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  • XX ს-ის ქართ. ლიტ. 2017 წ -

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    Nana Liparteliani
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    The document discusses key stages in 20th century Georgian literature. It argues that a new, more developed phase began around the 1900s, marked by emerging authors who explored social and political changes of the time. This period saw the rise of influential literary works and movements. The text analyzes the transition between the late 19th century literature and early 20th century works, seeing 1900 as the dividing point between the periods. It claims major authors after this date came to define the new era of Georgian literature.

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    XX ს-ის ქართ. ლიტ. 2017 წ_

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    The document discusses key stages in 20th century Georgian literature. It argues that a new, more developed phase began around the 1900s, marked by emerging authors who explored social and political changes of the time. This period saw the rise of influential literary works and movements. The text analyzes the transition between the late 19th century literature and early 20th century works, seeing 1900 as the dividing point between the periods. It claims major authors after this date came to define the new era of Georgian literature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    409 views497 pages

    XX ს-ის ქართ. ლიტ. 2017 წ -

    Uploaded by

    Nana Liparteliani
    The document discusses key stages in 20th century Georgian literature. It argues that a new, more developed phase began around the 1900s, marked by emerging authors who explored social and political changes of the time. This period saw the rise of influential literary works and movements. The text analyzes the transition between the late 19th century literature and early 20th century works, seeing 1900 as the dividing point between the periods. It claims major authors after this date came to define the new era of Georgian literature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 497

    avTandil nikoleiSvili

    meoce saukunis

    qarTuli mwerloba

    literaturuli portretebi

    anotacia

    winamdebare wigni meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis SemoqmedebiT


    miRwevaTa warmosaCenad dawerili naSromis pirveli nawilia. misi Seqmnis
    umTavres mizans warmoadgens, mkiTxvels met-naklebad naTeli warmodgena
    Seuqmnas rogorc maSindeli qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis umTavres
    tendenciebze, ise imxanad moRvawe qarTvel mweralTa calkeuli
    warmomadgenlebis SemoqmedebiT miRwevebze.

    redaqtori: profesori nestan kutivaZe

    recenzentebi: asocirebuli profesori luka dvaliSvili


    asocirebuli profesori gia xoferia

    2017 w.
    2
    Sinaarsi

    winaTqma -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

    XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis winare etapi ----------------------------------------------------- 4

    egnate ninoSvili ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

    daviT kldiaSvili ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

    Sio aragvispireli --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39

    XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis


    ganviTarebis umTavresi etapebi --------------------------------------------------------_-------------------- 54

    vasil barnovi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71

    Wola lomTaTiZe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93

    Salva dadiani ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105

    mixeil javaxiSvili --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121

    niko lorTqifaniZe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147

    grigol robaqiZe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------163

    leo qiaCeli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------183

    ioseb griSaSvili ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------196

    galaktion tabiZe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------212

    konstantine gamsaxurdia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 247

    paolo iaSvili ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 279

    tician tabiZe ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 296

    polikarpe kakabaZe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 311

    giorgi leoniZe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 327

    simon Ciqovani ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 351

    irakli abaSiZe ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 365

    lado asaTiani ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 380

    murman lebaniZe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 395

    Wabua amirejibi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 411

    ana kalandaZe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 428


    3
    nodar dumbaZe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 440

    muxran maWavariani ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 459

    SoTa niSnianiZe --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 468

    oTar WilaZe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 479

    winaTqma

    `meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis” winamdebare gamocema, romelic


    faqtobrivad 2002 wels amave saxelwodebiT dabeWdili Cemi wignis ganmeorebiT
    gamocemas warmoadgens, gasul saukuneSi moRvawe mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi
    memkvidreobis xangrZlivi Seswavlis Sedegad daiwera. am mdidari
    literaturuli saganZuris siRrmiseulad gansja-gaanalizebis dros, garda sa-
    kuTriv mweralTa Semoqmedebisa, yovelTvis vcdilobdi uyuradRebod arc maT
    Sesaxeb Seqmnili naSromebi dametovebina da maTi gaTvaliswinebiTac mecada Ce-
    meuli TvalTaxedvis gamoxatva.
    meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis monapovari imdenad didia da faseuli,
    rom misi yvela mniSvnelovani miRwevis saTanadod warmoCena erTi kacis Zalasa
    da energias aRemateba da TaobaTa safuZvlian Sromasa da rudunebas moiTxovs.
    winamdebare wigni, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad mosamzadebeli etapia samomav-
    lod gasakeTebeli am didi saqmisa, Cemeuli TvaliT danaxuli da warmosaxuli
    is umniSvnelovanesi literaturuli saganZuri, romelic meoce saukunis qar-
    Tulma mwerlobam Seqmna.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom gansaxilvel mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi portretebis
    srulyofilad warmoCenisTvis Zala da energia ar damiSurebia, masalis siuxvis
    gamo yvela sakiTxis saWiro sisavsiTa da siRrmiT gaanalizeba, bunebrivia, ma-
    inc verafriT moxerxdeboda. amitomac, calkeul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Ceme-
    uli TvalTaxedvis ufro farTod da safuZvlianad gasacnobad, dainteresebuli
    mkiTxveli damatebiT SeiZleba Cems im wignebsac gaecnos, romlebSic calkeul
    mweralTa Semoqmedeba SedarebiT vrcladaa ganxiluli (`meoce saukunis qarTu-
    li literaturis istoriis narkvevebi”, t. I, 1994 w. t. II, 1997 w. t. III, 2000 w. t.
    IV, 2003 w. t. V da VI, 2005 w. t. VII, 2007 w. `qarTuli emigrantuli mwerloba~,
    2006 w. `fiqrebi Tanamedrove qarTul lirikaze”, 1981 w. `niko lorTqifaniZe”,
    1992 w. `giorgi leoniZis lirika”, 1993 w. `paolo iaSvili. cxovreba da Semoqme-
    deba”, 1995 w. `literaturuli narkvevebi”, 2002 w. `qarTvelologiuri etiudebi,~
    t. I, 2010, ტ. II, 2014 w. gamomcemloba ‘saqarTvelos macnes” mier 2013 wels
    gamocemuli qarTuli literaturis mecnieruli kursis oTxtomeulis III da IV
    tomebi, romlebSic XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis Cemeuli analizia
    warmodgenili da sxv.).
    winamdebare gamocemaSi upiratesad im mweralTa Semoqmedebaa ganxiluli, rom-
    lebic saliteraturo asparezze gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebamde gamovidnen da
    ukve dasrulebuli aqvT moRvaweoba.

    avTandil nikoleiSvili

    6 oqtomberi, 2017 w.
    4

    XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis winare etapi


    U
    meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis sawyis qronologiur mijnad
    mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebs miiCnevs da am
    periodis Cveni mwerlobis pirvel warmomadgenlad egnate ninoSvils asaxelebs.
    es Sexeduleba ZiriTadad sabWoTa periodis Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi iyo
    damkvidrebuli da am mosazrebis avtorebi mis umTavres safuZvlad xsenebul
    periodSi ganviTarebul socialur da politikur movlenebs acxadebdnen.
    gasuli saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi qarTvel literaturaTmcodneTa araerTma
    cnobilma warmomadgenelma (maT Soris winamdebare wignis avtormac) aqtiurad
    gailaSqra sabWoTa periodis Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi umTavresad
    imJamindeli ideologiuri TvalTaxedvis safuZvelze damkvidrebuli am
    Sexedulebis winaaRmdeg da meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis sawyis
    qronologiur mijnad 1900-iani wlebis Cvens mwerlobaSi gamovlenili
    SemoqmedebiTi siaxleni miiCnia (amasTan dakavSirebiT Cemeuli poziciis ufro
    Rrmad da argumentirebulad gasacnobad SegiZliaT ixiloT Cemi wignebi: XX
    saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, quTaisi, 1984 w. gv. 5-
    39; meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, quTaisi,
    2003 w. gv. 5-24).
    bevri Cveni literaturaTmcodnis msgavsad, winamdebare wignis avtoric Rrmad
    aris darwmunebuli imaSi, rom literaturis istoriis periodebad dayofa metad
    pirobiTia da mkacrad gansazRvrul qronologiur CarCoebSi misi moqceva
    yovlad SeuZlebelia. amisda miuxedavad, aRniSnul models, swored amgvari
    pirobiTobis farglebSi, bevri mecnieri uWers mxars da literaturis istorias
    mis wiaRSi gamovlenil umniSvnelovanes SemoqmedebiT tendenciaTa da am
    tendenciaTa ganmapirobebel movlenaTa gaTvaliswinebiT mainc hyofs pirobiT
    periodebad.
    winamdebare wignis avtoris azriT, XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis
    istoriaSi Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis axali, didmniSvnelovani etapis sawyis
    qronologiur mijnad 1900-iani wlebi unda miviCnioT da misi dadgoma upirveles
    yovlisa im mweralTa SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas davukavSiroT, romlebic
    swored am periodSi gamodian aqtiur samoRvaweo asparezze.
    miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, xsenebuli periodis Cvens mwerlobaSi
    gamovlenili Tvisebrivi siaxleni im literaturulma movlenebmac gansazRvres
    mniSvnelovanwilad, romlebic mweralTa winamorbedi Taobebis cnobilma
    warmomadgenlebma daamkvidres TavinaTi SemoqmedebiT. am TvalsazrisiT
    gansakuTrebuli yuradReba pirvel yovlisa XIX da XX saukuneTa mijnaze
    moRvawe im mweralTa Semoqmedebas unda mivaqcioT, romlebic axali
    literaturuli periodis dadgomis Semdgomac ganagrZoben aqtiur moRvaweobas.
    aRniSnuli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis
    didostatTa SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis warmosaCenad daweril winamdebare wignSi
    mizanSewonilad miviCnie, am saqmis dawyebamde xsenebuli periodis qarTuli
    mwerlobis winare etapisTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad Taviseburebebzec da mis
    umTavres warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebazec meTqva ramdenime sityva.

    * * *
    XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnis qarTul literaturaSi ZiriTadad sami umTavresi
    literaturuli da sazogadoebriv-politikuri mimdinareoba arsebobda. pirvel,
    erovnuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze swor da qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis
    sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas qmnidnen Cveni didi `samocianelebi”
    (i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe, i. gogebaSvili, g. wereTeli...), romelTac
    80-iani wlebidan vaJa-fSavelaca da a. yazbegic uerTdebian aqtiurad. xsenebul
    periodSi maT samoRvaweo asparezze gamosuli mwerlebic mravlad miematnen (v.
    5
    barnovi, d. kldiaSvili, S. aragvispireli, k. mayaSvili, a. jorjaZe, k. abaSiZe...).
    am mimarTulebis mweralTa Semoqmedebisa da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis umTav-
    res mizanswrafvad erovnuli TvalTaxedva iyo qceuli. yvela mniSvnelovan
    problemas _ socialursac, politikursac, sazogadoebrivsac da kulturul-es-
    Tetikursac _ isini uwinares yovlisa swored erovnuli poziciebidan sjidnen
    da iazrebdnen.
    meore jgufs im periodis Cvens mwerlobasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
    xalxosnebi qmnidnen (s. mgalobliSvili, n. lomouri, e. gabaSvili...). pirveli
    mimarTulebis mwerlebisgan gansxvavebiT, am mrwamsis mqone avtorebs arc Semoq-
    medebiTad da arc sazogadoebrivad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtobrivad
    araferi gaukeTebiaT.
    1890-1900-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi arsebul politikur ZalTagan Tavisi mas-
    StabebiTa da agresiulobiT yvelaze metad gamorCeul Zalas social-demokrati-
    uli mimdinareoba warmoadgenda. am moZraobis istoria Cvens qveyanaSi 1892 wli-
    dan iwyeba `mesame dasis” jgufis dafuZnebiT. umTavresi ideologiuri siaxle,
    romelic social-demokratebma, ilias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `marqsizmis am Tu-
    TiyuSebma”, TavianTi partiuli moRvaweobis mkvidr safuZvlad gaixades, iyo
    mZafrad gamovlenili erovnuli nihilizmi da socialuri Tanasworobis ideis
    miCneva maTi revoluciuri saqmianobis ZiriTad mizanswrafvad.
    mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myofi sazogadoebis didi nawili Tavidan
    sworad ver gaerkva axali moZRvrebis arsSi da brmad dauWira mxari mis mac-
    dunebel lozungebs. swored amiT unda aixsnas is didi rezonansi, romelic so-
    cial-demokratiulma moZraobam SeiZina saqarTvelosa da mTeli ruseTis imperi-
    aSi XIX saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.
    magram Cveni inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebi, upirveles yovlisa ki
    `Tergdaleulebi” da maTi mamuliSviluri ideebis mimdevrebi, imTaviTve mkveT-
    rad daupirispirdnen erovnul nihilizmze dafuZnebul am avantiuristul moZ-
    Rvrebasa da mis mqadagebel fanatikosebs. am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa
    is Sefasebebi, romlebsac iliasa da akakis SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT maT mimarT.
    social-demokratebTan „TergdaleulTa“ principuli uTanxmoebis safuZveli
    maTi erovnuli nihilizmi iyo. mTeli Segnebuli cxovreba erisa da samSoblos
    samsaxurSi uRalato erTgulebiT mdgari es moRvaweni, bunebrivia, verafriT ga-
    iziarebdnen im moZRvrebas, romlis mimdevarTa rwmeniT, `muSas samSoblo ar
    aqvs”.
    qarTvel mamuliSvilTa moRvaweobis umTavres miznad erovnuli nihilizmis
    sabediswero aRzevebis im mZime wlebSic kvlavindeburad qveynis gadarCenisaTvis
    Tavganwiruli brZola rCeboda. isini Zalisa da energiis maqsimaluri mokrebiT
    upirispirdebodnen ruseTis imperiis xelisufalTa mier gatarebul politikas,
    romlis mizani iyo erTiani qarTuli cnobierebis moSla.
    1890-1900-ian wlebSi moRvawe qarTvelma mamuliSvilebma ukompromiso brZola
    gamoucxades aRniSnuli politikis mimdevarT, pirvel yovlisa ki imdroindel
    sazogadoebriv asparezze sabediswerod momZlavrebuli axali Zalis _ soci-
    al-demokratiuli partiis liderebs, romelTac gaafTrebiT daiwyes brZola
    qarTvel patriotTa, upirveles yovlisa ki maTi Tavkacis, ilia WavWavaZis wina-
    aRmdeg. am brZolam gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi miiRo 1990-iani wlebis bolosa
    da 1900-ian wlebSi, rac sabolood wiwamuris tragediiT dasrulda.
    am tragikulma movlenam maSin bevr Cvens Tanamemamules auxila Tvali da ni-
    Rabaxdilad daanaxa namdvili saxe social-demokratiuli ideologiisa. erT-er-
    Ti maTgani iyo am ideologiis samsaxurSi Tavidanve aqtiurad Camdgari cnobili
    poeti irodion evdoSvili. ilias mkvlelobis Semdgom igi principulad gae-
    mijna am moZraobas da gadasaxlebaSi myofma megobrisadmi gamogzavnil werilSi
    social-demokratebisagan Tavisi gandgoma amgvarad axsna:
    `am mokle weriliT ver gamovTqvam yvela imas, rac Sxamis tba trialebs Cems
    gulSi da es tba ki Cemma vaimegobrebma daatriales... karga xania, rac im gve-
    lebma sisini daiwyes. es moxda im dros, roca amgvarma gadagvarebulma `ga-
    damTxveulebma” ilias moxuc naWirnaxulev guls tyvia daaxales. es tyvia mec
    6
    momxvda... aq gadawyda Cemsa da maT Soris SemaerTebeli Zafi. magram me marTals
    ar vambob, Zafi ki ara namdvili jaWvi. jaWvi imitom, rom maTTan viyavi me
    mijaWvuli mTeli aTi-TeTrmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi ideuraT. mxolod saqme ima-
    Sia, rom aravin icis, rodis daiwyo Cems gulSi brZola, brZola or azrs So-
    ris: ras vemsaxuroT: saqarTvelos ers, rogorc politikurad daCagrul xalxs,
    Tu proletariats, rogorc ekonomiurad daCagrul xalxs? orive CemTvis Zvir-
    fasi iyo da dResac Zvirfasia, magram rodesac qarTvelma social-demokratebma
    saqarTvelos xsenebac ki saTakilod gaixades, maSin Cemi azrebi Cemma gulma ga-
    daatriala maT winaaRdeg. es moxda jer isev 1903 wels. maSin mivanebe kidec
    `kvalSi” Tavi muSaobas. nel-nela modioda es nakaduli Cems gulSi, Cumad, mar-
    todmarto Cems fiqrebSi. Zneli iyo Tormeti wlis naWedi jaWvis gawyveta. da ai,
    ilia damexmara me Tavis sikvdiliT. am dRidan samudamod vibrune piri qarTve-
    li social-demokratebidan da Tu mivbrundi dRes maTken, mivbrundi mxolod
    imisTvis, rom mivafurTxo maT. iseTi ukuRmarTi Sexeduleba, rogoric maT aqvT
    erovnul sakiTxze, arc erTi qveynis demokratias ar aqvs... Tu dRes qarTvel mu-
    Sas aseTi ukuRmarTi Sexeduleba aqvs erovnul sakiTxze, amaSi qarTveli soci-
    al-demokrati inteligenciaa damnaSave.. mec erTi maTgani var da minda Cemi Sec-
    doma gamovasworo”.
    gansxvavebiT social-demokratebisagan, romlebic TavianTi brZolis mizan-
    swrafvas mxolod socialuri problemebiT Semofarglavdnen da erovnuli er-
    Tobis magivrad klasobriv erTobas qadagebdnen, qarTveli `samocianelebi” da
    maTi ideuri memkvidreni TavgamodebiT icavdnen erovnuli mTlianobis ideas.
    iliasa da akakis mier jer kidev maTi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi naqadagevi es idea
    Semdgomi drois mamuliSvilebma kidev ufro gaaZlieres.
    amis erT-erTi naTeli dadasturebaa arCil jorjaZis mier wamoyenebuli `sa-
    erTo niadagis” Teoria. erovnuli erTobis amgvari qadagebiT Cveni eris saxelo-
    vani Svilebi sulac ar afuCeCebdnen im socialur winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic
    klasobrivi TvalsazrisiT arsebobda CvenSi. magram maTi mizani iyo am winaamde-
    gobaTa daZleva momxdariyo ara erTmaneTs Soris daundobeli brZolis gziT,
    aramed ganmanaTleblobiTa da urTierTSemrigeblobiT. wodebaTa Serigebisa da
    klasobrivi erTobis es idea gacilebiT adre i. WavWavaZem gamoxata `aCrdilsa”
    da `oTaraanT qvrivSi”.
    1890-1900-iani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis umTavres Temad kvlavac rCeba erov-
    nuli da socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis gamoxatva. pirvel yov-
    lisa, swored es Temebi gansazRvravdnen am periodis Cveni literaturis yoveli
    TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis xasiaTs. am garemoebam
    arsebiTad ganapiroba is faqti, rom qarTvel mweralTa udidesi nawili, maT So-
    ris, `samocianelebica” da XIX saukunis sxva didi warmomadgenlebic, aSkara ke-
    TilganwyobiT Sexvdnen 1905 wlis revolucias.
    am keTilganwyobilebis safuZveli imis rwmena iyo, rom revoluciis ga-
    marjveba xels Seuwyobda Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgari erovnuli da socialuri
    problemebis praqtikul mogvarebas.
    1890-1900-iani wlebis qarTuli literaturis monapovars sxvadasxva TaobaTa da
    miswrafebaTa mwerlebi qmnian. wina aTwleulebSi nayofierad moRvawe mxatvru-
    li sityvis cnobil ostatebs, romlebic am droisaTvisac ganagrZobdnen aqtiur
    SemoqmedebiT da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, ori saukunis mijnaze niWier mwe-
    ralTa axali mZlavri nakadi Semoemata. maTgan, upirveles yovlisa, unda dava-
    saxeloT im periodisa da mogviano xanis Cveni literaturis cnobili warmomad-
    genlebi: d. kldiaSvili, S. aragvispireli, v. barnovi, W. lomTaTiZe, ir. evdoSvi-
    li, S. dadiani, m. javaxiSvili, k. abaSiZe da sxv.
    1890-900-ian wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis SemoqmedebiT miRwevebze saubris dros
    xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom klasikuri srulqmnilebiT swored am
    periodSi Camoyalibda Cvens mwerlobaSi iseTi Janruli saxeobebi, rogorebicaa:
    romani, novela, miniatura, etiudi... aseve pirvelad gaCndnen mwerlebi, romel-
    Tac TavianTi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis profesiuli gamovlinebis umTav-
    res sferod literaturuli kritika gaixades.
    7
    ganviTarebis axal stadiaSi Sevida publicistikac. es garemoeba arsebiTad
    gansazRvra im faqtma, rom 1900-iani wlebidan farTod iwyeba gansxvavebuli
    erovnuli da socialuri mrwamsis mqone politikuri partiebis Camoyalibebis
    procesi, raSic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen imJamindeli Cveni mwerlobis
    TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebic.

    egnate ninoSvili
    sabWoTa xelisuflebamde moRvawe im mweralTagan, romelTa Semoqmedeba soci-
    alisturi ideologiis wyalobiT imJamindeli literaturuli kritikis gansa-
    kuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, egnate ninoSvili erT-erTi yvelaze ga-
    morCeuli Semoqmedi iyo, msoflmxedvelobrivad TiTqosda yvelaze axlos mdgo-
    mi maSindel ideologiasTan. am garemoebam arsebiTad gansazRvra is tendenci-
    uri Sefasebebi, rasac 20-30-iani wlebis araerTi mwerali da literaturaTmcod-
    ne aZlevda mis Semoqmedebas.
    e. ninoSvilis literaturuli memkvidreobis aseT ideologizebul gandidebas
    kidev ufro met simkveTres sZenda klasikuri qarTuli mwerlobis didosta-
    tebTan, upirveles yovlisa ki ilia WavWavaZesTan, misi dapirispireba, ramac 20-
    30-ian wlebSi piks miaRwia. glexebis sisxlismwovel memamuled da batonymobis
    mextobed ilias gamocxadebis paralelurad e. w. proletaruli mwerlebi masTan
    Sepirispirebuli formiT ganadidebdnen e. ninoSvils, romlis Semoqmedeba epoqa-
    luri sinamdvilis klasobrivi TvalTaxedviT warmosaxvis magaliTad cxad-
    deboda. ase Cndeba imxanad farTod popularuli poeturi lozungi, romelSic
    ori mwerlis ideologizebuli gamijvna erTmaneTisagan aseT saxes iRebs: `Cveni
    egnate, maTi ilia".
    rogorc mkiTxveli mixvdeba, CvenSi aq sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmadideblebi
    igulixsmebian, maTSi ki am xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeni. samwuxarod, aseTi
    dapirispirebisa da gaukuRmarTebuli azrovnebis magaliTebi im periodis Cvens
    mwerlobaSi saZebari ar aris. es rom namdvilad asea, amaze k. feodosiSvilis
    leqsis - `saubari egnate ninoSvilis ZeglTan" es fragmentic naTlad metyve-
    lebs:
    Tavs Semogavleb mecxramete saukunis qarTul mwerlobas,
    did iliasac, eris saxeliT rom uyvarda RmerTTan baasi
    da me Sen gverdiT davayeneb mxolod daniels,
    Ripian batons rom CaarWo maxvili basri.
    e. ninoSvilis Rvawlisa da damsaxurebis gandidebam imxanad imdenad didi
    masStabebi SeiZina, rom garkveuli periodis manZilze saqarTvelos mweralTa
    kavSiri mis saxelsac ki atarebda.
    imis gamo, rom Cemi msjelobis sagani e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis
    warmoCenis mcdelobaa, am mimarTulebiT saubars aq metad aRar gavagrZeleb da
    damatebiT mxolod imas vityvi, rom e. ninoSvilis literaturuli memkvidreobis
    tendenciuri Sefasebani arc manamde yofila ucxo movlena Cveni sazoga-
    doebisaTvis.
    kerZod, 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, mis Semoqmedebas xSirad diametralu-
    rad gansxvavebuli poziciebidanac afasebdnen xolme. Tu erTni mas qarTuli
    beletristikis saukeTeso tradiciebis Rirseul gamgrZeleblad miiCnevdnen,
    `bunebisagan namdvili mxatvrobiTi niWiT dajildoebul" mwerlad (i. gogebaSvi-
    li) da `Rrma poeturi gancdebis" prozaikosad (g. qoqoZe), meoreni Tvlidnen,
    rom igi mxolodRa naturalisti iyo, naklebi mwerluri SesaZleblobebis mqone
    Semoqmedi, romelsac sagulisxmod faseuli araferi SeuZenia Cveni literaturi-
    saTvis. k. abaSiZis azriT, magaliTad, `moklebuli xelovnebiT niWs - e. ninoSvi-
    li ver daiCemebs verc peizaJistobas, verc mkafiod gamoqandakebul tipTa Seq-
    8
    mnas, verc fsiqologobas; igi fotografia, fotografiis aparati, romelic
    aRbeWdavs cxovrebis movlenas ise, rogorc gaugonia da unaxavs, mxatvrulad
    Seferadebas movlenisas ar kisrulobs... xelovnebis mxriT erTob sustia".
    rogorc damowmebuli magaliTebiTac naTlad Cans, e. ninoSvilis Semoqmedebas
    Tavidanve daebeda erTmaneTisagan diametralurad gansxvavebuli poziciebidan
    Sefaseba, ramac kidev ufro farTo masStabebi SeiZina sabWoTa periodis Cvens
    literaturaTmcodneobaSi. vfiqrob, didi mtkiceba ar Wirdeba imas, rom erT
    SemTxvevaSic da meoreSic movlenaTa tendenciuri gansja arsebiTad uSlis
    xels realuri viTarebis obieqtur Sefasebas da e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebiTi
    Rvawlis metismeti gandidebaca da nihilisturi damcrobac aSkara Secdomaa,
    literaturuli masalisadmi mikerZoebuli damokidebulebis Sedegi.
    miukerZoeblad da aratendenciurad gansjil-Sefasebuli e. ninoSvilis Semoq-
    medeba ki, miuxedavad misTvis damaxasiaTebeli xarvezebisa da naklovani
    mxareebisa, mainc usaTuod unda iqnes miCneuli XIX saukunis Cveni mwerlobis
    erT-erT mniSvnelovan Senakadad. mwerlis literaturuli memkvidreobis aseT
    SefasebaSi gadaWarbebuli rom araferia, amis dasturad aq Tundac lado
    asaTianis am Canaweriebs gaxsenebac iqneba sakmarisi: 1. `ZvelebSi: SoTa-saba-gu-
    ramiSvili-baraTaSvili-ilia-akaki-vaJa-yazbegi-kldiaSvili-ninoSvili.
    cocxlebSi: niko lorTqifaniZe-galaktioni! amaT TavianTi sakuTari madli,
    sxivi da Suqi aqvT!" 2. `ramdeni nodari, revazi, Tamazi, vaxtangi, SoTa, oTari,
    ramazi, meri, begi da sxva gmirebia Tanamedrove mwerlebis nawerebSi. rogori
    saxe aqvT? ra acviaT? xSirad zog avtors aRarc ki axsovs, rogori arian misi
    nawarmoebis usisxlxorco da usaxo gmirebi. aba daiZaxe: luarsab TaTqariZe!
    oTaraanT qvrivi! tariel mklavaZe! soloman morbelaZe! mose mwerali! eremia
    warba! spiridon mciriSvili!"

    ***
    egnate ninoSvili (ingoroyva) daibada 1859 wels guriaSi, lanCxuTis raionis
    sofel yelaSi, Raribi glexis ojaxSi. dedis naadrevi gardacvalebis Semdeg mi-
    si aRzrda mamidam - ninom da biZam - aleqsim ikisres. momavalma mweralma wera-
    kiTxva ojaxSi Seiswavla, Semdeg ki swavlis gasaRrmaveblad mRvdlis ojaxs
    miabares, magram, rogorc Tavad egnate wers Tavis avtobiografiaSi, iq mas faq-
    tobrivad aranairi ganaTleba ar miuRia, radganac mRvdels TviTonac ar cod-
    nia mxedruli wera-kiTxva da mTel dros Turme xelze mosamsaxureobaSi ata-
    rebda. iq egnate naxevar wels rCeba, Semdeg ki qalaq foTSi mihyavT mRvdlis
    Zmiswulis ojaxSi, sadac, misive TqmiT, `mTeli erTi Semodgoma, zamTari da ga-
    zafxuli egdo am vaWari aznauris samzareuloSi da misi brZanebiT mWads
    acxobda". bavSvis mdgomareobiT Sewuxebulma biZam egnate male Sin daabruna da
    soflis skolaSi miabara saswavleblad.
    1871-75 wlebSi egnate, rogorc Tavadve wers, `Sin xan Zroxebsa da cxvrebs
    mwyemsavda da xan, dro-gamoSvebiT, SkolaSi dadioda. erTis soflis Skolidan
    Semdeg gadavida meoreSi, radganac mamamisi kamelariis aRweris dros meore so-
    fels Seaweres". 1876 wels e. ninoSvilma swavla ozurgeTis sasuliero saswav-
    lebelSi ganagrZo, saidanac 1878 wels moswavleTa areulobaSi monawileobis
    gamo e. w. mglis bileTiT garicxes.
    1879 wels e. ninoSvilma saxalxo skolis maswavleblis wodebis mosapoveblad
    warmatebiT Caabara gamocdebi quTaisSi da muSaoba daiwyo sofel CoCxaTis sko-
    laSi maswavleblad. misi cxovrebis Semdgomdroindel movlenebs mwerali Tavis
    avtobiografiaSi Semdegnairad aRwers: `1881 w. martSi davanebe Tavi maswav-
    leblobas da veZebdi raime saqmes im dros axlad dawyebul baTomis rkinis gza-
    ze: mindoda fuli Semegrovebina da xel-axla swavlas Sevdgomodi. Sevedi
    amxanagaT viRac `podriaCikTan", magram valebis meti ara damrCenia ra. 1882-1883
    wlebSi viyavi telegrafistad imave gzaze. 1884 wels viyavi TfilisSi arsen ka-
    landaZis tipografiaSi `naborSCikaT", magram jamagiri ki ar mqonia, mxolod
    xarjis fuls dReSi 7 kapeiks maZlevda kalandaZe".
    9
    1886 wels, soflis mwerlad eqvsTviani muSaobis Semdeg, e. ninoSvili swavlis
    gasagrZeleblad safrangeTSi, qalaq monpelieSi, miemgzavreba, magram
    usaxsrobis gamo, 1887 wlis martSi, iZulebuli xdeba samSobloSi dabrundes da
    kvlav eZebos saarsebo saxsari.
    1887-88 wlebSi igi muSaobda Tavad gurielis pirad mdivnad, 1889-90 wlebSi -
    baTumis navsadgurSi mtvirTavad da rotSildis navTis qarxanaSi Sav muSad,
    1890-91 wlebSi - zestafonSi `RoRoberiZis marganecis kantoraSi", 1891 wels -
    `safiloqsero dasSi", 1892 wels - jer baTumis navTis qarxanaSi muSad, Semdeg
    ki gomSi RoRoberiZis kantoraSi.
    1892 wlis dekemberSi e. ninoSvilma TanamoazreebTan erTad zestafonSi `mesame
    dasis" aralegaluri organizacia Camoayaliba. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom
    am organizaciis pirveli sajaro gamosvla 1894 wlis maisSi, mwerlis dasafla-
    vebis dRes, moxda.
    mZimed daavadebulma e. ninoSvilma Tavisi xanmokle sicocxlis bolo Tveebi
    mSobliur sofel CanCeTSi gaatara. ai, rogor aRwers misi sicocxlis am peri-
    ods silibistro jiblaZe anastasia wereTlisadmi 1894 wlis 20 aprils gagzav-
    nil werilSi:
    `egnate ingoroyvam miiRo Tqvengan gamogzavnili fulebi. radganac mas pasuxis
    moweris Tavi aRar aqvs, me momando gulwrfeli madloba mogiZRvnaT Tanag-
    rZnobisaTvis. egnate exla sofelSia. aq arCia dalios ukanaskneli dReebi Tavi-
    sis mware sicocxlisa. TuTxmeti dRea, rac davscqeri mis autanel tanjvas.
    baTumis eqimebis sityviT is am gazafxuls ver gadaitans. mada sul daekarga,
    xma miuwyda, loginidan adgoma srulebiT ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad amisa, roca
    ukeT igrZnobs Tavs, cdilobs ganagrZos Tavisi axali moTxroba `partaxi", mag-
    ram amaod: kalami xelidan uvardeba da saSineli aRelvebuli iwyebs curvas Ta-
    vis mware oflSi. ase levs suls eg keTilSobili adamiani".
    e. ninoSvili gardaicvala 1894 wlis maisSi. dasaflavebulia misive sofel
    CanCeTSi.
    e. ninoSvilis gardacvalebas qarTuli sazogadoebis bevri cnobili warmomad-
    geneli didi gulistkiviliT Sexvda. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom, maT Soris
    is moRvawenic iyvnen, romlebTanac mwerali Tavisi sicocxlis bolo wlebSi
    msoflmxedvelobriv niadagze dapirispirebulic ki iyo. erT-erTi maTgani
    gaxldaT i. WavWavaZe, romelmac dasaflavebis dRes e. ninoSvilis pativisacemad
    specialuri gvirgvini gaagzavna.
    rac SeexebaT e. ninoSvilis Tanamoazreebsa da Tanadaselebs, mwerlis dak-
    rZalvaze warmoTqmul sityvebSic da presaSi gamoqveynebul werilebSic maT mis
    Rvawls Cveni qveynis istoriaSi metad maRali Sefaseba misces. magaliTad, n.
    Jordanias SefasebiT, e. ninoSvilis sikvdiliT `daoblda Cveni mwerloba,
    daoblda Cveni sazogadoeba, daoblda Cveni xalxi, daoblda axalgazrdoba";
    xolo `kvalis" erT-erTma avtorma e. ninoSvili i. WavWavaZeze aRmatebul mwer-
    ladac ki gamoacxada.

