Aggregates, Water and Steel

Bars:
-same requirements as in Concrete Works

H CARPENTRY & JOINERY WORKS
1 Requirements
Quality of Materials
All materials to be incorporated in the carpentry and
joinery works shall be of the quality specified in the
approved plans and specification. Before incorporation
in the work, all materials shall have been inspected /
accepted by the Engineer or his authorized
representative.
Storage and Protection of Materials

All materials under this item shall be protected from
dampness or bad weather conditions during and after
delivery at the site. Materials shall be delivered in
advance of actual use and in adequate quantity to
preclude delay in the work. It shall be piled in orderly
stack at least 150 mm above ground and at a sheltered
place where it will be of least obstruction to the work.
Shop Drawings
Shop drawings complete with essential dimensions and
details of construction, as may be required by the
Engineer in connection with the carpentry and joinery
work, shall be submitted for approval before proceeding
with the work.
Prior to enclosure of drywall partitions and ceiling, the
following controls should be properly complied:
a. Drywall Partition
1. Vertical and horizontal alignment
2. Material specification
3. Complete installation of Electro-mechanical rough-ins
4. Rigidly connected to the flooring, walls and at the
bottom of the
ceiling frames.
5. Appropriateness of tools to be used.


Ceiling
1. Dimension and alignment of nailers/metal frames
2. Material specification
3. Complete installation of sanitary/plumbing and
electro-
mechanical rough-ins
4. Properly anchored to the carrying metal
channel/wood runner.
5. Complete installation of roof framing and roofing
6. Appropriateness of tools to be used.

Metal
Steel Stud Furring
Furring Channel

1 Quality Control
1-IR (Inspection Report for each material used)

I FABRICATED MATERIALS & HARDWARES
TYPES OF WINDOWS

1. WINDOWS
A. Steel Casement Window
B. Awning Window
C. Jalousie Window
D. Sliding Aluminum Framed Window
E. Fixed Aluminum Framed Window
F. Wooden Windows
Installation
G. Others
a. Steel windows
- shall be plumb set and true in the openings. The
joints
between the window frame and masonry shall
be carefully
caulked. Windows shall be designed for glazing
from the
outside with spring wire glazing clips and glazing
putty.
I FABRICATED MATERIALS
Installation & HARDWARES
b. Glass Jalousie Windows
1. Jalousie metal frames shall be temporarily fixed at

the bottom and top ends using wood screw.
2. Glass slats are lugged into the slat clips starting

from way down and up until the whole unit is
entirely glazed.
3. Actual test the unit and make adjustments where
required taking into consideration that all

units are properly aligned and satisfactory
operational.
4. Close the slat clips in a manner that the glasses are

securely fixed. Permanently fix all the units with
wood screws.

2. DOORS
A. Hollow Core Flush Door
B. Panel Door
C. PVC Door
D. Glass Door
E. Steel Door
F. Others
Material Requirements
WOODEN DOORS
1. Lumber
Lumber doors, windows jambs, and panels when required, shall
be
kiln-dried with moisture content of not less than 14% and shall
be of
the specie indicated in the Plans and/or specifications.
2. Plywood
Plywood for hollow core flush doors shall be 3-ply, rotary cut,
6mm thick
ordinary plywood or as indicated in the plans.
3. Adhesive
Adhesives shall be water resistant resins
DPWHand shallof Construction
| Bureau be non-
Construction Requirements
Fabrication
Wooden doors, including frames, shall be fabricated in
accordance
with the designs and sizes shown in the Plans. The
fabricated products
shall be finished square, smoothly sanded and free from
damage.
Installation
1. Frames shall be plumb set and squared in the

concreting/masonry work, frameworking of walls or
building partitions.
2. Frames shall be plumb set and squared in the
concreting/masonry work, frameworking of walls or
building partitions.
3. Locks of doors shall be fitted at the lock block, 1000 mm
above the finished floor level. Locks shall be installed in
conformity with the templates and instructions supplied
with the locksets DPWH | Bureau of Construction


1-IR (Inspection Report for each material used)

J ROOF FRAMING WORKS
1 Procedure
1. Steel frames are attached together by means of a rivet, a
bolt or by welding. Before assembly, a sample of all the steel
members shall be tested if they conform to the desired
strength specified in the plans and specifications.
2. Fabrication of steel frames can be done in the field during

erection of the building or at the shop.
3. When punching and drilling steel make sure that the hole
drilled or punched is 1.5 to 3 mm greater than the diameter
of the bolt to make it easy in inserting and bolts through it.
4. Verify if the welding work needs a partial or complete

penetration. The metal surface is set in accordance with the
shape needed in welding. Be sure that the metals are in their
proper position before welding.
1 Procedure
5. When the work is completed, inspect if it is welded in
accordance with the penetration length and thickness
needed in the construction.
6. Purlins are then placed equidistantly as specified in the

plans. Purlins should have an angle strap and a sag rod to
prevent lateral buckling.
7. If all works are done in accordance with plans and

specifications, paint all metals with metallic paint for rust
protection.


LENGTH OF WELD

1 Quality Control
1- Q (Quality Test for each type/size of

Structural Steel)
1- IR (Inspection Report for other materials
not required for testing)

K ROOFING WORKS
1 Requirements
1. Corrugated and Plain Galvanized Iron Sheets
2. Roofing nails, Washers and Burrs
3. Fabricated Metal Roofing Accessories

K ROOFING WORKS
Construction Requirements
A. Preparatory Works
Preparatory to the installation of the corrugated G.I.
roofings, purlins should have been placed and
B. spaced properly
Installation to fit
of Roofing the length of the roofing
Sheets
sheets. The top
Installation of of the purlins
Roofing should
sheets withbe at the
end lapssame
shall
startplane.
at
the lower part of the roof. The sheets should have
side laps
of two-and-a-half (2-1/2) corrugations. Succeeding
upper rows
of corrugated G.I. sheets shall be installed in the
same manner
until the entire roof area is covered. Screw holes
shall be
drilled using a 5 mm (13/64”) diameter bit.
Sheets should be handled carefully to prevent
K ROOFING WORKS

K ROOFING WORKS
C. Installation of Roofing Accessories
a) Ridge and Hip Rolls

Ridge and hip rolls shall lap at least 250mm over
the roofing sheets and, together, shall be riveted at
every second corrugation.
b) Valleys
Valleys shall lap at least 450 mm each way under
the roofing sheets and shall be secured to the
framework with galvanized nails. The nails are
placed below the roofing sheets. Rivets along the side
of the valley shall be fastened at every second
corrugation.

