Lecture 2

Electrical Standards
and Conventions
ELEN 20044 Fundamentals of
Electric Circuits
Kaycee B. Victorio, REE, RME
Instructor of Electrical Engineering and Technology
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Manila
Today’s Discussions
Units
 SI base and derived units
 Metric prefixes
 Power of 10
 Scientific notation
 Rounding off numbers
Graphical Symbols and
Electrical Diagrams
 Schematic diagram
 One-line diagram
 Block diagram
 Wiring diagram
 Electrical plan
 SI Base and Derived Units
SECOND (s) is the basic unit
of time. It is the duration of
9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to
the transition between the
two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of Cs-133 atom.
METER (m) is the basic unit of
length. It is equivalent to the
distance travelled by light in
vacuum in 1/299,792,458 s.
KILOGRAM (kg) is the basic
unit of mass. It is defined by
setting Planck constant h
exactly to 6.62607015 x 10-34
J.s, given the definitions of
the m and s.
 SI Base and Derived Units
AMPERE (A)is the basic unit
for electric current. It is
equivalent to the flow of
1/1.602176634 x 10-19 times
the elementary charge e per
second.
KELVIN (K) is the basic unit for
thermodynamic
temperature. It is defined by
setting the fixed numerical
value of the Boltzman
constant k to 1.380649 x 10-23
J/K.
MOLE (mol) is the basic unit
of the amount of substance.
It is equal to exactly
6.02214076 x 1023 elementary
entities.
 SI Base and Derived Units

Quantity Unit Symbol

Energy joule J
Force newton N
Power watt W
Electric charge coulomb C
CANDELA (cd) is the basic unit Electric potential volt V
for luminous intensity, which is in Electric resistance ohm Ω
a given direction, of a source
that emits monochromatic Electric conductance siemen S
radiation of 5.4 x 1014 Hz and Electric capacitance farad F
that has a radiant intensity of Electric inductance henry H
1/683 W/sr.
Frequency hertz Hz
Magnetic flux weber Wb
Magnetic flux density tesla T
Metrix Prefixes

Prefix Value Pronunciation

mega (M) million 1 000 000 as in megaphone
kilo (k) thousand 1 000 kill’oh
milli (m) thousandth 0.001 as in military
micro (µ) millionth 0.000 001 as in microphone
nano (n) thousand-millionth 0.000 000 001 nan’oh
pico (p) million-millionth 0.000 000 000 001 peek’oh
Metrix Prefixes: Sample Questions

1. A resistor has a value of 10 M stamped on its case. How many ohms of

resistance does this resistor have?
2. A power station has a capacity of delivering 500,000 W. What is the
capacity in kW?
 Powers of 10 and Scientific Notation

Metrix Prefix Power of 10

mega (M) 106
kilo (K) 103
milli (m) 10-3
micro (µ) 10-6
nano (n) 10-9
pico (p) 10-12

In scientific notation, the coefficient of powers of 10 is always expressed with one decimal place
and the required power of 10.
Rounding of Numbers and Significant
Figures

 A number is rounded off by dropping one or more digits at its right.

 If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, we leave the digit as it is.
 If the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, we increase the digit to its left by 1.
 If the digit to be dropped is exactly 5, we increase the digits to its left by 1 if it is
an odd number and we leave the digit as it is an even number.
 Any digit that is needed to define the specific value is said to be significant.
 When rounding off numbers, zero is not counted as a significant digit if it
appears immediately after the decimal point and is followed by other
significant digits. Such zeroes must be retained and the count of significant
digits must begin at the first significant digit beyond them.
Schematic
Diagram
 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
is a diagram that uses
lines to represent the
wires and symbols to
represent components.
It is used to show how
the circuit functions.
 Pictorial diagram is a
diagram that
represents the
elements of a system
using abstract, graphic
drawings or realistic
pictures.
Schematic Diagram: Two-transistor
radio
Schematic Diagram: Typical
household wiring
One-line
Diagram
 A ONE-LINE, or SINGLE-
LINE DIAGRAM is a
diagram of a simplified
notation for
representing an
electrical system. The
one-line diagram is like
a block diagram
except that electrical
elements such as
switches, circuit
breakers, transformers,
and capacitors are
shown by standardized
schematic symbols.
Common Electrical Symbols
Common Electrical Symbols
One-line Diagram:
Sample Diagram

 Draw a one-line
diagram showing the
major equipment,
switching devices, and
connection circuits of
an electric power
substation.
Block Diagram

 BLOCK DIAGRAM is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or

functions are represented by blocks connected by lines that show the
relationship of the blocks.
Block Diagram: Typical transistor radio
received circuit
Wiring
Diagram
 The WIRING OR
CONNECTION
DIAGRAM is used to
show wiring
connections in a
simple, easy-to-follow
way.
Electrical
Plan
Electrical
Plan:
Sample
Floor Plan
Lecture 2
Electrical Standards
and Conventions
ELEN 20014 Basic Electrical
Engineering
Kaycee B. Victorio, REE, RME
Instructor of Electrical Engineering and Technology
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Manila