    ***
    rogorc cnobilia, mxatvruli nawarmoebebis garda, e. ninoSvilma metad sain-
    tereso publicistur-epistolaruli memkvidreobac dautova STamomavlobas. Tu
    Tavisi prozauli nawarmoebebiT e. ninoSvili XIX saukunis meore naxevris qar-
    Tvel beletristTa SemoqmedebiTi samyarodan aRmocenebuli Semoqmedia, Tavisi
    moTxrobebis tipaJiTac da problematikiTac maTTan sisxlxorceulad dakavSi-
    rebuli mwerali, publicistikiT igi gacilebiT Tanamedrovea, Tavisi drois
    epoqalur movlenaTa procesSi Tavadac aqtiurad CarTuli. marTalia, mis
    beletristikaSi kapitalizmis Semosvlis Sedegad damkvidrebuli socialuri si-
    namdvilec aisaxa, magram imdenad sustad, rom e. ninoSvilis literaturul war-
    matebebs Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi upirveles yovlisa mainc sofluri yofis
    mxatvruli warmosaxva gansazRvravs da ara axali socialuri urTierTobebisaT-
    vis Tanamdev movlenaTa farTo ganzogadebulobiT warmoCena.
    10
    am TvalsazrisiT ara marto mwerlis proza da publicistika emijneba erTma-
    neTs, aramed mxatvruli Semoqmedebaca da piradi cxovrebac. kerZod, rogorc e.
    ninoSvilis biografiidan cnobilia, Tavisi SromiTi saqmianobiT igi ZiriTadad
    swored im socialur gardaqmnebTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli, romlebic kapita-
    lizmis process mohyva CvenSi Sedegad. is xan baTumis rotSildis navTis
    qarxanaSi muSaobda Sav muSad, xan zestafonis marganecis kantoraSi, xan aso-
    Tamwyobad, xan telegrafistad da a. S. ase rom, misi Segnebuli cxovrebis didma
    nawilma im socialur garemoSi ganvlo, romelic kapitalizmis SemosavliT
    iwyebda CvenSi damkvidrebas. magram misi Semoqmedebis mTavar Temad am movle-
    nebis asaxva ki ar iqca, aramed qarTuli soflis mkvidrTa duxWiri yofa.
    am garemoebas, etyoba, Tavad e. ninoSvilmac miaqcia yuradReba da gardacva-
    lebamde ramdenime dRiT adre aseTi ram uTqvams: `vkvdebi, vkvdebi im dros, ro-
    ca verafris gakeTeba ver movaswar. roca Cemi momavlis moqmedebis programa uf-
    ro naTlad gamovarkvieo".
    am sityvebSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis simarTles isic adasturebs, rom e. ni-
    noSvils sikvdilis win misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebisagan Sinaarsoblivadac da
    Tematuradac arsebiTad gansxvavebuli moTxrobis werac dauwyia (`muSaTa TavSe-
    safari"), romelSic baTumis navTis qarxnis muSaTa mZime cxovreba unda yofi-
    liyo aRwerili, magram, samwuxarod, mweralma misi mxolod umciresi fragmen-
    tis dawera moaswro.
    e. ninoSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aseTi Tematuri `konservatizmi", Cemis
    azriT, pirvel yovlisa erovnul literaturul tradiciaTa mZlavri zegavle-
    niT unda aixsnas. miuxedavad imisa, rom e. ninoSvili sicocxlis bolo wlebSi
    msoflmxedvelobrivad aSkarad gaemijna `Tergdaleulebs" da maTi socialuri
    ideebi ukve moZvelebulad miiCnia, man mainc ver SeZlo Tavad mis mierve
    uaryofil mweralTa literaturuli orbitisTvis Tavis daRweva da Tavisi
    mxatvruli nawarmoebebis TematikiTac, tipaJiTac da socialuri TvalTaxedvi-
    Tac bolomde darCa maT samyarosTan sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebul Semoqme-
    dad.
    `TergdaleulebTan" da maT mTavar periodul organosTan - "iveriasTan" e. ni-
    noSvilis msoflmxedvelobrivi dapirispireba 1893-94 wlebSi moxda, `mesame da-
    sis" Camoyalibebis Semdeg, manamde ki igi maTi Tanamoazre da `iveriis" aqtiuri
    avtori iyo. es rom namdvilad asea, amis dasturad mravali dokumenturi masala
    SeiZleba moviSvelioT. magaliTad, 1892 wels egnate Tedo saxokias Txovda, iq-
    neb `iveriis" redaqciaSi mudmivi samuSao adgili eSova.
    magram SemdgomSi man pozicia arsebiTad Seicvala da miuxedavad umZimesi ma-
    terialuri mdgomareobisa da avadmyofobisa, principulad gaemijna `iverias",
    romelsac, rogorc cnobilia, imxanad i. WavWavaZe redaqtorobda. es gamijvna
    rom msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvelze moxda, kargad Cans im werilidan, romelic
    e. ninoSvils a. TumaniSvil-wereTlisaTvis gaugzavnia 1894 wlis 23 ianvars.
    `TqvenTan da baton giorgisTan (g. wereTelTan - a. n.) ori saTxovari maqvs: `ive-
    riis" redaqciisagan gasul wels avansad mqonda miRebuli ocda TuTxmeti (35)
    maneTi. gasul noemberSi, roca moTxroba `Cveni qveynis raindi" davibrune `iveri-
    is" redaqciisagan, gr. yifSiZes sityva miveci, rom momavali ianvris dalevamde
    am Tqvengan avansad miRebuls 35 maneTs dagibruneb da, Tu fuli ver viSovne,
    moTxrobas mogcemT dasabeWdad da imiT dagakmayofilebT meTqi. moTxroba iq-
    neboda Tu fuli, ueWvelad am ianvris dalevamde unda Camebarebia. axla, es
    aris, es ianvari ileva, imdeni fuli me am xanad veRar viSovne, rom Cems auci-
    lebel saWiroebazed myofnoda da kidev 35 maneTi gadamenarCunebia (11 maneTis
    da 20 k. marto wamlebi minda Tviurad). rac Seexeba moTxrobas, marTalia, Zveli
    Tu axali, maqvs patar-patara moTxrobebi, romliTac SemiZlia gadavixado `ive-
    riis" redaqciis vali, magram es patar-patara moTxrobebi rom imaT gadavsce, ga-
    izogeben da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iyofineben `iveriaSi" sabeWdavad, rao da
    TiTqo me kidev imaTi TanamSromeli viyo. ai es aRar mindoda, aRar mindoda,
    rom Cemi kalmiT dawerili moTxroba, Tu statia gaz. `iveriaSi" dabeWdiliyo".
    11
    rogorc vxedavT, `iveriasTan" egnates dapirispirebas metad principuli xasia-
    Ti aqvs SeZenili da pirovnuli uTanxmoebisagan Sors dgas. am SemTxvevaSi mxed-
    velobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is faqti, rom es ambavi iliasTan msoflmxedve-
    lobriv dapirispirebasac niSnavda, rasac safuZvlad e. ninoSvilis partiuli
    TvalTaxedva edo. marTalia, imxanad iliasa da `mesame daselTa" konfliqts
    jer kidev ar hqonda SeZenili farTo masStabebi, magram faqtia, rom am dapiris-
    pirebis pirvelma talRam garkveulwilad e. ninoSvilis naazrevSic iCina Tavi.
    es rom namdvilad asea, amas damowmebuli werilis is fragmentic naTlad
    adasturebs, sadac `iveria" da `kvalia" erTmaneTTan Sedarebuli. e. ninoSvilis
    SefasebiT, `iveria" reaqciis gzaze damdgari perioduli gamocemaa, maSin, rode-
    sac `kvalma" Tavis `valad CasTvala Cvens qveyanaSi azrovnebis gamofxizleba". e.
    ninoSvilis TqmiT, es perioduli organo `ar gaurboda Sors aseT movaleobas.
    is ar uSindeboda kvazi-patriotebis sayvedurebs. wreulsac, imedia, `kvali ar
    umuxTlebs am Tavis vals".
    `kvalTan" dakavSirebiT amgvar Sefasebebs e. ninoSvili sxvaganac akeTebda. ma-
    galiTad, erTgan igi xazgasmiT werda, rom `kvali" imJamad arsebul Jurnal-ga-
    zeTebSi yvelaze progresuli perioduli organo iyo da amitomac miaCnda Tavis
    movaleobad masSi TanamSromloba.
    TaobaTa Soris msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvelze warmoqmnili aseTi dapirispi-
    rebis arsebobas e. ninoSvili kanonzomier movlenad miiCnevda. swored es Tval-
    sazrisi gasdevs gamWol xazad mis cnobil statias `Zveli dava axal qerqSi",
    romelSic argumentirebuladaa axsnili `samocianelebTan" misi Taobis dapiris-
    pirebis mizezebi.
    1893 wlis ivlisSi dawerili am publicistikuri werilis paTossa da sulis-
    kveTas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is faqti, rom imxanad e. ninoSvilsa da mis Tana-
    moazreebs ukve Camoyalibebuli hqondaT qarTvel `samocianelTa" erovnuli da
    socialuri msoflmxedvelobisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli `mesame dasis" revo-
    luciuri organizacia da Tanmimdevrulad iwyebdnen ukompromiso brZolas maT-
    gan radikalurad gansxvavebuli erovnuli ideologiis winaaRmdeg.
    e. ninoSvilis mtkicebiT, Tavis droze progresulad moazrovne `samocianel-
    Ta" Taoba, romelmac msoflmxedvelobriv paeqrobaSi savsebiT kanonzomierad
    daamarcxa winamorbedi Taoba, dRes ukve Tavad gvevlineboda Zveli Taobisa da
    progresis Semferxeblis rolSi.
    am konkretul viTarebaSi mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is faqti, Tu vin
    Sedioda Taobebad gamijnul dapirispirebul mxareTa SemadgenlobaSi _ erTis
    mxriv: i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, i. gogebaSvili, n. nikolaZe... meores mxriv ki _
    `mesame dasis" revoluciuri jgufis is wevrebi, romelTac momavalSi bevri
    ubedureba daatexes Tavs Cvens qveyanas. TaobaTa erTmaneTisagan amdagvari
    mkveTri gamijvniT e. ninoSvili faqtobrivad Tavadve daupirispirda misive we-
    rilSi gamoTqmul savsebiT swor Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom Cveni eris ga-
    naTlebuli nawilis mizani iseTi `weswyobilebis" Seqmna unda yofiliyo, rome-
    lic qveynis warmatebaSi `eris yovel nawils" daudebda wils gamoukleblad da
    Tanasworad. `amisTvis Cveni ganaTlebuli Taobis dayofa, daqucmaceba da cal-
    calke skamzed jdoma ki ar iyo saWiro, aramed SeerTeba da SeerTebuli ZaliT
    moqmedeba".
    samwuxarod, axalma partiulma ideologiam, romelic swored imxanad iwyebda
    CvenSi Semosvlasa da damkvidrebas, eri araTu amgvarad Sekra da gaaerTiana,
    aramed kidev ufro daanawevra da samkvdro-sasicocxlod gadakida erTmaneTs.
    Tumca, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, obieqturoba moiTxovs aqve isic usaTu-
    od iTqvas, rom `mesamedaselTa" ideologia Tavdapirvelad social-demokratiu-
    li moZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mkveTri erovnuli nihilizmiT jer kidev
    ar xasiaTdeboda da maTi brZolis umTavresi mizandasaxuloba arsebiTad
    mxolod socialuri problemebiT iyo gansazRvruli. es rom marTlac asea da e.
    ninoSvilisTvisac, g. wereTlisTvisac da `mesame dasis" Tanamoazre sxva imJamin-
    deli moRvaweebisTvisac mTavari erovnuli problemis iseTi gadawyveta rom
    iyo, razec `TergdaleulTa" didi Taobis warmomadgenlebic ocnebobdnen, es
    12
    Tundac im werilidanac naTlad Cans, romelic g. wereTels gaugzavnia e. ninoS-
    vilisaTvis. meti sicxadisaTvis gavixsenoT fragmentebi am werilidan:
    `namdvili socializmi imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cveni teritoriidan avbargdeT,
    Cveni istoria daviviwyoT, Cveni tipi uguvagdoT, qarTuli daviviwyoT, rusuli
    ena SeviTvisoT da rusebi gavxdeT. ara, socializmi individualur Tvisebas, ro-
    gorc kerZo tipisas, ise erovnebisas, ar exeba. exeba ki ara, kidec ifaravs da aq
    aris progresiuli mxare TviT socializmisa. qarTveli, rusi, francuzi, germa-
    neli, somexi, CaCani, gotentoti da aTasi sxva im tipze darCen, rogorc isini Se-
    uqmnia bunebas, geografiul garemoebas, istoriul cxovrebas da etniur kano-
    nebis zegavlenas. mxolod socializmi iTxovs, yoveli kaci, RvTisagan Seqmnili
    ekonomikuris uTanasworobiT ar iCagrebodes, yoveli nacia, meore naciis Zal-
    momreobisgan ekonomiurad ar iCagrebodes, roca garemoebas miviRebT mxedve-
    lobaSi, maSin aseTi principi warmodgeba socialur doqtrinisa, erTma saxel-
    mwifom meore saxelmwifo ar daCagros, erTma erma meore eri ar daCagros, er-
    Tma kacma meore kaci ar daCagros...
    amitomac Cven Tu Cvens politikurad daCagrul garemoebas ar mivaqcieT
    yuradReba da viyvireT saqarTvelos da ruseTs Sua sazRvari ar unda iyos, qar-
    Tveli da rusi erTiao, amiTi Zalmomreobaze damdgari rusebi isargebleben da
    gvetyvian, rogorc axla kidec gveubnebian: Tqvenc adeqiT da cimbirSi gada-
    saxldiT, iq bevri adgilebia da farTod, gaSliT icxovreTo. ras akvdebiT mag
    saqarTvelos xriok adgilebs, roca Tqven sam desiatinis meti sulze ar mogdi-
    To, socialuri principi moiTxovs, rom yvelas Tanaswori adgil-mamuli mieces.
    maSasadame, Tqven mandedan aiyareT da cimbirSi gafarTovdiT, Tqven magierad
    gadmoviyvanT da davasaxlebT mand velikorusis xalxs gafarToebulad da maSin
    yvelani bednierad icxovrebT, radgan yvelas Tanabari sakmao adgil-mamuli geq-
    nebaT ganawilebuli; ras miqvia erovneba, ra saWiroa qarTveloba, Tqvenc rusebi
    xarT, Cvenc rusebi, mxolod Tanasworad gavinawiloT adgil-mamulio; ase rom,
    im socialur princips rom gavyveT, rogorc Tqven mibrZanebT, rusebi Cven ad-
    gil-mamuls dagvatovebineben da TviTon moikalaTeben zeT, principisamebr xmis
    umetesobisa. Cven oTxmoci milioni varT da Tqven ori milioni xarTo. orma
    kacma oTxmocis gadawyvetilebas unda daemorCiloso.
    ai, amis gamo Cven nu vumtyunebT socialur princips, magram imdenad, ramdena-
    Tac es socialuri principi ar gadaiqceva Cvensave dasaklav danaT. Cven bedSi
    mdgomare xalxi orive xelebiT unda veWidebodeT Cvens istorias, cxovrebas,
    Cvens qarTvelobas da amasTanave Cvensave qveyanaSi vavrcelebdeT socialur
    ideebs, rom wodebiTi da SeZlebiTi uTanasworoba raime nairad movspoT. ruseT-
    Tan Zmobis gamocxadeba manamde SeuZlebelia, sanamdis mis mTavrobas
    brWyalebSi vyavarT gamokluli da rusi xalxic imas cdilobs, rom Tavis mTav-
    robis Zal-RoniT Cven wagvarTvas uxsovaris droidan Cveni kuTvnili miwa-wyali,
    Tbili haeri da mSvenieri buneba da TviTon daiWiros. ai, am garemoebis ZaliT
    Cven unda viyoT nacional-socialistebi manamdis, sanamdis qveyanaze daCagruli
    naciebi, rogorc Cvenca varT, ar ganTavisufldebian sxva ufro Zlieris naciis
    monobisagan.
    Cven rom bolgariis, an germaniis, an italiis, an ruseTis mdgomareobaSi
    viyoT politikurad, e. i. sruli ganTavisuflebuli viyoT, maSin diaxac gav-
    SliT kosmopolitur iaraRs da mTel qveyanas Tanaswor uflebis mqone Zmebad
    vaRiarebT, magram dRes rom politikur monobaSi varT gamokluli, kosmopolu-
    ri socialuri principi yelSi danas gagviyris da Cvens leSze rusis xalxi ga-
    iZRebs mucels"... (e. ninoSvili, Txz. sruli krebuli, t. III, 1935 w. gv. 156-157).
    vfiqrob, socializmTan dakavSirebiT g. wereTlis mier gamoTqmul am Sexedu-
    lebebSi principulad miuRebeli arc erovnuladaa raime da arc socialurad.
    social-demokratiul moZRvrebad gardaqmnili `mesamedaselTa" ideologiis
    aseTi gaukuRmarTeba XIX saukunis dasasrulidan iwyeba, roca klasobrivi
    TvalTaxedviT gonebaaRreulma social-demokratebma daundobeli brZola gamo-
    ucxades yovelive erovnuls.
    13
    ***
    sabWoTa periodis literaturaTmcodneTa didi nawili e. ninoSvilis Semoqme-
    debis umTavres Rirsebad mis mebrZol xasiaTsa da arsebul socialur sinamdvi-
    lesTan Seugueblobas miiCnevda. maTi azriT, pirvel yovlisa, swored es
    sabrZolo SemarTeba iyo momavlis is perspeqtiva, romelsac mwerlis perso-
    naJTa erTi nawili cxovrebiseuli usamarTlobis daZlevis realur gzad saxav-
    da.
    Cemis azriT, Tu siRrmiseulad ganvsjiT, es sulac ar aris ase da sinamdvi-
    leSi e. ninoSvilis gmirebis brZola socialuri samarTlianobis dasamyareblad
    imTaviTve ganwirulia. naTqvamis dasasabuTeblad moviSvelioT konkretuli maga-
    liTebi mwerlis Semoqmedebidan. daviwyoT `simonaTi". rogorc cnobilia, simona
    ZalaZe e. ninoSvilis personaJTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze metad mebrZoli gmi-
    ria, aqtiurad dapirispirebuli cxovrebiseul usamarTlobasTan. rogorc gvari-
    danac Cans, igi Zalisa da brZolis gziT cdilobs socialuri borotebis aR-
    mofxvras da qveynad samarTlianobis gamarjvebas.
    magram ra moyva Sedegad mis am Tavganwirul brZolas? rogorc moTxrobis
    finalidan vgebulobT, arc piradad misTvis da misi ojaxisaTvis da arc
    xalxisTvis, garda ubedurebisa, realurad araferi. kerZod, am ambis Semdeg si-
    monas ojaxi mTlianad ganadgurda. dedamisi tanjva-wamebaSi gardaicvala, `mida-
    mo gapartaxda", `Saldamad" gadaiqca: patara saxli, saZroxe, saRore da `facxa"
    dalpa da Caingra. saxlis kedlebi jer kidev idga, magram ise, rom mis danaxva-
    ze saSineli sevda mogawvebodaT gulze. mezoblis qalebi da bavSvebi, roca ga-
    ivlidnen am `yru" midamos siaxloves, `wminda giorgi, damifareo, gadaiwerdnen
    pirjvars da gadaafurTxebdnen saxlisaken". upatronod darCenili simonas erTa-
    derTi Svili ki mojamagireobaSi, axlobel-gulSematkivrebs moklebuli, ebmeba
    cxovrebis umZimes uRelSi.
    marTalia, simonam droiZis javri amoiyara, Svilebi dauxoca, saxl-kari gada-
    uwva da gaubedurebli daviTi sicocxlis darCenil dros tanjvaSi atarebda,
    magram amiT xalxs araviTari Sveba ar miscemia, radganac sofelSi `exla sxva
    daviTebi da simonebi gamovidnen scenaze".
    yovelive zemoTqmuls is didi ukmayofilebac unda daematos, romelsac simo-
    nas firalobis gamo akldebuli xalxi gamoxatavda. ZalaZis dasaWerad mTav-
    roba sofelSi periodulad rus saldaTebs ayenebda, romelTa Senaxvis xarjebi
    xalxs kidev ufro umZimebda isedac gaZaRlebul cxovrebas. amitomac, nacvlad
    TanagrZnobisa, `simonas yaCaRobis gamo amdens vai-vaglaxSi Cavardnili xalxi
    lanZRviT ixseniebda qeTevans: `- sulZaRliani! gamozarda veSapma qveynis siavka-
    ce da exla suls gvxTian misi gulisTviso... TviTonac unamuso iyo, misi Svi-
    lebic imisTanai gamevidao".
    nawarmoebis pesimistur ganwyobilebas kidev ufro amZafrebs is Sedegi, riTac
    simonas sikvdili dagvirgvinda. ZalaZis firalobiT Sewuxebulma mTavrobam mis
    mosaklavad didZali fuladi jildo daawesa.
    miuxedavad amisa, misi moxelTeba veravin SeZlo. sabolood yvelaferi mainc
    tragikulad dasrulda. bunebrivi sikvdiliT gardacvlili simonas gvami poli-
    ciis `pristavma" farulad Seisyida, tyviiTa da xmliT Wrilobebi gaukeTa, Sig
    qaTmis sisxli Caasxa, yaCaRis mokvla daibrala da amiT misi mokvlisaTvis dawe-
    sebuli `ordeni" miiRo.
    ase warumateblad damTavrda simonas brZola cxovrebiseuli usamarTlobis
    winaaRmdeg. rogorc damowmebuli epizodebidanac naTlad Cans, mis am brZolas
    ara Tu raime sasikeTo Sedegi ar mohyolia, piriqiT, xalxisaTvis igi axal
    ubedurebaTa ganmapirobebel faqtoradac ki iqca.
    es rom namdvilad asea da socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolas e.
    ninoSvili mainca da mainc didi imediT ar uyurebs, es misi sxva nawarmoebebida-
    nac naTlad Cans. aviRoT, magaliTad, romani `janyi guriaSi", romelic 1841
    wlis guriis glexTa ajanyebis ambavs mogviTxrobs.
    socialur da erovnul ubedurebaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTulma am ajanyebam imde-
    nad farTo masStabebi SeiZina, rom masSi uamravma adamianma miiRo monawileoba.
    14
    marTalia, Tavdapirvelad ajanyebulebma sakmao warmatebebsac miaRwies, magram
    sabolood maTi brZola mainc dasamarcxeblad aRmoCnda ganwiruli.
    romanis bolo TavebSi e. ninoSvili mravalmniSvnelovnad gvauwyebs im tragi-
    kul Sedegebs, romlebic am ajanyebam moutana guriis mosaxleobas. mTavrobam
    damarcxebuli glexebi daibara da kvlav daafica imperatorisa da batonis er-
    Tgulebaze, ris Semdegac Sinaymebi ara marto morCilad daubrundnen Zvel
    mebatoneebs, aramed gulwrfelad `nanobdnen, ratom SevcdiT, mTavrobis da
    mebatoneTa winaaRmdegoba rom gavbedeTo". isini usazRvrod kmayofilebi iyvnen
    imis gamo, rom mTavrobam xalxs danaSauli apatia da `ficxeli gankarguleba"
    ar gamosca maT dasasjelad.
    ase rom, gurulebis ajanyebas, mwerlis TqmiT, `garda zianisa, araviTari sar-
    gebeli ar moutania maTTvis". da ai, guriaSi ajanyebis damarcxebidan meore
    wlisTavze `guriis glexkacebi kvlavac erTgulaT dastrialebdnen TavianT
    batonebis yanebSi da rTvelzed imaTi mxiaruli `xelxvavi" da `aba dela" zari-
    viT gaismoda aremareSi. exla vis ra enaRvleboda, rom am ugnurma ajanyebam...
    bevri adamiani imsxverpla. vis ra enaRvleboda, rom im janyis gamo cimbirSi
    gagzavnes guriaSi SesaniSnavi vaJkaci Tavadi ambako SalikaiSvili. vis ra enaR-
    vleboda, rom sapyrobileSi cudi haerisagan dalpnen da daixocnen ramdenime ka-
    ci, `buntovCikad" wodebuli. vis ra enaRvleboda, rom isini, vinc Tavis dasafa-
    rad yaCaRad gavardnen, daxocil iqnen Tavisive moZmis RalatiT da tyviiT. vis
    ra enaRvleboda, rom guriaSi gaCdnen erTgvari dabezRebis moxele adamianebi,
    romlebic fulis da jildos gulisaTvis Rupavdnen marTal, udanaSaulo adami-
    anebs. is glexebi, romlebic uvneblad morCnen janys, sruliaTac saZneloT ara
    sTvlidnen batonebis samsaxurs da im mcireoden gadasaxads, romelzedac maT
    xeli moawerines janyis dacxromisTanave".
    es zogadad; rac Seexeba ajanyebis erT-erT yvelaze aqtiurad mxardamWersa da
    ideologs - giorgis, igi, imedgacruebuli da sasowarkveTili, xifaTisagan Ta-
    vis daRwevis mizniT osmaleTSi gadaixvewa, sadac ruseTidan Separul Spionad
    miiCnies, Seipyres da Tavi mokveTes. ase gamarTlda erT-erTi personaJis mier
    naTqvami samwuxaro WeSmariteba imis Sesaxeb, rom xalxs `janyi zians garda sar-
    gebels ar moutanda", rom `egeTi SemTxvevebi xSirad mohyveba" xolme msgavsi
    xasiaTis amboxebebs.
    vfiqrob, finaluri ambebis amgvari aRweriT e. ninoSvili naTlad gamoxatavs
    Tavis skeptikur damokidebulebas usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg aseTi brZolisadmi.
    Tu `simonaSi" am brZolas individualuri xasiaTi aqvs, romanSi igi saxalxo
    amboxebis saxes iRebs, magram erT SemTxvevaSic da meoreSic, mwerlis Tval-
    TaxedviT, am brZolas gamarjvebis perspeqtiva ar aqvs.
    igive unda iTqvas `Cveni qveynis raindzec", romlis mTavari personaJi - spiri-
    don mciriSvili piradad iZiebs Surs misi ojaxis gamaubedurebel tariel
    mklavaZeze, romelsac marTalia sicocxles ki gamoasalmebs, magram am Suris-
    Ziebis Sedegic iseve uperspeqtivoa, rogoric wina ori magaliTisa.
    yovelive zemoTqmuls esoden didi yuradReba imitomac mivaqcie, rom damow-
    mebuli magaliTebi siRrmiseulad avlenen e. ninoSvilis msoflmxedvelobrivi
    mrwamsis arss da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian avtoriseul TvalTaxedvaze.