K ROOFING WORKS
c) Flashing
Flashing, of gauge 26 plain G.I. sheets, unless otherwise
specified, shall be installed along intersections of roofs and
concrete or masonry walls. Flashing running parallel to
sheet corrugations must have its edge turned down.
Flashing across sheet corrugations or at an angle thereto,
shall lap at least 250 mm and the edge of flashing turned
down at each corrugation.
d) Gutters
Gutters, of gauge 24 plain G.I. sheets, shall be fabricated
to the shape and dimensions indicated in the Plans. Gutter
joints shall be flat seam folded in the direction of flow and
soldered evenly. Gutter shall be attached to fascia board
with appropriate nails or screws spaced of not more than
900 mm on centers. As additional support, gutters shall
have plain G.I. strap hangers 25 mm wide fastened to the
roof nailers and shall be spaced at not more than 900 mm
on centers.
The gutter shall be installed with a pitch of 1 in 100
sloped toward the downspout. DPWH | Bureau of Construction
K ROOFING WORKS
2 Methods
a. Lay-outing
In laying out the placement for
the J-Bolts, make sure that it will be
aligned near enough to the lip of
the purlin avoiding it to be drilled
when making holes. A guide
chord may be stretched out from
end to end of the purlin to
establish alignment.
b. Drilling
After lay outing, drilling points should be located at the

crown every two other corrugations of the roofing DPWH | Bureau of Construction
K ROOFING WORKS
c. Installation
In the installation of J-Bolt, two
(2) manpower is required to
work concurrently. One will
insert the bolt through the hole
from the indoor and the other
will fasten the nut out door.
Before fastening the nut, fit a

neoprene gasket then a
washer bigger than the
gasket.
In fastening the nut, a nut

driver must be used with
precautious control on the
gun to avoid warping of the
G.I. Sheet. DPWH | Bureau of Construction
k ROOF FRAMING WORKS
3 Minimum Control
Quality Test Requirements:
1- Q (Quality Test for each type of Roofing

Sheets)
1- IR (Inspection Report for other materials
not
required for testing)

L FINISHES
1 Requirements
CERAMIC TILES
a. Glazed Tiles and Trims
b. Unglazed Tiles
c. Trims
d. Accessories
e. Cement
f. Sand
g. Lime

L FINISHES
Construction
Requirements
A. Surface Preparation
The surface where the tile is laid must be level, true

to elevation, dry, and free from dirt, oil and other
sediments. Allow at least seven days curing of the
scratch coat and setting bed.
On masonry or concrete surface, first apply a thin

coat with pressure, then bring it out sufficiently to a
thickness not less than 10mm at any point to
compensate for the major irregularities of the
surface.
Evenly rate the scratch coat to provide good

mechanical key before the mortar mix has fully
hardened.
L FINISHES
Construction
Requirements
B. Installation Procedure
• Before the tile is applied the floor surface shall be
tested for levelness or uniformity of slope by
flooding it with water.
• Ceramic tiles shall be soaked in clean water prior
to
installation for a minimum duration of one hour.
• Determine and mark the layout of ceramic tiles,
joint location and position of trims and fixtures so as
to minimize the incidence of a tile being cut less
than one half of its size.
• All lines shall be kept straight and true to profiles,
plumbed and internal corners rounded using the
appropriate trims.
• Pitch the floor to drain as shown in the Plans or as
directed by the Engineer
C. Grouting and Pointing - Tiles shall have been laid in
L Ceramic Wall Tiles
1. Layout 2. Apply a bond coat mix (Tile

Adhesive)
3. Lay tiles true to profile 4. Keep straight w/ tile

spacer DPWH | Bureau of Construction
L Vitrified Unglazed Floor Tiles

L Tiles
C. Grouting and Pointing

Tiles shall have been laid in place
for at least 24 hours before
grouting of the joints is started
D. Cleaning
E. Protection from Construction Dirt
Grouting and Pointing

L FINISHES
CEMENT FLOOR FINISH

This Item shall consist of furnishing all materials,
labor, tools and equipment in undertaking cement
floor finishing where shown in the Plans and in
accordance with this Specification.
Construction
a. Cement Requirements
b. Fine Aggregates a. Mixture
c. Coloring Material b. Preparation of Concrete
d. Metallic Floor Hardener Surface
(Premix) c. Application
e. Non-Metallic Floor Hardener d. Protection of Finished
Surface
e. Workmanship

L Cement Floor Finish
1 2
3
L FINISHES
PEBBLE WASHOUT
labor, tools and equipment required in
undertaking the proper application of pebble
washout finish as shown in the Plans and in
accordance with Specifications.
Construction
Requirements
a. Pebble
b. Cement
a. Surface Preparation
c. Colored Cement
b. Application
c. Workmanship
d. Curing and Protection

L Pebble Washout
1 2 3
4 5
L FINISHES
CEMENT PLASTER FINISH

This Item shall consist of furnishing all cement
plaster materials, labor, tools and equipment
required in undertaking cement plaster finish as
shown in the Plans and in accordance with
Specifications.
Construction
Requirements
a. Cement
b. Hydrated Lime a. Surface Preparation
c. Fine Aggregates b. Application
c. Workmanship
d. Curing and Protection

L Cement Plaster Finish
1. Roughen surface to
improve adhesion of
cement plaster
2. Clean surface to
receive cement plaster
3. Apply mortar mix with

sufficient pressure
4. Trowel finish

L FINISHES
3 Quality
Minimum Control
Test Requirements:
a) Floor & Wall Cement Plaster Finish

-same tests for Concrete Works on Cement,
Fine Agg.
and Water
b) Tile Finish
- IR (Inspection Report for each type of
material used)

