EE-321

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS

Instructor:
Dr. Abdullah Alhatlani
CH.9: IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS

Operational Amplifiers:
An operational amplifier (op-amp)
is an integrated circuit that amplifies
the difference between two input
voltages and produces a single
output.
• Terminal (1) is the inverting input terminal
• Terminal (2) is the noninverting input terminal

D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Operational Amplifiers:

D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS

Ideal Op-Amp:
Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics:
1. Infinite input impedance
2. Zero output impedance
3. Zero common-mode gain
4. Infinite open loop gain
• Aod called differential gain or open-loop gain
𝑣1 +𝑣2
• known as the common mode input signal
2

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS

Practical Op-Amp:
• The input resistance is finite
• The output resistance is not zero

D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS

H ow t o c o n t r o l t h e g a i n ?

N o t e : N eg a t i ve fe e d b a c k !

D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS

Ty p e s o f O p - A m p s :

Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier

D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
I n ve r t i n g A m p l i f i e r :
Closed Loop Gain:
𝑣𝑂
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑣𝐼
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣1 − 𝑖2 𝑅2
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1

𝑅2
⇒ 𝑣𝑂 = 0 − 𝑣𝐼
𝑅1 𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝑂 = 𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ⇒ 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = =𝟎
𝑅2 𝐴𝑜𝑑
𝐴𝑣 = − Virtual Ground!
𝑅1
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
I n ve r t i n g A m p l i f i e r :
Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain:
𝑣𝑂
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑣𝐼
𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝑂 = − − 𝑖1 𝑅2
𝐴𝑜𝑑
𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1 𝑣 𝐼 +
𝐴𝑜𝑑
𝑖1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼 +
𝐴𝑜𝑑
⇒ 𝑣𝑂 = − − 𝑅2 𝑣𝑂
𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑅1
𝑣𝑂 = 𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ⇒ 𝑣1 = −
𝑅2 1 𝐴𝑜𝑑
𝐴𝑣 = −
𝑅1 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅𝑜𝑑 1
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
I n ve r t i n g A m p l i f i e r :
Amplifier with a T-Network:
𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 =
𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑣𝑋 = 0 − 𝑖2 𝑅2 = −𝑣𝐼
𝑅1
At Node vx
𝑖2 + 𝑖4 = 𝑖3
1 1 1 𝑣𝑂
⇒ 𝑣𝑋 + + =
𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑅3 𝑅3
𝑣𝑂 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅3
𝐴𝑣 = =− 1+ +
𝑣𝐼 𝑅1 𝑅4 𝑅2 Advantage: Minimize the feedback Impedance

D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
I n ve r t i n g A m p l i f i e r :
Summing Amplifier:
• The output voltage can be easily determined
by using the superposition theorem
𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼1 = −𝑖1 𝑅𝐹 = − 𝑣
𝑅1 𝐼1
𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼2 = −𝑖2 𝑅𝐹 = − 𝑣
𝑅2 𝐼2
𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼3 = −𝑖3 𝑅𝐹 = − 𝑣
𝑅3 𝐼3
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼1 + 𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼3 𝑣𝑂 = − 𝑣𝐼1 + 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝐼3

D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
N o n i n ve r t i n g A m p l i f i e r :
Closed Loop Gain:
𝑣𝑂
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑣𝐼
𝑣1 𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = − =−
𝑅1 𝑅1

𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑖2 =
𝑅2
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝑂 = 𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ⇒ 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = =𝟎
𝑅2 𝐴𝑜𝑑
⇒ 𝐴𝑣 = 1 + Virtual Ground!
𝑅1
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
N o n i n ve r t i n g A m p l i f i e r :
Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain:
𝑅2 𝐴𝑜𝑑
𝐴𝑣 = 1 +
𝑅1 𝐴 + 1 + 𝑅2
𝑜𝑑 𝑅1
𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝑂 = 𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ⇒ 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 =
𝐴𝑜𝑑
Voltage Follower (Buffer):

𝐴𝑣 = 1

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Op-Amp Applications:
Current-to-Voltage Converter:
𝑣1
𝑅𝑖 = ≅0
𝑖1
⇒ 𝑣𝑜 = −𝑖𝑠 𝑅𝐹

Voltage-to-Current Converter:

𝑣𝐼
𝑖𝑂 = 𝑖2 =
𝑅1

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Op-Amp Applications:
Voltage-to-Current Converter:
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿
𝑖1 = 𝑖2

𝑣𝐼 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑣𝑂
⇒ =
𝑅1 𝑅𝐹
At Node vx
𝑣𝑂 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿
= 𝑖𝐿 +
𝑅3 𝑅2
𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝐼
𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑖𝐿 =
𝑅𝐹 𝑍𝐿 𝑍
−1− 𝐿
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Difference Amplifier:
Output Voltage Components:
𝑣𝑂 = 𝐴𝑑 𝑣𝐼𝑑 + 𝐴𝑐𝑚 𝑣𝑐𝑚

𝐴𝑑 the differential gain

𝐴𝑐𝑚 the common mode gain (ideally zero!)