    ***
    e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebiTi biografia metad xanmokle periods - Svidiode
    weliwads moicavs. amas unda davumatoT isic, rom ukiduresi ekonomikuri gaWir-
    vebisa da mZime avadmyofobis gamo mas normaluri literaturuli saqmianobis-
    Tvis aranairi pirobebi ar hqonda, ramac saSualeba ar misca sakuTari mwerlu-
    ri SesaZleblobebis srulyofilad gamovlenisa. magram is, ris Seqmnac man ma-
    inc SeZlo, XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Cveni literaturis is SenaZenia, romlis
    gauTvaliswineblad srulyofili warmodgena ver Segveqmneba imJamindel qar-
    Tul mwerlobaSi arsebul viTarebaze.
    e. ninoSvilis Semoqmedebisadmi interess upirveles yovlisa imJamindeli epo-
    qaluri sinamdvilis realisturi TvalTaxedviT aRqma-warmosaxva gansazRvravs.
    15
    mis nawarmoebebSi STambeWdavadaa aRwerili is socialuri viTareba, romelic
    XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi arsebobda. mwerali sworxazovnad
    gamovlenili klasobrivi TvalTaxedviT warmosaxavs epoqalur sinamdviles da
    mkveTrad gamoxatuli tendenciurobiT avlens udides adamianur TanagrZnobas
    socialuri usamarTlobis msxverplad qceuli adamianebisadmi.
    e. ninoSvilis Semoqmedeba pirvel yovlisa am adamianTa tragikuli xvedris
    mxatvrul warmosaxvas isaxavs miznad. avtoriseuli TvalTaxedva am SemTxvevaSi
    iseTi sworxazovnebiTa da tendenciurobiTac kia gamovlenili, rom mis nawar-
    moebebSi sikeTe da boroteba mkveTri kontrastulobiT imijneba erTmaneTisagan.
    ase rom, e. ninoSvilis, rogorc cxovrebiT daCagrul da dabeCavebul adamianTa
    aqtiurad mosarCle beletristis, Semoqmedeba STambeWdavi mxatvruli mateanea
    XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis qarTuli yofiTi sinamdvilisa.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom misi nawarmoebebis mxatvruli mxare yovelTvis veraa
    teqnikurad saTanadod daxvewili (es gansakuTrebiT mwerlis enaze iTqmis, rome-
    lic xSirad metismetadaa gadatvirTuli dialeqturi formebiT), isini
    mkiTxvelze mainc axdenen sasurvel emociur zemoqmedebas. am garemoebis ganmapi-
    robebeli umTavresi faqtori mwerlis SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simar-
    Tle da gulwrfelobaa. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom misi personaJebi cxov-
    rebidan mosuli pirovnebani arian, xSir SemTxvevaSi realurad arsebuli adami-
    anebic ki. Tumca avtori maT ubralo fotografirebas ki ar axdens, aramed
    cxovrebiseul yofiT sinamdviles mxatvrul ganzogadebulobas sZens da konkre-
    tul pirovnul saxeebs Rrmad STambeWdav literaturul tipebad gardaqmnis. es
    rom asea, amas isic adasturebs, rom e. ninoSvilis mier gamoqandakebulma zogi-
    erTma personaJma xalxSi imdenad didi popularobac ki moipova, rom maT
    saxelebs yoveldRiur metyvelebaSic xSirad viyenebT xolme (tariel mklavaZe,
    kacia munjaZe, mose mwerali)...
    rogorc iTqva, e. ninoSvili naTlad gamovlenili klasobrivi TvalTaxedvis
    mweralia. misi amgvari msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia ara marto nawarmoebis Si-
    naarsidan Cans, aramed personaJTa gvarebidanac. naTqvamis dasturad kidev
    erTxel gavixsenoT zogierTi maTganis gvari: ZalaZe, droiZe, mklavaZe, uiSvili,
    munjaZe, TxleZiraZe, gulfuWaZe, uqmaZe da a. S.
    magram e. ninoSvilis msoflmxedvelobis klasobrivi mxarisTvis xazgasma imas
    sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos mwerali sikeTesa da borotebas, socialur samar-
    Tlianobasa da usamarTlobas mxolodRa klasobrivi niSniT mijnavdes erTmane-
    Tisagan. marTalia, xSir SemTxvevaSi es marTlac asea, magram mis SemoqmedebaSi
    arc imis magaliTebia saZebari, roca socialurad daCagrul adamianTa qoma-
    gobiTa da TanadgomiT gamorCeuli mwerali am adamianebis wreSic sakmaod pou-
    lobs borotebiT, uzneobiT, SuriTa da sxva mdabali vnebebiT Sepyrobil pirov-
    nebebs, iseve, rogorc TavadaznaurTa Sorisac gamohyofs sikeTiTa da keTil-
    SobilebiT gamsWvalul adamianebs.
    e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi realisturi asaxva hpova im socialurma movle-
    nebma, romlebic kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Sedegad iwyebdnen damkvidrebas
    Cvens qveyanaSi. marTalia, es procesi upirveles yovlisa qalaqur yofas Seexo,
    magram man sagrZnoblad Secvala soflis cxovrebis Zveleburi wesic. e. ninoSvi-
    lis prozaSi es cvlilebebi da axali socialuri urTierTobebi ZiriTadad
    sofluri yofis magaliTzea naCvenebi.
    marTalia, TavadaznaurTa klasma axal viTarebaSi TiTqmis mTlianad dakarga
    is wodebriv-ekonomikuri privilegia, romelic mas saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi hqon-
    da damkvidrebuli, magram samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlas axla axali socia-
    luri fena iwyebda, romlis umTavres Zalas misi gvarovnul-wodebrivi warmomav-
    loba ki aRar gansazRvravda, aramed fuli da materialuri simdidre. kerZod,
    yofili mebatoneebis adgils axla droiZeebi iWeren, soflad movlenili axali
    `patara mefeebi", romlebic simdidris wyalobiT ganuzomel Zalauflebas ig-
    deben xelT.
    e. ninoSvilis mier daxatuli glexi personaJebi mxatvruli ganzoga-
    debulobiT warmogvidgenen socialuri Cagvra-Seviwroebis im mdgomareobas, ro-
    16
    melic imxanad iyo CvenSi gabatonebuli (kacia munjaZe, gogia uiSvili, simona
    ZalaZe, ivane...). kacia socialuri usamarTlobis is umweo msxverplia, romelsac
    am usamarTlobis samxileblad sityvieri protestis gamoxatvac ki ar SeuZlia.
    misgan gansxvavebiT, gogia uiSvili Tavis TavSi imis Sinagan Zalas mainc pou-
    lobs, Tavisi mCagvrelebis mimarT drodadro Tundac sityvieri protesti rom
    gamoavlinos. marTalia, sabolood igi TviTmkvlelobiT amTavrebs sicocxles,
    magram es TviTmkvleloba arsebuli sinamdvilis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mZafri
    protestia, Tumca pasiuri, magram mainc protesti.
    gacilebiT ufro aqtiuri da Semtevi glexia simona ZalaZe, romelic socia-
    luri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad individualuri teroris gzas
    irCevs. rac Seexeba `paliastomis tbis" mTavar personaJs ivanes, misi azriT,
    qveynad damkvidrebuli socialuri borotebis damarcxeba mxolod SeerTebuli
    brZolis gziT, erTmaneTisTvis `fxaris micemiTaa" SesaZlebeli. es idea mweral-
    ma Tavis romanSic naTlad gamoxata. Tumca, rogorc iTqva, e. ninoSvili yvela
    am gzas, maTi Sedegebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mainc uperspeqtivod miiCnevs.
    rogorc iTqva, e. ninoSvilis Semoqmedebis mTavari Tema imJamindel socialur
    usamarTlobaTa da maT msxverplad qceul adamianTa tragikuli cxovrebiseuli
    xvedris Cvenebaa. am Temam Tavidanve imdenad ganmsazRvreli adgili daikava mis
    prozaSi, rom mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebi upirveles yovlisa am Temis
    mxatvrul gaazrebasTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli.
    naTqvamis dasturad Tundac `gogia uiSvili" (1889 w. nawarmoebis pirvel vari-
    ants `saaxalwlo pur-Rvino" erqva) gavixsenoT, romelSic yovelgvar cxov-
    rebiseul perspeqtivas moklebuli uRaribesi glexis tragikuli Tavgadasavalia
    naambobi. nawarmoebisadmi interess arsebiTad zrdis is garemoeba, rom gogias
    pirovnuli ubedureba erTi konkretuli adamianis cxovrebiseuli xvedris Cve-
    neba ki ar aris, aramed imavdroulad misi socialuri TanamoZmeebis imJamindel
    umZimes yofasac warmosaxavs farTo ganzogadebulobiT. rogorc cnobilia, sa-
    sowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnil gogias coli xSirad am sityvebiT anugeSebda:
    `marto Cven xom ar varT ase, yaZaxs asSi erTs ver naxav, Cvenze ukeTesad iyoso".
    mwerlis TqmiT, gogia Tavisi amgvari mdgomareobis gamo xSirad gamoxatavda
    xolme ukmayofilebas da xalxSi `iseT rameebsac laparakobda, rom mayureblebi
    ambobdnen: - `adgilze rom miaRwios am sityvebma, gogias ucimbirod ar daarCene-
    no". magram arsebuli usamarTlobis gogiaseuli dagmoba sityvieri protestis
    farglebs ar scildeba.
    gogias cxovrebiseuli tragediis gvirgvinad axali wlis wina dRes misi
    ojaxis akleba-awiokeba iqca. `ekuciis" Sesanaxad saWiro gadasaxadis akrebis
    mizniT gogias nacvali da yazax-rusebi miadgnen. ar gaWra daupatiJebeli stum-
    rebis gulis mosalbobad naTqvamma xvewna-mudaris sityvebma, samiode dRe edro-
    vebinaT da naaxalwlevs rogorme moaxerxebda gadasaxadis gadaxdas. `ver viSo-
    vio, am rusebTan ar gagiva, Zala aRmarTs xnavso, xom gagigonia? gaSonineben.
    jobs, ulaparakoT mogvce, laparaks Zaan xuobeno!" - mravalmniSvnelovnad da-
    moZRvra gogia nacvalma.
    mwerali mZafri dramatizmiT mogviTxrobs movlenaTa Semdgom ganviTarebas _
    rusebis mier ojaxis dawiokebisa da gogias garozgva-dapatimrebis ambavs. fizi-
    kuradac da adamianuradac pativayrili gogia amaod SeTxovda mamasaxlissa da
    xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenlebs, rogorme samarTali gaeCinaT da udanaSau-
    lod dasjili umweo kaci gansacdelisagan daexsnaT. am ambavma igi kidev
    erTxel daarwmuna imaSi, rom `qveyanaze samarTali ar yofila". am usamar-
    Tlobis gogiaseuli mxileba, romelic xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
    sityvieri protestis saxes iRebs, nawarmoebSi amdagvaradaa gamoxatuli: `me
    momTxares! me damaqcies, me gamlaxes! samarTlis karze movedi, megona da aqanai
    uaresi miyves. sad xar, samarTalo, RmerTo, xato, rjulo!..."
    roca gogia sabolood darwmunda imaSi, rom mis wil simarTles qveynad ver-
    sad ipovida, man sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula, TviTmkvlelobiT, rome-
    lic sakuTari Tavis dasjaze ufro metad xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
    mZafr protestad aRiqmeba.
    17
    am ambavma gogias ojaxis mdgomareoba kidev ufro tragikuli gaxada. Wkuaze
    Semcdarma misma meuRlem erT Svils sakuTari xeliT yeli gamoRadra. gogias
    kar-midamo imdenad gaveranda, rom sicocxlis niSan-wyali aRar etyoboda. mag-
    ram e. ninoSvili aq ar svams wertils da moTxrobis bolos mkiTxvelis yurad-
    Rebas gogias nasaxlarze misi ufrosi vaJis dafuZnebisa da keriaze `futis ga-
    Cenis" imedis momcem ambavsac miapyrobs. avtoriseuli saTqmelis srulyofilad
    Sesacnobad da gasaazreblad yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad Zalze mniSvnelova-
    nia is sityvebi, riTac mweralma uiSvilebis ojaxis es tragikuli Tavgadasava-
    li mamiseul fuZeze damkvidrebuli gogias ufrosi vaJis mimarT gamoxatuli am-
    dagvari surviliT daasrula: `vunatroT, rom mamis bedi aSorebodes da ukeTe-
    sad wasuliyos misi cxovreba".
    `gogia uiSvilSi" aRweril socialur sinamdviles aseTive simZafriT warmo-
    saxavs `gankargulebac" (1893 w.). kacia munjaZis mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT e. ni-
    noSvili socialuri usamarTlobis msxverplad qceul adamianTa literaturul
    galereas kidev erTi STambeWdavi pirovnuli xasiaTiT amdidrebs. kacia am usa-
    marTlobis imdenad umweo msxverplia, rom mis winaaRmdeg sityvieri protestis
    gamoTqmis survilic ki arasodes uCndeba. swored aseT morCilebaSi ganvlo
    mTelma misma tanjulma sicocxlem, rac sabolood kacias tragikuli sikvdi-
    liT dabolovda.
    gogiasagan da kaciasagan gansxvavebiT, `simonas" (1891 w.) mTavari personaJi si-
    mona ZalaZe cxovrebiseul usamarTlobasTan aqtiurad dapirispirebuli pirov-
    nebaa. misi saxiT mweralma im adamianis tipis Seqmna scada, romelsac usamar-
    Tlobam Tavze xeli aaRebina, tyeSi yaCaRad gaagdo da individualuri teroris
    gzaze damdgar SurismaZiebel kacad aqcia.
    magram simonas brZolis mizani qveynad zogadad damkvidrebuli borotebis aR-
    mofxvra ki ar aris, aramed im adamianebisTvis angariSis gasworeba, romelTac
    mas sicocxle gaumwares. eseni axali socialuri viTarebis Sedegad aRzevebuli
    misive wodebis warmomadgenlebi arian - daviT droiZe da misi ojaxis wevrebi,
    droebis Sedegad sofels movlenili axali patara mefeni.
    marTalia, simonam misi ojaxis gamaubedurebel adamianebs samagiero ki miuz-
    Ro, magram mis mier arCeulma SurisZiebis gzam ara marto mis ojaxs daatexa
    Tavs axali ubedureba, aramed mTel sofelsac. kerZod, yaCaRad gavardnili si-
    monas Sesapyrobad sofelSi yazaxebi Caayenes, riTac xalxi kidev ufro metad
    daawiokes. miuxedavad imisa, rom daviT droiZe da misi ojaxi ki gaubedurda,
    magram amiT araferi gaumjobesebula, radganac `axla sxva daviTebi da simonebi
    gamoCdnen scenaze".
    e. ninoSvilis socialuri TvalTaxedvis gaazrebis dros ramdenime sityva `pa-
    liastomis tbazec" (1891 w.) minda vTqva. es moTxroba garkveul warmodgenas
    gviqmnis im socialur Zvrebsa da gardaqmnebze, romlebic kapitalizmis ganviTa-
    rebis Sedegad iwyebda imJamindel qarTul sofelSi damkvidrebas. marTalia, e.
    ninoSvilis am nawarmoebSic glexkacTa duxWiri yofaa asaxuli, magram mwerlis
    mier daxatul cxovrebiseul sinamdviles, winare xanis yofasTan SedarebiT, uk-
    ve aSkarad etyoba ekonomikuri ganaxleba. e. ninoSvili Seecada uyuradRebod
    arc es procesi daetovebina da Tavis personaJTa cxovrebis moTxrobiT mkiTxve-
    lisTvis maszec Seeqmna garkveuli warmodgena.
    `paliastomis tba" am TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi saintereso nawarmoebia e. ni-
    noSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. moTxrobis dasawyisSi mwerali SemTxveviT rodi amaxvi-
    lebs yuradRebas foTis bazris umniSvnelovanes rolze maxlobeli soflebis
    mcxovrebTa yoveldRiur yofaSi. axalma socialurma sinamdvilem isini
    sisxlxorceulad daukavSira bazars, romelic saarsebo saxsris moZiebis yvela-
    ze efeqtur wyarod qceula.
    am adamianTa Soris arian mama-Svili ivane da niko, romlebic asobiT glexTan
    erTad Sexizvnodnen tyes da foTSi gasayid xeebs amzadebdnen. nawarmoebSi
    STambeWdavadaa aRwerili tyis mWrelTa umZimesi Sroma. zamTris civ saRamos
    farRalala karvebSi Sekrebili glexebi naRvlianad saubroben maT gasaWirsa
    da cxovrebiseul problemebze. swored erT-erTi amgvari saubris dros aTqmevi-
    18
    nebs mwerali ivanes im sityvebs, romelTa dedaazrs socialuri usamarTlobis
    winaaRmdeg SeerTebuli brZolisaken mowodeba warmoadgens: `hai, biWo, sad aris
    piri da erToba! Cvensave moZmeebs rom ar eRalata, vis ra xeli qonda CvenTan!
    mara Ralati da upiroba! hm... maSvin rom fxaridan ar gamogvSloden!... yaZaxma
    rom erTpiroba icodes da erTmaneTis fxaris micema, maSvin..."
    marTalia, ivanes msjeloba am `maSvinis" iqiT aRar wasula, magram mwerlis mi-
    er dasmuli mravalwertilis miRma mkiTxveli aSkarad grZnobs, rogor aqvs mas
    warmodgenili movlenaTa realuri ganviTarebis Sedegi aseTi erTpirobis
    SemTxvevaSi. `paliastomis tbis" mTavari mizanswrafva, Cemis azriT, pirvel yov-
    lisa swored am erTobisaken mowodebaa.
    `paliastomis tba" mxatvruli ostatobis mxrivac erT-erTi saukeTeso nawar-
    moebia e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. mwerali Rrma fsiqologizmiTa da sityvieri
    ostatobiT aRwers ivanesa da nikos tragikuli daRupvis ambavs. moTxrobis es
    epizodi, Cemis azriT, mTeli ZaliT avlens e. ninoSvilis, rogorc mxatvruli
    sityvis niWieri ostatis, literaturul SesaZleblobebs. naTqvamis dasturad
    gavixsenoT fragmenti moTxrobidan: `qarma ramdenjerme gaigriala `paliastom-
    ze" da gaaRviZa veSapi. `gaagde Woloki xelidan, daje tivze da mouWire xeli
    Casakravs!" - SesZaxa ivanem nikos. TiTon ki lomiviT trialebda, rom rogorme
    tivi mieyenebina napirze. magram ivanes brZola uZluri iyo ganZvinvebul stiqio-
    nis ZalasTan. tivs TandaTan aSorebda talRebi napiridan da gahqonda Suaguli-
    saken... erTaderTi imedi ivanesTvis isRa iyo, rom tivi magrad hqonda Sekruli,
    ar daiSleboda. talRebi sadme napirze gaagdebda da gadarCebodnen daxrCobas...
    magram, ai agre erTma talRam hkra, aiyvana tivi maRla, wamze ucbad gamoeSala
    da ise daajaxa wyals, rom venaxi, romliTac tivi iyo Sekruli, or-sam adgils
    gawyda. es ganmeorda ramdenjerme da tivma iwyo rRveva. exla ki dainaxa ivanem,
    rom iRupeboda Tavian-Svilianad. niko ki arc rasme xedavda da arc rames fiq-
    robda. SiSisagan gabruebuliyo da uazrod Cascieboda tivs. ivanem gauSva tivs
    xeli, wamovarda fexze da iseTi dahkivla, rom ca gasqdebao, gegonebodaT".
    e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi sikeTe da boroteba xSirad mkveTri kontrastu-
    lobiT imijneba erTmaneTisagan. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, am gamijvnas upira-
    teswilad klasobrivi safuZveli aqvs. mwerali mkafiod gamovlenili tendenciu-
    robiTa da azrobrivi sworxazovnebiT xsnis Tavisi personaJebis adamianur
    bunebas da maT daxasiaTebas kontrastuli ferebiT axdens xolme.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis sailustraciod misi prozidan mravali konkretuli
    magaliTi SeiZleba moviSvelioT. aviRoT Tundac `Cveni qveynis raindi" (1893 w.),
    erT-erTi saukeTeso moTxroba e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. nawarmoebis mTavari
    personaJebi - tariel mklavaZe, spiridon mciriSvili da despine swored ze-
    moTxazgasmuli kontrastulobiT emijnebian da upirispirdebian erTmaneTs.
    tarieli Tumca fizikuri aRnagobiTa da srulqmnilebiT Zveli qarTveli ra-
    indis idealizebuli saxis STabeWdilebas axdenda mnaxvelze, zneobrivad, adami-
    anuri bunebis yovelgvari gamovlinebiT, igi imdenad mdabali da degradi-
    rebuli pirovnebaa, rom sinamdvileSi sruli antipodia rainduli moralisa da
    zneobrivi keTilSobilebis matarebeli adamianisa. amdagvar kontrastul
    gansxvavebas mwerali `vefxistyaosnis" tarielTan misi pirovnuli bunebis radi-
    kaluri SeuTavseblobiTac usvams xazs. erTaderTi, riTac es ori personaJi
    marTlac hgavs erTmaneTs, mxolodRa maTi garegnoba da didi fizikuri Zalaa.
    uwignurobiT, fuqsavatobiT, znedacemulobiTa da sxva adamianuri umsgav-
    soebebiT gamorCeuli tariel mklavaZe Tavis nakvalevze mxolod borotebas Te-
    savda da adamianebs sicocxles umwarebda.
    rogorc iTqva, mweralma mis srul antipodad warmogvidgina soflis Raribi
    maswavlebeli spiridon mciriSvili. spiridoni Tumca fizikurad susti da
    avadmyofi kacia, magram Tavisi adamianuri keTilSobilebiT, maRali zneobiT, sa-
    zogadoebisaTvis TavdadebulobiT, uangaroebiTa da sxva moqalaqeobrivi Rir-
    sebebiT igi xalxSi siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT garemosil kacs warmoadgens.
    mas sicocxlis umTavres mizanswrafvad adamianebisTvis uangaro samsaxuri dau-
    saxavs da am msaxurebis gzad soflis maswavlebloba aurCevia. es upretenzio,
    19
    fizikurad Tumca susti, magram didi sulieri Zalisa da energiis mqone adamia-
    ni uRalatod asrulebda Tavis amqveyniur movaleobas da bednierad cxovrobda.
    am saqmeSi mas Rirseulad edga gverdiT misebri enTuziazmiTa da adamianuri ke-
    TilSobilebiT gamorCeuli meuRle, umSvenieresi despine.
    ai, swored am ori pirovnebis - tarielisa da spiridonis sabediswero
    Sejaxeba gaxda mizezi im tragediisa, romelic mciriSvilebis ojaxis ubedu-
    rebiT dasrulda.
    socialuri Temis mxatvruli gaazreba e. ninoSvilis SemoqmedebaSi sisxlxor-
    ceulad aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli me-19 saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis Cvens yofaSi
    axali ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegad damkvidrebul gardaq-
    mnebTan. kapitalizmis aRmavlobis procesma, romelmac am droidan moyolebuli
    SedarebiT farTo masStabebi SeiZina, xeli Seuwyo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
    damkvidrebuli tradiciebis rRvevas da dasabami misca qalaquri cxovrebis
    swrafi tempiT ganviTarebas. yovelive aman, bunebrivia, umniSvnelovanesi zegav-
    lena moaxdina adamianTa yoveldRiuri yofis tradiciulad damkvidrebul wes-
    ze. e. ninoSvilma, XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe
    sxva mwerlebTan erTad (g. wereTeli, v. barnovi, S. aragvispireli, W. lomTaTiZe,
    i. evdoSvili...) mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula am movlenaTa mxatvruli warmo-
    saxvis saqmeSi. misi Semoqmedebis araerTi nimuSi (`qristine", `ucnauri seni" da
    sxv.) realisturi damajereblobiT gviCvenebs am rTul socialur movlenaTa
    ganmsazRvrel rols adamianTa cxovrebiseuli bedis warmarTvis saqmeSi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom e. ninoSvili kapitalizmis, rogorc Cveni qveynis samo-
    mavlo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umTavresi faqtoris, aqtiuri mxardamWeri iyo,
    igi arc misTvis Tanamdev socialur da zneobriv mankierebebze xuWavs Tvals. am
    TvalsazrisiT publicistur werilebTan erTad uaRresad mniSvnelovania misi
    moTxroba `qristine" (1892 w.). am nawarmoebiT e. ninoSvilma, erT-erTma pirvelTa-
    ganma Cveni literaturis istoriaSi, prostituciis Temac Semoitana. igi fsiqo-
    logiuri damajereblobiT gviCvenebs, rogor umowyalod Trgunavs axali socia-
    luri sinamdvile da qalaquri yofa adamianis pirovnul Tavisuflebas da mas am
    sinamdvilis umweo msxverplad xdis.

    ***
    garda moTxrobebisa, e. ninoSvils erTi istoriuli romanic aqvs dawerili -
    `janyi guriaSi" (1888-89 ww.). es romani mwerlis literaturuli moRvaweobis
    sawyis periods ekuTvnis. e.. ninoSvili Tvlida, rom igi jer kidev ar iyo saTa-
    nadod damuSavebuli, ris gamoc misi gamoqveynebisgan Tavs Segnebulad ikavebda.
    romanis fragmentebi mxolod mwerlis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1902 wels, gamoq-
    veynda `kvalSi" saTauriT `samwuxaro Sedegi".
    `janyi guriaSi" istoriuli romania, romelSic 1841 wlis guriis ajanyebis
    ambavia moTxrobili. nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad saWiro masalebi mwerals Tavad
    gurielTan pirad mdivnad muSaobis periodSi mougrovebia. rogorc romanidan
    naTlad Cans, igi kargad icnobs saTanado istoriul dokumentebs da maTze
    dayrdnobiT acocxlebs im rTul viTarebas, romelic XIX saukunis ormociani
    wlebis dasawyisSi Seiqmna guriaSi am ajanyebis Sedegad. istoriuli masalisa
    da mxatvruli gamonagonis erTmaneTTan Zaldautanebeli Serwymis Sedegad mwe-
    ralma STambeWdavad gaacocxla imJamindeli Cveni yofa da naTeli warmodgena
    Segviqmna maSindeli rTuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. ase rom, istoriulad
    cnobili personaJebis: hasan beg TavdgiriZis, brusilovis, ambako SalikaiSvi-
    lis, giorgi dadianisa da sxvaTa gverdiT romanSi avtoriseuli fantaziiT
    SeTxzuli personaJebic mravlad gvxvdebian.
    magram `janyi guriaSi" e. ninoSvils mxolod istoriuli warsulis mxatvruli
    warmosaxvis mizniT am dauweria. rogorc marTebuladaa aRniSnuli samecniero
    literaturaSi, romanis umTavresi mizanswrafva Tavad mwerlisdroindeli erov-
    nuli da socialuri problemebis gaazrebis mcdelobaa istoriul movlenebze
    dayrdnobiT. amis umTavres sabuTad bevri literaturaTmcodne pirvel yovlisa
    romanis erT-erT mTavar personaJs - giorgis iSveliebs, romlis msoflmxedve-
    20
    lobrivi TvalTaxedva garkveulwilad Tavad mwerlis mrwamsadaa miCneuli. na-
    warmoebSi es yvelaferi imdenad akSarad Cans, rom zogierTma kritikosma gior-
    gis mier gamoTqmuli ideebi misi drois epoqaluri sinamdvilisaTvis anaqroniz-
    madac ki miiCnia, radganac, maTi azriT, imxanad msgavsi mosazrebebis gamoTqmis-
    Tvis araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobda.
    Tumca am Tvalsazriss mowinaaRmdegenic yvanan. isini Tvlian, rom giorgis
    progresul TvalTaxedvaSi miuRebeli araferia, radganac misi amdagvari
    msjeloba 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawileTa yvelaze radikalurad ganwyobili
    nawilis ideebiTaa nasazrdoebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgis msoflmxedve-
    lobrivi radikalizmi garkveulwilad marTlac SeiZleba aixsnas am faqtoriT,
    albaT umarTebulo ar iqneba Tqma imisa, rom romanis am personaJis TvalTaxed-
    vaSi mTavari da arsebiTi mainc Tavad avtoriseuli mrwamsis gamovlinebaa, misi
    ideebis Taviseburi gadatana istoriuli warsulis wiaRSi.
    e. ninoSvili arc am romaniT arRvevs misive Semoqmedebis tradicias da umTav-
    resi yuradRebis sagnad kvlavac socialur problemebze msjelobas aqcevs. mar-
    Talia, romanSi arc erovnuli sakiTxi rCeba uyuradRebod, magram SeiZleba iT-
    qvas, rom am problemiT avtoris daintereseba mainc epizodur xasiaTs iZens. es
    rom SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris, amas e. ninoSvilis mTeli Semoqmedebac adas-
    turebs naTlad da mkafiod. rogorc cnobilia, erovnuli sakiTxi TiTqmis
    mTlianad darCa misi yuradRebis miRma da am TvalsazrisiT `janyi guriaSi" Se-
    iZleba iTqvas erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgens.
    rogorc iTqva, e. ninoSvili ara marto ubralod aRwers istoriul movlenebs,
    aramed am movlenaTa Semfaseblis rolSic gvevlineba. am misias romanSi upirve-
    les yovlisa giorgi asrulebs, ruseTSi ganswavluli kaci, progresulad moaz-
    rovne pirovneba, mniSvnelovanwilad romantikul-idealizebulad ganmsjel-Sem-
    fasebeli viTarebisa. giorgis msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedva naTlad Cans
    im rCevebiT, romelTac igi ajanyebis Tavkacebs aZlevs.
    pirveli sakiTxi, romelsac giorgim gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da
    ajanyebulebs kategoriulad moTxova TavianTi gadawyvetilebis Secvla,
    ajanyebisTvis antirusuli mimarTulebis micema iyo. igi principulad winaaRmde-
    gia imisa, saqarTvelom ruseTisagan gamoyofa rom moindomos da Tavis am mosaz-
    rebas Semdegnairad asabuTebs: `vinc Cvens xalxs ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas
    urCevs, imas Cveni qveynis daRupva mouwadinia. ise rom Tqvas kacma, ra gvaqvs Cven
    ruseTTan sasayveduro?... Cveni qveyana ruseTs omiT da ZaladobiT ar daupyria,
    aramed, Cveni ruseTTan SeerTeba moxda Cvenive surviliT. Cveni qveyana SeerTda
    ruseTTan imitom, rom Cveni ugunuro, aramzada mTavar-mefeebis urTierTSoris
    CxubebiT da carcva-Rletis gamo sruliad dauZlurebuli viyaviT... ra rom ru-
    seTs SevuerTdiT, mas Semdeg am mxriv sruliad uSiSarni SeviqeniT. SesaZ-
    lebelia, dRes CvenTvis umjobesi iyos, rom Cveni qveyana damoukidebeli Seiq-
    mnebodes, magram samagieroT imas ki aRar brZanebT, Tu ra viqnebodiT, aqamomde
    ruseTs CvenTvis patronoba ar gaewia! darwmunebuli brZandebodeT, Cven viq-
    nebodiT maSin barbarosi osmaleTis an egeTive barbarosi sparseTis yurmoWri-
    li yma".
    Cemis azriT, giorgis es Tvalsazrisi pirvel yovlisa Tavad mwerlis Sexedu-
    lebaa, mwerlisa, romelsac ruseTidan saqarTvelos gamoyofa yovlad gaumar-
    Tlebel faqtad miaCnda. rac Seexeba giorgis dakavSirebas 1832 wlis SeTqmu-
    lebis radikalurad ganwyobil warmomadgenlebTan, damowmebuli fragmenti amas
    naklebad sarwmunos Tundac imitom xdis, rom SeTqmulebs saqarTvelos saxel-
    mwifoebrivi momavali sul sxvagvarad hqondaT warmodgenili.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgi, romelic ajanyebis aqtiuri monawile gaxda,
    SeSfoTebuli iyo ajanyebulTa umetesi nawilis surviliT - batonymobis mos-
    pobaze metad saqarTvelodan rusebis gansadevnad ebrZolaT, igi imaze mainc
    fiqrobda, rusebis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi ra gzas unda dadgomodnen. `Tu ki
    saswauli moxdeba da Cveni glexkacoba Tavadaznaurobas da rusebs moereva, -
    ambobs erTgan igi, - mere respublikuri mmarTveloba davaarsoT. ese igi, aRmo-
    varCioT patiosani da Wkviani kacebi da ramdenime wlis vadiT mivandoT xalxis
    21
    marTva. Semdeg, roca amaT mindobilebas vada Seusruldeba, sxvebi amovarCioT,
    amaT Semdeg kidev sxvebi da ase unda iqnes SemdegSiac".
    rogorc aRiniSna, giorgis mier gamoTqmuli es Tvalsazrisi pirdapiri gamo-
    Zaxilia saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis im ideisa, romlis praqtikul ganxor-
    cielebazec 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis radikalurad ganwyobili warmomadgenlebi
    ocnebobdnen gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi.

    daviT kldiaSvili
    daviT kldiaSvili daibada 1862 wels Terjolis raionis sofel simoneTSi.
    warmoSobiT misi winaprebi mesxeTis mkvidrni yofilan, gvarad SalikaSvilebi.
    maTi erT-erTi warmomadgeneli imereTSi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi gadasaxlebula
    da iq kldiaSvilis gvariT damkvidrebula.
    mwerlis biografiis Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanes cnobebs vxvdebiT Tavad mis me-
    muarebSi - `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze" (1925 w.). didi literaturuli ostatobiT da-
    werili am wigniT daviTi metad sainteresod mogviTxrobs ara marto Tavisi
    cxovrebis ambavs, aramed, saerTod, saqarTveloSi arsebul viTarebas XIX sauku-
    nis 70-iani wlebidan XX saukunis aTiani wlebis gasulamde.
    daviTis mama - samsoni, romelic Raribi aznauris Svili iyo, mezobelma
    glexma daTika giorgaZem iSvila. mamobilma samsons Turme namdvili mSobloba
    gauwia, quTaisSi orklasiani saswavlebeli daamTavrebina, samsaxurSi moawyo da
    roca daqorwinda, saCuqrad `Tavs oTx qcevamde miwa, samosaxlo da sayane gada-
    agdo. saxli aagebina. xula, beReli, samzareulo da sabZeli mouwyo - erTi
    sityviT, yvelafriT gaumarTa ojaxi".
    mwerlis deda - kesaria RoRoberiZe quTaisis maxloblad mdebare soflidan -
    xomulidan iyo, SeZlebuli aznauris erTaderTi qaliSvili. daviTi didi siyva-
    ruliT ixsenebs dedulSi gatarebul bavSvobis wlebs. amdroindeli STabeWdi-
    lebebi imdenad Rrmad aRibeWda mis cnobierebaSi, rom SemdgomSi literaturu-
    li STagonebis uSret wyarodac iqca. pirvelad swored aq Sexvda igi im adamia-
    nebs, romlebic momavalSi misi Semoqmedebis personaJebad iqcnen.
    wera-kiTxva daviTs dedam Seaswavla. Svidi wlis bavSvi mSoblebma quTaisSi
    Caiyvanes da rusuli enis Sesaswavlad jer rusi eqimis - ivanovis ojaxSi
    miabares, Semdeg ki mrevlovis mosamzadebel saswavlebelSi. rusuli enis safuZ-
    vliani codna imitomac iyo aucilebeli, rom gimnaziaSi swavla rusulad mimdi-
    nareobda. magram daviTs quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavla aRar gaugrZelebia.
    mSoblebis gadawyvetilebiT, igi 1872 wels saswavleblad gaagzavnes kievis
    samxedro saswavlebelSi.
    ase aRmoCnda cxra wlis daviTi kievis samxedro saswavlebelSi masTan erTad
    gagzavnil 42 qarTvel bavSvs Soris. saswavlebelSi swavlisa da cxovrebis im-
    denad mkacri pirobebi iyo gabatonebuli, rom saqarTvelodan wargzavnili am 42
    bavSvidan samxedro ganaTlebis miReba sabolood mxolod eqvsma kacma SeZlo,
    maT Soris daviTmac.
    1880 wels daviTma kievis samxedro gimnazia daamTavra da swavla ganagrZo
    moskovis umaRles samxedro saswavlebelSi, romelic 1882 wels daasrula. pod-
    poruCikis CinmiRebuli axalgazrda oficeri samsaxurisTvis gamwesebul iqna
    baTumSi, romelic imxanad axali ganTavisuflebuli iyo TurqeTis batonobisgan.
    baTumSi daviTma 1908 wlamde dahyo.
    am wels igi, rogorc xelisuflebis mier arakeTilsaimedod miCneuli piri,
    samxedro samsaxuridan daiTxoves. samxedro samsaxurs CamoSorebuli mwerali
    sacxovreblad quTaisSi gadavida, sadac jer qalaqis gamgeobaSi muSaobda, Sem-
    dgom ki Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWoSi. daviTi aqtiurad Caeba quTaisis kultu-
    rul-sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
    22
    1914 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis gamo, daviTi kvlav gaiwvies
    samxedro samsaxurSi da gagzavnes ruseT-TurqeTis frontze. misma razmma mona-
    wileoba miiRo TurqeTis qarTul provinciebSi gamarTul saomar operaciebSi.
    mwerali aqtiurad esarCleboda iq mcxovreb qarTul mosaxleobas, ris gamoc
    xelisuflebis mier pasuxisgebaSic ki iqna micemuli, magram sasjelisagan 1917
    wlis Tebervlis revoluciam daixsna.
    amis Semdeg daviTs ukve aRarsad umuSavia. igi mSobliur sofel simoneTSi
    dasaxlda da aq gaatara cxovrebis darCenili nawili. 1930 wels qarTvelma
    xalxma didi siyvaruliT aRniSna mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis 40 wlis
    iubile. mTavrobis dadgenilebiT mas saqarTvelos saxalxo mwerlis sapatio
    wodeba mieniWa.
    d. kldiaSvili gardaicvala 1930 wels. qarTvelma xalxma mwerlisamdi Tavisi
    didi siyvaruli da pativiscema imiT gamoxata, rom mis neSts mTawmindis panTe-
    onSi miuCina samudamo sasufeveli.

