Chapter 24a - Potential - SN

Chapter 24-a
Electric Potential
By Samar Najjar
1
Outline
• Energy (J)
• Potential (V)
• Applications (1D-2D-3D)
• Calculating E from V
LAU - Samar NAJJAR 2

Energy

Electric Energy (PE) / Joules
(stored energy in the system)

𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐
𝐔=𝐊
𝒓
It is an algebraic number, it can be

• Positive (two charges have the same signs)
• Negative (two charges having opposite signs)

Electric Energy (PE) / Joules
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐
𝐔=𝐊
𝒓
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗 × −𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
𝐔 = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × = −𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑱 = −𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 (𝒏𝑱)
𝟐

𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 Electric Energy (PE) / Superposition
𝐔=𝐊
𝒓 Q=+11nC
q1=+3nC
A
q3= - 7nC
q2=+1nC
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑
𝑼𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑼𝟑 = 𝑲𝑸 + +
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟑
−𝟗 −𝟗 −𝟗
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎
𝑼𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 + +
𝟐 𝟐. 𝟑 𝟏
𝑼𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 ≅ 𝟗𝟗 × −𝟓. 𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 = −𝟓𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑱 6
LAU - Samar NAJJAR
Potential

Electric Potential (V) / Volts
𝐪
𝐕=𝐊
𝐫
Potential created by a punctual charge at a point at distance “r” from that charge.
It is an algebraic number, it can be

• Positive (if the charge is positive)
• Negative (if the charge is negative)

Electric Potential (V) / (Volts)
𝐪
𝐕=𝐊
𝐫
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗
𝑽 = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × = +𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝑽
𝟐

Electric Potential (V) / Superposition
𝐪
𝐕=𝐊
𝐫
q1=+3nC
q3=-7nC
q2=+1nC
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 = 𝑲 + +
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟑
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗 −𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × + +
𝟐 𝟐. 𝟑 𝟏
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 ≅ 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × −𝟓. 𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 = −𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝑽
10
LAU - Samar NAJJAR
Electric Potential (V) and Energy / Superposition
Q=+11nC
q1=+3nC
q3=-7nC
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑 q2=+1nC
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑲 + +
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟑
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 ≅ −𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝑽
𝑈𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄 × 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑼𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑪 × −𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝑽 = −𝟓𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 (𝒏𝑱)

11
LAU - Samar NAJJAR
Only for Punctual Charges (0D)
𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐅=𝐊 𝐄=𝐊 𝟐
𝐫𝟐 𝐫
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐔=𝐊 𝐕=𝐊
𝐫 𝐫
𝑼 = 𝒒×𝑽

Q=+11nC
q1=+3nC
B A
q3=-7nC
q2=+1nC
If you move Q from this position A to another position B

The change in the system energy will be
∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝑄(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 )
13
LAU - Samar NAJJAR
Q=+11nC
B A
q1=+3nC
q3=-7nC
q2=+1nC
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 = 𝑲 + +
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟑
−𝟗 −𝟗 −𝟗
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × + +
𝟐 𝟓 𝟔
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 ≅ 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × +𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 = +𝟒. 𝟖 𝑽 14
LAU - Samar NAJJAR
Q=+11nC
B A
q1=+3nC
q3=-7nC
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = +4.8 (V)
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑨 = −45.59 (V)

q2=+1nC
∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 11 × 10−9 4.8 − −45.59

If you move Q from this position A to another position B
∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 11 × 10−9 × 50.9
∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝑄(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ) ∆𝑈 = −554.29 (nJ)
15
LAU - Samar NAJJAR
Q=+11nC
B A
q1=+3nC
q3=-7nC
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 = +4.8 (V)
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑨 = −45.59 (V)

q2=+1nC
If you move Q from this position A to another position B ∆𝑈 = −554.29 (nJ)

energy spent by the system to go from A to B
∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝑄(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 )
Potential difference 16
LAU - Samar NAJJAR
Sign of Energy from A to B
∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝑄(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 )
In nature the
If ΔU >0 so this energy is If ΔU <0 so this energy can be
object goes to a
needed by the system to spent by the system to move
lower level of
move from A to B from A to B
energy Uf<Ui

In nature the object goes to a
lower level of energy Uf<Ui
∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝑄(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 )
+10 V ∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = −1.6 × 10−19 × 10 − 0 = −16 × 10−19 (𝐽)

B
A
-
-10 V

∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝑄(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 )
+10 V ∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 × −10 − 0 = −16 × 10−19 (𝐽)
A +
B
-10 V

∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝑄(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 )
+10 V ∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = −1.6 × 10−19 × ((+10) − (−10))=-32× 10−19 (𝐽)
-10 V

Summary
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐫𝟐 𝐫
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐔=𝐊 𝐕=𝐊
𝒓 𝐫

Force (N) Field (N/C)
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐫𝟐 𝐫
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐔=𝐊 𝐕=𝐊
𝐫 𝐫
Energy (J) Potential (V)

𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐫𝟐 𝐫
𝐪𝟏 × 𝐪𝟐 𝐪
𝐔=𝐊 𝐕=𝐊
𝐫 𝐫
𝑼𝑨𝑩 = 𝒒 × ∆𝑽
𝑼𝑨 = 𝒒 × 𝑽𝑨
- 𝑼𝑩 = 𝒒 × 𝑽𝑩
𝑼𝑨𝑩 = 𝒒 × ∆𝑽

Chapter 24a - Potential - SN

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Chapter 24a - Potential - SN

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Chapter 24-a

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 2

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 3

(stored energy in the system)

It is an algebraic number, it can be

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 4

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 5

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 7

It is an algebraic number, it can be

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 8

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 9

𝑼𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑪 × −𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝑽 = −𝟓𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 (𝒏𝑱)

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 12

If you move Q from this position A to another position B

𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑨 = −45.59 (V)

∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 11 × 10−9 4.8 − −45.59

𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝑨 = −45.59 (V)

If you move Q from this position A to another position B ∆𝑈 = −554.29 (nJ)

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 17

+10 V ∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = −1.6 × 10−19 × 10 − 0 = −16 × 10−19 (𝐽)

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 18

+10 V ∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 × −10 − 0 = −16 × 10−19 (𝐽)

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 19

+10 V ∆𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = −1.6 × 10−19 × ((+10) − (−10))=-32× 10−19 (𝐽)

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 20

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 22

Energy (J) Potential (V)

LAU - Samar NAJJAR 23

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