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):

𝐴𝑑
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 20 log
𝐴𝑐𝑚

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Difference Amplifier:
Deriving Acm:
1 𝑅4
𝑖1 = 𝑣𝑐𝑚 − 𝑣𝑐𝑚
𝑅1 (𝑅3 + 𝑅4
𝑣𝑐𝑚 𝑅3
=
𝑅1 𝑅3 + 𝑅4
𝑅4
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣𝑐𝑚 − 𝑖1 𝑅2
𝑅3 + 𝑅4

𝑣𝑂 𝑅4 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅4
⇒ 𝐴𝑐𝑚 ≡
𝑣𝑐𝑚
=
𝑅3 + 𝑅4
1−
𝑅1 𝑅4 =𝟎 when =
𝑅1 𝑅3
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Difference Amplifier:
Deriving Ad:

𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑣𝑂1 = − 𝑣𝐼1 𝑣𝑂2 = 𝑣𝐼2 1 +
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅3 + 𝑅4
𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑅2
when = 𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑣𝐼1
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅1
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Difference Amplifier:
Differential Input Resistance:
𝑣𝐼
𝑅𝑖 =
𝑖
𝑣𝐼 = 𝑖𝑅1 + 𝑖𝑅1 = 2𝑅1 𝑖

⇒ 𝑅𝑖 = 2𝑅1

Disadvantages:
1. Low input resistance for large Ad
2. Hard to vary Ad

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Instrumentation Amplifier:
Deriving Ad:
𝑣𝐼1 − 𝑣𝐼2
𝑖1 =
𝑅1
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂1 = 𝑣𝐼1 + 𝑖1 𝑅2 = 1 + 𝑣𝐼1 − 𝑣𝐼2
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂2 = 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑖1 𝑅2 = 1 + 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑣𝐼1
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑅4
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑂1
𝑅3 𝑂2
𝑣𝑂 𝑅4 2𝑅2
𝐴𝑑 ≡ = 1+
𝑣𝑑 𝑅3 𝑅1

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
- A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits. Ch.2, 7th Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Instrumentation Amplifier:
Advantages:
1. High Ri (ideally infinity)

2. Zero Acm due to 2nd stage configuration

3. Ad can be controlled by one resistor

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Integrator and Differentiator:
Generalized Inverting Amp.:
𝑣𝑂 𝑍2
=−
𝑣𝐼 𝑍1

Integrator Amp.: Differentiator Amp.:

1 𝑣𝑂 = −𝑠𝑅2 𝐶1 𝑣𝐼
𝑣𝑂 = − 𝑣𝐼
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶2
𝑑𝑣𝐼 𝑡
1 𝑡 𝑣𝑂 𝑡 = −𝑅2 𝐶1
𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑂 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐶 − න 𝑣 𝑡′ 𝑑𝑡′
𝑅1 𝐶2 0 𝐼

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Nonlinear Circuit Applications:
Precision Half-Wave Rectifier:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝐼 > 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣𝐼

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝐼 < 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑂 = 0

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Nonlinear Circuit Applications:
Log Amplifier:

𝑖𝐷 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑒 𝑣𝐷Τ𝑉𝑇 − 1 ≅ 𝐼𝑆 𝑒 𝑣𝐷Τ𝑉𝑇
𝑣𝐷 = −𝑣𝑂
Also
𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = = 𝑖𝐷 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑒 −𝑣𝑂Τ𝑉𝑇
𝑅1
𝑣𝐼
⇒ 𝑣𝑂 = −𝑉𝑇 ∙ ln
𝐼𝑆 𝑅1
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Nonlinear Circuit Applications:
Antilog or Exponential Amplifier:

𝑖𝐷 ≅ 𝐼𝑆 𝑒 𝑣𝐼Τ𝑉𝑇
𝑣𝑂 = −𝑖2 𝑅 = −𝑖𝐷 𝑅

⇒ 𝑣𝑂 = −𝐼𝑆 𝑅 𝑒 𝑣𝐼Τ𝑉𝑇

- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Op-Amp Circuit Design:
Summing Op-Amp Circuit:
General eq.
𝑣𝑂 = −𝑎1 𝑣𝐼1 − 𝑎2 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑎3 𝑣𝐼3 + 𝑎4 𝑣𝐼4
Using superposition
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼1 = − 𝑣𝐼1 𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼2 = − 𝑣𝐼2
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝐵 ||𝑅𝐶
𝑣2 𝑣𝐼3 = 𝑣𝐼3 = 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼3
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 ||𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐵 ||𝑅𝐶
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼3 = 1+ 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼3 = 1 + 𝑣𝐼3
𝑅1 ||𝑅2 𝑅1 ||𝑅2 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 ||𝑅𝐶
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.
 IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Op-Amp Circuit Design:
Summing Op-Amp Circuit:
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝑃
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼3 = 1+ 𝑣
𝑅𝑁 𝑅𝐴 𝐼3
Where
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅1 ||𝑅2 𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅𝐴 | 𝑅𝐵 |𝑅𝐶

𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝑃
𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼4 = 1+ 𝑣
𝑅𝑁 𝑅𝐵 𝐼4

𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝑃 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝑃
⇒ 𝑣𝑂 = − 𝑣𝐼1 − 𝑣 + 1+ 𝑣 + 1+ 𝑣
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐼2 𝑅𝑁 𝑅𝐴 𝐼3 𝑅𝑁 𝑅𝐵 𝐼4
- D. Neaman, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Ch.9, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2010.