    * * *
    daviT kldiaSvili, XIX 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, TiTqmis ormoci wlis
    ganmavlobaSi idga qarTuli mwerlobis samsaxurSi, rogorc Rirseuli gamgrZe-
    lebeli klasikuri literaturuli tradiciebisa. umTavresi principi, romlis-
    Tvisac mas am xnis manZilze arasodes uRalatia, cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis
    obieqturi simarTliT warmosaxva iyo. rogorc Tavadve wers erTgan, mis mier
    Seqmnili literaturuli samyaro cxovrebiseuli realobis `Seferadebis"
    nayofs ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed obieqturi simarTliT warmosaxul sinamdvi-
    les, im `sinamdviles, romelsac gadauxrelad emsaxureboda igi mTeli misi
    mwerlobis ganmavlobaSi".
    amasTan dakavSirebiT aq erTi aseTi saintereso ambavic minda gavixseno:
    1930 wels, SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis ormoci wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamar-
    Tul saiubileo saRamoze, Tavmjdomarem Tavis Sesaval sityvaSi daviTis gansa-
    kuTrebul literaturul damsaxurebad Turme is faqti miiCnia, rom Tavisi
    moTxrobebiT `igi daundoblad amaTraxebda da dascinoda xelmokle aznaurebs".
    amgvari SefasebiT gulnatken mwerals oratorisTvis iqve aseTi pasuxi gaucia:
    `ara, me aravin gamimaTraxebia, ar davcinodi im ubedur adamianebs. me isini me-
    codebodnen. mebraleboda adamiani, romelic maxinjma cxovrebam gaaubedura da
    sasacilo mdgomareobaSi Caayena. me miyvarda Cemi xalxi, cremlebs vRvridi, mis
    gamwarebul cxovrebas rom vxedavdi da am gulistkiviliT, maTdami sibralu-
    liT savse vwerdi. ase rom ar yofiliyo, me axlave uars vityodi Cems Canawe-
    rebze. mTeli Cemi cxovrebis gzaze win mimiZRoda mxolod adamianisadmi siyva-
    ruli".
    didi mwerlis es sityvebi uwinares yovlisa imaT gasagonad iTqva, romelnic
    d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebas mxolod e. w. `Semodgomis aznaurTa" niadaggamoc-
    lili yofis satiruli mxilebisa da dacinvis nayofad miiCnevdnen. mweralma
    literaturuli sazogadoebis yuradReba kidev erTxel miapyro im garemoebas,
    rom misi moRvaweobis umTavresi mizani adamianebisadmi siyvaruli da Tanag-
    rZnoba rom iyo da ara vinmes dacinva-gaqilikeba.
    d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi individualobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebze
    saubris dros aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos misTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebeli
    iseTi Tviseba, rogoric yofiTi realobis komikur-iumoristuli formiT warmo-
    saxvaa. am TvalsazrisiT igi erT-erTi yvelaze metad gamorCeuli mweralia mTe-
    li Cveni literaturis istoriaSi, Tvisebrivad sruliad axali etapis damam-
    kvidrebeli beletristi, romelmac iumors pirvelma misca gansakuTrebuli az-
    robrivi datvirTva da mizandasaxuleba epoqalur movlenaTa efeqturi formiT
    warmosaCenad.
    Tumca yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad aqve isic xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
    rom avtoriseuli iumori TviTmiznad arasodes iqceva, bunebriobis farglebs
    ar scildeba da cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis realisturi warmosaxvis efeqtur
    saSualebadaa damkvidrebuli. da kidev erTic: rogorc k. abaSiZem erT-erTma
    23
    pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba, mwerlis iumors safuZvlad avtoris `Savi da mware
    fiqrebi" udevs xolme, tragikuli yofiTi realoba, romelic movlenaTa amdag-
    var iumoristul warmosaxvas imavdroulad Rrma adamianuri tkiviliTac aRbeW-
    davs. ase rom, d. kldiaSvilis iumori `cremlnarevi sicilia" da mis Semoqme-
    debaSi sisxlxorceulad erwymis erTmaneTs ori iseTi sruliad sapirispiro
    movlena, rogoric cremli da Rimilia.
    am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania is mosazreba, romelsac Tavad avtori
    gamoTqvams erTgan yovelive zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT: `bevr mkiTxvels uci-
    nia Cemi moTxrobebis wakiTxvaze. me ki, imaTi damweri, geficebiT, ara erTxel
    gulamRvreuli movSorebivar magidas da zed mitovebul nawers. me mudam imas
    vcdilobdi, rac SeiZleba utyuari masala mimewodebina sazogadoebisaTvis, rom
    masac egrZno is unugeSoba da uimedoba, romelic gars gvexveva".
    sicili, iumori, d. kldiaSvilisaTvis cxovrebiseuli realobis aRqma-warmo-
    saxvis mxolodRa garegnuli formaa, tragikuli sinamdvilis SeniRbvis saSua-
    leba. marTalia, mwerlis mier aRwerili yofiTi situaciebi xSirad komikuri
    saxiT warmoaCenen sinamdviles, magram mkiTxveli iqve imasac naTlad da arao-
    razrovnad xedavs, amgvari komikuri ambebis mTavar gmirebad qceuli adamianebi
    raoden tragikuli bedis pirovnebani arian.
    d. kldiaSvilis prozis komikur-iumoristul mxares arsebiTad gansazRvravs
    movlenaTa is mizanswrafuli Teatralizeba, rasac misi gmirebi, uwinares yov-
    lisa ki e. w. Semodgomis aznaurebi, mimarTaven xolme xSirad. isini `cxovrebis
    aqtiorebi" (m. joxaZe) arian, maRalprofesionali aqtiorebi, romlebic uzado
    xelovnebiT cdiloben iTamaSon imaze ufro bednieri adamianis roli, vidre si-
    namdvileSi argunaT maT bedisweram.
    samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis aRuniSnavT xazgasmiT, rom d. kldiaS-
    vilis Semoqmedeba realisturi simarTliTa da farTo ganzogadebulobiT
    asaxavs XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis epoqalur socia-
    lur sinamdviles, dros feodaluri aristokratiis ekonomikuri degradaciisas
    da wodebriv privilegiaTa dasamarebisas. axalma viTarebam erTianad gamoacala
    materialuri safuZveli saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi uflebrivadac da ekonomikura-
    dac aRzevebul Tavadaznaurobas da maTi wodebrivi uflebebi da realuri Se-
    saZleblobani sabediswerod gamijna erTmaneTisagan. d. kldiaSvili tragikomi-
    kuri formiT gviCvenebs im sabediswero ufskruls, romelic aznaurTa gvarov-
    nul kudabzikobasa da yofiT mdgomareobas Soris warmoqmna axalma ekonomikur-
    ma viTarebam.
    mwerlis personaJebi upirveles yovlisa swored am viTarebis msxverplad qce-
    uli adamianebi arian. is pirovnuli sisastike da erTmaneTisadmi gaborotebuli
    damokidebuleba, riTac isini xasiaTdebian, xSirad uSualod maTi adamianuri
    bunebidan ki ar momdinareobs, aramed irgvliv damkvidrebuli cxovrebiseuli
    realobidan. swored ulmobelma yofiTma sinamdvilem aqcia isini aseT gulqva,
    sastik da gaborotebul adamianebad.
    amasTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoa is miTiTeba, romelic mwerals misi
    erT-erTi nawarmoebis inscenirebis msurvelTaTvis miucia: `miiReT ramdenime
    rCeva, - werda igi maT. - erideT grZel monologebs. amasTanave alaparakeT, maga-
    liTad, fefena ara rogorc mtarvali, aramed rogorc msxverpli, bneli, gawva-
    lebuli cxovrebis msxverpli, datanjuli, gakapasebuli... erTi sityviT, imis
    mTxovneli viqnebi, rom mCagvreli sibnele iqnes gamosaxuli da is, rom msxver-
    plad ewireba adamiani. gabarebT fefenas - udides msxverpls am sibnelisas. igi
    gakaJebulia, gulgaqvavebulia cxovrebisagan da arasodes cudi adamiani araa...
    erideT, gamoxatoT zogni msxverplad, zogni mtarvalad, yvelani msxverplad.
    ewirebian Savbnel cxovrebas".
    es sityvebi - `yvelani msxverplad ewirebian Savbnel cxovrebas" - siRrmiseu-
    lad avlenen ara marto konkretulad am erTi nawarmoebis (`msxverpli") mizan-
    dasaxulebas, aramed mwerlis mTeli Semoqmedebis arssa da suliskveTebas. d.
    kldiaSvilis personaJebi marTlac rom umweo da Sesabralis msxverpls warmo-
    24
    adgenen im yofiTi sinamdvilisas, romelSic mkacrma bedisweram argunaT maT
    cxovreba.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis tipaJi adamianTa mraval-
    ferovani saxeebis sakmaod nairferovan samyaros moicavs, mwerlis mier gamoqan-
    dakebul personaJTagan yvelaze STambeWdavni da faseulni mainc e. w. `Semodgo-
    mis aznaurebi" arian. Tavad d. kldiaSvilis mier naxmari da SemdgomSi farTod
    damkvidrebuli am gamoTqmis miRma is personaJebi igulisxmebian, romlebic
    axalma ekonomikurma viTarebam privilegirebuli socialuri mdgomareobidan sa-
    zogadoebrivi yofis umdables safexurze CamoaqveiTa da tragikuli bedis ada-
    mianebad aqcia. rogorc iTqva, mwerali tragikomikuri formiT warmosaxavs maT
    umZimes cxovrebiseul xvedrs. marTalia, aznauruli klasis bediswerad qceuli
    am tragikuli movlenis warmosaxva imxanadac da SemdgomSic bevrma mweralma
    gaixada Tavisi Semoqmedebis mTavar Temad, magram d. kldiaSviliseburi simaR-
    lisTvis am TvalsazrisiT faqtobrivad aravis miuRwevia.
    konkretul epoqalur movlenebTan d. kldiaSvilis peronaJebis sisxlxorceu-
    li siaxlovis miuxedavad, mxedvelobidan arc is garemoeba unda gamogvrCes,
    imavdroulad isini zogadadamianur xasiaTebadac rom arian gardaqmnilni da
    mxolod konkretuli socialuri sinamdvilis warmomsaxvel gmirebs ar warmoad-
    genen. es rom ase iyos, maSin misi Semoqmedeba aramc da aramc ar iqneboda Tana-
    medrove mkiTxvelisaTvis esodeni dainteresebis sagani.
    ufro metic: mwerlis nawarmoebebis mixedviT Seqmnilma speqtaklebma, rogorc
    cnobilia, ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed ucxoeTSic didi aRiareba moipoves,
    riTac kidev erTxel gamovlinda naTlad da araorazrovnad maTSi gamJRav-
    nebuli saTqmelis zogadasakacobrio mniSvneloba.
    d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi individualobis ganmsazRvrel niSanTagan cal-
    ke, sagangebod, unda gamoiyos is didi funqcia, romelsac mwerali enobriv ko-
    lorits sZens. mas rom ukiduresad aqvs gamaxvilebuli enobrivi koloritis
    grZnoba, amaze pirvel yovlisa mis nawarmoebebSi saocari sizustiT SerCeuli
    da gamoyenebuli imerizmebic naTlad metyveleben. rogorc kargad SeniSnavs a.
    gawerelia, `d. kldiaSvils daWerili aqvs imereli aznauris saubris yoveli ni-
    uansi, winadadebis mimoxra, Taviseburi gamoTqmebi, akviatebuli sityvebi da xSi-
    rad mniSvnelobas moklebuli bgerebic ki".
    magram d. kldiaSvilis enobrivi koloritis daxasiaTebis dros mxedve-
    lobidan arc is garemoeba unda gamogvrCes, rom am koloritis miRwevas igi
    mxolod imeruli dialeqturi leqsikuri formebisa da morfologiur-sintaqsu-
    ri Taviseburebebis gamoyenebiT ki ar axerxebs, aramed `am kuTxisaTvis damaxasi-
    aTebeli sityvis moqceviTac da intonaciebiTac" (b. bardaveliZe). swored am
    gziT qmnis igi `im ganumeorebel akustikur kolorits", romliTac mTeli misi
    Semoqmedebaa aRbeWdili.
    aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is didi xelovneba, romelsac avtori dialo-
    gis gamoyenebis dros iCens. SeiZleba yovelgvari gazviadebis gareSe iTqvas, rom
    Tavisi bunebriobiTa da ZaldautaneblobiT, enobrivi koloritiTa da xatov-
    nebiT, RrmaazrovnebiTa da gamiznulobiT, pirovnebis saxasiaTo individua-
    lobaTa gamovlinebiTa da dinamizmiT d. kldiaSviliseuli dialogebi qarTuli
    prozis umniSvnelovanesi monapovaria.
    aqve oriode sityva mwerlis nawarmoebebis eqspoziciur nawilzec usaTuod
    unda iTqvas. d. kldiaSvilis nawarmoebi, rogorc wesi, yovelgvari zedmet-
    sityvaobis gareSe iwyeba. avtori pirvelive winadadebiT erTbaSad rTavs
    mkiTxvels moqmedebis msvlelobaSi da aRmavali dinamizmiT aviTarebs ambavs.
    rogorc Tavad mwerali wers, misTvis nawarmoebis `pirvelive striqoni yovel-
    Tvis tonis momcemi iyo. am pirveli striqonidan, ase vTqvaT, gasrialdeboda
    moTxroba. igi tons aZlevda moTxrobas". didxans arCevda, `rogor daewyo, ra
    sityvebiT Sedgomoda weras..."

    ***
    25
    d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi calke unda gamoiyos im moTxrobebis cikli,
    romlebSic glexobis duxWiri yofa da crumorwmuneobis mZime Sedegebia aRweri-
    li (`Serisxva", `msxverpli", `miqela", `mrevlSi"). es nawarmoebebi ara marto Te-
    maturad gansxvavdeba aznaurTa cxovrebis amsaxvel qmnilebaTagan, aramed saT-
    qmelis gamoxatvis formiTac. kerZod, maTSi principuladaa uari naTqvami yovel-
    gvar komizmsa da iumorze da yofiTi sinamdvilis mxatvruli warmosaxva
    mxolod tragikuli formiT xdeba. ase rom, d. kldiaSvilis am ciklis
    moTxrobebSi metad muqi ferebiT warmoCindeba glexobis ekonomikuri siduxWi-
    ris suraTebi, ukiduresi tragizmiT vlindeba epoqaluri sinamdvile.
    am SemTxvevaSi gazviadebuli da gadaWarbebuli rom araferi ar yofila, amaze
    is komentaric naTlad metyvelebs, rasac Tavad mwerali ukeTebs Jurnal `mo-
    ambis" redaqtorisagan - al. Wyoniasagan miRebul erT-erT baraTs. `msxverplTan"
    dakavSirebiT al. Wyonias eWvi gamouTqvams, aRwerili suraTi metad Sav-bneli
    xom ar aris, nuTu marTla aseTi sibneliTaa moculi soflis cxovrebao da av-
    torisTvis urCevia, ramdenadme mainc `Seenelebia suraTi". magram mwerali wers,
    `es rCeva miuRebeli darCa" CemTviso da iqve umatebs: `is ki ara, vnanobdi, rom
    bevri gamomrCa aCqarebis gamoo".
    d. kldiaSvilis pirveli moTxroba - `Serisxva" 1894 wels daiwera da gamoq-
    veynda. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mwerlis sadebiuto nawarmoebia, Tavisi pirve-
    live qmnilebiT avtori literaturul samsjavroze ukve mxatvruli sityvis Ca-
    moyalibebul ostatad warsdga. did mweral-fsiqologad, romelic imis gamo,
    rom es misi pirveli moTxroba iyo, sulac ar saWiroebda raime SeRavaTs.
    `Serisxva" ukve avlens sityvieri ostatobis im maRal xelovnebas, romelsac
    personaJTa sulieri gancdebis gamoxatvisas iCens d. kldiaSvili. am patara
    moTxrobaSi avtoriseuli saTqmelis gamJRavnebas ori umTavresi mimarTuleba
    aqvs SeZenili: erTis mxriv, igi uRrmesi fsiqologizmiT warmoaCens RmerTsa da
    xatze gamwyrali adamianis cnobierebaSi am movlenis Sedegad warmoqmnil suli-
    er tanjvas, rac misi tragikuli sikvdilis mizezi xdeba, meores mxriv ki gulis
    SemaRonebeli formiT gviCvenebs glexobis duxWir ekonomikur yofas.
    mwerlis pirvel moTxrobaSi gamovlenili epoqaluri sinamdvilis tragikuli
    formiT warmosaxvis tendencia kidev ufro Rrmavdeba imave wels daweril na-
    warmoebSi - `msxverpli". moTxrobidan naTlad Cans, rom glexobis ekonomikur
    siduxWiresa da usasoo yofas ufro autanelsa da gausaZliss xdis misTvis um-
    Zimes koSmarad Tanamdevi crumorwmuneoba da umecreba. marTalia, am Temas XIX
    saukunis meore naxevris qarTul mwerlobaSi sakmaod Zlieri tradicia hqonda
    (am TvalsazrisiT Tundac marto `xalxosanTa" Semoqmedebis gaxsenebac iqneba
    sakmarisi), magram d. kldiaSvilma mainc SeZlo misTvis mxatvruli gaazrebis
    axali masStabebi mieca da tragikuli simZafriT warmoesaxa epoqaluri sinam-
    dvile.
    samwuxarod, fefena gamonaklisi sulac ar aris da misebri tragikuli bedis
    adamianebi d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi sxvebic sakmaod mravlad arian.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi pirovnuli tragediis ganmapirobebeli mizezebi er-
    Tgvarovani araa, avtoris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini, uklebliv yvelani, Tavi-
    anTi drois `Savbnel sinamdviles" msxverplad Sewiruli zvarakebi arian.
    igive unda iTqvas `miqelazec" (1904 w.) romelSic miqela giorgaZis ojaxSi
    datrialebuli ubedurebis ambavia moTxrobili.
    d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebaze saubris dros calke unda gamovyoT didi
    sityvieri xelovnebiT dawerili moTxroba `mrevlSi". am nawarmoebisadmi inte-
    ress uwinares yovlisa ori umTavresi garemoeba gansazRvravs. erTis mxriv, mas-
    Si kidev ufro gaRrmavda da meti masStaburobiT warmoCinda is ekonomikuri si-
    duxWire, romelic mwerlis droindel qarTul sofelSi iyo damkvidrebuli, me-
    ores mxriv ki tragikuli simZafriTa da udidesi adamianuri TanagrZnobiTaa na-
    ambobi imis Sesaxeb, rogor Trgunavs da klavs mkacri cxovrebiseuli realoba
    amaRlebul pirovnul idealebsa da miswrafebebs.
    es yvelaferi mweralma uRrmesi fsiqologizmiT dagvanaxa axalgazrda
    mRvdlis - zosimes cxovrebis magaliTze.
    26
    avtoriseuli saTqmelis arsiTa da mizandasaxulebiT d. kldiaSvilis Semoqme-
    debaSi erTgvarad gankerZoebuli adgili uWiravs `wrfel guls" (1896 w.). faq-
    tobrivad igi erTaderTi nawarmoebia, romlis personaJebi mwerlis Semoqme-
    debisaTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli umZimesi socialur-ekonomikuri proble-
    mebiT ar arian SeWirvebuli. sxva moTxrobebisagan gansxvavebiT, amjerad umTav-
    resi yuradRebis sagnad zneobrivi problema iqca. nawarmoebSi moTxrobili
    ambavi avtorma uwinares yovlisa swored am TvalTaxedviT gaiazra.

    * * *
    miuxedavad im didi SemoqmedebiTi aRiarebisa, romelic d. kldiaSvils sa-
    debiuto moTxrobebma - `Serisxvam" da `msxverplma" moutanes, misi literaturu-
    li niWis uZlieresad gamomvlen pirvel nawarmoebad mainc `soloman morbelaZe"
    unda iqnes miCneuli. 1894 wels, samwerlo asparezze gamosvlis welsve, gamoq-
    veynebulma am moTxrobam mTeli ZaliT warmoaCina d. kldiaSvilis Semdgomi Se-
    moqmedebiTi moRvaweobis magistralur mimarTulebad damkvidrebuli iseTi
    problema, rogoricaa ekonomikuri da wodebrivi daqveTiebis gzaze damdgar az-
    naurTa yofis tragikuli formiT warmosaxva.
    `soloman morbelaZiT" mweralma faqtobrivad pirvelad SeaRo Tavisi didi
    literaturuli samyaros karebi. marTalia, TavadaznaurTa mxatvruli saxeebi
    arc manamdel da arc imdroindel mweralTa SemoqmedebisTvis yofila ucxo
    movlena, magram d. kldiaSvilis mier gamoqandakebuli personaJebi TavianTi
    tragikomikuri socialuri yofiTa da literaturuli warmosaxvis srulqmni-
    lebiT XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul mwer-
    lobaSi Tvisebrivad sruliad axal saxeebs warmoadgenen.
    `soloman morbelaZe" tragikomikuri formiT warmoaCens im sabediswero uf-
    skruls, romelic aznaurTa wodebriv warCinebulobasa da axali socialuri vi-
    Tarebis Sedegad realurad damkvidrebul ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs Soris
    arsebobs. axalma socialurma mdgomareobam erTbaSad gamoacala ekonomikuri
    safuZveli saukuneTa manZilze privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi myof feodalur
    aristokratias. Secvlilma viTarebam am wodebis warmomadgenlebi imdenad daak-
    nina da daaqveiTa, rom maTi cxovrebis umTavres mizanswrafvad fizikuri gadar-
    CenisaTvis aucileblad saWiro saarsebo lukmapuris mopoveba iqca.
    ra gziTa da saSualebiT ar ibrZvian d. kldiaSvilis personaJebi am proble-
    mis gadasaWrelad. gansxvavebiT ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebisagan, romel-
    Tac bolomde ara aqvT gacnobierebuli Seqmnili mdgomareobis tragizmi, saSua-
    lo da umcrosi Taobebis warmomadgenlebi TvalnaTliv xedaven realurad ar-
    sebul mdgomareobasac da TavianT socialur uperspeqtivobasac. marTalia, wo-
    debriv upiratesobas verc isini elevian ase iolad, magram saarsebo saxris
    Ziebas bevri maTgani ukve gauxdia iZulebuli Tavisi wodebisaTvis principulad
    Seuferebeli cxovrebiT icxovros da mxolodRa sityvierad itrabaxos gvarov-
    nuli privilegiebiT.
    erT-erTi swored aseTi pirovnebaa soloman morbelaZe, kldiaSviliseul `Se-
    modgomis aznaurTa" pleadis erT-erTi mkveTrad kolorituli warmomadgeneli,
    romelsac ojaxis rCenis iseTi `ioli" da `sarfiani" saqmisaTvis moukidia xeli,
    rogoric maWanklobaa. solomanis tragikuli Tavgadasavlis moTxrobiT mweral-
    ma farTo ganzogadebulobiTa da uRrmesi STambeWdaobiT gviCvena is umZimesi
    mdgomareoba, romelSic axali socialuri viTarebis Sedegad Cavarda aznaurTa
    mTeli klasi XIX saukunis bolos.
    d. kldiaSvili udidesi mwerluri ostatobiT aRwers im gzas, romelsac so-
    loman morbelaZe optimisturi TviTrwmenidan nawarmoebis finalSi SemaZrwu-
    nebeli formiT gamovlenil pirovnul sasowarkveTamde gaivlis.
    rogorc moTxrobis dasawyisidan vgebulobT, solomanis cxovrebiseuli opti-
    mizmis safuZveli is samaWanklo saqmianobaa, romelic mas saarsebo saxsris mo-
    povebis erTaderT wyarod gauxdia. ramdenad safuZvliani aRmoCnda solomanis
    es optimizmi, amas nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambidanac naTlad vgebulobT. mag-
    ram vidre amis Sesaxeb gavagrZelebde sityvas, manamde aq erT metad mniSvnelo-
    27
    van garemoebasac minda mivaqcio yuradReba. miuxedavad aseTi optimizmisa, so-
    lomans isic kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, drom da viTarebam mis wodebas privi-
    legiis safuZveli rom gamoacala. amitomac gamxdara igi iZulebuli, Svili
    cxovrebis iseT gzaze daeyenebina, romelic mis `gvarovnul keTilSobilebas"
    ar Seefereboda.
    naTqvamis naTelsayofad gavixsenoT fragmenti platonisa da solomanis dia-
    logidan: `racxa eSmakad, - eubneba solomans masTan valis saTxovnelad misuli
    platoni, - Svili Seviyvane saswavlebelSi, qe vnanob axla, nametani xarji un-
    deba... bovSic tiris da ixveweba, saswavleblidan ar gamomiyvanoo..."
    - Cems Svils, Cemo platon, - miugebs pasuxad solomani, - uSvelebeli kalami
    uWiravs xelSi... ise mSvenivrad urtyams miwas, rom mogewoneba, rom uyuro... ar
    ekadreba, marTalia, Toxi aznouriSvils, mara meti gza araa, TviTonac ici!"
    rogorc moTxrobidan naTlad Cans, solomani gamonaklisi ar aris da ukidu-
    res materialur siduxWireSi mTeli misi wodebaa Cavardnili. ai, rogor ga-
    moxatavs, magaliTad, erTgan warsulSi wodebrivadac da ekonomikuradac privi-
    legirebuli am klasis umZimes yofas nawarmoebis erT-erTi personaJi: `ra vqna,
    aRar vici, RmerTmani! nametan glaxa droSi vcxovrobT. me rom marto miWirdes,
    araferi. da yvelas, yvelas rom gviWirs, sad unda wavideT, visTan mivideT, vis
    SevexvewoT daxmareba?"...
    meoregan ki imave personaJis mier aznaurTa umZimesi ekonomikuri gasaWiri am-
    gvaradaa gadmocemuli: `SemibraleT... kaci SemibraleT... ar iciT, ra dro mogves-
    wro, ra sacodaobaSi varT erTianad Cavardnili?! yvelas, TelaT aznaurobas ra
    gasaWiris dRe gvadgia, ra Savi dRe Semogveswro?.. samziTvo fuli ki ara, lukma
    purs ZlivsZlivs vSoulobT, wliuri sarCo sanaxevrod aRara gvaqvs..."
    avtoriseuli saTqmelis erTgvar ganmazogadebel Sejamebad iqceva moTxrobis
    finali, sadac imedebgawbilebuli solomanis sasowarkveTaa gadmocemuli. `saS-
    veli Tu mainc mogvecema, rodisme, rom kacuri cxovreba gveRirsos", - sasowar-
    kveTilebaSi Cavardnili solomanis mier warmoTqmuli es sityvebi ara marto am
    nawarmoebis umTavresi saTqmelis arss gamoxatavs, aramed ganzogadebulad d.
    kldiaSvilis mTeli Semoqmedebis mizanswrafvadac SeiZleba miviCnioT. mwerlis
    mier daxatuli personaJebi, duxWiri yofiTa da cxovrebis uperspeqtivobiT SeZ-
    rwunebulni, gametebiT eZeben gamosavals Seqmnili mdgomareobidan. maT pirov-
    nul tragedias kidev ufro amZafrebs is garemoeba, rom TiTqmis yoveli maTga-
    nis amgvari Zieba uSedegod mTavrdeba da maTi xvalindeli dRe ukuni sibneli-
    Taa moculi.
    am TvalsazrisiT mwerlis personaJTagan mxolod is adamianebi gamoirCevian,
    romlebsac axali mdgomareobisaTvis moxerxebulad auRiaT alRo da nel-nela
    aRweven privilegirebul mdgomareobas. marTalia, d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
    am adamianTa saxeebi metad fragmentuladaa daxatuli, magram maTi meSveobiTac
    naTlad Cans, rom mwerals sworad da Seumcdarad hqonda gaazrebuli im socia-
    luri procesis arsi, romelic XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulidan Tumca nela,
    magram arsebiTad cvlis da gardaqmnis tradiciuli cxovrebis wess.
    mokled, aseTia d. kldiaSvilis `soloman morbelaZeSi" daxatuli socialuri
    sinamdvile. rogorc iTqva, am moTxrobiT mweralma pirvelad moxaza im didi
    literaturuli samyaros waruSleli Strixebi, romlis mxatvruli warmosaxva
    SemdgomSi misi SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis umTavres sagnad iqca.

    * * *
    literaturuli xasiaTebis mravalferovnebiT, epoqaluri sinamdvilis warmo-
    saxvis masStabebiTa da mwerluri ostatobis maRali xelovnebiT `samaniSvilis
    dedinacvali" (1897 w.) d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso
    nimuSia. `umaRlesi siamovnebiTa da gacxarebuli gatacebiT" (avtoris sityvebia)
    dawerili es moTxroba ara marto momavalma Taobebma Seafases amgvarad, aramed
    mwerlis Tanamedroveebmac. ai, ras wers, magaliTad, amasTan dakavSirebiT Tavad
    daviTi Tavis memuarebSi: `moTxrobam didi sixaruli da aRtaceba gamoiwvia `mo-
    ambis" redaqciaSi. Wyoniam (Jurnal `moambis" redaqtorma) vrceli werili gamo-
    28
    migzavna gansxvavebuli siTboTi dawerili, sixaruliT, rCeviT, darigebiT savse.
    beds ver davemdurebi - Cems naSromebs mudam xvdeboda aseTi Tbili miReba, rac
    me mxdida met fxizel momuSaved".
    amgvar, rogorc Tavad avtori ambobs, `siyvarulian, Tbil, energiis gamaRvi-
    Zebel sityvas" xSirad eubnebodnen mwerals im periodis iseTi cnobili lite-
    raturaTmcodneni, rogorebic iyvnen: kita abaSiZe, ivane gomarTeli, romanoz
    fancxava (xomleli), aleqsandre wulukiZe da sxvebi. `TavianTi TanagrZnobiT
    isini pirdapir aqezebdnen da iwvevdnen mas samuSaod".
    `samaniSvilis dedinacvalma", vidre igi dasrulebul saxes miiRebda, litera-
    turuli srulyofis saintereso gza ganvlo. am moTxrobis calkeul epizodebs
    mwerali jer kidev manam uambobda Turme mis megobrebs, sanam dawerda. ase `Sen-
    deboda am moyolaSi nawarmoebi iolad da xalisianad". Tavdapirvelad, 1896
    wels, `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis" saboloo redaqciis Seqmnamde, am nawarmoebis
    motivebze d. kldiaSvils ori patara fragmenti dauweria - `sizmari" da `Zili
    mosvenebaa", romlebSic mxolod `sqematurad da Soreulad aris moxazuli sama-
    niSvilis momavali epopea... `sizmari" da `Zili mosvenebaa" eskizebs ufro warmo-
    adgenen. aq garkveviT mocemulia mxolod foni, romelzedac momavali moTxroba
    gaiSala" (s. kldiaSvili).
    `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi" tragikomikuri formiTaa aRwerili is mZime
    mdgomareoba, romelSic axali socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis damkvidrebis
    Sedegad Cavardnen aznaurTa klasis warmomadgenlebi XIX saukunis bolos.
    xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli cxovrebis wesis rRvevam erTia-
    nad gamoacala ekonomikuri safuZveli aznaurTa wodebriv privilegirebul
    mdgomareobas da maT winaSe sabediswero simwvaviT dasva fizikuri gadarCenis
    problema. axal yofiT sinamdvileSi swored ase mwvaved da ukompromisod aR-
    moCnda erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli aznaurTa tradiciuli wodebrivi privilegiebi
    da realuri cxovrebiseuli viTareba. d. kldiaSvili uRrmesi fsiqologizmiT
    gviambobs am tragikuli mdgomareobis msxverplad qceuli adamianebis Tavgada-
    savals, udidesi mwerluri ostatobiT gviCvenebs im arsebiT Zvrebsa da gardaq-
    mnebs, romlebic axalma epoqalurma sinamdvilem moaxdina maT yoveldRiur
    yofaSic da cnobierebaSic.
    aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom d. kldiaSvilis personaJTa damoki-
    debuleba maTi cxovrebis ulmobel bediswerad qceuli epoqaluri movle-
    nebisadmi erTgvarovani ar aris da am damokidebulebis arssa da xasiaTs mniS-
    vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs asakobrivi faqtori. kerZod, ufrosi Taobis war-
    momadgenlebi axal ekonomikur viTarebas gacilebiT ufro iolad da zedapiru-
    lad aRiqvamen, vidre maTi Svilebi. maT jer kidev ara aqvT mTeli siRrmiT gac-
    nobierebuli im sabediswero mdgomareobis arsi, romelSic isini axali ekonomi-
    kuri politikis Sedegad moeqcnen. am gaucnobiereblobas mniSvnelovanwilad ga-
    napirobebs is garemoeba, rom TavianTi cxovrebis udidesi nawili maT Zvel
    yofiT pirobebSi gaatares, ris gamoc bevr raimes isini kvlavac iluziur-roman-
    tikuli TvalTaxedviT xedaven da aRiqvamen.
    `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi" amis SesaniSnav magaliTs bekina warmoadgens, es
    `erTob gadapranWuli" imereli aznauri, romelsac araTu kargad ar hqonda Ta-
    visi ekonomikuri siduxWire gacnobierebuli, aramed sakuTari Tavi mdidrebSic
    mohqonda da `vin iqneboda, rom Tavis siRaribeze misTvis erTi sityvac ki wamo-
    ecdevinebina".
    mamisgan gansxvavebiT, platoni mTlianad Tavisufalia amdagvari iluziebisa-
    gan da bekinas gauTavebeli saubari `Tavis gamoulevel sarCoze da Ronier luk-
    maze" mxolod usafuZvlo trabaxad miaCnda. igi, imiTac usazRvrod kmayofili,
    rom mamis erTaderTi vaJi iyo da am Raribi lukmis gamyofi aravin hyavda, mainc
    guliTad madlobas swiravda ufals da, `Tavis mcirediTac bednieri, gulmodgi-
    nebiT urtyamda Toxs miwas".
    TaobaTa Soris SexedulebaTa amgvari mkveTri gansxvaveba saerTo damaxasia-
    Tebeli Tvisebaa d. kldiaSvilis TiTqmis mTeli Semoqmedebisa. mwerlis mier
    daxatuli ufrosi Taobis personaJebis tragikomikur yofas mniSvnelovnad gana-
    29
    pirobebs is garemoeba, rom isini dros CamorCenili adamianebi arian, romlebic
    `awmyoSi namyoTi cxovroben". maT warmoudgeneli ram - `drois daWera, drois
    SeCereba moindomes... maTTvis es dro romantiulis, Trobis, tkbobis, siyvarulis
    droa. magram imas ki iviwyeben, rom mxolod maTTvisaa es dro romantikulica
    da tkbilic. maT aviwydebaT, rom amasobaSi energiulad ganagrZobs brunvas rea-
    luri drois aRmnusxveli saaTis meqanizmi". rac Seexeba saSualo Taobas, wina
    Taobisgan gansxvavebiT, igi ukve absoluturad Tavisufalia aw gardasuli wo-
    debrivi upiratesobis iluziisagan da `sruliad SiSvlad" dgas cxovrebis wina-
    Se, rogorc `zogadad adamiani da ara rogorc wodeba" (maka joxaZe).
    miuxedavad SexedulebaTa aseTi radikaluri gansxvavebulobisa, bekina da
    platoni mainc Sexmatkbilebulad cxovrobdnen da maT ojaxSi erTgvari
    kmayofileba da bedniereba sufevda. magram sul male movlenebi imgvarad ganvi-
    Tarda, rom `ase cotaTi Semotyuebul bednierebas" erTbaSad gamoecala da-
    sayrdeni. moulodnelad bekinas meuRle gardaecvala. garkveuli drois gasvlis
    Semdeg moxucma meore colis moyvanis survili gamoTqva.
    am ambavma Tavzari dasca platons. `mRupav mama!... mRupav? danas miyri yelSi"? -
    sasowarkveTiT eubneba igi bekinas. am sasowarkveTisa da aRSfoTebis mizezi
    imiT gamowveuli Seuracxyofa ki ar aris, moxucma mamam ojaxSi misi dedis ma-
    gieri qali rom unda Semoiyvanos, aramed SiSi imisa, bekinas Svili ar gauCndes
    da amiT platons mamiseuli qonebis ganaxevrebis safrTxe ar Seeqmnas. roca ma-
    mas colis SerTvis survili verafriT gadaafiqrebina, platonma is gamosavali
    moZebna, rom Tavad ikisra maWankloba.
    ase iwyebs igi iseTi sadedinacvlos Zebnas, romelsac mamamisis xelSi Svili
    ar gauCndeba. moTxrobis umTavres siuJetur RerZad pirvel yovlisa swored es
    ambavia qceuli - platonis mier sadedinacvlos Zieba. maxvilgonivrulad mig-
    nebuli am ambiT d. kldiaSvili ara marto nawarmoebis siuJets xdis metad komi-
    kursa da STambeWdavs, aramed originalur da Rrmadmetyvel gzasac poulobs
    cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis masStaburad da farTo planiT warmosaCenad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom dedinacvlis maZiebeli kacis es tragikomikuri odisea
    uwinares yovlisa platon samaniSvilis pirovnuli bunebisa da cxovrebiseuli
    xvedris warmoCenas isaxavs miznad, amasTan erTad mwerali sxva pirovnebaTa me-
    tad STambeWdav mxatvrul saxeebsac mravlad qmnis. am pirovnebaTa kolorituli
    xasiaTebi Rrmad da waruSlelad aRibeWdeba mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi.
    `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis" literaturuli tipaJis erT-erTi metad STambeW-
    davi warmomadgenelia kirile miminaSvili, dReniadag qeifsa da drostarebaze
    mofiqrali kaci, romelic Tavis cxovrebiseul TvalTaxedvas amdgvarad
    ayalibebs: `Cven gaxlavarT miminoSvilebi!... miminos Svilebi ... miminos!... CvenTan
    ra unda mwuxarebas... sadac siamea da molxena, iq Cven varT. ase mogvdgams gva-
    rovnobiT... aba, Seni Wirime, oriode dRe vicocxlo, guli mwuxarebiT evivso,
    molxena davaklo da ise wavayrevio zed miwa!? Senc ar momikvde... magaze meti si-
    sulele iqneba?! kaci mudam mxiaruli unda iyve da sxvasac iameba Seni Sexedva!"
    miuxedavad imisa, rom kirile miminaSvili mkafiod gamovlenili pirovnuli
    individualobiT aRbeWdili literaturuli tipia, Tavisi adamianuri bunebiTa
    da cxovrebis wesiT Cvens mwerlobaSi mas winamorbedebica da monaTesave perso-
    naJebic hyvanan tariel mklavaZisa (e. ninoSvilis `Cveni qveynis raindi") da iere-
    mia warbas (g. wereTlis `pirveli nabiji") saxiT.
    platonis survilis Setyobis Semdeg kirilem mtkiced gadawyvita colisZmas-
    Tan erTad masac mieRo aqtiuri monawileoba simamris sacolis moZebnaSi. amas
    igi imisTvis ki ar akeTebs, rom platonis sadardelma Seawuxa da surs, rogor-
    me Seumsubuqos mas naRveli, aramed mxolod imitom, rom am mgzavrobiT axal ga-
    sarTobsa da saseiros naxavs.
    guram asaTianma platonisa da kiriles `aliansis arqetipad" tarielisa da av-
    Tandilis daZmobileba miiCnia. kritikosis SefasebiT, `aseTi kavSiri SeiniSneba
    Sesabamis siuJetur koliziebSic, personaJTa fsiqologiur mdgomareobaSic da
    im funqciebSic, romelTac TiToeuli maTgani asrulebs, rogorc daZ-
    mobilebuli wyvilis erTeuli.
    30
    cnobilia, rom d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobaSi yovelive es parodirebis doneze
    xorcieldeba, oRond parodia aq farTo - ara literaturuli, aramed cxov-
    rebiseuli mniSvnelobiT moqmedebs. platoni da kirile swored im sulieri
    formaciis, im fsiqologiuri modgmis nabolarebi arian, romlis socialur-
    zneobrivi aRzevebis zenitze tarielisa da avTandilis idealuri saxeebi aRmo-
    cendnen. amis gamo maT SegnebaSi yvelaferi gadagvarebuli, nakluli, savala-
    lod nirSecvlili saxiT warmoCindeba.
    tarielis msgavsad, platonic `Sepyrobili" gmiria - erTi ideiT, erTi vnebiT
    atacebuli pirovnebaa. isic Tavis `ideals" eZebs - Tavisi `bednierebis " erTa-
    derT sagans. am ZiebaSi masac Tanamdgomi Wirdeba. swored aseT misias iRebs Ta-
    vis Tavze kirile... magram ras eZeben es axali drois raindebi? cxovrebiseuli
    ironiis mTavari zambarac swored aq aris! maTi Ziebis mTavari sagani, maTi sa-
    ocnebo `mzeTunaxavi" orgzis ganaTxovari berwi dedakacia.
    siberwe - saimedod garantirebuli, eWvmiutaneli, yovelgvari gaugebrobisagan
    dazRveuli unayofoba - ai, maTi odiseis sanukvari mizani".
    `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis" gaRatakebul personaJTagan Tavisi ekonomikuri
    mdgomareobiT mkveTrad ganirCeva jimSer saloberiZe. mwerlis daxasiaTebiT, igi
    `erTi im aznaurTagani iyo, romelTac raRac manqanebiT kidev SerCenodaT imdeni
    mamuli, rom SeeZloT rigianad ecxovraT da gauWirveblad gaZRolodnen Tavi-
    anT ojaxs". magram is gauTavebeli stumrianoba da drostareba, romelic sa-
    loberiZis ojaxSi iyo yoveldRiurad damkvidrebuli, am ojaxis samomavlo eko-
    nomikur siZlieresac aSkarad uperspeqtivos xdis.
    `samaniSvilis dedinacvalze" saubris dros aq erT sakiTxsac minda yuradReba
    rom mivaqcio. d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedeba bevrs Seudarebia didi espaneli mwer-
    lis - servantesis `don kixotisaTvis" da `Semodgomis aznaurTa" avtori qar-
    Tvel servantesad mounaTlavs. TavisTavad keTilSobiluri surviliT nakar-
    naxevi es paraleli, romlis mizania d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis mas-
    StaburobisTvis kidev ufro metad xazgasma, principulad ar gaiziara mweralma
    revaz jafariZem.
    misi azriT, am mwerlebis Semoqmedebis msgavseba-siaxlove mxolod zedapiru-
    li xasiaTisaa, siRrmiseulad ki isini arsebiTad gansxvavebuli mizanswrafvis
    mwerlebi arian. umTavresi safuZveli, riTac d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedeba ser-
    vantesis romanTan daakavSires, ZiriTadad `sam macdunebel zedapirul niSans"
    moicavs:
    `1. don kixotic ideologia, kuWgamomxmari lamanCeli aznauria da Sesabamisad
    daviT kldiaSvilis ZiriTad nawarmoebTa personaJebic Raribi, ufro sworad,
    gaRaribebuli aznaurebi arian.
    2. servantesis mTavari gmiri don kixotic xetialobs qveynis erTi kuTxidan
    meoreSi da daviT kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis" mTavari gmiri pla-
    tonic.
    3. pirvel or niSanze aranakleb STamagonebel rols asrulebs kidev erTi, me-
    same Strixi... esaa qveynad samarTlianobis dasamyareblad amxedrebuli raindis
    - don kixotis legendaruli rosinanti da platon samaniSvilis zurgga-
    datyavebuli sacodavi cxeni... mkiTxvelis fantaziaSi warmosaxuli silueti am
    ori, tragikomikur mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili mxedrisa - don kixotisa da pla-
    ton samaniSvilisa - Zalian miagavs, TiTqmis imeorebs erTimeores".
    magram, r. jafariZis azriT, ori mwerlis personaJTa amgvari msgavseba
    mxolod `garegnuli, zedapiruli niSnebiT" Semoifargleba da sinamdvileSi isi-
    ni principulad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. ai, rogor asabuTebs Tavis am mo-
    sazrebas tradiciulad farTod damkvidrebul SexedulebaTa uarmyofeli avto-
    ri:
    `d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis suli da zneobrivi ideali iseve Sors aris
    servantesisagan, rogorc rusTaveli dantesgan... rodesac servantesi `don
    kixots" werda, mis winaSe ar damdgara SemoqmedebiTi amocana - Tavisi drois es-
    panuri sazogadoebis socialuri suraTi daexata da Tavisi gmirebis moqmedebis
    31
    mxatvruli logika socialur-istoriuli kanonzomierebisaTvis daeqvem-
    debarebina...
    sruliad sxva iyo d. kldiaSvilis amocana... misi yoveli nawarmoebi da TiToe-
    uli epizodi am nawarmoebebisa gaJRenTilia socialuri SinaarsiT, rac mas ar-
    sebiTad ganasxvavebs servantesisagan...
    Tu faTerakebis maZiebeli, qaris wisqvilebTan mebrZoli raindis sulieri
    moTxovnileba zogadia da eTikis sferoSi trialebs, platonis mizani erTob
    cxadi da konkretuli gaxlavT. igi gmiris socialuri mdgomareobidan, sazoga-
    doebis socialuri garemoebidan gamomdinareobs da miTve aris gansazRvruli"
    (gaz. `lit. saq." 1982 w. 15 oqt.)
    miuxedavad imisa, polemikis sagnad qceul sakiTxze vin ra Sexedulebisa iq-
    neba, erTi ram udavo WeSmaritebaa: d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedeba Cveni sulieri
    saganZuris is nawilia, romlis roli da mniSvneloba mxolod erovnuli mas-
    StabebiT ar ganizomeba da misi Semqmnelis saxeli yovelgvari SeRavaTis gareSe
    SeiZleba gavixsenoT iseTi mwerlebis gverdiT, rogoric Tundac servantesia.