M PAINTING/ VARNISHING WORKS
1 Requirements
Construction
Requirements
a. Paint Materials a. Surface Preparation
b. Tinting Colors b. Application
c. Concrete Neutralizer c. Mixing and Thinning
d. Silicon Water Repellant d. Storage
e. Patching Compound e. Cleaning
f. Varnish f. Workmanship
g. Lacquer g. Method of Measurement
h. Shellac h. Basis of Payment
i. Sanding Sealer
j. Glazing Putty
k. Natural Wood Paste Filler

Surface Preparation
Surface
preparation for Surface
Boards preparation for
Concrete &
Masonry Surface

Safety Concerns
Appropriate platform,
scaffolds and supports while
working on elevated areas
Quality Control
1- Q (Quality Test) for each type for every 100 cans
(4-Liters or 20-Liters can) or fraction thereof

N WATERPROOFING
A. Types of Waterproofing
 Cement-base Waterproofing
Cement-base waterproofing powder mix shall be

cement-base, aggregate type, heavy duty,
water-proof coating for reinforced concrete
surface and masonry exposed to water. The
aggregates are graded and sized so as to mesh
perfectly and are selected for purity, hardness,
strength and are non-metallic. When mixed with
other ingredients, they are free flowing, water-
proof coatings that possess strength, durability
and density.

N WATERPROOFING
 Membrane Waterproofing
Primer shall be of asphalt cold applied free from

water and other foreign matters, and shall
conform to the specifications requirement
defined in ASTM D-41.
Built-up membranes shall be made of smoothly

woven fibers that are impervious to acid, heat,
dampness and totting. They should permit
complete penetration of asphalt compound or
bituminous coating in the woven glass fiber.

N WATERPROOFING
 Liquid Waterproofing
Alternate material shall be elastomeric or

other substance applied in liquid form and
cured to an impervious membrane.
B. Quality Control
1-IR (Inspection Report of materials used and if

completed conduct Flood Test)

O SANITARY WORKS
Storm Drainage and Sewerage
System
equipment and labor for the complete
installation of the storm drainage system inclusive
of all pipings, gutters, canals, catch basin,
junction boxes, handholes, manholes and other
appurtenant structures, as well as the sewerage
system inclusive of all sanitary sewer pipings and
septic vaults where no public sewer exist, from the
Construction
building to the point of discharge.
Requirements
a. Installation of Pipes
b. Sewer Connections and
Clean-outs
c. Inspection and Quality
Control
d. As-built drawings
O SANITARY WORKS
Plumbing
tools, equipment and fixtures required as shown in
the Plans for the satisfactory performance of the
entire plumbing system including installation in
accordance with the latest edition of the
National Plumbing Code and Specifications.
a. Water supply pipes and fittings
b. Approved alternate pipe and fittings
c. Septic Tank
d. Plumbing fixtures and fittings
e. Roof Drains, Downspout

O SANITARY WORKS
Plumbing
Construction
Requirements
a. Installation of Soil, Waste, Drain and Vent

Pipes
b. Water Pipes, Fittings and Connections
c. Inspection, Warranty Test and Disinfection
d. Drainage System Test
e. Water Test on System
f. As-built Drawings

O SANITARY WORKS
Quality Control
1-IR (Inspection Report of materials used and if

completed
conduct Pressure/Leak Test (PT)

QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM
JOB CONTROL FORMS
COMMON PROBLEMS

COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL MEASURES
I. MOBILIZATION
1. Insufficient manpower deployed in the project site. - Work overtime to catch-up with the schedule and
2. Inadequate equipment deployed in the project site. programs.
-Thoroughly review/check PERT/CPM and schedule then
make the necessary adjustment on the number of
manpower and equipment to avoid delay.
-Impose sanction if necessary.
3. Lack/Inadequate supply of construction materials. -Review/Check the flow and the acquisition of supply by
the contractor, if found inadequate, require the contractor
to make the necessary adjustment to catch-up with the
requirement.
-Review the financial status of the contractor.
-If possible prioritize construction activities based on the
availability of the construction materials.
-Impose sanction if necessary.
4. Inadequate/lack of testing equipment on the project - Require the contractor to strictly follow the requirement
site. of the contract.
5. Inadequate/lack of safety measures and signboards -Conduct briefing and trained contractors personnel on
including Personal Protective the necessity of these requirement as part of the
Equipment of workers on the project site. contract.
6. Improper disposal of waste materials and debris within -Provide/set-up guidelines and procedures for immediate
the project site. implementation of the contractor.
7. Lack of the necessary permit and clearances from -Imposed sanctions if necessary.
local officials.