    * * *
    moculobiTac, problemis gaSla-gaazrebis masStabebiTac da personaJTa
    saxeebis mravalferovnebiTac `qamuSaZis gaWirveba" (1900 w.) d. kldiaSvilis Se-
    moqmedebaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli nawarmoebia, movlenaTa globalurad
    warmomCeni moTxroba, romelic mTeli ZaliT avlens avtoris did mwerlur Se-
    saZleblobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom `qamuSaZis gaWirvebis" mTavar moqmed pi-
    rebad kvlavindeburad `Semodgomis aznaurebi" rCebian, mkiTxveli iqve im inte-
    ressac naTlad grZnobs, rasac mwerali sxva socialur fenaTa warmomadgen-
    lebis mimarTac iCens.
    am TvalsazrisiT `qamuSaZis gaWirveba" XIX saukunis dasasrulis yofiTi si-
    namdvilis realisturad amsaxveli didi wignia, Tumca, SigadaSig, avtoriseuli
    iumoriT saTqmelSemsubuqebuli, magram tragikuli suliskveTebis gamomxatveli
    moTxroba. `qamuSaZis gaWirvebis" mravalricxovan personaJTa umTavresi mizan-
    swrafvis sagnad saarsebo lukmapuris mopovebis problemaa qceuli, SimSilis
    momakvdinebeli saSiSroebisagan Tavis daxsnis mcdeloba. miuxedavad Tavganwi-
    ruli Sromisa, am saSiSroebisagan Tavis daRweva soflad TiTqmis veravis
    mouxerxebia - verc aznaursa da verc glexs. umweo mdgomareobaSi myofi bevri
    adamiani fizikuradac ki iRupeba ulukmapurobis gamo. samomavlo yofis sruli
    uperspeqtivoba xalxs iZulebuls xdis winaparTa fuZidan aiyaros da sxvagan
    eZebos xsnis gza.
    d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobaSi es yvelaferi epoqaluri sinamdvilis Rrma da sa-
    fuZvliani codniTaa naambobi, ris gamoc `qamuSaZis gaWirveba" savsebiT samar-
    Tlianadaa miCneuli am sinamdvilis realisturad amsaxvel didmniSvnelovan
    qmnilebad.
    rogorc nawarmoebidan naTlad Cans, qamuSaZeebis ojaxisTvis Tanamdevi ekono-
    mikuri siduxWire sayovelTao movlenaa, romelic ganzogadebuli saxiT warmoa-
    Cens epoqaluri sinamdvilis gulismomkvlel suraTs. am garemoebas nawarmoebSi
    araerTgzis esmeba xazi.
    `qamuSaZis gaWirvebis" Sefasebis dros xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es
    nawarmoebi, iseve, rogorc mwerlis mTeli Semoqmedeba, mxolod konkretuli
    movlenebis aRweriT ar Semoifargleba da epoqaluri sinamdvilis mxatvrul
    warmosaxvas imavdroulad ganzogadebis farTo masStabebic aqvs SeZenili.
    nawarmoebisadmi interess arsebiTad zrdis is garemoebac, rom masSi mwerlis
    socialurma TvalTaxedvam warmosaxvis axali sivrcec SeiZina. rogorc viciT,
    sofluri yofis sruli uperspeqtivobiT SeZrwunebuli otia qamuSaZe mamapapuri
    keridan aiyreba da qalaqs Seexizneba. magram am TvalsazrisiT igi gamonaklisi
    sulac ar aris da winaparTa budeebis rRvevis es tragikuli procesi farTod
    gavrcelebuli movlenaa. ai, ras wers amasTan dakavSirebiT mwerali Tavis mogo-
    nebebSi: `cxovrebis mier Seqmnili pirobebi xels uwyobda miwasTan gaSorebis
    32
    qadagebas da soflebidan auarebeli xalxi midioda qalaqebisaken ukeTesi cxov-
    rebis mosaZebnad".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi qalaquri yofis mxat-
    vrul warmosaxvas umniSvnelo adgili aqvs daTmobili, mwerali mainc axerxebs
    imJamindeli Cveni yofis am mxarezec Segviqmnas garkveuli warmodgena.
    qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur movlenaTa realisturma gansja-Sefasebam `qamu-
    SaZis gaWirvebis" personaJTa erTi nawili imis aRiarebamde miiyvana, rom gadar-
    Cenis erTaderTi gza qalaqSi damkvidreba da im procesebSi aqtiuri CarTva iyo,
    romlebic Zirfesvianad cvlidnen saukuneebis manZilze damkvidrebuli cxov-
    rebis wess.
    pirvel yovlisa swored am TvalsazrisiT iqcevs yuradRebas gaRatakebuli
    aznauri otia qamuSaZe. otias TiTqmis mTlianad dauviwyia Tavisi wodebrivi upi-
    ratesoba da mezobeli glexebis darad yoveldRiur SromiT saqmianobaSi Tavda-
    debT CarTuli dResa da Rames asworebda saarsebo lukmapuris mosapoveblad.
    igi aTasSi erTxel, mxolodRa sityvierad, TuRa daitrabaxebda Tavis aznau-
    robiT, Torem sxva mxriv - ekonomikuri SeZlebiTac da Sroma-garjilobiTac ---
    arafriT ganirCeoda mezobeli glexebisgan.
    otias pirovnuli buneba moTxrobaSi dedamisTan - ekvirinesTan erTgvari Sepi-
    rispirebiTaa naCvenebi. gansxvavebiT ekvirinesagan, romlisTvisac arasasurveli
    sinamdvilis Selamazebuli formiT warmoCena cxovrebis Cveulebriv wesad iyo
    qceuli, otias naTlad aqvs gacnobierebuli Tavisi mdgomareobis sruli unuge-
    Soba da uperspeqtivoba. miuxedavad im gaWirvebisa, romelic qamuSaZeebis ojaxSi
    sufevda, ekvirines mainc `Rirseulad da batonurad" mohqonda Tavi da ampartav-
    nuli siamayiT usvamda xazs Tavis gvarovnul Camomavlobas. mezobeli qveliZisa-
    gan otias siZed dawunebis gamo Tavmoyvareoba Selaxuli ekvirine sakuTar
    SvilTanac ki trabaxobs im ekonomikuri upiratesobiT, romelic TiTqosda maT
    ojaxs gaaCnia qveliZesTan SedarebiT.
    Tavisi amdagvari trabaxiTa da realuri viTarebis Selamazebuli warmosaxviT
    ekvirine cdilobda mkacri sinamdvilisTvis Tvali aeridebina da kvlavac sa-
    surveli iluziebis tyveobaSi darCeniliyo. igi faqtobrivad drois mdinarebas
    CamorCenili adamiania, ukve yavlgasuli principebiT mcxovrebi pirovneba, rome-
    lic iluziuri romantikiT cdilobs aRudges win ulmobel realobas.
    ojaxis Seqmnis Semdeg otia TandaTanobiT gamodis wodebrivi keTil-
    Sobilebis iluziaTa tyveobidan. rac dro gadioda, igi ufrodaufro mwvaved
    da TviTkritikulad afasebda sakuTar ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs. am Tvalsaz-
    risiT mis cxovrebaSi gardamtexi roli pirvel yovlisa soniam Seasrula, soni-
    am, romelmac qmars bevr raimeze auxila Tvali da Seuferadeblad, Seulama-
    zeblad daanaxa realuri sinamdvile.
    otias adamianuri bunebis bolomde Sesacnobad da gasaazreblad gansakuT-
    rebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im damokidebulebas, romelic mas colTan
    aqvs. mis pirovnul keTliSobilebasa da zneobriv siwmindes arsebiTad gansaz-
    Rvravs is didi pasuxismgebloba da movaleoba, rasac igi pirvel yovlisa mis
    mierve `motyuebuli" meuRlis winaSe grZnobda. winandlisagan gansxvavebiT, otia
    ukve SeZrwunebuli xedavda, rom `wlis monawevari" bevrs arafers warmoadgenda.
    otias es sulieri sasowarkveTileba kidev ufro mZafrad aRiqmeba ekvirines
    TviTkmayofilebis fonze.
    iluziuri mdgomareobidan gamorkveuli otia ukve cxadad xedavda, rom `Zvel
    gzaze darCena” met xans ar SeiZleboda, rom marto miwa ver daakmayofilebda
    misi ojaxis saWiroebas, rom saWiro iyo `gansxvavebuli Sroma". miuxedavad didi
    mcdelobisa, otiam am `gansxvavebul Sromas" verc saxeli mouZebna da verc mi-
    sasvleli gza. am gzis povnis funqcia mweralma sonias daakisra, qalaqidan mo-
    sul pirovnebas, romelic ufro metad iyo garkveuli epoqalur movlenaTa
    siaxleebSi, vidre otia da misi Tanasofleli mezoblebi.
    da ai, sul male am gadamwyveti nabijis gadadgmis droc dadga: gadasaxadebis
    gadauxdelobis gamo mamasaxlisis mier beReldaluquli otias ojaxi realurad
    aRmoCnda SimSiliT daRupvis saSiSroebis winaSe.
    33
    ase miiyvana ulmobelma yofiTma sinamdvilem qamuSaZeebi imis aRiarebamde, rom
    Zveleburad cxovrebis gagrZeleba ueWvel daRupvas niSnavda. am gadawyveti-
    lebas pirvelad sonia iRebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom otia Tavdapirvelad TiT-
    qosda SeewinaaRmdega kidec colis gadawyvetilebas, igi Sinaganad ukve Tavadac
    iyo mzad saamisod. soniasa da otias am nabijis gadasadgmelad porfiri biaSvi-
    lis magaliTic amzadebdaT. porfiri maTTvis ekonomikuri siZlierisa da ke-
    TildReobis magaliTia, erTgvari cxovrebiseuli idealic.
    da ai, sonias mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas otiamac misca dasturi. Tavis
    TavTan mimdinare mZafri Sinagani brZola sabolood imis aRiarebiT dasrulda,
    rom Tu Tavis gadarCena surs, isic usaTuod unda `aibargos, isic unda Seexiz-
    nos iq, sadac yoveli kaci saSvels poulobs... sadac imodeni saSovari da saSua-
    lebaa... meti gza aRar aris!..."
    moTminebis fialis amvseb ukanasknel wveTad, romelmac colqmris mier mi-
    Rebuli gadawyvetilebis praqtikuli aRsruleba daaCqara, is zneobrivi Seu-
    racxyofa iqca, romelic sonias mezoblis avyia qalma - maruSaZis sidedrma
    miayena. ekvirinesTan ubralod walaparakeba sakmarisi gamodga saimisod, mas so-
    nia biaSvilis xasad rom gamoecxadebina da sruliad udanaSaulo qali bilwi
    sityvebiT gaelanZRa. am zneobrivma Seuracxyofam da ciliswamebam is susti Za-
    fic gawyvita sabolood, riTac jer kidev iyo sonia qmris sofelTan dakavSi-
    rebuli.
    am gadawyvetilebis miRebidan ramdenime TveSi otiam sabolood miatova
    mSobliuri sofeli, qalaq `#-is ganapirze iyida patara adgili, Caitana Tavisi
    saxli da Seemata mis gvaradve gamoqceul soflelebs, romelTa patara
    saxlebis ricxvic TandaTan matulobs da sartyeliviT ertymeva #-is garSemo.
    eseni jer-jerobiT arc qalaqSi swerian da soflur Cveulebaze mcxovrebni
    udarajeben dros, romelmac srulad unda gahqnas isini qalaqelebSi da dage-
    Sos axali cxovrebisaTvis".
    rogorc nawarmoebis finaluri epizodidan naTlad Cans, otia gamonaklisi ar
    yofila da ekonomikur siduxWires masaviT gaWirvebuli bevri adamiani gauxdia
    iZulebuli winaparTa fuZidan ayriliyo da `axali cxovrebisaTvis dasageSad"
    qalaqs Sexiznoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerali Tavisi gmirebis qalaquri
    cxovrebis ambavs aRar gviambobs, mkiTxvels mainc uCndeba erTgvari imedi, rom
    maTi yofa winandelTan SedarebiT sasikeTod Seicvleba.
    sofelSi damkvdrebuli sayovelTao gaWirvebis warmoCena moTxrobaSi mweral-
    ma yvelaze metad otias cols - sonias daukavSira. qalaqel sonias SesaZ-
    lebloba aqvs realurad Seudaros erTmaneTs qalaquri da sofluri yofa da
    saTanadod Seafasos orive maTgani. am Sefasebis Sedegi sruliad mkafioa da aS-
    kara: rac dro gadioda, igi ufrodaufro rwmundeboda imaSi, rom Zveleburad
    cxovreba ueWvel daRupvas, katastrofas niSnavda.
    pirveli, rac am sasowarmkveTi sinamdvilis gacnobierebis Sedegad gaifiqra
    soniam, misi axladSeqmnili ojaxis sruli samomavlo uperspeqtivoba iyo. `Rmer-
    To Cemo, am miyruebulSi unda davlio Cemi sicocxle?" - uimedod gaifiqra man
    da TvalTagan nakaduliviT wamskdari cremlebiT pirvelad daitira Tavisi
    uiRbloba. amieridan moyolebuli es cremli sonias cxovrebis ganuyofeli na-
    wili xdeba. Tumca aqve isic usaTuod unda iTqvas, rom igi erT-erTi yvelaze
    sicocxlisunariani da aqtiurad mebrZoli pirovnebaa d. kldiaSvilis perso-
    naJTagan, yvelaze saRad da realurad moazrovne adamiani.
    `qamuSaZis gaWirvebisadmi" interess mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs is garemoebac,
    rom igi sazogadoebis klasobriv-socialuri diferenciaciis im proceszec gviq-
    mnis garkveul warmodgenas, riTac XIX saukunis bolo wlebisa da momdevno
    xanis Cveni yofa xasiaTdeba. rogorc iTqva, gvarovnuli warmomavlobiTa da wo-
    debrivi privilegiebiT warCinebul TavadaznaurTa klass axalma ekonomikurma
    viTarebam saarsebo safuZveli gamoacala da fizikuri daRupvis piramde miiyva-
    na.
    samagierod, mis sanacvlod cxovrebis asparezze TandaTanobiT iwyebs gamos-
    vlasa da aRzevebas axali socialuri fena, droebis Sedegad dawinaurebul ada-
    34
    mianTa mZlavri jgufi, romelic Tavisi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiTa da pri-
    vilegirebuli mdgomareobiT sul male qveynis social-ekonomikuri ganviTa-
    rebis warmmarTveli Zala xdeba. marTalia, d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobaSi es pro-
    cesi mxolod fragmentulad da zedapiruladaa asaxuli, magram mwerali mainc
    gviqmnis garkveul warmodgenas masze.
    pirvel yovlisa, swored am TvalsazrisiT iqcevs yuradRebas sofel Tamarna-
    SenSi simdidriT yvelasagan gamorCeuli glexis - svimon samadaZis mxatvruli
    saxe. Tavisi ekonomikuri mdgomreobiT samadaZe ara marto Tanasoflel
    glexebze dgas bevrad maRla, aramed saukuneTa manZilze materialuradac da
    uflebrivadac privilegirebul feodalur aristokratiasTan SedarebiTac.
    swored misma amdagvarma ekonomikurma upiratesobam gansazRvra is gansakuT-
    rebulad pativiscemluri damokidebuleba, romelsac mTeli sofeli iCenda mis
    mimarT. am pativismcemelTa Soris otiac da misi ojaxic iyo. didi fiqrisa da
    gansjis Semdeg otiam da ekvirinem erTxmad gadawyvites bavSvi misTvis moenaT-
    vlinebinaT. marTalia, maTi aseTi gadawyvetileba maTs wodebriv Tavmoyvareobas
    sakmaod laxavda da Seuracxyofda, magram am Seuracxyofas bevrad aWarbebda is
    ekonomikuri sargebeli, romelsac qamuSaZeebi samadaZesTan danaTesavebiT mii-
    Rebdnen. imis gamo, rom sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi gvarovnul-wodebrivad war-
    Cinebuli klasisadmi pativiscema inerciiT jer kidev grZeldeboda, otia da ek-
    virine am naTlobisagan sakmao sargebels moelodnen.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom otiasTan SedarebiT wodebrivi upiratesobis grZnoba
    ekvirineSi gacilebiT ufro Zlieria, viTarebis `safuZvlianma angariSma" es ku-
    dabzika moxucic ki miiyvana zemoT aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebamde. erTa-
    derTi, vinc Tavidan qmar-dedamTilis am ganzraxvas mtkiced SeewinaaRmdega, so-
    nia iyo. magram TavianTi `Seuvali argumentebiT `ekvirinem da otiam isic male
    daarwmunes imaSi, rom `eg kargi monafiqri iyo".
    marTalia, wodebrivi privilegiebisadmi pativiscemis grZnoba xalxis cnobie-
    rebidan bolomde jerac ar iyo aRmofxvrili, magram nawarmoebidan isic naT-
    lad Cans, rom samadaZem Tavisi mdgomareobis fasic kargad icis da gaRata-
    kebuli aznaurebisac. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom swored mas daarqmevina
    mweralma `Semodgomis aznauri" am keTilSobili wodebis warmomadgenlebisadmi.
    sofluri yofis siRatakisa da uperspeqtivobis Tavisebur alternativad `qa-
    muSaZis gaWirvebaSi" qalaqia miCneuli. rogorc iTqva, ukiduresi ekonomikuri
    gasaWiriT SeZrwunebuli qamuSaZeebi im gadawyvetilebamde midian, rom erTader-
    Ti xsna da saSveli qalaqSi damkvidreba da im socialur procesebSi CarTvaa,
    romlebic axalma viTarebam gaabatona qveyanaSi.
    qalaquri yofis konkretul warmomadgenelTagan mweralma yvelaze STambeWda-
    vad porfiri biaSvilis mxatvruli saxe daxata. igi erTgvari ganzogadebiT ga-
    nasaxierebs qalaqSi damkvidrebuli da axal ekonomikur procesebTan dakavSi-
    rebuli adamianis pirovnul beds.
    marTalia, soflis mkvidrTagan gansxavebiT, porfiri ekonomikurad welgamar-
    Tuli kacia, magram mTeli misi cxovreba uzneobis gziT mavali da mgluri ka-
    nonebiT moqmedi adamianis yofis magaliTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnul sim-
    dableTagan da ukeTrobaTgan arc soflis mkvdirni arian dazRveulni, porfi-
    ris uzneobasa da mzakvrul adamianur vnebebs gacilebiT ufro didi masStabebi
    aqvs SeZenili.
    biaSvili gamonaklisi rom ar aris da misi msgavsi adamianebi sakmaod rom aR-
    zevebulan cxovrebis asparezze, amas beglar jinWaraZis mxatvruli saxec naT-
    lad adasturebs. Tavisi cxovrebiTa da saqmianobiT am or personaJs bevri ram
    aqvs saerTo.
    rogorc vnaxeT, d. kldiaSvilis `qamuSaZis gaWirveba" XIX saukunis dasasru-
    lis qarTuli socialuri viTarebis farTo planiT amsaxvel didmniSvnelovan
    mxatvrul tilos warmoadgens. am moTxrobiT mweralma mTeli Tavisi mraval-
    saxovanebiT gviCvena is mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, romelic imJamindel sa-
    qarTveloSi iyo damkvidrebuli.
    35
    * * *
    d. kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebi mniSvnelovanwilad aRmoCnda dakav-
    Sirebuli im miRwevebTanac, rac man dramaturgiaSi moipova. marTalia, igi
    mxolod sami piesis avtoria, magram am piesebis maRalma literaturulma donem
    da scenurma warmatebebma kidev ufro Seuwyves xeli mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi
    Rvawlis farTod aRiarebas. am garemoebas Tavad daviTic xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
    Tavi memuarebSi. misi TqmiT, msgavsad moTxrobebisa, mis piesebsac bevri `mosiyva-
    rule piri Sexvda scenaze". erT-erTi maTgani iyo lado mesxiSvili, romelmac
    quTaisis TeatrSi didi warmatebiT dadga `irines bedniereba". mwerlis Sefa-
    sebiT, misTvis `es iyo grZlad gabmuli sixarulis wuTebi, dauviwyari wuTebi",
    romlebic mas `Zvirfasma ladom aCuqa".
    aseTive gamarjveba xvdomiaT wilad `darispanis gasaWirsac" da `ubedu-
    rebasac". saerTod, `es siTbo, es siyvarulianoba, - daviTis TqmiT, - mTel mis
    literaturul Sromas axlda Tan, arasodes daklebia igi". amitomacaa, rom mwe-
    rali mis mier ganvlil SemoqmedebiT gzas `bednierad gavlil gzad" miiCnevs.
    d. kldiaSvilis piesebi sisxlxorceuli nawilia im didi SemoqmedebiTi
    samyarosi, romelic man Tavisi beletristikiT Seqmna. mis moTxrobebsa da dra-
    matul nawarmoebebs ara marto Tematikisa da tipaJis mixedviT aqvT erTmaneTTan
    bevri ram saerTo, aramed mxatvruli gamosaxvis xerxebisa da saSualebebis
    mxrivac. daviTis moTxrobebSi dramatuli Janris nawarmoebebisaTvis specifiku-
    rad damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi imdenad mZlavradaa gamovlenili, rom kacs
    zogjer iseTi STabeWdilebac geqmneba, TiTqos bevri maTgani avtors scenaze
    dasadgmeladac ki hqonda gamiznuli.
    es rom namdvilad asea, amis dasturad aq Tundac im didi SemoqmedebiTi war-
    matebebis gaxsenebac iqneba sakmarisi, romlebic d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobebis
    mixedviT Seqmnilma speqtaklebma moipoves CvenSic da ucxoeTSic. amgvari Teat-
    raluri warmatebis myar safuZvlad am SemTxvevaSi mwerlis mier dramaturgiu-
    li JanrisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebel niSan-TvisebaTa efeqturi gamoyeneba iq-
    ca. moqmedebis ganviTarebis Sinagani struqturiTac, vizualur-sanaxaobrivi
    mxaris kolorituli STambeWdaobiTac, dialoguri metyvelebis didmniSvnelova-
    ni roliTac, tipebisa da xasiaTebis mravalferovnebiTac d. kldiaSvilis
    moTxrobebi aSkarad Teatralizebul nawarmoebebs warmoadgens.
    amitomac ar iyo uCveulo da moulodneli is didi SemoqmedebiTi warmateba,
    rasac d. kldiaSvilma dramaturgiis JanrSic miaRwia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis
    piesebSi avtoriseuli ZalmosilebiTaa asaxuli is mZime socialuri da zneobri-
    vi viTareba, romelic XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis Cve-
    ni yofisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, mwerlis dramatuli Txzulebani arc dRevan-
    deli mkiTxvelisaTvisaa (mayureblisTvis) uintereso. am interesis safuZvels
    movlenaTa ganzogadebulad aRqma-warmosaxvis is tendencia qmnis, riTac mwer-
    lis piesebi xasiaTdebian.
    d. kldiaSvilis dramaturgiaze saubris dros araerT kritikoss aRuniSnavs
    xazgasmiT, TiTqos avtori arc Tavisi piesebiT Sordeba sazogadod mTeli misi
    SemoqmedebisaTvis niSneul `komizmis gzas" da mwerlis dramatuli Txzulebani
    `moklebuli ar araa avtorisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iumors".
    Cemis azriT, aRniSnuli mosazreba mxolod nawilobriv Seesabameba simarTles,
    vinaidan d. kldiaSvilis sami piesidan cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis komikuri
    formiT aRqma-warmosaxvis daviTiseuli mxatvruli xerxi mxolod `darispanis
    gasaWirisaTvisaa" damaxasiaTebeli. rac Seexeba `irines bednierebasa" da `ubedu-
    rebas", isini tragikuli suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalul iseT dramatul Txzu-
    lebebs warmoadgenen, romlebSic avtoriseuli iumoris raimenairi formiT ga-
    movlinebaze saubari sruliad usafuZvloa. amisda miuxedavad, `irines bednie-
    rebaca" da `ubedurebac", iseve rogorc `darispanis gasaWiri", Tematuradac da
    literaturuli tipaJiTac sisxlxorceulad erwymis d. kldiaSvilis beletris-
    tikiT damkvidrebul mwerlur samyaros.
    samive piesa sayofacxovrebo Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba.
    `irines bedniereba" (1897 w.), romelic qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT mwerlis
    36
    pirvel dramatul Txzulebas warmoadgens, tragikuli simZafriT warmosaxavs im
    periodisaTvis d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis magistralur mimarTulebad ukve
    damkvidrebul Temas - gaRatakebul aznaurTa umZimesi yofis Cvenebas. oRond,
    rogorc iTqva, gansxvavebiT moTxrobebisagan, erT dros ekonomikuradac da uf-
    lebrivadac warCinebuli aznauruli klasis warmomadgenelTa socialuri da
    zneobrivi degradacia amjerad mweralma tragikuli formiT warmosaxa.
    `irines bednierebaze" saubris dros aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos aSkarad
    gamovlenili is tipologiur-memkvidreobiTi siaxlovec, romelic am piesas da
    XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli mwerlobis calkeul nimuSebs Soris Sei-
    niSneba. kerZod, piesis mTavar personaJs - abesalo salamTaZes Tavisi pirovnu-
    li bunebiTa da cxovrebis wesiT bevri ram aqvs saerTo iseT winamorbed lite-
    raturul gmirebTan, rogorebic arian daTiko (i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi"),
    ieremia warba (g. wereTlis `pirveli nabiji"), tariel mklavaZe da iason uqmaZe
    (e. ninoSvilis `Cveni qveynis raindi" da `qristine").
    siuJeturad `irines bednierebaSi" gansakuTrebuli faqtobrivad araferi
    xdeba. magram nawarmoebSi moTxrobil ambavs mweralma iseTi fsiqologiuri siR-
    rme da azrobrivi datvirTva SesZina, rom yofiT-adamianur urTierTobaTa nia-
    dagze warmoqmnili is zneobrivi da socialuri winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic pie-
    sis personaJebs Soris arsebobs, epoqaluri sinamdvilis ganzogadebulad war-
    momCen efeqtur literaturul saSualebadaa qceuli.
    miuxedavad im uTuo SemoqmedebiTi warmatebisa, romelic `irines bednierebam"
    moutana avtors, Tematuradac, personaJTa tipaJiTac da literaturuli stili-
    Tac d. kldiaSvilis mwerlur samyaros misi piesebidan yvelaze metad mainc
    `darispanis gasaWiri" (1903 w.) Seesabameba. farTod popularuli am nawarmoebiT
    kidev ufro STambeWdavad da koloritulad gamoikveTa avtoriseuli samyaros
    Sinagani buneba, axal-axali StrixebiT gamoixata is mwvave socialuri da
    zneobrivi problemebi, romlebic XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis da-
    sawyisis Cvens yofaSi iyo damkvidrebuli.
    piesis mTavari moqmedi pirebi amjeradac mwerlis sayvareli `Semodgomis az-
    naurebi" arian, misive moTxrobebidan kargad cnobil am tipis personaJTa RviZ-
    lni RviZlTaganni. tragikomikuri formiT moTxrobili maTi cxovrebis ambavSi
    mxatvruli ganzogadoebulobiT irekleba epoqaluri sinamdvilis mwvave
    sayofacxovrebo problemebi. mwerali Tumca komikurad, magram Rrma adamianuri
    gulistkiviliT gviCvenebs, rogor daundoblad Trgunavs da abeCavebs adamians
    mkacri yofiTi realoba, rogor uClungebs da uuxeSebs mas moyvasisadmi siyva-
    rulisa da Tanadgomis keTilSobilur grZnobas.
    `darispanis gasaWiris" personaJebic msxverplad qceuli adamianebi arian, ro-
    gorc Tavad mwerali wers erTgan, `Savbnel cxovrebas msxverplad Sewiruli"
    adamianebi. Tavis gadarCenis instinqtsa da saarsebo saxsris mopovebisaTvis Tav-
    ganwirul brZolas isini gulqva da grZnobebgauxeSebul pirovnebad uqcevia. ma-
    Ti zneobrivi saxisa da cxovrebiseuli principebis ganmsazRvrel umTavres faq-
    torebad pirvel yovlisa biologiuri interesebia damkvidrebuli.
    yoveldRiuri yofiTi problemebiT gawamebul am adamianTa mxatvruli saxeebi
    mweralma iseTi literaturuli ostatobiTa da kolorituli STambeWdaobiT ga-
    moaqandaka, rom isini waruSlelad aRibeWdebian mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi. `da-
    rispanis gasaWirSi" am problemaTagan yuradRebis centrSi uwinares yovlisa qa-
    lis gaTxovebis problema eqceva. am piesiT mweralma misi Semoqmedebidan kargad
    cnobili e. w. maWanklobis Temas warmosaxvis axali kuTxe mouZebna. amjerad
    ukve mama qceula sakuTari Svilis maWanklad. umZimesi socialuri mdgomareobiT
    SeWirvebuli darispani kardakar Tavad daatarebs mis qaliSvils sasiZos sa-
    Zebnelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi am mogzaurobis ambavi piesaSi avtorisaT-
    vis Cveuli iumoriTaa moTxrobili, aqve im did adamianur TanagrZnobasac aSka-
    rad vgrZnobT, rasac mwerali mkacri cxovrebiseuli realobiT gawamebuli am
    pirovnebisadmi avlens.
    parodirebis is forma, romelic saTqmelis efeqturad gamoxatvis mizniT air-
    Cia avtorma, kidev ufro mZafrad warmoaCens im umZimes sinamdviles, romelsac
    37
    adamianur urTierTobaTa ganmsazRvrel umTavres Zalad yofiTi angariSianoba
    da merkantelizmi daumkvidrebia.
    sazogadoebis iZulebiTi sulieri da zneobrivi dehumanizaciis swored erT-
    erT aseT tragikul gamovlinebas warmoadgens is faqti, rom d. kldiaSvilis
    personaJebisaTvis ojaxis Seqmnis erTaderT umTavres safuZvlad nacvlad
    bunebrivi adamianuri grZnobebisa, ekonomikuri SesaZleblobania qceuli. swored
    amiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom qalis gaTxovebis ganmsazRvreli faq-
    tori Cveulebriv misi mziTevi xdeba da ara siyvaruli. am garemoebam umZimes
    mdgomareobaSi Caagdo qaliSvilebis mSoblebi. krizisul ekonomikur gasaWirSi
    myofni, isini Tavgadaklulni cdiloben Svilebs rogorme saqmroebi mouZebnon
    da amiT ramdenadme mainc gaiumjobeson materialuri mdgomareoba.
    `darispanis gasaWiri" am tragikuli viTarebis parodirebulad amsaxveli pie-
    saa. ai, rogor gamoxatavs nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi darispani avtoriseuli
    mizanswrafvis umTavres sagnad qceuli am socialuri movlenis arss marTasTan
    saubarSi: `Sen raRa dagimalo, marTa Cemo, Cemi sisxlxorci xar - agerac welSi
    gavwydebiT... nametan gaWirvebaSi vimyofebodiT, mara am qaliSvilebisagan ufro
    gvemateba gasaWiri, Sen genacvale... Sen gaSora RmerTma es dRe, Cven rom gvadgi-
    a... erTi gyavda da qe moaxerxe misi gaTxoveba, Cven ki, erTob gawamebuli Seviq-
    meniT, marTa Cemo... ojaxs ver naxav, rom sami da oTxi qaliSvili ar yavdes ga-
    saTxovari da mTxovneli ki arsadaa, Seni Wiri Semeyaros!... ar dagimalav, Cemi
    sisxlxorci xar, Sexval Cems gasaWirSi: davaTrev am Cems qalbatons yvelgan -
    naTesavebSi, keTilebSi, dReobebSi - egeb vinmes an moewonos, an vinmem sxvanair
    gunebaze Tvali gadaavlos da gamanTavisuflos magisagan. sad ar vyofilvar,
    cis kide maqvs morebuli, marTa Cemo, - araferi iqna!".
    rogorc vxedavT, darispanis am aRsarebaSi ara marto erTi pirovnebis gulis-
    tkivilia gamJRavnebuli, aramed ganzogadebuli formiT mTeli imdroindeli
    yofis erT-erTi umwvavesi zneobriv-socialuri problemacaa wamoWrili.
    `darispanis gasaWiri" kidev ufro aRrmavebs mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSua-
    lebaTa daviT kldiaSviliseuli samyaros specifikur mxareebs. am Tvalsazri-
    siT gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos is kudabzikur-ampartavnuli damokidebuleba,
    romelsac mwerlis personaJebi sxvebTan urTierTobis dros iCenen TavianTi nam-
    dvili mdgomareobis SesaniRbad.
    d. kldiaSvilis mesame piesa - `ubedureba" (1914 w.) Tematuradac da problemu-
    radac pirvel yovlisa mwerlis im moTxrobebis wiaRidanaa amozrdili, rom-
    lebSic glexobis mZime cxovrebis ambavia moTxrobili. miuxedavad imisa, rom av-
    tori nawarmoebs erTmoqmedebian suraTs uwodebs da mis Janrobriv saxeobas me-
    tad aRar akonkretebs, saTqmelis gamoxatvis formiTa da suliskveTebiT
    `ubedureba" Tavisuflad SeiZleba tragediad miviCnioT.
    mwerali tragikuli simZafriT mogviTxrobs glexTa ekonomikuri siduxWiris
    ambavs. maT cxovrebas kidev ufro amZimebs da autanels xdis crurwmeniTa da
    umecrebiT maTi gonebrivi SezRuduloba. piesaSi aRwerili ubedurebis ganmapi-
    robebel umTavres mizezad swored crumorwmuneobaa qceuli.
    ase mZimea da sasowarmkveTi mwerlis mier warmosaxuli yofiTi sinamdvile.
    mis mier daxatuli yoveli personaJi yvelgan da yovelTvis daatarebs Tan mis
    wil gaWirvebas. isini amaod eZeben ukiduresi siduxWiridan gamosavals. usasoo
    yofiT SeZrwunebul erT-erT maTgans - tufias, sasowarkveTils imis gamo, rom
    `sul mwuxarebaSi, sul ubedurebaSi yofnam gulic daususta da Wkuac", misi me-
    zobeli yovelive amis `sawinaaRmdego iseT mSvenier wamals" sTavazobs, rogo-
    ric `moTmineba da imediT yofnaa".
    rogorc vnaxeT, d. kldiaSvilis dramatul TxzulebebSi farTo speqtriTa da
    emociuri simZafriT warmoisaxa is mZime yofiTi sinamdvile, romelic XIX sau-
    kunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi iyo damkvid-
    rebuli.
    38
    ***
    miuxedavad imisa, rom qveynad arsebul socialur winaaRmdegobaTa mxatvruli
    warmosaxva Tavidanve damkvidrda d. kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis umTavresi mizan-
    swrafvis sagnad, mis nawarmoebebSi naklebad maxvildeba yuradReba am winaaR-
    mdegobaTa daZlevis gzebis Ziebaze. marTalia, pirovnulad mwerali yovelTvis
    aqtiurad iyo dakavSirebuli Tavisi drois antisamTavrobo movlenebTan, pirvel
    yovlisa ki 1905 wlis revoluciasTan, magram misma am buntarulma miswrafebebma
    mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi metad susti gamovlineba hpova.
    am TvalsazrisiT, erTgvar gamonaklisad unda CaiTvalos 1910 wels dawerili
    patara moTxroba `mSoblis nugeSi", romelic 1905 wlis revoluciiT STago-
    nebuli nawarmoebi unda iyos. swored amas gvafiqrebinebs moTxrobis mTavar gmi-
    rad qveynad bednieri dRis damkvidrebisTvis daRupuli axalgazrda kacis ga-
    moyvana. mwerlis ganmartebiT, `kacTmoyvareobiT gulavsili" da `sicocxliT
    savse" es niWieri mecnieri `didebul msxverplad Seewira ganmaTavisuflebel
    xanas".
    erTaderTi pirmSos sikvdiliT damwuxrebulma dedam Tavidan yvelaferze
    xeli Caiqnia da sikvdilis molodinSi `mTeli dReebi mkvdariviT esvena login-
    Si", magram ganvlo xanma da daRupuli Svilis idealebze fiqrma dedis cxov-
    rebas kvlav daubruna xvalindeli dRis imedi. moxucebuli qali xSirad ixse-
    nebda biWis dasaflavebis dRes, romelic uzarmazar saxalxo glovad iqca.
    kubos mwuxarebiT agodebul adamianTa `uTvalavi grova" misdevda. miuxedavad
    didi wuxilisa, imedgaRvivebulni da sabrZolo suliskveTebiT gulanTebulni,
    isini xmamaRla imasac acxadebdnen, rom `male gaTendeboda naTeli, brwyinvale
    dRe" da fics debdnen, rom `im brwyinvale dRes" mis saflavTanac aucileblad
    mividoda didi sixaruliT yvela tanjuli da wamebuli". mividodnen salamiT da
    moaxsenebdnen sasurveli dRis gaTenebas da madlobas miuZRvnidnen mas, maTTvis
    Tavdadebuls, maTTvis Tavis Semwirvels".
    amgvari romantikuli fiqrebiT gulanTebuli deda Svilis sikvdils ukve gar-
    kveul gamarTlebasac ki aZlevda da axla isic sasoebiT elodeboda im bednie-
    ri dRis gaTenebas, romelzec misi biWi ocnebobda. am fiqrma da imedianma mo-
    lodinma gamxnevebuli moxucebuli kvlav daubruna am qveyanas. igi `gafacicebiT
    ugdebda yurs yovelsave, rac mis garSemo xdeboda". magram dro gadioda da `sa-
    natreli, brwyinvale dRis moaxloebis niSnebi" arsad Canda. imedgacruebuli
    deda iseve moicva sasowarkveTam da Sav CarCoSi Casmuli Svilis suraTis win
    agodebuli qali `ucnauri gamwarebiT mimarTavs" mis aCrdils, ratom daRupa sa-
    codavi mSobeli, Tuki yvelaferi kvlav Zveleburad darCeboda.
    magram sasowarkveTili dedis am ukidures pesimizms nawarmoebis bolos mwe-
    ralma kvlav miaSuqa imedis sxivi. mwuxarebisagan grZnobadakarguli da buranSi
    myofi qalis cnobierebaSi isev cocxldeba daRupuli Svilis aCrdili, romelic
    dardisagan `daretianebul" mSobels am sityvebiT uRvivebs bednieri momavlis
    rwmenas: `nu swuxar, dediko, nu swuxar! marTalia, qveyanaze adamiani kidev bevr
    ubedurebas ganicdis, bevr simwares Sehxvdeba, marTalia, dRes adamiani adamians
    kidev mtrulad uxvdeba, magram bednierebis dRe mainc ar ascdeba mas, miuxeda-
    vad yovelive dabrkolebisa... ki dediko, bedniereba mova qveynad, mova! bnel Ra-
    mes Sescvlis naTeli dRe... es kanonia bunebisa da veraviTari Zala, veraferi
    mas ver mohSlis, ver Sescvlis..."
    `mSoblis nugeSSi" gamobrwyinebuli bednieri momavlis am romantikuli rwme-
    nis sinaTle Tumca sustad, magram mainc wvdeba d. kldiaSvilis mTel Semoqme-
    debas da cxovrebis ukuRmarTobiTa da yofiTi problemebiT SeWirvebul mis
    personaJebs imis Sinagan imedsac uRvivebs, cxovrebaze sabolood ar Caiqnion
    xeli da mTlianad ar danebdnen sasowarkveTilebis mtanjvel grZnobas.
    39

    Sio aragvispireli
    Sio aragvispirelma, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi individualobiT gamorCeulma
    niWierma mweralma, kuTvnili adgili Cveni literaturis istoriaSi upirveles
    yovlisa Tavisi novelebiT daimkvidra. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sxva Janris na-
    warmoebTa avtoricaa, misi mwerluri SesaZleblobebi yvelaze metad mainc nove-
    listikaSi gamovlinda. S. aragvispirelis wvlils Cvens mwerlobaSi am Janris
    damkvidrebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi bevrma literaturaTmcodnem imdenad ma-
    Rali Sefasebac ki misca, rom is qarTuli novelis fuZemdebladac aRiara.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sefaseba aSkarad gadaWarbebulia da Cvens lite-
    raturaSi am Janris damkvidrebis process S. aragvispirelze adre sxva mwer-
    lebmac daudes saTave (i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, g. wereTeli, d.
    kldiaSvili, T. razikaSvili, n. lomouri, e. gabaSvili da sxvebi), albaT mainc
    ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom igi pirveli qarTveli beletristia, romelmac
    es Janri SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobaTa TviTgamoxatvis yvelaze moxerxebul sa-
    Sualebad gaixada.
    S. aragvispirelis mwerluri Rvawlis daxasiaTebis dros, yovelive zemoT-
    qmulTan erTad, mis fsiqologizmsac xazgasmiT aRniSnaven xolme. misi litera-
    turuli individualobis gamovlinebis umTavresi mimarTuleba adamianis suli-
    er gancdaTa da miswrafebaTa siRrmiseuli gamoxatviskenaa mimarTuli. ase rom,
    qarTulma kritikam igi savsebiT marTebulad miiCnia fsiqologiuri novelis
    erT-erT TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad.
    S. aragvispirelis gamosvlas samwerlo asparezze imTaviTve didi gamoxmau-
    reba mohyva da misi SemoqmedebiTi debiutisadmi cxoveli interesi imJamindeli
    Cveni mwerlobis araerTma cnobilma warmomadgenelma gamoavlina. maT Soris,
    upirveles yovlisa, a. wereTeli unda movixsenioT, romelmac 1896 wels mas leq-
    sic ki miuZRvna da aSkarad gamoxata aRfrTovaneba misi literaturuli warma-
    tebebisadmi. axalgazrda mwerlis SemoqmedebiT akakis aseTi daintereseba droe-
    biTi emociuri aRtkinebis Sedegi rom ar iyo, amas 1898 wels dawerili erT-erTi
    werilic naTlad adasturebs, romelSic naTqvamia: `adrec miTqvams da axlac vi-
    meoreb, rom axal mwerlebSi yvelaze ufro sayuradReboa aragvispireli. misi
    fsiqologiuri etiudebiT, misi zegavleniT, mimbaZvelobiT bevri gamoiwvia, TiT-
    qmis skola Seqmna".
    akaki rom gamonaklisi ar yofila da S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebiT warma-
    tebebs msgavs Sefasebas im periodisa da mogviano xanis Cveni mwerlobis sxva
    cnobili warmomadgenlebic rom aZlevdnen, amis dasturad mravali konkretuli
    magaliTis moSvelieba SeiZleba maTi nawerebidan. meti sicxadisaTvis gavixse-
    noT zogierTi maTgani. magaliTad, k. abaSiZis SefasebiT, `movlenis imdagvari
    dasabuTeba da cxovrebis simwaris imgvari danaxva", rogoradac amas S. aragvis-
    pireli akeTebda, imJamindel `Cvens literaturaSi axali ram iyo" da mas usaTu-
    od `unda mieqcia mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradReba, miT umetes, rom igi niWie-
    ri mwerlis madliani kalmiT iyo gamoxatuli" (k. abaSiZe, etiudebi, 1976 w. gv.
    496).
    marTalia, k. abaSiZe bolomde ar iziarebs S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebaSi
    gamovlenil `Rrma da usasoo pesimizms", ris gamoc am `urwmuno da undo go-
    nebis" mwerlis mimarT arc kritikuli SeniSvnebis gamoTqmisagan ikavebs Tavs,
    magram, amisda miuxedavad, imas mainc yovelTvis xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `misi
    nawarmoebebi maRalzneobrivi qmnilebebia, metad keTilSobili grZnobebis aR-
    mZvreli". ase rom, kritikosis SefasebiT, `aragvispireli yvela axalgazrda mwe-
    ralTa Soris ufro Rrmad fsiqologia da yvelaze ufro seriozuli moralis-
    ti" (`cnobis furceli", 1901 w. #1353).
    msgavsi Sexedulebisa iyo XX saukunis dasawyisis cnobili kritikosi i.
    varTagavac, romelmac S. aragvispirels `bunebisagan didi mxatvruli potencia-
    40
    luri ZaliT dajildoebuli" mwerali da `qarTveli mopasani" uwoda (i. varTa-
    gava, qarTvel mweralTa siluetebi, 1956 w. gv. 56).
    t. tabiZis SefasebiT ki `aragvispireli agrZelebda qarTuli literaturis
    ukeTes tradiciebs: is ibrZoda sityviT adamianis gakeTilSobilebisaTvis, is
    iyo mebrZoli socialuri ukuRmarTobis winaaRmdeg da bediT daCagrul adamia-
    nebSi eZebda suliT Zlier adamians. misi simpaTiebi yovelTvis daCagrulTa mxa-
    res iyo da arasodes ar dauzogavs saRebavi, rom emxilebina batonymobis saziz-
    Rari naSTebi, axladfexadgmuli CarCobis egoizmi da Cinovnikebis karierizmi"
    (t. tabiZe, erTtomeuli, 1995 w. gv. 306).
    S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebas analogiur Sefasebebs im periodis sxva
    mwerlebica da kritikosebic xSirad aZlevdnen da maTi damowmebiT aq Tavs me-
    tad aRar SegawyenT. magram yovelive zemoTqmuli ise aramc da aramc ar unda
    gavigoT, TiTqos mTeli literaturuli sazogadoebrioba iyo mwerlis Semoqme-
    debisadmi amgvarad ganwyobili. rasakvirvelia, ara. zemoT damowmebuli magali-
    Tebis gverdiT imxanadac da SemdgomSic araerTi iseTi werilic gamoqveynda,
    romelTa avtorebi sakmaod mkacr Sefasebebs aZlevdnen S. aragvispirelis Semoq-
    medebas. am kritikosTa Soris usaTuod unda movixsenioT zangi (gr. rcxilaZe),
    ilia nakaSiZe, dutu megreli da sxv.
    dutu megrelis azriT, magaliTad, `sazogadoebis qebam S. aragvispirels
    goneba imdenad daubnia da im zomamdis miiyvana, rom rac ki enaze moadga da ra-
    sac ki misi fantazia Seqmnis, yvelafers swers aCqarebiT, daufiqreblad, Seumu-
    Saveblad". yovelive amis gamo dutu megreli Sio aragvispirelis gamosvlas
    samwerlo asparezze Secdomad miiCnevs (`iveria", 1897 w.).
    S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebisadmi aseTi kritikuli damokidebuleba Tum-
    ca am ZaliT ara, magram mainc, mogviano periodSic gagrZelda. amis dasturad aq
    cnobili literaturaTmcodnis _ v. kotetiSvilis werilis fragmenti minda da-
    vimowmo. miuxedavad imisa, rom v. kotetiSvilma S. aragvispirels Cvens mwer-
    lobaSi filosofiuri mimdinareobisTvis saTavis damdebi mwerali uwoda, sabo-
    loo jamSi igi mainc `uaryofis mwerlad" miiCnia, `Sav xnulze eulad maval Sa-
    vi wignis" avtorad, romelmac `mxolod nakli Seitana Tavis repertuarSi da
    Rirseba verafers ver aRmouCina. kritikosis TqmiT, swored amiT aixsneba is,
    rom mis mier daxatuli cxovreba mxolod sawunaria. igi mxolod gacruebul
    imedTa mkvlevaria. igi ikvlevs da aCens kacis arsebobis sicarieles, kacis, ro-
    melic uZRebad daswafebia Sav wyaros, romelic SxamiT avsebs isedac uferul
    da mimzidvelobadakargul cxovrebas" (v. kotetiSvili, rC. nawerebi, 1967 w., wig-
    ni meore, gv. 123).
    S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebisadmi mwerlis droindeli literaturuli sa-
    zogadoebis aseTi kritikuli damokidebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi nel-nela
    micxra da dRes ukve aravin xdis sakamaTod im azrs, S. aragvispirelis saxiT
    Cvens mwerlobas erT-erTi uaRresad niWieri da axal tendenciaTa damamkvid-
    rebeli novelisti rom hyavs.

    * * *
    literaturis istoriaSi aragvispirelis fsevdonimiT damkvidrebuli Sio
    dedabriSvili daibada 1867 wels duSeTis mazris sofel qaisxevSi mRvdel zaqa-
    rias ojaxSi. Tavdapirvelad igi duSeTis samoqalaqo skolaSi swavlobda, Sem-
    deg ki Tbilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi, sadac misi maswavleblebi iyvnen
    cnobili mwerali vasil barnovi da istorikosi mose janaSvili. sasuliero
    saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1883 wels, Siom swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis
    sasuliero seminariaSi.
    mwerlis gadmocemiT, misi drois seminariaSi `raRac jojoxeTuri pirobebi
    iyo, maswavleblebi mxecebs gvandnen... gaCaRebuli iyo yoveli sazizRroba: jaSu-
    Soba, flidoba, Zalmomreoba, usamarTloba, avsuloba da sxva mravali. amas
    hqmnidnen ufrosebi da Sig mowafeebi ixrCobodnen" (S. aragvispirelis biografia
    dawvrilebiT ix.: m. zandukeli, Sio aragvispireli, 1966 w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom
    seminariaSi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT idevneboda yovelive qarTuli, moswavle-
    41
    Ta erovnul-patriotuli grZnobebisa da antisaxelisuflebo miswrafebebis
    daTrgunvas saswavleblis xelmZRvaneloba mainc ver axerxebda, razec naTlad
    metyvelebs Sios mier mowodebuli informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom mowafeebs `se-
    minariaSi Cumi wreebic hqondaT Seqmnili, sadac qarTulsa da aRkveTil wignebs
    kiTxulobdnen".
    yovelive amas Sedegad 1889 wels seminariidan Sios garicxva mohyva, magram
    v. barnovisa da sxva maswavlebelTa daxmarebiT male igi saswavlebelSi aRadgi-
    nes.
    1890 wels S. aragvispirelma seminaria daamTavra da swavla ganagrZo varSa-
    vis sabeiTlo institutSi. mwerlis aseTi gadawyvetileba imiT iyo ganpi-
    robebuli, rom seminariadamTavrebulebs imxanad sasuliero akademiis garda
    sxvagan swavlis gagrZelebis ufleba ar hqondaT. ai, ras wers amasTan dakavSi-
    rebiT Tedo saxokia: `seminarielebisaTvis maSin, Tu sasuliero akademiaSi ar
    moindomebdnen Sesvlas, kari Ria iyo saveterinaro institutebisa da tomskis
    universitetisa. Siomac arCia sabeiTlo institutSi Sesvla q. varSavaSi, saiTke-
    nac gaemgzavra 1890 wlis Semodgomaze" (T. saxokia, Cemi saukunis adamianebi, 1984
    w. gv. 176).
    imxanad varSavaSi qarTvel studentTa sakmao raodenobam moiyara Tavi. S.
    aragvispirelis gadmocemiT, 1893 wels iq maT SeuqmniaT patriotuli organiza-
    cia _ `saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis liga" da dauwyiaT aqtiuri sja-baasi Cve-
    ni qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebis problemebze. `ligis" Camoyalibebas imxanad
    iq arsebulma mdgomareobamac didad Seuwyo xeli. rogorc cnobilia, poloneT-
    Si, romelic maSin ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, erovnul-ganmaTa-
    visuflebeli moZraoba dRiTi dRe Zlierdeboda, ramac qarTvel studentTa pat-
    riotuli miswrafebebis gaRvivebazec moaxdina keTilismyofeli zegavlena.
    `saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis ligis" arseboba Jandarmerias SeumCneveli
    ar darCenia da 1894 wels Sio da misi Tanamoazreni antisaxelisuflebo saqmia-
    nobis braldebiT daapatimres. Tavdapirvelad mwerali varSavis cixeSi hyavdaT
    moTavsebuli, Semdeg ki quTaisis sapatimroSi gadmoagzavnes. ai, rogor igonebs
    Sio Tavisi cxovrebis am epizods `avtobiografiaSi": `cxra Tve viyavi mar-
    toobaSi... maSin bevri xelnaweri waiRes. auarebeli ConCxi mqonda. yvela dame-
    karga. 1894 welma CanTqa 1880 wlidan ganzraxuli da ConCxad Camosxmuli moTx-
    robebi".
    1895 wels, cixidan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg, Sio kvlav miemgzavreba varSa-
    vaSi da imave wels institutis damTavrebis diplomiT brundeba samSobloSi.
    sxvadasxva dros Tavisi specialobiT igi muSaobda TbilisSi, axalcixeSi,
    baTumsa da sxva qalaqebSi.
    S. aragvispireli gardaicvala 1926 wels. dakrZalulia didubis mweralTa
    da sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi.

    * * *
    S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebaze msjelobis dros yvela avtori xazgasmiT
    aRniSnavs misTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebel pesimizmsa da sulier sasowarkveTi-
    lebas. Tavis bevr nawarmoebSi mwerali ukiduresad muqi ferebiT warmosaxavs
    cxovrebiseul sinamdviles da imedgacruebuli kacis nihilizmiT saubrobs ada-
    mianuri yofisaTvis mudmivad Tanamdev winaaRmdegobebsa da ukeTurobebze. ase
    rom, S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebis gacnobiT mkiTxvels TiTqos umweobis
    grZnoba eufleba, borotebis zRvardaudebeli mZlavrobis damTrgunveli gan-
    cda, rac axal movlenas warmoadgenda manamdeli Cveni literaturisaTvis.
    S. aragvispirelis prozaSi TiTqos xelaRebiTaa uaryofili rusTvelis mi-
    er Cveni mwerlobis umTavres msoflmxedvelobriv kredod qceuli principi:
    `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia". S. aragvispirelis Semoqme-
    debaSi piriqiT xdeba: aq sikeTisa da borotebis maradiul WidilSi ga-
    marjvebuli ufro xSirad boroteba gamodis da misi arseba ufro grZelia.
    rogorc mwerlis Semoqmedebidan naTlad Cans, movlenaTa amgvari kuTxiT
    gansja-Sefaseba avtoris principuli poziciis Sedegi iyo, misi msoflmxedve-
    42
    lobrivi mrwamsis mizanswrafuli gamovlineba. magram roca amas vambobT, aqve
    mxedvelobidan arc is unda gamogvrCes, ratom xdeba ase? ras niSnavs yovelive
    zemoTqmuli _ sikeTisa da borotebis tradiciulad mimdinare WidilSi xelis-
    Caqnevisa da qedis moxrisaken mowodebas Tu piriqiT?
    erTi SexedviT, kacs imgvari STabeWdileba giCndeba, TiTqos cxovrebaze
    sabolood gulgatexili mwerali iseT pesimizmsa da sasowarkveTas moucavs,
    rom gamosavals versad xedavs. magram sinamdvileSi S. aragvispirelis Semoqme-
    debisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pesimizmica da cxovrebiseul mankierebaTa mxilebac
    am mankierebaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburi formaa. mwerlis umTavresi mi-
    zani, pirvel yovlisa, swored aseT ukeTurebaTa sawinaaRmdego ganwyobilebis
    Seqmna da maT samxileblad sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi aqtiuri protestis
    grZnobis gaRvivebis mcdelobaa.
    cxovrebiseul naklovanebaTa da adamianur simdableTa aseTi CvenebiT S.
    aragvispireli cdilobs Tavis mkiTxvelebs kontrastuli ferebiTa da Savi sa-
    RebavebiT daanaxos sazogadoebrivi yofierebis bneli mxareebi da yofiTi
    yoveldRiurobis niRabaxdili formiT warmosaxviT naTlad gviCvenos, rogor ar
    unda vicxovroT da ras ar unda SeveguoT.
    ase rom, sinamdvileSi, S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebac arapirdapiri gziT
    imave mizans emsaxureba, rasac Cveni mwerlobis yvela didi warmomadgenlisa _
    sikeTis uZlevelobis rwmenis ganmtkicebasa da borotebis daTrgunvisaken mowo-
    debas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis prozaSi sikeTisa da borotebis Widili xSirad
    borotebis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba, avtoriseuli saTqmelis umTavres mizan-
    swrafvas, Cemis azriT, uwinares yovlisa, mainc adamianebis gulSi keTil-
    Sobilur grZnobaTa gaRvivebis mZafri survili warmoadgens.
    S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis Sefasebis dros kritikul lite-
    raturaSi savsebiT marTebulad gaesva xazi im garemoebas, rom man Cvens mwer-
    lobaSi erT-erTma pirvelma gamoxata `qalaquri nerviuloba da TrTola". v.
    xuroZis TqmiT, manamdeli Cveni literatura soflis idealebSi da landSaf-
    tebSi iyo Cafluli, nela moZraobda, ar eCqareboda, patriarqaluris sidinjiT
    Slida saxes saxeze, grZeli sityva, krimanWulebi, qaragmebi... Sio ki qalaquri
    dinamiuri cxovrebis mxatvaria da misi sityvac am mdgomareobis Sesaferisia.
    mTeli Semoqmedebac Siom am fonze gaSala" (v. xuroZe, kritikuli werilebi, 1986
    w. gv. 174).
    miuxedavad imisa, rom kritikosis am SefasebaSi aSkara gadaWarbebasTan
    gvaqvs saqme, mis mier gamoTqmul TvalsazrisSi simarTlec usaTuod unda davi-
    naxoT, radganac qalaquri yofis imgvari kuTxiT warmosaxva, rogoradac amas
    Sio akeTebs, maSindel Cvens mwerlobaSi marTlac warmoadgenda Tvisebrivad
    axal movlenas.
    S. aragvispirelis sevdisa da pesimizmis msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvlad
    literaturaTmcodneTa didi nawili realurad arsebul cxovrebiseul sinam-
    dviles miiCnevs. am TvalsazrisiT, rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs s. Wilaia, mwe-
    rali `pesimisti ki ara, namdvili realistia". misi gulis wuxili `umaRlesi re-
    alizmia, realuri, cxovrebiseuli, adamianis sulis gamwmendeli da gamZa-
    lebeli" (s. Wilaia, mogonebaTa gama, 1989 w. gv. 222).
    s. Wilaias am TvalsazrisSi, marTalia, mcdari da miuRebeli araferia, mag-
    ram cxovrebiseul sinamdvilesTan mwerlis e. w. pesimisturi msoflmxedvelobis
    aseTi dakavSirebis dros sabWoTa periodis zogierTi literaturaTmcodne ima-
    sac xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom yovelive amis safuZvels arsebiTad mxolod av-
    toris droindeli epoqaluri yofa warmoadgenda. imave s. Wilaias TqmiT, maga-
    liTad, S. aragvispirelis msoflmxedvelobrivi nihilizmi misi `epoqis suli-
    dan" momdinareobda, `maSindel cxovrebas efardeboda" da adamianur miswra-
    febaTa aseTi damdableba, pirvel yovlisa, kapitalizmis Sedegi iyo.
    sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma mniSvnelovanwilad zRudavs S. aragvispirelis
    Semoqmedebis masStabebsa da mniSvnelobas. marTalia, misi personaJebis samoqme-
    do dro da sivrce upirateswilad marTlac mwerlisdroindeli epoqaluri si-
    namdviliTaa gansazRvruli, magram es yvelaferi mxolod fonia avtoriseuli
    43
    saTqmelis gasamJRavneblad da S. aragvispirelis mier wamoWrili zneobriv-fi-
    losofiuri, socialuri Tu sxva problemebi imdenad zogadia da farTo mas-
    Stabebis momcveli, rom maT verc marto drouli lokaliT SemovfarglavT da
    verc erovnuliT. ase rom, Sios SemoqmedebaSi gamJRavnebuli adamianuri sawux-
    safiqrali met-naklebi ZaliT nebismieri epoqis mkiTxvelTa winaSe SeiZleba da-
    isvas.
    rogorc iTqva, S. aragvispireli, upirveles yovlisa, novelistia, qarTul
    prozaSi am Janris nawarmoebTaTvis klasikurad srulyofili saxis mimcemi niWi-
    eri mwerali. misi novelebis Rirsebas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is garemoeba, rom
    avtoriseuli saTqmeli mxolod qarTuli sinamdviliT araa SemosazRvruli da
    maTSi e. w. zogadadamianuri problemebic xSiradaa dasmul-gaazrebuli.
    am TvalsazrisiTac da Janruli specifikis mxrivac, bevri literaturaT-
    mcodnis azriT, S. aragvispireli aSkara naTesaobas amJRavnebs Tavisi drois
    iseT cnobil novelistebTan, rogorebic mopasani da Cexovi iyvnen. Tumca es na-
    Tesaoba ise aramc da aramc ar unda gavigoT, rogorc literaturuli zegavle-
    na. v. ciskariZis marTebuli mosazrebiT, `faqtiurad, es aris naTesaoba msgavsi
    social-ekonomiuri da politikuri periodis mxatvar-moazrovneebisa, romelTac
    xSir SemTxvevaSi TviT movlena ukarnaxebs xolme Tavisi asaxvis Sesabamis for-
    mas. miuxedavad amisa, aragvispirelis damoukidebeli saxe aqac ki _ am didi Si-
    nagani naTesaobis pirobebSic - savsebiT aSkaraa" (v. ciskariZe, uaxlesi qarTu-
    li literaturis istoriis sakiTxebi, 1972 w. gv. 64).
    S. aragvispirelis mxatvruli individualobis daxasiaTebis dros ramdenime
    sityva mwerlis nawarmoebTa dasaTaurebis Sesaxebac usaTuod unda iTqvas. man
    qarTul mwerlobaSi saTauris axali struqtura daamkvidra. misi novelebis sa-
    Taurebs, rogorc wesi, nawarmoebis siuJetidan aRebuli winadadebebi anda dra-
    matizebuli frazebi warmoadgenen, romelTa Sinaarsobrivi mizanswrafva da az-
    robrivi qveteqsti bolomde sacnauri mxolod nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambis
    mTlianad gacnobis Semdeg xdeba.
    maT rolsa da mniSvnelobas arsebiTad zrdis is garemoebac, rom isini pir-
    dapir migvaniSneben, pirvel yovlisa, saiT unda mivmarToT yuradReba avtorise-
    uli mrwamsis gaazrebis dros. naTqvamisaTvis meti sicxadis misacemad gavixse-
    noT zogierTi novelis saTauri: `ade, Camovida", `momilocnia axali weli", `ma-
    mas miwa mivayaleT", `qari ki am dros zmuoda, kvnesoda da gminavda", `eh, jan-
    dabas Cemi Tavi da tani", `gmadlob, ufalo, gmadlob" da mravali sxva.
    TavisTavadi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis mqone am saTaurebis WeSmariti az-
    robrivi mizanswrafvis arss mkiTxveli, bunebrivia, gacilebiT ufro Rrmad da
    STambeWdavad mxolod nawarmoebTa gacnobis Semdeg Cawvdeba.