COMMON PROBLEMS
II. EARTHWORKS
ITEM 800-CLEARING AND GRUBBING -Verify plan if the structure to be constructed will be
ITEM 801-REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND directly affected by the underground utilities.
OBSTRUCTIONS -Report/coordinate to proper authorities for removal and
1. Presence of underground utilities such as power or relocation.
lines, PLDT, existing MWSS lines. -Check construction schedule and prepare necessary
2. Presence of underneath existing structure such as adjustment in the contract duration or prepare revised
existing footing foundation. PERT/CPM incorporating said encountered problem.
3.Cut-off elevation not clearly established.
ITEM 802: EXCAVATION
ITEM 803: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION -Review/checked plan as against field measurements and
1. Non conformance to the make the necessary corrections and adjustments.
requirements for lines, grades, dimension and -Don’t allow the contractor to continue the work
elevations. unless otherwise said defect had been corrected.
2. Non conformance to the excavation support -Strictly enforced shoring and bracing requirements
system for major excavation works. to avoid accident.
-Issue instruction/directive to the contractor regarding
said defects.
-Imposed sanction if necessary.
ITEM 804- EMBANKMENT -Conduct visual inspection to determine actual
1. Presence of unsuitable materials. classification of soil, recommends removal and
disposal of unsuitable materials and replaced with
suitable materials in accordance with specifications.
2. Non-conformance with the required thickness of -Conduct inspection and require the contractor to
gravel filling. comply with requirements.
3. Non-conformance to the required density of -Conduct compaction test until the materials reached
compaction. the require density.
COMMON PROBLEMS
III. TERMITE CONTROL AND WOOD PRESERVATION
ITEM 1000.3.1-SOIL POISONING
ITEM 1000.3.3-WOOD PRESERVATION -Verify and supervised the preparation and mixing of soil poisoning
and wood preservation solution to ensure compliance with
1. Non-conformance to the specifications.
required concentration
and rate of application
of the soil poisoning
solution and wood
protection.
IV. FOUNDATION WORKS
A. PRE-STRESSED, PRECAST CONCRETE PILES
1. Non-conformance to the required length, width, thickness and/or -Hold delivery and casting, conduct inspection and make the
diameter. necessary adjustment.
2. No-graduation marks -Do not allow driving of piles unless otherwise graduation is clearly
marks on the piles for accuracy of pile driving records and data.
3. Non-conformance to -Call the attention of the Project Engineer, direct rigger to have the
specified splicing splicing on a staggered basis for cluster piles.
requirements.
4. Presence of cracks -Removed and replaced.
B. CAST-IN-PLACE BORED PILES
1. Non-conformance to the required level of excavation. -Monitor and check elevation through actual measurement.
2. Improper disposal of spoils and debris. -Require the Project Engineer to immediately disposed/spread spoils
before it becomes an obstructions and delay the project.
3. Non-conformance to the required spacing of tie, stiffener bar and -Call the attention of the Project Engineer and properly adjust spacing
spacer. to meet requirements.
4. Improper curing of concrete samples. -Require the Materials Engineer to thoroughly check and supervise
the curing and handling of samples as this was critical in the
determination of the actual strength of concrete.
COMMON PROBLEMS
V. DAMPPROOFING/MOISTURE CONTROL WORKS.

1. Non-conformance to the required thickness and -Require the contractor to make the necessary
number of layers of polyethylene materials. adjustment on the materials to conforms with
2. Non-conformance to the required thickness and specifications.
number/layer of waterproofing materials.
VI. CONCRETE WORKS

A. FORMWORKS
1. Formworks has loose knots, splits, cracks and other -Use only on minor works and not as support or braces
defects. to major structures.
-Removed and replaced if necessary.
2. Plywood forms not coated with mould oil. -Instruct Project Engineer not to install unless otherwise
coated with mould oil.
-If allowed to install, use only once.
3. Unaligned formworks/non-conformance to require -Immediately call the attention of the Project Engineer,
concrete cover. don’t allow pouring unless correction had been made
as this may affect the entire structures.
4. Formworks are inadequately supported and braced. -Instruct Project Engineer to make the necessary
installation of additional brace and support, never allow
pouring as this was dangerous.
5. Premature stripping and shore removal. -Immediately call the attention of the Project Engineer,
reinstall shoring and bracing as this was dangerous to
both the worker and to the structures.
6. No provision of clean-out/opening at the bottom of -Instruct Project Engineer to make the necessary
column and wall formworks. corrections.
7. Insufficient concrete/steel spacer for slabs and beams.

COMMON PROBLEMS
1. Use of corroded and/or dirty rebars -Conduct inspection, clean and apply rust remover if necessary.
-Elevate stockpile of rebars above-ground and in rack according to
sizes.
1. Rebars not securely tied in place. -Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary correction
2. Non-compliance with the required spacing of the stirrups. and adjustment to conform with the plans and specifications.
3. Unaligned rebar installation -Reject works if necessary.
4. No/improperly placed(irregular spacing) steel/dowel bars.
5. Improper splicing.
6. Non-conformance to the required concrete cover for rebars.
C.CONCRETE
1. Concrete structure failed to meet the strength requirements as per - Conduct investigation and in-place testing to determine actual
concrete sample specimens. strength.
- If structure failed to meet strength requirement through in-place
testing, refer to Structural Engineer/ Designer to assess extent of
remedial and corrective works.
2. Appearance of hairline cracks - Chipped off concrete to determine extent of cracks.
- Apply concrete epoxy.
3. Appearance of honeycomb or spalling - Chipped off concrete to removed honeycomb portion.
- Apply concrete epoxy prior to re-concreting.
4. Sagging or bulging of concrete. - Provide additional shoring and bracing if concreting is still on
going.
- For minor sagging or bulging removed affected portion and plaster.
- For major bulging, removed and replaced if necessary.
5. Non-conformance to finishing/ plastering requirement. - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
adjustments.
- Removed and replaced plastering works if necessary.
6. Improper curing -Call the attention of the Materials Engineer to make the
necessary adjustment to conform to standard requirements.
COMMON PROBLEMS
VII. MASONRY WORKS
1. Non-conformance to the required strength for both non-load - Non-load bearing, 500 psi and load bearing at 800 psi.
bearing and load bearing CHB. - Removed and replaced all CHB that does not conform to the
strength requirements.
- Conduct visual inspection and field testing.
2. Non-provision of lintel beam and stiffener column. - Chipped off laid CHB and install stiffener columns.
- Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
adjustment.
- Reject/removed and replaced if necessary.
3. Non-conformance to the vertical and horizontal dowel. - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
adjustments.
VIII. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
1. Undersize lumber and plywood. - Require the Project Engineer to removed and replaced all
undersize materials.
2. Non-conformance with the required spacing for ceiling joist, - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
nailers, vertical studs and horizontal studs. adjustments.
3. Non-conformance to the required species of lumber. - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
adjustments.
IX. FABRICATED MATERIALS AND HARDWARE
A. DOORS
1. Doors are not well fitted to the door frames. - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
2. Door accessories and other hardwares items were installed adjustment.
not according to schedule. - Conduct frequent inspection and verification to monitor
B. WINDOWS fabrication prior to installation.
1. Windows are not well fitted to the window frames. - Reject/removed and replaced if necessary.
2. Window accessories and other hardwares item were
installed not according to schedule.
3. Installed doors and windows were not in accordance with
specifications. DPWH | Bureau of Construction
COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/REMEDIAL MEASURES
X. ROOF FRAMING WORKS
A. STEEL FRAMING
1. Use of corroded structural elements. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring of
2. Undersize structural steel elements. fabrication prior to installation and erection of steel
3. Non-conformance to the required spacing of purlins trusses to ensure compliance to materials and
and trusses. specifications.
4. Insufficient welding at critical joint. - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
adjustment on the materials and workmanship.
B. TIMBER TRUSSES
1. Use of low quality, untreated timber materials. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring of
2. Undersize timber materials. fabrication prior to installation of wooden trusses
3. Non-conformance to the required spacing of purlins including bolts, nuts and nails to ensure compliance to
and trusses. materials and specifications.
- Require Project engineer to make the necessary
adjustment on the materials and workmanship of the
structure.
XI. ROOFING WORKS
1. Non-conformance to the required gauge and length. - Removed and replaced.
2. Non-conformance to the specified overlapping( end - Conduct inspection and monitoring to ensure
lap, side lap ). compliance with the plans and specifications.
3. Non-conformance to the approved method of fastening - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
and joining. adjustment on the workmanship.
1. Occurrence of leaks. - Conduct further leak test, provide silicon sealant.
2. Non-conformance to the approved material - Reject/removed and replaced if necessary.
requirements such as downspouts, gutter, flashing and
ridge roll. DPWH | Bureau of Construction
COMMON PROBLEMS
XII. FINISHES
ITEM 1018- CERAMIC TILES
1. Occurrence of cracks on the materials. - Conduct inspection, verification and monitoring of the
2. Uneven laying of tiles. materials and methods of installation to ensure compliance
ITEM 1019- WOOD TILES to specifications.
1. Non-conformance to the design lay-out. - Require/instruct the Project Engineer to make the necessary
2. Uneven laying of tiles. adjustment to the materials and workmanship.
ITEM 1021- CEMENT FLOOR FINISH - Reject/removed and replaced if necessary.
1. Uneven surface. - Defer payment of accomplishment until contractor complied
2. Presence of temperature cracks. with requirements.
3. Weak mixture of fine and course aggregate.
ITEM 1026- PEBBLE WASHOUT FINISH
1. Uneven surface
2. Pebbles are not uniformly distributed.
3. Presence of temperature cracks.
XIII. PAINTING/VARNISHING
ITEM 1032- PAINTING/VARNISHING
1. Non-application of surface neutralizer. - Conduct inspection, verification and monitoring of painting
2. Non-conformance to the number of coat/application of materials to ensure conformance to specifications.
paint. - Require/instruct the Project Engineer to make the necessary
3. Occurrence of feeling-off of paint. adjustment to conform with the specifications.
4. Non-conformance to the approved brand and - Reject/removed and replaced if necessary.
specifications of paint. - Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
complied with the requirements.
XIV. WATERPROOFING WORKS