    * * *
    Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT Sio aragvispirelis Semoqmedeba SeiZ-
    leba Semdeg nawilebad davyoT: pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis fi-
    losofiuri TvalTaxedviT gaazreba, socialuri da erovnuli problemebi da
    intimur-sasiyvarulo Tematika. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerlis nawarmoebebis am-
    gvari dajgufeba metad pirobiTia, igi mainc gviqmnis naTel warmodgenas lite-
    raturuli warmosaxvis avtoriseul masStabebze. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva,
    mwerlis Semoqmedebisadmi interess arsebiTad zrdis is garemoeba, rom imJamin-
    del Cvens literaturaSi farTod damkvidrebuli es problemebi S. aragvispire-
    lis prozaSi xSirad gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviTaa gaazrebul-interpreti-
    rebuli.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad qvemoT Sevecdebi gavaanalizo mwer-
    lis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxatvruli nawarmoebebi. daviwyoT pirovnebisa da
    sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis amsaxveli novelebiT, romlebSic pirov-
    nebasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli mZafri konfliqtis ganmapirobebel um-
    Tavres mizezad pirovnebisadmi sazogadoebis gulcivoba da aragulSematkivlu-
    ri damokidebulebaa miCneuli.
    44
    problemis amgvarma gaazrebam S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebaSi Tavidanve
    rom daimkvidra ganmsazRvreli adgili, amas misi erT-erTi adrindeli novela _
    `momilocnia axali welic" (1899 w.) naTlad adasturebs, romelSic sazoga-
    doebisagan xelnakravi meZavi qalis tragikuli Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili.
    cxovrebiseuli gzis gamrudebis umTavres faqtorad S. aragvispirelis novelis
    mTavari personaJi, pirvel yovlisa, swored sazogadoebis gulcivobas miiCnevs.
    qalis pirovnuli ubedurebis gancdas kidev ufro amZafrebs is winasaaxalwlo
    ganwyobileba, romelic am sazogadoebis erT-erTi warCinebuli warmomadgenlis
    ojaxSia damkvidrebuli.
    naadrevad davrdomil-daavadmyofebuli meZavi mSier-mwyurvali wevs gamo-
    ciebul sardafSi da Tavisi cxovrebis ganvlil gzas aanalizebs. amgvari gan-
    sjis logikuri Sedegi imis aRiarebaa, misi tragedia sazogadoebis gulcivobis
    nayofi romaa, sazogadoebisa, romelmac nacvlad TanagrZnobisa da nugeSisa, da-
    uZlurebuli meZavi gamousadegari nivTiviT cxovrebis sanagveze moisrola. av-
    toriseuli poziciis gasaazreblad metad mniSvnelovania SurisZiebis is forma,
    romliTac qali sazogadoebisadmi Tavis protestantul damokidebulebas ga-
    moxatavs. `nuTu ggonia, _ mZafri aRSfoTebiT mimarTavs igi mis damRupvel sa-
    zogadoebas, _ quCaSi gavcurdebi da lukma purisaTvis xels visme gavuwvdi?...
    ara, ara... meyofa amdeni damcireba! xa, xa, xa... gavuwodo xeli imaT, vinc am dRem-
    de mimiyvana, gavuwodo xeli, rom mowyaleba moiRon Cemze... kmara, me imaT xels
    ar gavuwvdi, romelTac msrises, mtanjes, vidremdis Cemi saxe xiblavda, da ex-
    la-ki, rogorc uxmari nivTi, am soroSi CamomiZaxes... ara, ara!..."
    sazogadoebisadmi gamoxatuli amgvari protesti sabolood imiT dasrul-
    da, rom yvelasa da yvelaferze gaborotebulma qalma misi damRupveli sazoga-
    doebis erT-erTi warmomadgenlis saxls, sadac saaxalwlo mxiaruleba iyo gaCa-
    Rebuli, cecxli waukida da sityvebiT: `momilocnia axali weli!" Tavadac
    SeuerTda gamZvinvarebul xanZars.
    pirovnebis konfliqturi damokidebuleba sazogadoebasTan kidev ufro
    Rrmavdeba novelaSi `gul-civobam!" (1898 w.), romlis mTavari personaJi _ gabro
    Tavisive TavTan gamarTul Sinagan dialogSi amgvarad warmoaCens am konfliq-
    tis arss: `sazogadoebam dagbadao, meubnebi, _ mimarTavs gabro Tavisive TavSi
    Casaxlebul idumal xmas. _ eg tyuilia. me, ar vici ki ra ganzraxviT, bunebam
    gamzarda, xolo sazogadoebam wamarTva is, rac bunebam momaniWa, an kidev, Tu
    ar wamarTva, damimaxinja, gamiryvna da Semilaxa". gabros SefasebiT, sazoga-
    doeba `gulqva, gulcivi da Tavis wevris fexis damWirebelia" da aranair pa-
    suxismgeblobas ar grZnobs misi arcerTi warmomadgenlis mimarT. erTaderTi,
    rasac sazogadoeba pirovnebisagan moiTxovs, misTvis msxverplad Sewirvaa, `Sen
    ki dana yelTan rom gqondes mitanili", saSvelad xelsac ki ar gamogiwvdis,
    radganac `mas Tavisi wevrisaTvis arc arasodes gauwvdenia xeli ase Zmurad,
    arc sasowarkveTili gaumxnevebia da arc suliT dacemuli aRudgenia".
    idumali xmis pasuxad, TiTqos es yvelaferi tyuilia da sazogadoeba
    yovelTvis glovobs Tavisi wevris ubedurebas, gabro TviTdajerebiT ambobs,
    rom sazogadoebis amgvar glova-tirils mxolod egoisturi safuZveli aqvs,
    radganac igi am SemTxvevaSi Tavis dakargul wevrs ki ar glovobs, aramed saku-
    Tar Tavs. `aba, Sen iyav mxolod adamiani, uCinari, Tu Sen giglovos, cremli af-
    rqvios. imas hgonia, rom Senis dakargviT ara daakldeba-ra. Tu masxara xar, sa-
    zogadoeba giglovs, cremls daafrqvevs, radganac moakldeba Seni masxaraoba,
    veRar imxiarulebs Seni masxaraobiT. Sen giglovs, rogorc masxaras da ara ro-
    gorc wevrs _ adamians".
    saboloo daskvna, romelic mwerals movlenaTa amgvari gansjis Sedegad ga-
    moaqvs, aseTia: `Tanamedrove sazogadoeba siZulvilis Rirsia". Tavisi drois sa-
    zogadoebis amgvar dacema-degradirebas S. aragvispireli kidev ufro kontras-
    tulad warmoaCens Tanadrouli sinamdvilisa da warsulis erTmaneTTan Seda-
    reba-SepirispirebiT. igi uRrmes sasowarkveTilebas moucavs imis gamo, rom `Cven
    winaparT didebas Cveni gaTaxsireba da araraoba mohyva". idumali xmis SeniSvna-
    ze _ swored am araraobisa da gaTaxsirebis drosaa brZola saWiroo, gabro
    45
    mravalmniSvnelovnad wamoiZaxebs: `ox, momec rwmena momavlisa da, ai, am mTas me-
    ore napirze gadavdgam, Tavs Sevaklav..."
    rogorc S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebidan Cans naTlad da araorazrovnad,
    misi personaJebis udides nawils swored es rwmena akliaT, ris gamoc isini sa-
    sowarkveTil da yovelgvar samomavlo perspeqtivas moklebul adamianebad arian
    gadaqceulni.
    S. aragvispireli ara marto zogadad saubrobs Tavisi drois sazogadoebis
    zneobriv degradaciaze, aramed amis damadasturebel konkretul magaliTebsac
    xSirad warmosaxavs xolme ganzogadebuli formiT. am TvalsazrisiT metad sa-
    intereso nawarmoebia `gmadlob, ufalo, gmadlob" (1897 w.), romelSic mweralma
    sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wris warmomadgenelTa adamianuri damdablebis
    STambeWdavi suraTi gviCvena.
    eklesiis SesasvlelTan uCinrad damdgari novelis mTavari personaJis
    Tvalwin Tavisi namdvili saxiT iSleba salocavad mosuli yoveli adamianis gu-
    li. igi ukiduresi SeZrwunebiT yveba im umsgavsoebaTa ambavs, riTac niRabCa-
    moxsnil am pirovnebaTa namdvili cxovreba xasiaTdeba. eklesiaSi SemsvlelTa
    Soris faqtobrivad erTic ki ar aRmoCnda zneobriv-moqalaqeobrivi keTil-
    SobilebiTa da patiosnebiT gamorCeuli adamiani. isini ara marto gareT cruo-
    ben da orpiroben, aramed TviT RmerTsac ki ar umxelen TavianT namdvil borot
    zraxvebs.
    S. aragvispirelis mier warmosaxul am adamianTa speqtri uaRresad farToa
    da mravalferovani. maT Soris arian sazogadoebaSi RvTismosavi mandilosnis
    saxeliT pativdebuli moxuci qalbatoni, romelsac sinamdvileSi mTeli cxov-
    reba gaiZverobaSi gautarebia; mSvenieri arseba, romelic Turme sul tyuila
    eficeboda siyvarulsa da erTgulebas axladSerTul meuRles; mamuliSvili,
    romelsac sazogadoeba qveynisTvis Tavdadebul patriotad icnobda, namdvilad
    ki sazizRari da bilwi adamiani yofila da a. S.
    yovelive amiT ukiduresad aRSfoTebul da sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnil
    novelis mTavar personaJs S. aragvispireli protests am sityvebiT gamoaxatvi-
    nebs: `keTilo mwyemso!.. Sedi da Senis mWevrmetyvelebiT, Senis gulwrfelis
    sityviT gamosdevne yvela. mand yofnis arc erTi Rirsi ar aris". mis am sasowar-
    kveTas kidev ufro aZlierebs gacnobiereba imisa, rom eklesiaSi mimsvlelTa
    Soris faqtobrivad erTic ki ar aRmoCnda zneobrivad wminda da keTilSobili.
    imisaTvis, rom novelis gmirma Tavis am adamianur usasoobas odnav mainc dau-
    dos zRvari, nawarmoebis bolos igi dabejiTebiT Txovs taZarSi salocavad mo-
    sul deda-Svils, iq aRar Sevidnen, raTa `eg ori guli mainc ar icodes!.. es ori
    guli mainc akavSirebdes adamianebTan da maTi gulwrfeloba swamdes!.."
    nawarmoebis finalSi S. aragvispirelma cada, ramdenadme mainc ganemuxta
    Tavisi gmiris amgvari sulieri sasowarkveTa. swored am mizans emsaxureba xaz-
    gasma imisa, rom sinamdvileSi es yvelaferi Turme sizmarSi xdeboda. am ambis
    gacnobierebiT imedmicemulma novelis mTavarma personaJma `sixarulis cremlis
    frqveviT wamoiCoqa loginSi da mxurvaled ufals madloba Seswira, rom siz-
    marSi yofila gulTamxilavi da ara cxadad".
    S. aragvispirelis mier warmosaxul inteligent personaJTa didi nawili
    tragikuli simZafriT ganicdis im did Seusabamobas, romelic maT amaRlebul
    adamianur idealebsa da mkacr cxovrebiseul realobas Soris arsebobs. faq-
    tobrivad, isini yofiTi yoveldRiurobis msxverplad qceuli is pirovnebani
    arian, romlebic iZulebuli xdebian am idealebisaTvis brZolis magivrad `um-
    niSvnelod, lukmapuris mopovebisTvis zrunvaSi" ganvlion mTeli cxovreba. erT-
    erTi swored aseTi adamiania studenti Tedo (`adamiani", 1892 w.). WleqiT daava-
    debuli es niWieri axalgazrda sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili kacis gulga-
    texilobiT saubrobs Tavisi momavlis uperspeqtivobaze.
    magram samwuxaro am SemTxvevaSi is aris, rom, mwerlis SefasebiT, Tedosna-
    ir mdgomareobaSi bevri misi Tanatolic imyofeboda imxanad. S. aragvispireli
    farTo ganzogadebulobiT gvamcnobs, rogor ulmoblad Trgunavs mkacri cxov-
    rebiseuli realoba swavlamowyurebuli bevri axalgazrdis samomavlo idea-
    46
    lebs da maT yofiTi yoveldRiurobis marwuxebiT SeboWil adamianebad aqcevs.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis is epizodi, romel-
    Sic TedosTan Sekrebili qarTveli studentebis mZafri sulieri gancdebia gad-
    mocemuli. aryiT grZnobebgafaqizebul megobrebs `bevri varami da dardi, bevri
    avi da kargi moagondaT warsulisa da Sesaferi grZnoba ipyrobda imaT guls,
    ris mixedviTac imaTi saxe xan iRrubleboda, xan idarebda...
    warsulidan da awmyodan, TavianT SeumCnevlad, momavalze gadavidnen. war-
    sulidan ukve momxdar ambebs igonebdnen da amis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen. xolo is
    ki ver gamoekvliaT, Tu rani iyvnen da rani arian, momavalze xom sul veRara
    sTqves-ra da msjelobis Zafi gauwydaT.
    verc erTma maTganma cotad Tu bevrad ver daasuraTa TavianTi momavali.
    ver gamoarkvia, Tu risTvis iTmenda warsulSi an iTmens axla amodena siduxWi-
    res: ra iqneba, an ras gaakeTebs momavalSi, roca cxovrebis morevSi Caereva.
    yovelive es bindiT iyo moculi. marto grZnobdnen, swamdaT, gonebis TvaliT
    xedavdnen Sors, Zalian Sors raRac brwyinvales, romelsac unda emsaxurnen,
    rac idealad unda hqonodaT, magram imas ki ver mixvedriliyvnen, Tu es sagani
    ra iyo... iqneba es Savi fardis iqiT brwyinavi sagani maTi muceli iyos, romel-
    sac dauRia xaxa da marto imas gaiZaxis: `me momitaneT msxverpli, me!.. Cems garda
    yovelive fuWia".
    Tedosa da misi megobrebis es sulieri depresia droebiTi emociuri aR-
    gznebis Sedegi rom ar aris da msgavsi cxovrebiseuli uperspeqtivoba imavdrou-
    lad Sio aragvispirelis personaJTa didi nawilis amqveyniuri arsebobis xved-
    ric romaa, es naTlad da araorazrovnad Cans mTeli misi Semoqmedebidan. am
    SemTxvevaSi mravlismTqmeli isicaa, rom novela, romlidanac damowmebuli
    fragmenti moviSvelie, mweralma varSavaSi swavlis periodSi dawera da garkve-
    ulwilad igi avtobiografiuli TviTgancdis gamomxatvel nawarmoebadac SeiZ-
    leba miviCnioT.
    S. aragvispirelma maRali cxovrebiseuli idealebis vermiwvdeniTa da xel-
    mocarulobiT imedgacruebuli es axalgazrdebi galiaSi gamomwyvdeul im loms
    Seadara, romelic `xan erT kedels ecema da xan meores: unda gasvla, magram ver
    gaungrevia misi kedlebi". maTi tragedia, mwerlis TqmiT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
    maT `ara aqvT gamorkveuli sagani cxovrebisa, ideali. maT Cvenis winaprebis sa-
    survel-satrfialo uaryves, is aRar akmayofilebT, axali ki jer ara SeuqmniaT.
    Znelia amgvari ukiduresi mdgomareoba, Zneli, da rodis moeReba bolo amisTana
    yofas, amis gamocnoba Zneliao", - gulistkiviliT ajamebinebs am mravalmxriv
    mniSvnelovan msjelobas mwerali Tavisi moTxrobis mTavar gmirs, romelic,
    WleqiT dauZlurebuli, naadrevad amTavrebs Tavis amqveyniur arsebobas; amTav-
    rebs ise, rom, didi Sinagani potenciisa da survilis miuxedavad, faqtobrivad
    veraviTar sasikeTo kvals ver tovebs cxovrebaSi.
    S. aragvispirelis mier warmosaxuli sazogadoeba xSir SemTxvevaSi gulqva
    da borotia, ulmobeli sisastikiT mebrZoli keTilSobiluri idealebiT gulan-
    Tebul pirovnebaTa Casaqolad. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebis amgvari da-
    mokidebuleba xalxis sikeTisa da bednierebisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmirebisadmi
    mwerals xSirad guls utexda da sasowarkveTilebaSi agdebda, mis Semoqme-
    debaSi iseTi personaJebic gvxvdebian, romlebic sicocxlis bolomde rCebian
    maRali sazogadoebrivi idealebisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZol pirovnebebad.
    erT-erTi swored aseTi pirovnebaa giorgi (`cicinaTela", 1902 w.), romelsac
    xalxma mxolod imitom daupira soflidan gaZeveba, rom man qveynis Wiri saku-
    Tar Wirad miiCnia, xalxis gons moyvana ganizraxa da aqtiuri brZola gamo-
    ucxada soflad aRzevebul borotebas. am ambiT gulgatexili giorgi sasowar-
    kveTili fiqrobs xalxis usamarTlobasa da borotebis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli
    brZolis uperspeqtivobaze.
    magram erTma, TiTqosda sruliad ubralo SemTxvevam mis amgvar sulier pe-
    simizms erTbaSad gamoacala safuZveli da mis arsebaSi axali ZaliT gaaRviva
    ukeTurebaTa winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZolis suliskveTeba. am rols novelaSi
    ukun sibnelesTan SeWidebuli patara cicinaTela asrulebs. giorgi sulga-
    47
    nabuli Sescqeroda, rogori sijiutiT ebrZoda cicinaTelas sxeulidan gamona-
    Suqi susti sinaTle Ramis wyvdiads. `ra aris cicinaTela? _ fiqrobs am movle-
    niT rwmenagaRvivebuli giorgi, - sul ubralo, mcire mweri da ager igic, Tumca
    es sastiki qari saSinelis siZlieriT ebrZvis, scdilobs, Tumca Seugneblad, mis
    pirovnebis waSlas, igi mainc Tavisas ar iSlis... uZaliandeba, vidremdis ar ga-
    SeSdeba, ar mokvdeba, am Zalis msxverpli ar Seiqmneba da ukanasknel sulis
    amoxdomamdis Tavis pirovnebas, Tavis arsebobas amcnevs qveynierebas..."
    yovelive amis xilvam erTbaSad gaaqarwyla giorgis sulieri sasowarkveTa
    da igi saqveyno idealebisaTvis ganaxlebuli ZaliT mebrZol raindad aqcia. no-
    velis finalur epizodSi giorgis amgvar sulier metamorfozas mwerali Tavisi
    SemoqmedebisaTvis arcTu farTod damaxasiaTebeli aseTi paTetizmiT gamoxatavs:
    `dee, sastiki garemoeba, rogorc cicinaTelas, xels uSlides, ewinaaRmdegos, pi-
    rovnebam Tavis ukanasknel sulis amoxdomamdis movaleobas ar unda gadauxvios
    da win midiodes Seudreklad". am rwmeniT gulanTebuli da romantikulad aR-
    gznebuli giorgi `Zlieris nabijiT" gamoeSura misive uarmyofeli soflisaken,
    raTa `Tavisi movaleoba Seasrulos da Waobi nakadulad gardaqmnas". mwerlis
    paTetikuri gancxadebiT, `misi rwmena es aris da ukanasknel wuTamdis, rogorc
    cicinaTelas, masac vera Seayenebs-ra".
    S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis Seswavlis dros yuradReba
    mwerlis im nawarmoebebzec unda SevaCeroT, romlebSic adamianis amqveyniuri
    arsebobis arsisa da daniSnulebis problemaa filosofiuri TvalTaxedviT gan-
    sjil-gaanalizebuli. vin aris adamiani, raSi mdgomareobs misi namdvili cxov-
    rebiseuli mizanswrafva da rogori urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobs pirov-
    nebasa da sazogadoebas Soris _ ai, mokled, sakiTxTa is wre, romlebic araer-
    Tgzis qceula S. aragvispirelis mwerluri dainteresebis sagnad.
    am TvalsazrisiT `Semusvrili sami mcneba" (1899 w.) erT-erTi saukeTeso na-
    warmoebia mis SemoqmedebaSi. sefiswulis legendaruli Tavgadasavlis moTxro-
    biT mweralma filosofiuri TvalTaxedviT scada gaeazrebina adamianurobis ar-
    sis urTulesi problema da kacobriobisaTvis maradiuli interesis sagnad
    qceuli am movlenisadmi mkiTxvelis yuradRebis amgvari mipyrobiT naTlad ga-
    moxata Tavisi skeptikuri pozicia misi arsis bolomde Secnobis SeuZ-
    leblobisadmi.
    miwieri pativ-didebis umaRles safexurze aRzevebuli sefiswuli, romelic
    samefo taxtze asabrZaneblad emzadeboda, erT-erTi nadirobis dros iseTi am-
    bis momswre gaxda, ramac mTeli misi cxovreba Tavdayira daayena _ tyeSi sana-
    dirod gasulma, moulodnelad viRac Tmagawewili, xnulSi mjdomi kaci dainaxa,
    romelic `gulmodgined da dinjad orive xeliT qvas xeze urtyamda da Tan od-
    nav kakuns Tavsac ayolebda". ucnobis `amgvari ukmexi saqcieliT" gaocebulma
    da Seuracxyofilma sefiswulma kacs gabrazebiT SesZaxa, saswrafod moexse-
    nebina, vin iyo da ra sulieri. magram ucnobma igi Tavdapirvelad yuradRebis
    Rirsadac ar CaTvala, Semdeg ki dasmuli kiTxvis pasuxad mSvidad miugo: `adami-
    ani!..." sefiswulis kiTxvaze, ra hqonda mas saerTo adamianTan, SeSlilma RreWiT
    upasuxa: `sisulele!.. da swraf Tavis gulmodgine moqmedebas mimarTa: isev qvebis
    kakuni, isev Tavis ayoleba, TiTqos is amiT sefiswuls eubnebodes: momSordi Ta-
    vidan, Sen Seni saqme gaqvs, me kidev Cemio".
    swored SeSlilTan gasaubrebis es faqti iqca im didmniSvnelovan movle-
    nad, romelmac arsebiTad Secvala sefiswulis mTeli cxovreba da am droidan
    moyolebuli misi sicocxlis umTavresi mizanswrafvis sagnad adamianurobis ar-
    sis Zieba iqca. imisaTvis, rom am `wyeuli kiTxvisTvis" pasuxis gasacemad meti
    dro da SesaZlebloba hqonoda, sefiswulma ucnauri gadawyvetileba miiRo: `un-
    da ganvmartovde, wavide, gadavikargo, aravin ar unda icodes Cemi samyofi. mxo-
    lod maSin SemeZleba axsna, ganmarteba!.. gardawyvetiT warmosTqva da zeze wa-
    modga".
    marTalia, mwerals sefiswulis cxovrebis Semdgomdroindel periodze
    yuradReba ukve aRar gaumaxvilebia da mkiTxvelisaTvis ucnobi rCeba, rogor
    ganvlo adamianebisagan misi gandgomis ocdaaTma weliwadma, magram novelis fi-
    48
    naluri epizodi naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis im Sedegze, riTac sefiswulis fi-
    losofiuri Ziebis es xangrZlivi dro dagvirgvinda. esaa qvis ficarze amokveTi-
    li is sami mcneba, romelTa WeSmaritebis maradiulobaSi Rrmad da daueWveblad
    daarwmuna cxovrebam adamianurobis arsis amaod maZiebeli sefiswuli: `hoi, ka-
    co! nuras dros nu daekiTxebi Sens Tavs, ra aris adamiani! yovelgvar movlenas
    Sen cxovrebaSi gulgrilad Sexvdi! ecade, Seni cxovreba mxolod siamovnebiT
    gaataro!"
    adamianurobis arsis miuwvdomlobisa da bolomde Seucneblobis Sedegad
    gaCenilma skepticizmma sefiswuli faqtobrivad im SeSlili adamianis oreulad
    da Tanamoazred aqcia, romelsac igi Tavisi cxovrebis gariJraJze Sexvda. ai,
    rogori filosofiuri siRrmiTa da azrobrivi mravalmniSvnelobiT gamoaxatvi-
    na mweralma sefiswuls nawarmoebis bolos misi es sulieri sasowarkveTa da
    adamianuri umweoba: `oc da aTi weliwadi, hoi, adamiano, itanje, iwvale; ramdeni
    cremli afrqvie, rom es sisulele dagewera?! mTeli Seni Zala Sealie da axla...
    axla ratom ver miswvdi siamovnebas, an ratom gulgrilad ar Sexvdi am Sens uZ-
    lurebas?! xa, xa, xa, xa! adamiano, adamiano?! _ zeze wamoiWra da qvis ficari
    zed aRwerili sami mcnebiT maRla amarTa... _ ra xar, ra, adamiano?! _ daiRriala
    sefiswulma da ise magrad mouWira qvis ficars xelebi, rom TiTqos mis daquc-
    macebas lamobdeso.
    `xa, xa, xa, sisulele!.." mkafiod moesma nacnobi xma SeSlilisa da qvis ka-
    kuni.
    sefiswuli gamoerkva. qvis ficari _ oc da aTi wlis naSromi Zlierad mia-
    narcxa palazas Zirs da lukma-lukmad Semusra. masTan erTad TiTqos Tavisi Za-
    lac miayolao, TviTonac Seimusra da iqve Caexvia".
    adamianurobis arsis Ziebis S. aragvispireliseulma tendenciam mogvianebiT
    ganaxlebuli ZaliT sxva qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSic iCina Tavi. am Tval-
    sazrisiT aq, pirvel yovlisa, n. lorTqifaniZis nawarmoebebi SeiZleba gavixse-
    noT, kerZod ki misi `dadianis asuli da maTxovari" (1912 w.), romelic saTqmelis
    gaazrebis arsiTa da mizandasaxulobiT `Semusvrili sami mcnebis" aSkarad mona-
    Tesave moTxrobaa.

    * * *
    socialurma Tematikam S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebaSi Tavidanve daimkvid-
    ra erT-erTi ZiriTadi adgili. am Temaze Seqmnili Tavisi nawarmoebebiT mweral-
    ma Rirseulad gaagrZela XIX saukunis meore naxevris Cvens literaturaSi am
    TvalsazrisiT arsebuli didi tradicia da farTo ganzogadebulobiT warmoaCi-
    na epoqaluri sinamdvilis yofiTi mxareebi. mis SemoqmedebaSi maRali sityvieri
    xelovnebiTaa daxatuli is rTuli socialuri viTareba, romelic XIX saukunis
    dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis Cveni yofisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
    imJamad moRvawe qarTvel mweralTa mier mxatvruli sisxlsavseobiTa da farTo
    ganzogadebulobiT warmosaxuli am viTarebis srulyofili aRqma-gaazreba S.
    aragvispirelis literaturuli wvlilis gauTvaliswineblad faqtobrivad SeuZ-
    lebelia.
    Tumca, amgvari Sefasebis miuxedavad, aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom am Temaze
    Seqmnil novelaTa erTi nawili movlenaTa aRqma-warmosaxvis mxrivac da lite-
    raturuli tipaJiTac naklebad gamoirCeva avtoriseuli SemoqmedebiTi TavisTa-
    vadobiT. naTqvamis dasturad Tundac cnobili novela _ `Cemi brali ar aris,
    RmerTo!" (1893 w.) SeiZleba gavixsenoT, romlis personaJebis cxovrebiseuli Tav-
    gadasavali faqtobrivad arafriT ganirCeva imJamindeli bevri Cveni mwerlis mi-
    er warmosaxul gmirTa socialuri xvedrisagan. ase rom, avtoris mier TavisTa-
    vad sakmaod ostaturad naCveneb dapirispirebas daTua SromiSvilsa da isaka Wa-
    miaSvils Soris, rac axali ekonomikuri sinamdvilis damkvidrebis pirdapiri
    Sedegi iyo, bevri analogi SeiZleba movuZebnoT imxanad moRvawe qarTvel mwe-
    ralTa SemoqmedebaSi (g. wereTeli, e. ninoSvili, d. kldiaSvili, v. barnovi, e.
    gabaSvili, s. mgalobliSvili, n. lomouri...).
    49
    rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis
    Cvenma mwerlobam gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagnad aqcia e. w. SimSilis
    problemis mxatvruli warmosaxva. d. kldiaSvilis, n. lorTqifaniZis, i. evdoSvi-
    lisa da imxanad moRvawe sxva mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi maRali sityvieri xelov-
    nebiTaa naCvenebi saarsebo lukmapuris amaod maZiebeli adamianis cxovrebiseuli
    tragedia. S. aragvispirelis novelistikaSi am TvalsazrisiTac araerTi metad
    STambeWdavi nimuSi rom gvxvdeba, amaze farTod cnobili misi fsiqologiuri
    etiudi _ `ade, Camovidac!" (1893 w.) naTlad metyvelebs.
    novelis mTavari personaJis _ gogia mewisqvilis pirovnul tragedias met
    simZafres sZens imis xagzasmuli miniSneba, rom am tragediis msxverplad faq-
    tobrivad mTeli sofelia qceuli. Tu wisqvilSi momuSave kacs gaxdomia sanat-
    reli naxevari jami fqvili, maSin advili warmosadgenia, sofelSi ra mdgoma-
    reobac iqneba. da ai, SimSiliT daosebul gogias moulodnelad mezobelma xor-
    bali moutana dasafqvavad, TviTon ki, vidre mewisqvile saqmes morCeboda, iqve
    dasasveneblad miwva da CaiZina. avtori udidesi mwerluri ostatobiT aRwers im
    sulier gancdebs, ramac SimSiliT Tavgzaabneuli gogia Seipyro: `fqvilis da-
    naxvaze mucelma sul kankali dauwyo da simSili ufro gaucxovelda. gogia
    xmis amouRebliv gatrialda da gared gavida, rom fqvilisTvis aRar ecqirna".
    SimSilis cxovelurma grZnobam gogias arsebaSi wuTierad mxeci gaaRviZa
    da gonebaareulma jer fqvilis moparva daapira, Semdeg ki, mTeli safqvavi rom
    miesakuTrebina, xorblis patronis mokvlac gadawyvita, magram gogias mosakla-
    vad najaxaRmarTuls `idumalma xmam moulodnelad yurSi CasCurCula: `aba, Seni
    Wirime, gogi, droiT daabrune, Torem Sin saxloba simSiliT miwivis!".
    am xmaze gogias mklavi moudunda da najaxis magivrad fexi odnav wahkra
    TavSi.
    _ ade, Camovida!.. _ fexis wakvrasTan erTad aRelvebuli xmiT dasZaxa zevi-
    dan da saCqarod gareT gavarda".

    * * *
    S. aragvispirelis novelistikaSi calke unda gamoiyos erovnul Temaze
    Seqmnili nawarmoebebi, romlebSic imJamindeli Cveni qveynis winaSe mwvaved mdga-
    ri araerTi problemaa wamoWrili. maTSi is didi siyvarulic gamovlinda emoci-
    uri simZafriT, riTac qarTveli adamiania samSoblosTan dakavSirebuli. amis
    dasturad Tundac farTod popularuli misi novelis `miwaa!" ...(1901 w.) gaxse-
    nebac ikmarebda, romelic am siyvarulis romantikuli formiT warmosaxvis erT-
    erTi metad STambeWdavi magaliTia Cveni literaturis istoriaSi. am SemTxvevaSi
    mravlismTqmeli isicaa, rom nawarmoebis siuJetur safuZvlad qceuli ambavi
    samSoblodan cimbirSi gadasaxlebuli beras mier sikvdilis Semdeg gulze da-
    sayreli erTi muWa qarTuli miwis Tan waRebis Sesaxeb Semdgomi xanis araerTi
    qarTveli mwerlisaTvis iqca SemoqmedebiTi STagonebis wyarod.
    rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, varSavaSi swavlis periodSi S. aragvispirelma
    da misma qarTvelma Tanamoazreebma saidumlo patriotuli organizacia _ `sa-
    qarTvelos ganTavisuflebis liga" Seqmnes, romlis umTavresi mizani saqarTve-
    los TavisuflebisaTvis brZola iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom am saqmianobis gamo
    mwerali dapatimrebulic gaxldaT, mas arc imxanad da arc SemdgomSi erovnul-
    patriotuli suliskveTeba ar ganelebia da sicocxlis bolomde darCa Tavis
    samSobloze fanatikurad Seyvarebul mamuliSvilad. es rom namdvilad asea,
    amis dasturad S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebidan araerTi nawarmoebi SeiZleba
    gavixsenoT. erT-erTi maTgania `Cemi samSoblo Cemi gulia!.." (1901 w.).
    nawarmoebis umTavres Rirsebad, pirvel yovlisa, is kritikul-mamxileblu-
    ri pozicia unda CaiTvalos, romelsac mwerali Tavisi drois qarTveli sazoga-
    doebis erovnuli cnobierebis Sefasebis dros avlens. mis amgvar Tvalsazriss
    met simZafresa da STambeWdaobas isic sZens, rom Cveni sazogadoebis erovnul
    mankierebaTa mamxileblis rolSi poloneli pSivalski gvevlineba, imxanad ruse-
    Tis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali qveynis patrioti Svili.
    50
    Tavis qarTvel megobarTan _ gabrosTan saubrebSi pSivalski gulaxdilad
    gamoTqvams ukmayofilebas imJamindeli qarTveli sazogadoebis didi nawilis
    gulgrili damokidebulebis gamo sakuTari erovnuli faseulobebisadmi. saqar-
    TveloSi cxovrebis periodSi igi piradad darwmunda im samwuxaro WeSmari-
    tebaSi, rom wignier qarTvelTa umetesoba mSobliur enaze laparaks gaurboda
    da rusuls aniWebda upiratesobas. poloneli megobris am SeniSvnebis sapasuxod
    gabro imas iSveliebs, rom Cveni ena saswavleblebidan TiTqmis mTlianad iyo
    gandevnili. magram gabros mier moSveliebuli es argumenti pSivalskis usafuZ-
    vlo Tavis marTlebad miaCnia, radganac, misi TqmiT, wignier qarTvelTa didi na-
    wilis amgvari damokidebuleba mSobliuri enisadmi maTsave ojaxebSic iyo far-
    Tod fexmokidebuli. amitomac ers, romlis ganaTlebuli nawilic aseT damoki-
    debulebas avlens erovnuli faseulobebisadmi, pSivalskis SefasebiT, didi mo-
    mavali ar SeiZleba hqondes.
    avtoriseuli TvalTaxedvis gasaazreblad is komentaric metad mniSvnelo-
    vania, romelsac am faqtTan dakavSirebiT akeTebinebs mwerali gabros: `vgrZnob-
    di mis simarTles: yoveli misi sityva guls miseravda, magram me mainc vcdi-
    lobdi, rogorme gameqarwylebina." samwuxarod, nawarmoebSi movlenebi imgvarad
    viTardeba, rom qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebisadmi pSivalskis aseTi skepti-
    kuri damokidebuleba araTu sustdeba, aramed kidev ufro Zlierdeba, rac ar-
    sebiTad gansazRvra qarTvel qaliSvilTan _ marosTan misma urTierTobam.
    maro XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi gandidebuli qarTveli qalis idea-
    lizebuli saxis sruli antipodia, angari xorcieli vnebebiT Sepyrobili adami-
    ani, romlis arsebaSic erovnul grZnobaTa siwminde pirovnuli keTildReobisa-
    ken dauokebeli swrafviTaa daCrdiluli. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom misi
    adamianuri bunebis simdable mweralma yvelaze metad swored im sityvebiT ga-
    moxata, romlebic man nawarmoebis saTauradac gamoitana. pSivalskis naTqvamze -
    igi iZulebuli iyo saswrafod samSobloSi gamgzavrebuliyo da misTvis wayo-
    liT maros Tavisi qveynis samudamod datoveba mouwevda, rac patrioti adamia-
    nisTvis uZnelesi saqme iqneboda, qalma savsebiT mSvidad miugo: `nu-Tu ggoniaT,
    me gabros damJavebuli azrebis mimdevari viyo?! Tu ase fiqrobT, scdebiT... Cemi
    samSoblo Cemi gulia da sadac me viqnebi, samSobloc iq iqneba!".
    maros erovnuli nihilizmis amgvari gamoxatviT S. aragvispirelma Cvens
    mwerlobaSi faqtobrivad erT-erTma pirvelma amxila im qarTvelTa degradi-
    rebuli cnobiereba, romlebic piradi keTildReobisken swrafvas gacilebiT uf-
    ro did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre erovnuli interesebis dacvas.