1. Non-conformance to the specified methods of application. - Require/instruct the Project Engineer to make the necessary
2. Non-conformance to the specified number of coat/layer adjustment to conform with specifications.
required. -Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
3. failure in the leak test. complied with the requirements.
COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/REMEDIAL MEASURES
XV. SANITARY WORKS
A. ITEM 1002- PLUMBING
1. Clogged pipes - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring of the
2. Pipes, fixtures and other sanitary accessories were installation of pipes to ensure compliance to specifications.
installed not in accordance with the plans, e.g. slope, - Require Project Engineer to make the necessary adjustment
alignment. on sanitary works.
3. Failure to pass the leak test. - Require the contractor to rectify defective work and conduct
another test until such time that it passes the requirements.
- Reject/removed and replaced defective works if necessary.
- Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
B. PIPES CULVERT AND STORM DRAIN

1. Appearance of cracks on the materials. - Reject/removed and replaced defective materials.
2. Inadequate collaring of reinforced concrete. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring of the
3. Inadequate bedding materials. installation of pipes, culvert and storm drain to ensure
4. Non-conformance to the required tolerance for elevation, compliance to specifications.
slope and alignment. - Require the contractor to rectify defective works.
adjustment to conform with specifications.
- Reject work/removed and replaced if necessary.
C. MANHOLES, INLETS AND CATCH BASIN
1. Non-conformance to the required tolerances for elevations - Require contractor to rectify the defective works.
and dimensions. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring to
2. Covers and gratings are not well fitted with the opening of ensure compliance to specifications.
manholes and catch basin. - Require Project Engineer to make the necessary adjustment
to conform with specifications.
COMMON PROBLEMS
XVI. ELECTRICAL WORKS
1. Pipes not properly installed and laid as per plan and - Reject/removed and replaced defective materials.
schedule. - Conduct visual inspections, verifications and monitoring
2. Pipes, hangers, boxes, cable trays not properly of the installation of electrical pipes, fixtures and
installed and painted. accessories to ensure compliance to specifications.
3. Sharp edges of pipes not removed. - Require contractor to rectify defective works and
4. Over crowded wires in pipes. conduct another test until such time that it passes the
5. Inadequate and under gauge of pull boxes. requirements.
6. Non-provisions of black-out and sleeves. - Require the Project Engineer to make the necessary
7. Pipes not properly bended. adjustment to conform with specifications.
8. Lighting fixtures, panelboard, circuit breakers, etc. not - Reject work/removed and replaced if necessary.
properly installed. - Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
9. Failure to meager test and load test. complied with the requirements.
XVII. MECHANICAL WORKS
A. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
1. Airconditioning units, transfer fans, pipes ducts, - Reject/removed and replaced defective materials.
condenser installed not according to plan. - Require the contractor to rectify defective works and
2. Defective materials and accessories. conduct test until such time that it passes the
3. Pipes and ducts not sufficiently braced. requirements.
4. Failed to meet performance test. - Conduct visual inspection, verifications and monitoring
5. Leaks on pipes. of all materials and installation of mechanical works to
B. GENERATOR SET ensure compliance to the required specifications.
1. Installation of auxiliary piping and control not according - Reject work if necessary.
to plan. - Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
2. Defective and damaged materials. complied with the requirements.
3. Pipes not sufficiently braced.
C. ELEVATORS
1. Improper handling of elevator component resulting to
damage on accessories. DPWH | Bureau of Construction
COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS AND OTHER RELATED WORKS
ITEM 604 – FENCING AND GATES
1. Defective/damaged materials. - Reject/removed and replaced defective materials.
2. Non-conformance to the required tolerance for - Require the contractor to rectify defective works.
alignment, dimensions and elevations. - Conduct visual inspection, verifications, monitoring
and close supervision on the installation of fencing
and gates to ensure compliance to specifications.
adjustment to conform with the specifications.
- Reject work if necessary.
complied with the specifications.

COMMON
PROBLEM
ENCOUNTERED IN
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS
REMEDIAL MEASURES
I. MOBILIZATION
1. Insufficient manpower deployed in the -Work overtime to catch-up with the schedule
project site. and programs.
2. Inadequate equipment deployed in the -Throughly review/check PERT/CPM and
project site. schedule then make the necessary
adjustment on the number of manpower and
equipment to avoid delay.
-Impose penalty if necessary.
3. Lack/Inadequate supply of construction -Review/Check the flow and the acquisition

materials. of supply by the contractor, if found
inadequate, require the contractor to make
the necessary adjustment to catch up
with the requirement.
-Review the financial status of the contractor
-If possible proritize construction activities
based on the availability of the materials.
-Impose penalty if necessary.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS REMEDIAL MEASURES

I.MOBILIZATION
4. Inadequate/lack of testing -Require the contractor to strictly

equipment on the project site. follow the requirement of the contract.
5. Inadequate/lack of safety measures -Conduct briefing and trained contractors

and signboards including Personal personnel on the necessity of these
Protective as part of the contract.
Equipment of workers on the project
site. -Provide/set-up guidelines and procedures
for immediate Implementation of the
6. Improper disposal of waste contractor.
materials and debris within the
project site. -Imposed penalty if necessary.
7. Lack of the necessary permit and

clearances from local officials.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
II. EARTHWORKS
ITEM 800-CLEARING AND GRUBBING
ITEM 801-REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES
-Verify plan if the structure to be
AND OBSTRUCTIONS
constructed will be directly affected
1. Presence of underground utilities
by the underground utilities.
such as power lines, PLDT, existing
MWSS lines.
-Report/coordinate to proper authorities
for removal and or relocation.
2. Presence of underneath existing
structure such as existing footing
foundation. -Check construction schedule and prepare
necessary adjustment in the contract
3.Cut-off elevation not clearly duration or prepare revised PERT/CPM
established. incorporating said encountered problem.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
ITEM 802: EXCAVATION

ITEM 803: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION -Review/checked plan as against field
1. Non conformance to the measurement and make the necessary
requirements for lines, grades, corrections and adjustments.
dimension and elevations. -Don’t allow the contractor to continue
the work unless otherwise said defect
had been corrected.
2. Non conformance to the excavation -Strictly enforced shoring and bracing

support system for major excavation bracing requirements to avoid accident.
works.
-Issue instruction/directive to the
contractor regarding said defects.
-Imposed penalty if necessary.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
ITEM 804- EMBANKMENT -Conduct visual inspection to determine
1. Presence of unsuitable materials. actual classification of soil, recommend
removal and disposal of unsuitable
materials and replaced with suitable
materials in accordance with
specifications.
2. Non-conformance with the required -Conduct inspection and require the

thickness of gravel filling. contractor to comply with requirements.
3. Non-conformance to the required -Conduct compaction test until the

density of compaction. materials reached the require density.
NVPILAR 2011
REMEDIAL MEASURES
III. TERMITE CONTROL AND WOOD PRESERVATION
ITEM 1000.3.1-SOIL POISONING

ITEM 1000.3.3-WOOD PRESERVATION
1. Non-conformance to the required -Verify and supervised the preparation

concentration and rate of and mixing of soil poisoning and wood
application of the soil poisoning preservation solution to ensure
solution and wood protection. compliance with specifications.
NVPILAR 2011
REMEDIAL MEASURES
IV. FOUNDATION WORKS
A. PRE-STRESSED, PRECAST CONCRETE
PILES
1. Non-conformance to the required -Hold delivery and casting, conduct
length, width, thickness and/or inspection and make the necessary
diameter. adjustments.
2. No-graduation marks -Do not allow driving of piles unless
otherwise graduation is clearly marks
on the piles for accuracy of pile
driving records and data.
3. Non-conformance to specified splicing -Call the attention of the Project
requirements. Engineer, direct rigger to have the
splicing on a staggered basis for
cluster piles.
4. Presence of cracks -Removed and replaced.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
B. CAST-IN-PLACE BORED PILES
1. Non-conformance to the required level -Monitor and check elevation through
of excavation. actual measurements.
2. Improper disposal of spoils and debris. -Require the Project Engineer to

immediately disposed/spread spoils
before it becomes an obstructions
and delay the project.
3. Non-conformance to the required -Call the attention of the Project
spacing of tie, stiffener bar and Engineer and properly adjust spacing
spacer. to meet requirements.
4. Improper curing of concrete samples. -Require the Materials Engineer to

throughly check and supervised the
curing and handling of samples as this
was critical in the determination of the
actual strength of concrete.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
V. DAMPPROOFING/MOISTURE CONTROL WORKS.
1. Non-conformance to the required -Require the contractor to make the

thickness and number of layers of necessary adjustment on the
polyethylene materials. materials to conforms with
2. Non-conformance to the required specifications.
thickness and number/layer of
waterproofing materials.
NVPILAR 2011
REMEDIAL MEASURES
VI. CONCRETE WORKS
A. FORMWORKS -Use only on minor works and not as support
1. Formworks has loose knots, splits, cracks and to major structures.
other defects. -Removed and replaced if necessary.
2. Plywood forms not coated with mould oil. -Instruct Project Engineer not to install unless
otherwise coated with mould oil.
-If allowed to install, use only once.
3. Unaligned formworks/non-conformance to -Immediately call the attention of the Project
require concrete cover. Engineer, don’t allow pouring unless
correction had been made as this may affect
the entire structures.
4. Formworks are inadequately supported and -Instruct Project Engineer to make the
braced. necessary installation of additional braces
and support, never allow pouring as this
was dangerous.
5. Premature stripping and shore removal. -Immediately call the attention of the Project
Engineer, reinstall shoring and Bracing as this
was dangerous to both the workers and
to the structures.
6. No provision of clean-out/opening at the -Instruct Project Engineer to make the
bottom of column and wall formworks. necessary corrections.
7. Insufficient concrete/steel spacer for slabs
and beams.
REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. Use of corroded and/or dirty rebars. -Conduct inspection, clean and apply rust
remover if necessary.
-Elevate stockpile of rebars above ground
and in rack according to sizes.
2. Rebars not securely tied in place. -Require the Project Engineer to make the
3. Non-compliance with the required necessary correction and adjustment to
spacing of the stirrups. conform with the plans and specifications.
4. Unaligned rebar installation
5. No / improperly placed(irregular -Reject works if necessary.
spacing) steel dowel bars.
6. Improper splicing.
7. Non-conformance to the required
concrete cover for rebars.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
C.CONCRETE -Conduct investigation and in-place testing to
1. Concrete structure failed to meet the determine actual strength.
strength requirements as per concrete -If structure failed to meet strength requirement
sample specimens. through in-place testing, refer to Structural
Engineer / Designer to assess extent of
corrective works.
2. Appearance of hairline cracks -Chipped off concrete to determine extent of
cracks, then apply concrete epoxy.
3. Appearance of honeycomb or spalling -Chipped off concrete to removed honeycomb
portion, then apply concrete epoxy prior to
re-concreting.
4. Sagging or bulging of concrete. -Provide additional shoring and bracing if
concreting is still on going.
-For minor sagging or bulging removed affected
portion and plaster.
-For major bulging, removed and replaced if
necessary.
5. Non-conformance to finishing/ plastering -Require the Project Engineer to make the
requirement. necessary adjustments.
-Removed and replaced plastering works if
necessary.
6. Improper curing -Call the attention of the Materials Engineer to
make the necessary adjustment to conform to
standard requirements.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
VII. MASONRY WORKS -Non-load bearing, 500 psi and load
1. Non-conformance to the required bearing at 800 psi.
strength for both non-load bearing and -Removed and replaced all CHB that
load bearing CHB. does not conform to the standard
requirements.
-Conduct visual inspection and field
testing.
2. Non-provision of lintel beam and -Chipped off laid CHB and install
stiffener column. stiffener columns.
-Require the Project Engineer to make
the necessary adjustments.
-Reject / removed and replaced if
necessary.
3. Non-conformance to the vertical and -Require the Project Engineer to make
horizontal dowel. the necessary adjustments.
necessary.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
VIII. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
1. Undersize lumber and plywood. -Require the Project Engineer to
removed and replaced all undersize
materials.
2. Non-conformance with the required -Require the Project Engineer to make

spacing for ceiling joist, nailers, the necessary adjustments.
vertical studs and horizontal studs.
3. Non-conformance to the required -Require the Project Engineer to make

species of lumber. the necessary adjustments.
necessary.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
IX. FABRICATED MATERIALS AND HARDWARE
A. DOORS
-Require the Project to make the
1. Doors are not well fitted to the door
necessary adjustments.
frames.
2. Door accessories and other hardwares
items were installed not according to -Conduct frequent inspection and
schedule. verification to monitor fabrication
B. WINDOWS prior to installations.
1. Windows are not well fitted to the
window frames.
2. Window accessories and other -Reject / removed and replaced if
hardwares item were installed not necessary.
according to schedule.
3. Installed doors and windows were not
in accordance with specifications.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
X. ROOF FRAMING WORKS
A. STEEL FRAMING -Conduct visual inspection, verification and
1. Use of corroded structural elements. monitoring of fabrication prior to installation
2. Undersize structural steel elements. and erection of steel trusses to ensure
3. Non-conformance to the required spacing of compliance to materials and specifications.
purlins and trusses. -Require the Project Engineer to make the
4. Insufficient welding at critical joint. necessary adjustment on the materials and
workmanship.
-Reject / removed and replaced if necessary.
B. TIMBER TRUSSES -Conduct visual inspection, verification and
1. Use of low quality, untreated timber monitoring of fabrication prior to installation
materials. of wooden trusses including bolts, nuts and
2. Undersize timber materials. nails to ensure compliance to materials and
3. Non-conformance to the required spacing of specifications.
purlins and trusses. -Require the Project Engineer to make the
necessary adjustment on the materials and
workmanship of the structure.
-Reject/removed and replaced if necessary.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XI. ROOFING WORKS

1. Non-conformance to the required -Removed and replaced.
gauge and length.
2. Non-conformance to the specified -Conduct inspection and monitoring to
overlapping( end lap, side lap ). ensure compliance with the plans
3. Non-conformance to the approved and specifications.
method of fastening and joining. -Require the Project Engineer to make
4. Occurrence of leaks. the necessary adjustment on the
5. Non-conformance to the approved workmanship.
material requirements such as -Conduct further leak test, provide
downspouts, gutter, flashing and ridge silicon sealant.
roll. -Reject / removed and replaced if
necessary.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XII. FINISHES
ITEM 1018- CERAMIC TILES
1. Occurrence of cracks on the -Conduct inspection, verification and
materials. monitoring of the materials and
2. Uneven laying of tiles. methods of installation to ensure
ITEM 1019- WOOD TILES compliance to specifications.
1. Non-conformance to the design lay-
out. -Require/instruct the Project Engineer
2. Uneven laying of tiles. to make the necessary adjustment to
ITEM 1021- CEMENT FLOOR FINISH the materials and workmanship.
1. Uneven surface.
2. Presence of temperature cracks. -Reject / removed and replaced if
3. Weak mixture of fine and course necessary.
aggregate.
ITEM 1026- PEBBLE WASHOUT FINISH -Defer payment of accomplishment
1. Uneven surface until contractor complied with
2. Pebbles are not uniformly distributed. requirements.
3. Presence of temperature cracks.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XIII. PAINTING/VARNISHING
ITEM 1032- PAINTING/VARNISHING
1. Non-application of surface neutralizer. -Conduct inspection, verification and
2. Non-conformance to the number of monitoring of painting materials to
coat/application of paint. ensure conformance to specifications.
3. Occurrence of feeling-off of paint. -Require / instruct the Project Engr.
4. Non-conformance to the approved to make the necessary adjustment to
brand and specifications of paint. conform with the specifications.
necessary.
-Defer payment of accomplishment
until contractor complied with the
requirements.
NVPILAR 2011
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XIV. WATERPROOFING WORKS
1. Non-conformance to the specified -Require / instruct the Project Engr. to

methods of application. make the necessary adjustment to
2. Non-conformance to the specified conform with specifications.
number of coat/layer required.
3. failure in the leak test. -Defer payment of accomplishment
until the contractor complied with
the requirements.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XV. SANITARY WORKS
A. ITEM 1002- PLUMBING
1. Clogged pipes -Conduct visual inspection,
2. Pipes, fixtures and other sanitary verification and monitoring of the
accessories were installed not in installation of pipes to ensure
accordance with the plans, e.g. slope, compliance to specifications.
alignment. -Require Project Engineer to make the
3. Failure to pass the leak test. the necessary adjustment on sanitary
works.
-Require the contractor to rectify
defective works and conduct another
test until such time that it passes the
requirements.
-Reject / removed and replaced
defective works if necessary.
-Defer payment of accomplishment
until the contractor complied with
the requirements.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
B. PIPES CULVERT AND STORM DRAIN
-Reject / removed and replaced defective
1. Appearance of cracks on the materials.
materials.
2. Inadequate collaring of reinforced concrete.
-Conduct visual inspection, verification and
3. Inadequate bedding materials.
monitoring of the installation of pipes, culvert
4. Non-conformance to the required tolerance
and storm drain to ensure compliance to
for elevation, slope and alignment.
specifications.
-Require the contractor to rectify defective
works.
-Require the Project Engineer to make the
necessary adjustments to conform with
specifications.
-Reject work / removed and replaced if
necessary.
C. MANHOLES, INLETS AND CATCH BASIN -Require the contractor to rectify the defective
1. Non-conformance to the required tolerances works.
for elevations and dimensions. -Conduct visual inspection, verification and
2. Covers and gratings are not well fitted with monitoring to ensure compliance to
the opening of manholes and catch basin. specifications.
-Require the Project Engineer to make the
necessary adjustments to conform with
specifications.
-Defer payment of accomplishment until the
contractor complied with the requirements.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XVI. ELECTRICAL WORKS
1. Pipes not properly installed and laid as per -Reject / removed and replaced defective
plan and schedule. materials.
2. Pipes, hangers, boxes, cable trays not -Conduct visual inspections ,verifications and
properly installed and painted. and monitoring of the installations of
3. Sharp edges of pipes not removed. electrical pipes, fixtures and accessories to
4. Over crowded wires in pipes. ensure compliance to specifications.
5. Inadequate and under gauge of pull boxes. -Require contractor to rectify defective works
6. Non-provisions of black-out and sleeves. and conduct another test until such time that
7. Pipes not properly bended. it passes the requirements.
8. Lighting fixtures, panelboard, circuit -Require the Project Engineer to make the
breakers, etc. not properly installed. necessary adjustments to conform with
9. Failure to meager test and load test. specifications.
-Reject work / removed and replaced if
necessary.
-Defer payment of accomplishment until the
contractor complied with the requirements.
NVPILAR 2011
CORRECTIVE ACTION/
REMEDIAL MEASURES
XVII. MECHANICAL WORKS
A. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

1. Airconditioning units, transfer fans, pipes ducts, -Reject / removed and replaced
condenser installed not according to plan. defective materials.
2. Defective materials and accessories. -Require the contractor to rectify
3. Pipes and ducts not sufficiently braced. defective works and conduct test until
4. Failed to meet performance test. such time that it passes the
5. Leaks on pipes. requirements.
B. GENERATOR SET -Conduct visual inspection, verifications
1. Installation of auxiliary piping and control not according and monitoring of all materials and
to plan. installation of mechanical works to
2. Defective and damaged materials. ensure compliance to the required
3. Pipes not sufficiently braced. specifications.
C. ELEVATORS -Reject works if necessary.
1. Improper handling of elevator component resulting to -Defer payment of accomplishment until
damage on accessories. the contractor complied with the
requirements.
NVPILAR 2011

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Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS

BUILDING MAINTENANCE METHODS,

Building Construction Methods,

The main purpose of a crane is to lift extremely heavy

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

C – TERMITE CONTROL & WOOD PRESERVATION

E – DAMP PROOFING / MOISTURE CONTROL

I – FABRICATED MATERIALS AND HARDWARES

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

J – ROOF FRAMING WORKS

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

Application in DPWH Projects

Mobilization and demobilization shall be

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

ESTIMATED DIRECT COST OF THE PROJECT TIME DURATION

No standard duration was established for projects

Occupational Safety and Health is the

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

 Part of the first envelope (Technical Proposal)

 Shall include but not limited to the following:

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

2.B Health Personnel

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

-Involves clearing and

-Also involves the N.G.

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

Application in DPWH Projects

 ITEM 803 – STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

 ITEM 804 – EMBANKMENT

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

STAKING AND BATTER BOARD LAYOUT

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

4. Fix the ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

Method on Layout and Staking with the Aid of

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

Method on Layout and Staking with the Aid of

1. Center and level the instrument (builder’s level or transit)

2. Drive a 2 × 2 stake at the setback in line with the lot stakes.

3. Place another stake at the correct setback for one side of

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

1. Attach a plumb bob to the center screw or hook on the underside

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

- If excavated materials are wasted, the volume involved

- If excavated materials are incorporated into the work:

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

*For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

1.2 Product demo should be presented which

1.3 All work shall be done in the order of

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

Bottom surface and the

Treatment for Foundation

Treatments for Masonry Foundation,

2.2. a Soil Treatment

Drenching Method along

2.2. b Drilling Service

- Is done in order to treat the

Termicide solution is injected

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

Pressure treating is a process that