    * * *
    winamorbed qarTvel mweralTagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic siyvaruls adami-
    anis amamaRlebel da gamakeTilSobilebel uwmindes grZnobad saxavdnen, S. arag-
    vispirels am grZnobis mimarT mkveTrad gaorebuli damokidebuleba aqvs. am
    TvalsazrisiT mis SemoqmedebaSi ori, erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxva-
    vebuli, poziciis gamomxatveli nawarmoebi SeiZleba gamovyoT: erTni, rom-
    lebsac siyvarulis tradiciuli gageba udevT safuZvlad (`gabzaruli guli",
    `giuli", `abreSumis cxvirsaxoci"...) da meoreni, romlebSic amgvar amaRlebul
    siyvaruls zRvardaudeblad aRzevebuli adamianuri simdableni da uzneo qme-
    debani upirispirdebian (`qari ki am dros zmuoda, kvnesoda da gminavda", `xiTxi-
    Tebs da xiTxiTebs", `werilis nagleji", `mxrebiRa aviCeCe...").
    pirveli jgufis nawarmoebebSi gamoxatul romantikul ganwyobilebebs, ro-
    melTa umTavres mizanswrafvad siyvarulis, rogorc adamianis zneobrivad ama-
    maRlebel-gamakeTilSobilebeli uwmindesi grZnobis, gandidebaa qceuli, meore
    jgufis moTxrobebsa da novelebSi mkveTrad upirispirdeba mwerlis zRvardau-
    debeli nihilizmi da pirovnuli skepticizmi. am nawarmoebebis mixedviT Tu vim-
    sjelebT, faqtobrivad araviTari WeSmariti siyvaruli da erTguleba ar ar-
    sebobs da sinamdvileSi adamianur intimur urTierTobebs mxolod avxorcoba,
    uzneoba da TvalTmaqcoba udevT safuZvlad. mweralma es tendencia imdenad
    51
    mZlavrad da masStaburad gamoxata, rom igi misi Semoqmedebis erT-erT yvelaze
    mZlavr msoflmxedvelobriv mimarTulebad aqcia.
    imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvels ramdenadme mainc Seeqmnes garkveuli warmodgena
    avtoriseuli mrwamsis arsze, qvemoT Sevecdebi kidev erTxel gavixseno am
    TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT saintereso zogierTi nawarmoebi. daviwyoT etiu-
    diT `werilis nagleji" (1897 w.), romlis personaJi sayvareli adamianisaTvis
    gagzavnil werilSi saocari gulaxdilobiT saubrobs imaze, sinamdvileSi ara-
    viTari WeSmariti siyvaruli rom ar arsebobs da am TvalsazrisiT yvelaferi
    mxolod cru iluziisa da warmosaxvis nayofi romaa: `vukvirdebi, Cemo kargo,
    Cem grZnobas da Tma yalyze midgeba. nu-Tu yovelive, rac giTxari Cem grZnobaze,
    tyuili unda gamodges?! ra memarTeba, ar vici... ager erTi weliwadia, rac siyva-
    ruli gamogicxade da qmrobis piroba mogeci. mgoni erTi wlis dakvirveba sakma-
    risia, rom ase Tu ise Seni grZnoba aswondaswono da raime daskvna gamoiyvano..."
    da ai, am erTwliani dakvirvebis Sedegad gamotanilma daskvnam werilis av-
    tori im samwuxaro WeSmaritebaSi daarwmuna, rom misi sayvareli sacole mxo-
    lod maSin aris misi `yvelai", rodesac mas xedavs an agondeba. xolo roca mis
    magivrad sxvas xedavs, misi `yvela" is aris, `romel mSveniersac maSin xedavs da
    romeli mSvenieric mis win dgas im Jamad". avtoriseuli TvalTaxedvis gasaaz-
    reblad am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba im Sefasebas unda mivaqcioT,
    riTac etiudis mTavari personaJi mis amgvar moqmedebas farTod gavrcelebul
    sayovelTao movlenad miiCnevs da pirdapir acxadebs: `yvelam rom ase gul-wrfe-
    lad ilaparakos, rogorc me Sen gelaparakebi, maSin, mgonia, yvela mas ityodao".
    rogorc iTqva, siyvarulis Sio aragvispireliseuli gageba xSir SemTxveva-
    Si principulad Sors dgas im zneobrivi siwmindisagan, riTac am grZnobas manam-
    deli Cveni mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi warmoaCendnen. am TvalsazrisiT S. arag-
    vispirelis SemoqmedebaSi mizanmimarTuladaa uaryofili siyvarulis, rogorc
    adamianis gamakeTilSobilebeli da zneobrivad amaRlebuli grZnobis, is gageba,
    romelic jer kidev SoTa rusTvelma daamkvidra CvenSi Tavisi ukvdavi poemiT.
    ase rom, siyvarulis Temaze dawerili misi nawarmoebebis personaJTa didi
    nawilisaTvis sruliad miuRebelia `vefxistyaosnis" gmirebis mier cxovrebiseu-
    li mizanswrafvis umTavres zneobriv orientirebad dasaxuli iseTi principebi,
    rogorebicaa: `siyvaruli aRgvamaRlebs", `guli erTsa daajeros" da a. S. amgvar
    zneobriv siwmindeebs S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad adamianuri sim-
    dableni da cxoveluri vnebebi Trgunaven. mwerali kontrastuli ferebiT xa-
    tavs am ukeTurebaTa msxverplad qceuli pirovnebebis yoveldRiur yofas da ma-
    Ti cxovrebis aseTi warmosaxviT cdilobs mkiTxvelis gulSi Sinagani protes-
    tis grZnobis gaRvivebas.
    magram, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, intimur-sasiyvarulo urTierTobaTa am-
    gvari saxiT warmoCena S. aragvispirelis Semoqmedebis mxolod erTi, Tumca me-
    tad Zlieri, magram mainc erTi mxarea, radganac mas iseTi nawarmoebebic sakma-
    od aqvs dawerili, romlebSic siyvarulis grZnobis tradiciuli gagebaa ga-
    moxatuli. erT-erTi maTgania vrceli moTxroba _ `giuli" (1899 w.).
    k. abaSiZis azriT, `giuli" Sedevria am Janrisa, poeziiTa da lirizmiT sav-
    se saucxovo nawarmoebi" (k. abaSiZe, etiudebi, 1970 w. gv. 499). xolo t. tabiZis
    SefasebiT, qarTuli prozis istoriaSi sapatio adgili S. aragvispirelma, upir-
    veles yovlisa, `gabzaruli guliTa" da `giuliT" daimkvidra (t. tabiZe, erTto-
    meuli, 1995 w. gv. 306).
    mitrosa da giulis tragikuli siyvarulis moTxrobiT S. aragvispireli
    faqtobrivad Tavadve upirispirdeba im sasowarmkveT nihilizms, rasac igi am Te-
    maze daweril bevr Tavis novelaSi avlens xolme. mwerlis personaJTa didi na-
    wilisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac WeSmariti siyvaruli mxolodRa cru
    iluziaa, mitrosa da giulis sasiyvarulo urTierToba zneobrivi siwmindisa da
    amaRlebulobis romantikul magaliTad mkvidrdeba mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi.
    mitro da giuli socialuradac da erovnuladac imdenad arian erTmaneTi-
    sagan gamijnulni, rom maT Soris sasiyvarulo urTierTobis damyarebisTvis er-
    Ti SexedviT araviTari safuZveli ar SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. garda imisa, rom
    52
    giuli gaTxovilicaa da ekonomikuradac sakmaod SeZlebuli kacis colic, mit-
    ro ki mojamagire, maT Soris im periodisaTvis sakmaod Znelad dasaZlevi sxva
    bariericaa aRmarTuli _ erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi mijna. giuli TaTaria, mahma-
    dianuri sarwmunoebis mqone qali, mitro ki qristiani qarTveli. erTi gare-
    moebaca da meorec qal-vaJs faqtobrivad gadaulaxavi ufskruliT mijnavda im-
    xanad erTmaneTisagan. magram giulisa da mitros siyvarulma yvela winaaRmde-
    goba gadalaxa da isini Tavdaviwyebamde misuli emociuri aRtkinebiT miiltvian
    pirovnuli bednierebis mopovebisaken.
    mitrosa da giulis sasiyvarulo urTierTobas mwerali tragikuli simZaf-
    riT warmoaCens giulisa da misi qmris ojaxuri garemos aRweris fonze. giuli
    TaTar alias erT-erTi colia. samocdaTeqvsmeti wlis alia TavdaviwyebiT iyo
    Seyvarebuli Tavis Cvidmeti wlis meuRleze da yvelgan ZaRliviT dasdevda kud-
    Si. viTarebas kidev ufro dramatuls xdida is garemoeba, rom giulize faru-
    lad misi geric _ qerbalaic iyo gamijnurebuli.
    miuxedavad yvela am winaaRmdegobisa, giuli da mitro mainc axerxeben
    Sexvedras da gadawyveten TavianTi bedi samudamod daukavSiron erTmaneTs.
    saxlidan gaparuli giuli ukacriel gamoqvabulSi elodeba mitros, magram mas-
    ze adre qalTan qerbalai midis, romelmac mitrosagan motyuebiT Seityo dedi-
    nacvlis adgilsamyofeli. moTxrobaSi es yvelaferi adamianur gancdaTa maRa-
    lostaturi sityvieri xelovnebiTaa naCvenebi.

    * * *
    S. aragvispirelis erTaderTi romani `gabzaruli guli" (1920 w.)
    msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsiTa da mizandasaxulobiT mwerlis novelistikisa-
    gan mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavebuli nawarmoebia. am gansxvavebulobis safuZ-
    vels, upirveles yovlisa, is garemoeba gansazRvravs, rom masSi siyvarulis
    problemis avtoriseuli gaazreba radikalurad ewinaaRmdegeba am Temaze Seqmni-
    li misi novelebis udidesi nawilis skeptikur TvalTaxedvas. maTgan gansxva-
    vebiT, `gabzaruli guli", t. tabiZis Sefasebas Tu moviSveliebT, `erTi mTliani
    da mozRvavebuli niaRvaria siyvarulisa. aq ukve ar moCans Sio aragvispirelis
    gamanadgurebeli skepticizmi da siyvarulis uaryofa.
    piriqiT, rac avtorma manamde siyvarulis utkbiles grZnobas Seuracxyofa
    miayena, erTad gamoisyida namdvili solomon mefiseuli `qebaTa qebiT" (t. tabi-
    Ze, erTtomeuli, 1995 w., gv. 303).
    siyvarulis grZnobis amgvari romantikuli warmosaxviT S. aragvispireli
    qarTul mwerlobaSi arsebuli didi tradiciebis pirdapir memkvidred gvevli-
    neba, am amaRlebuli da uZleveli adamianuri grZnobis romantikulad ganmadi-
    debel mwerlad.
    rac Seexeba avtoriseuli mizanswrafvis mwerluri xorcSesxmis dones,
    amasTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi erTgvarovani Sefasebebi ar ga-
    keTebula. zogierTi avtoris azriT, S. aragvispirelis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZ-
    leblobani, upirveles yovlisa, mis novelebSi vlindeba; mwerlis didtaniani
    nawarmoebebi ki (maT Soris `gabzaruli gulic") srulyofilad ver avlenen av-
    toris literaturul SesaZleblobebs da isini mwerlis novelebis tolfasi
    mxatvruli qmnilebani ar arian. i. varTagavas mosazrebiT, magaliTad, `aragvis-
    pirelis mozrdili moTxrobebi ufro naklebi Rirsebisa aris" (i. varTagava,
    qarTvel mweralTa siluetebi, 1956 w. gv. 56).
    magram `gabzaruli gulis" amgvarad Semfasebel kritikosTa sapirispirod,
    araerTi avtori S. aragvispirelis romans mwerlis Semoqmedebis didmniSvnelo-
    van SenaZenad miiCnevs. kerZod, t. tabiZis azriT, `am romanSi aris adgilebi, ro-
    melic siZlieriT mogvagoneben tristanisa da izoldas sabediswero siyvaruls".
    `gabzaruli guliT" S. aragvispirelma imRera ukvdavi simRera gamarjvebuli
    siyvarulisa... igi unda CaiTvalos Sio aragvispirelis Sedevrad. aq avtorma
    sabolood monaxa Tavisi Tavi da aqve daasrula Tavisi Semoqmedebis gza... da
    Tu winaT marTla gadaWarbebuli iyo zogierTi gulkeTili kritikosis Seda-
    reba aragvispirelisa mecxramete saukunis did beletristebTan, `gabzaruli gu-
    53
    lis" Semdeg es aravis eCveneba hiperbolad" (t. tabiZe, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv.
    305).
    am or, diametralurad gansxvavebul, SefasebaTagan, ufro marTebulad pir-
    veli Tvalsazri SeiZleba miviCnioT. miuxedavad im uTuo literaturuli Rir-
    sebebisa, riTac S. aragvispirelis romani xasiaTdeba, avtoris mwerluri SesaZ-
    leblobebi, upirveles yovlisa, mainc mis novelistikaSi gamovlinda. ase rom, S.
    aragvispirelis rolsa da adgils qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi uwinare-
    sad swored misi novelebi ganapirobeben da ara mwerlobis sxva JanrebSi mopo-
    vebuli SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebi.
    `gabzaruli gulis" mxatvrul specifikas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is gare-
    moeba, rom masSi ambavi zRapris formiTaa moTxrobili. Tavad avtorma romans
    qarTuli araki uwoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebi romelime konkretuli
    zRapruli siuJetis literaturulad damuSavebul variants ki ar warmoadgens,
    aramed Tavad mwerlis mier SeTxzuli ambis gadmocemaa, misi bevri elementi da
    mxatvruli detali mainc qarTuli zRapris idumali samyarodanaa aRmoce-
    nebuli. ase rom, s. Wilaias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `avtorma gangeb gamoiyena es
    forma, rac saSualebas aZlevda ufro mkveTrad gamoexata Tavisi Canafiqri, ama-
    Relvebeli da romantizebuli saxe mieca misTvis. avtoris Canafiqri is aris,
    rom Zlieri siyvaruli yovlis SemZlea. igi raRac RvTaebriv, gonebisaTvis miuw-
    vdomel saidumloebas amoaxsnevinebs" (s. Wilaia, uaxlesi qarTuli mwerloba,
    1972 w., gv. 291).
    miuxedavad moqmed pirTa mravalricxovnebisa, `gabzarul gulSi" avtorise-
    uli saTqmelis gamoxatvis umTavresi funqcia, pirvel yovlisa, sam personaJs
    ekisreba: maxares, eTersa da nadiras. swored isini qmnian siyvarulis im tradi-
    ciul samkuTxeds, romelic nawarmoebSi siuJetis ganviTarebis umTavresi safuZ-
    veli xdeba.
    grZneuli SemoqmedebiTi niWiT gamorCeul oqromWedel maxares eTeris
    siyvarulma SeuZlebeli SeaZlebina da iseTi jadosnuri zari daamzadebina, ro-
    melsac nebismieri mnaxveli gancvifrebaSi mohyavda. mwerali romantikuli gzne-
    biT gviambobs maxaresa da eTeris siyvarulis amaRlebul istorias, siyvaruli-
    sas, romelmac aTasgvar gansacdels gauZlo da mravali winaaRmdegobis daZle-
    vis Semdeg WeSmariti adamianuri bednierebis ganmsazRvrel myar safuZvlad iq-
    ca. maxares mier Seqmnili jadosnuri zari, romelic eTeris xmas gamoscemda, mi-
    si didi siyvarulis nayofi iyo. magram fizikurad uxilav da ocnebiT warmo-
    saxul mzeTunaxav asulze TavdaviwyebiT gamijnurebuli maxare sul male dar-
    wmunda, rom mis siyvarulsa da cxovrebiseul realobas Soris gadaulaxavi uf-
    skruli arsebobda _ sad viRac xelosani da sad didebuli batonis mzeTunaxavi
    asuli, romelsac gars uamravi Tayvanismcemeli exvia.
    magram movlenebi sul male imgvarad ganviTarda, rom jadosnuri zaris
    Semqmnelisadmi romantikulma siyvarulma eTeric daimona. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    Tavdapirvelad siyvarulis am amaRlebul grZnobas adamianuri pativmoyvareoba
    Zlevs da eTeri mefe nadiras colobas Tanxmdeba, sabolood igi Tavis TavSi ma-
    inc poulobs saimiso sulier Zalas, bolomde wmindad da uRalatod uerTgu-
    los maxares siyvaruls da am spetak grZnobas yofiTi yoveldRiurobisa da
    xorcieli miwierebis WuWyi ar miakaros.
    romanSi siyvarulis am amaRlebuli da romantizebuli ambis Txroba
    jadosnuri zaris saxe-simbolosTanaa sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebuli. avtori,
    pirvel yovlisa, swored misi meSveobiT gamoxatavs nawarmoebis umTavresi saT-
    qmelis arss. swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom zarTan mimarTebiT ga-
    moyenebuli TiTqmis yvela epizodi nawarmoebSi Rrma azrobriv datvirTvasa da
    simbolur mniSvnelobas iZens xolme.
    yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, aqve ramdenime sityva dRemde yuradRebamiuq-
    cevel erT sakiTxsac unda mivapyroT _ erovnuli problemis avtoriseul gaaz-
    rebas romanSi, am TvalsazrisiT, upirveles yovlisa, nawarmoebis VI da VII ka-
    rebi unda gamoiyos, romlebSic CrdiloeTis mefis dampyrobluri politikis Se-
    saxebaa saubari. marTalia, romanSi arc CrdiloeTis samefos zusti saxelwo-
    54
    debaa dakonkretebuli da arc im qveynisa, sadac moqmedeba xdeba, magram mkiTxve-
    lisaTvis mainc daueWveblad cxadia da naTeli, rom qarTul arakad wodebuli
    nawarmoebis samoqmedo qveyana saqarTvelos gulisxmobs, xolo CrdiloeTis sa-
    mefoSi ruseTi igulisxmeba. am Tvalsazriss mwerali nawarmoebSi am
    qveynebisaTvis specifikurad damaxasiaTebeli yofiT-eTnografiuli faqtorebis-
    Tvis aqcentirebuli xazgasmiTac gangvimtkicebs. naTqvamisaTvis meti sicxadis
    misacemad gavixsenoT zogierTi epizodi romanidan.
    mefe nadiras moulodnelad daupatiJebeli stumrebi ewvivnen _ Crdiloe-
    Tis mefisgan gamogzavnili `ucxo tomis tlanqad gamokveTil kunZebiviT tyapu-
    WebiT, grZelwvera ramdenime aTeuli". stumrebma nadiras maTi mefisgan gamog-
    zavnili saCuqrebi da cecxlismfrqveveli raSi gadasces aseTi pirobiT: `es ra-
    Si gamixedne da ukanve gamomigzavne da, Tu ver gaxedniT mand, maSin Seni colic
    mag gauxednav raSs unda gamoayolovo".
    CrdiloeTis mefis SemonaTvaliT Seuracxyofilma nadiram mamas uTxra,
    rom raSs aakafvinebda da Tavxed stumrebs ukanve gaatanda. magram mamam, romel-
    sac mefobis didi gamocdilebac hqonda da CrdiloeT mezoblebsac kargad ic-
    nobda, nadiras aseTi rCeva misca: `nu, Svilo, magas nu izam!.. ara, sjobia mar-
    Tla SevecadoT gaxednvas. iqneba, gavxednoT da boroteba Tavidan aviciloT.
    Torem Seni gadawyvetileba ueWvelad Tavs dagvatexs xalxis uazro Jletas... Sa-
    riani da ukmexebi arian CrdiloeTis mefeni... sjobia, Sars erido...Sen ggonia, eg
    winadadeba Saris gulisTvis araa mogonili..." nadiras SeniSvnaze, Tu magrea, Sa-
    ris mizezi yovelTvis moiZebnebao, didi mefe miugebs: `ara Svilo, imas mraval-
    ricxovani samefo aqvs... kaliasaviT Semogveseva. magre uecrad rom gamoviwvioT...
    ggonia, marto Sen SemogiTvala egeTi saSaro winadadeba?.. ara,.. boroti adamiani
    yvelasTan borotia... ueWvelia, is sxva mezoblebsac Sars udebs".
    mwerlis xazgasmiT, didi mefis amgvar SiSs da sifrTxiles safuZvlad
    CrdiloeTis mefis mier misTvis araerTgzis miyenebuli Seuracxyofa da boro-
    teba edo. amitomac Seipyro igi didma mwuxarebam da roca marto darCa, `Tavi
    veRar Seimagra da TiTqmis Tvali aucremlianda... bevri ram avi axsovda Crdi-
    loeTis mefisa... bevri damcireba, magram amas ar eubneboda Tavis Svils... uma-
    lavda... ase Tu ise, Tavidan icdenda imis Semosevas. da aha, axla kidev es ukmexi
    Seuracxyofa Svilisa".
    Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, mwerlis mier warmosaxul am Sarian mefeSi
    ruseTis xelmwife rom igulisxmeba, rac, pirvel yovlisa, misi Crdiloe-
    lobisaTvis dabejiTebiTi xazgasmiTac dasturdeba.
    samwuxarod, didi mefis winaswarmetyveleba gamarTlda. CrdiloeTis mefem
    nadiras axali Sari mosdo da mis samefos Tavisi jari Semousia asaklebad.
    qudze kaci dairazma mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, magram SiSiT damfrTxal-
    ma nadiram tyes Seafara Tavi. umeTaurod darCenilma xalxma mters Tavdapirve-
    lad winaaRmdegoba veRar gauwia, Semdgom ki erT muStad Seikra, gaTavxedebuli
    dampyroblebi daamarcxa, xolo moRalate nadiras CaqolviT sikvdili arguna.
    rogorc vnaxeT, `gabzaruli guliT" S. aragvispirelma kidev ufro ganav-
    rco da gaamdidra misi SemoqmedebiTi samyaro. marTalia, mxatvruli srulyofis
    mxrivac da siuJeturadac nawarmoebSi bevri ram veraa avtoriseul SesaZ-
    leblobaTa doneze daxvewili, magram, amisda miuxedavad, S. aragvispirelis ro-
    mani mainc unda miviCnioT mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis erT-erT sagu-
    lisxmo SenaZenad.

    meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis


    ganviTarebis umTavresi etapebi
    55
    ganviTarebis im umTavres tendenciaTa da SemoqmedebiT siaxleTa gaTvaliswi-
    nebiT, romlebic mwerlobis wiaRSi permanentulad mimdinare Tvisebrivi ga-
    naxlebis procesTan erTad umniSvnelovanesi socialuri, politikuri da erov-
    nuli movlenebiTac arsebiTad iyo ganpirobebuli, meoce saukunis qarTuli li-
    teraturis istoria pirobiTad Semdeg ZiriTad periodebad SeiZleba davyoT:
    1. pirveli periodi _ 1900-1910-iani wlebi. pirobiTad, igi iwyeba 1900-iani
    wlebis Sua xanebidan da grZeldeba 1921 wlis Tebervlis tragikul movlenebam-
    de.
    2. meore periodi 1921-32 wlebs moicavs da, ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, mkveT-
    ri gardatexis xanaa Cveni literaturis istoriaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ocia-
    ni wlebis pirvel naxevarSi jer kidev grZeldeba mxatvrul-msoflmxedve-
    lobriv SexedulebaTa mravalferovneba, socialisturma xelisuflebam sul ma-
    le imdenad mkacri ideologiuri atmosfero gaabatona qveyanaSi, rom ociani
    wlebis meore naxevridan literaturuli jgufebisa da asociaciebis arseboba
    ukve mTlianad kargavs azrs da SemoqmedebiTi procesis ganviTareba partiul-
    saxelmwifoebrivi dadgenilebebisa da direqtivebis rkinis CarCoebiT iboWeba.
    qveyanaSi am mdgomareobis saboloo damkvidrebis oficialur TariRad 1932
    wlis 23 aprili iqca, rodesac sakavSiro kompartiis centraluri komitetis mi-
    er miRebuli cnobili dadgenilebiT - `saliteraturo-samxatvro organizacia-
    Ta gardaqmnis Sesaxeb" - dokumenturad dakanonda partiul-ideologiuri diqta-
    turis damyareba mwerlobaSi.
    3. mesame periodi 1932 wlidan iwyeba da 50-iani wlebis meore naxevramde
    grZeldeba. pirobiT saxelad mas ideologiuri diqtaturis xana SeiZleba daer-
    qvas. amdroindeli qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis xasiaTi da suliskveTeba
    arsebiTad gansazRvres sabWoTa kavSirSi imxanad ganviTarebulma iseTma
    globalurma movlenebma, rogorebicaa: sisxliani politikuri represiebi, meore
    msoflio omi, Tavisufali azris uprecedento devna, ideologiuri fanatizmi
    da sxv.
    4. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, Tumca Zalze sustad da SezRudulad,
    magram mainc, saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mTel sabWoTa imperiaSi,
    SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis xarisxi ramdenadme izrdeba, rac sakmarisi aRmoC-
    nda Cveni mwerlobis ganviTarebaSi Tvisebrivi xasiaTis Zvrebis mosaxdenad. es
    garemoeba arsebiTad gansazRvra imanac, rom 40-50-60-ian wlebSi qarTul litera-
    turas mxatvruli sityvis mravali uniWieresi warmomadgeneli Semoemata. am
    axalma Taobam Cvens mwerlobaSi ganaxlebis umniSvnelovanesi etapis dadgomas
    daudo saTave. es periodi 80-ian wlebis bolomde grZeldeba.
    5. 90-iani wlebis damdegidan (pirobiTad 1991 wlidan - saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
    foebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis droidan) Cveni literaturis istoriaSi sa-
    fuZveli eyreba Tvisebrivad axal etaps, romelsac pirobiTad XXI saukunis qar-
    Tuli mwerloba SeiZleba vuwodoT. am droidan moyolebuli, Cveni literatu-
    ris suliskveTebasa da mizandasaxulobas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is rTuli vi-
    Tareba, romelic qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas mohyva.
    misi ganviTarebis mravalsaxovneba, bevr sxva faqtorTan erTad, didad ganapi-
    roba cenzuris moxsnam, ideologiuri diqtaturis damxobam, ucxour kulturas-
    Tan SeuzRudveli kavSir-urTierTobis damyarebam da a. S.

    1900-1910-iani wlebi

    rogorc iTqva, 1900-1910-ian wlebSi qarTuli mwerloba ganaxlebis sruliad


    axal stadiaSi Sevida.. amis damadasturebel argumentebs uxvad gvawvdis maSin-
    del Cvens literaturaSi gamovlenili SemoqmedebiTi siaxleni.
    imisaTvis, rom am Tvalsazrisma meti sicxadeSeiZinos, mokled gavixsenoT
    imJamindel Cvens mwerlobaSi arsebuli viTareba.
    56
    samoRvaweo asparezidan erTmaneTis miyolebiT midian didi `samocianelebi":
    ilia, akaki, iakob gogebaSvili. 1915 wels aResrula vaJa-fSavelac. maTi gardac-
    valebiT TiTqos erTbaSad dacarielda eris sulieri cxovrebis asparezi da
    qarTuli mwerloba SemoqmedebiTi ganaxlebis aucileblobis winaSe dadga. am
    udidesi misiis Sesruleba, uwinares yovlisa, im Taobis did warmomadgenlebs
    xvdaT wilad, romlebic 1900-1910-ian wlebSi gamovidnen saliteraturo asparez-
    ze.
    es periodi Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi `evropeizaciis" sruliad axal eta-
    ps warmoadgens. literaturis yovel Janrs bevri niWieri axalgazrda Semoqmedi
    Semoemata, romelTac mravali siaxle moitanes da daamkvidres. maT mniSvnelovan
    nawils evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi hqonda ganaTleba miRebuli da kargad ic-
    nobda msoflio literaturul siaxleebs. isini cdilobdnen erovnul niadagze
    gadmonergili es siaxleni sisxlxorceulad daekavSirebinaT qarTul sinamdvi-
    lesTan. SexedulebaTa da miswrafebaTa am mravalferovnebaSi ikveTeboda qarTu-
    li mwerlobis ganviTarebis mravalsaxovani gzebi, Cndeboda da viTardeboda
    axal-axali SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebi da mimarTulebani.
    aTiani wlebis qarTuli poeziis yvelaze did ostatad da poeturi kultu-
    ris virtuoz reformatorad galaktion tabiZe mogvevlina. man Tavisi pirveli
    (1914 w.) da meore (1919 w.) wignebiT Tvisebrivad axal safexurze aiyvana qarTuli
    leqsi. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mainc misi meore krebu-
    lia _ `artistuli yvavilebi", romelic, faqtobrivad, axal `poetur eras" am-
    kvidrebs erovnul poeziaSi da XX saukunis yvelaze novatoruli wignia.
    marTalia, g. tabiZem Tavisi pirvelive krebuliTac erTbaSad miipyro li-
    teraturuli sazogadoebis yuradReba, magram misi poeturi geniis srulfasova-
    ni gamobrwyineba, uwinares yovlisa, mainc meore wigniT moxda, wigniT, romel-
    Sic Tavi moiyara aTiani wlebis meore naxevarSi dawerilma Sedevrebma. am leq-
    sebiT g. tabiZe sruliad axal poetur gzebs kvalavda Cvens poeziaSi. miuxeda-
    vad imisa, rom. g. tabiZis lirikaSi momavalSic araerTxel gabrwyinebula
    qarTuli poeturi samyaros grZneuli da idumali saocrebani, misi poeturi in-
    dividualobis ganmsazRvreli saZirkveli, pirvel yovlisa, swored aTian wleb-
    Si Seqmnili leqsebiT gainaskva.
    magram g. tabiZe marto ar yofila da amdroindeli qarTuli poeziis ga-
    naxlebis saqmeSi aseve ganuzomeli wvlili Seitanes `cisferyanwelebma": tician
    tabiZem, paolo iaSvilma, valerian gafrindaSvilma, giorgi leoniZem, kolau na-
    diraZem, agreTve grigol robaqiZem, ioseb griSaSvilma, aleqsandre abaSelma da
    sxvebma. am poetebma, am periodis sxva ostatebTan erTad, didi roli Seasrules
    erovnuli poeturi xelovnebis modernizebis saqmeSi.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulia `cisferyanwelTa" damsaxureba. TavianTi
    aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT maT udidesi roli Seasrules erovnuli po-
    eturi tradiciebis ganaxlebisa da qarTuli mwerlobis evropul modernizmTan
    daaxloebis saqmeSi. es miswrafeba mZlavr gamoxatulebas poulobs maT leq-
    sebSic da werilebSic.
    `cisferyanwelTa" literaturuli dajgufeba 1916 wels Seiqmna quTaisSi.
    misi arseboba dasabams iRebs am wels p. iaSvilis redaqtorobiT aq gamocemuli
    JurnaliT - `cisferi yanwebi" (gamoica sul ori nomeri). rogorc marTebulad
    SeniSnavs v. gafrindaSvili, am jgufis Seqmnamde `literaturuli skola am
    sityvis swori mniSvnelobiT saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda".
    Jurnalma `cisferma yanwebma", romelSic maSindeli Cveni mwerlobis mrava-
    li saintereso ostatis (maT Soris `aracisferyanwelebisac") axali nawar-
    moebebi iyo dastambuli, literaturuli sazogadoebriobis cxoveli daintere-
    seba gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa da gansjis sagnad iqca paolo iaS-
    vilis saprogramo werili `pirvelTqma" da tician tabiZis statia `cisferi yan-
    webiT", romlebSic axali dajgufebis ZiriTadi principebi iyo Camoyalibebuli.
    `cisferyanwelTa" jgufis formirebas maTi pirveli perioduli organos
    gamocemamde win uZRoda manamdel qarTul presaSi am jgufSi gaerTianebul mwe-
    ralTa aqtiuri TanamSromloba. 1900-iani wlebis miwurulidan Jurnal-gazeTebSi
    57
    gamoqveynebuli maTi originaluri da naTargmni nawarmoebebiT TandaTanobiT
    mzaddeboda myari esTetikur-msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli Cvens literatura-
    Si axali SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad.
    miuxedavad im winaaRmdegobebisa, riTac `cisferyanwelTa" moRvaweoba xasi-
    aTdeba, dRes ukve erTsulovnadaa aRiarebuli, rom am dajgufebis mTavarma war-
    momadgenlebma mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyves xeli qarTuli leqsis `evropuli
    radiusiT gamarTvas" (t. tabiZe). am TvalsazrisiT, mTlianadaa misaRebi am lite-
    raturuli dajgufebis istoriuli damsaxurebis ticianiseuli Sefaseba:
    `miuxedavad imisa, rom mowyvetili viyaviT realur sinamdviles da uunaroni aR-
    movCndiT, sworad gavrkveuliyaviT socialur-politikur ambebSi, maSindeli ga-
    Raribebuli qarTuli leqsis fonze poetebis axalma skolam mainc didi roli
    iTamaSa. pirvelad Cven SemovitaneT qarTul leqsSi sityvebi, romlebic gandev-
    nili iyo an sul ar ixmareboda. pirvelad daiwera namdvili soneti, tercinebi,
    trioletebi. riTmas axali gasaqani mieca. axleburad viyenebdiT aliteraciebs
    da asonansebs. bodleris, verlenis, rembos, laforgisa da sxva frangi da rusi
    poetebis Targmanebma gaafarToves poeturi Temebisa da saxeebis are. qarTulma
    leqsma axleburi JReradoba SeiZina".
    am mokle CamonaTvalSi sworadaa Sefasebuli is mxatvruli siaxleni, ro-
    melnic meoce saukunis sxva poetebTan erTad Cvens literaturaSi `cisferyanwe-
    lebma" daamkvidres.
    1916 wlidan moyolebuli, `cisferyanwelebma" ramdenime dasaxelebis Jurna-
    li da gazeTi gamosces. kerZod: `meocnebe niamorebi" (1919-24 ww.), `Svildosani"
    (1920 w.), `barrikadi" (1920-24 ww.), `rubikoni" (1923 w.), `baxtrioni" (1922-23 ww.). 1919
    wels quTaisSi maTve daaarses gamomcemlobebi `kirCxibi" da `meocnebe niamo-
    rebi", romelTa meSveobiTac gamosces rogorc TavianTi, ise naTargmni wignebi
    (v. gafrindaSvilis `daisebi", k. nadiraZis `baldaxini", st. malarmes `leqsebi da
    proza", `axali poeziis antologia" da sxv.).
    `cisferyanwelTa" literaturuli jgufi mtkiced SekavSirebuli megobru-
    li wre iyo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen: p. iaSvili, t. tabiZe, v. gaf-
    rindaSvili, g. leoniZe, s. kldiaSvili, k. nadiraZe, s. cirekiZe da kidev ramdeni-
    me mwerali. `cisferyanwelebTan" axlo megobruli da SemoqmedebiTi urTier-
    Toba hqonda gr. robaqiZesac, romelsac isini TavianT ufros maswavleblad
    Tvlidnen.
    qarTvelma simbolistma poetebma gabedulad gailaSqres literaturuli
    trafaretis winaaRmdeg da wamoayenes lozungi qarTuli leqsis `evropuli ra-
    diusiT" gamarTvis Sesaxeb. maTi ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo Cveni mwerlobis ganvi-
    Tarebis gzaTa organuli dakavSireba evropul SemoqmedebiT siaxleebTan da
    erovnuli literaturuli tradiciebisa da evropuli modernizmis bunebrivi
    urTierTSerwyma erTmaneTTan. `yanwelTa" azriT, qarTuli mwerloba mxolod am
    gziT daaRwevda Tavs provinciul SezRudulobasa da karCaketilobas. swored
    am Tvalsazrisis poeturi formulirebaa mocemuli tician tabiZis Semdgom
    striqonebSi:
    gafizis vardi me prudonis Cavde vazaSi,
    besikis baRSi vrgav bodleris borot yvavilebs...
    amave Sexedulebas gamoxatavs giorgi leoniZec, roca ambobs: `artur
    rembosTan borot tyupad Caxutebuli, madgamen gvirgvins Teimuraz da WavWava-
    Ze".
    rogorc vxedavT, ucxour kulturasTan qarTuli mwerlobis daaxloebisken
    swrafva kargad gacnobierebuli aqti iyo, rac sulac ar niSnavda erovnuli
    fesvebisagan mowyvetas. `roca xalxi sxvisgan rames iRebs, _ werda amasTan da-
    kavSirebiT t. tabiZe, _ imas Tavis brZmedSi atarebs... nacionaluri apercepciis
    ZaliT eri iTvisebs imas, rac mis erovnul Taviseburebebs egueba, rasac imasTan
    axlobeli kavSiri aqvs".
    axali esTetikuri principebis dasamkvidreblad `cisferyanwelebi" aqtiu-
    rad iRvwodnen rogorc SemoqmedebiTad, ise praqtikuladac. am mxriv saintere-
    soa maTi ara marto mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, aramed literaturuli werilebic,
    58
    saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sistematurad gamarTuli SemoqmedebiTi saRa-
    moebi da sxv.
    `cisferyanwelTa" literaturul skolaze saubris dros erTi garemoebac
    unda aRiniSnos xazgasmiT: es modernistuli dajgufeba, romelic Tavisi esTe-
    tikur-msoflmxedvelobrivi principebiT, upirveles yovlisa, simbolistur Se-
    moqmedebiT mimdinareobas warmoadgenda, qarTuli simbolizmis cnebasTan ar un-
    da gavaigivoT, vinaidan simbolisturma tendenciebma im mweralTa Semoqme-
    debaSic poves aSkara gamovlineba, romlebic am dajgufebis wevrebi ar yofilan
    (g. tabiZe, gr. robaqiZe, s. SanSiaSvili, l. qiaCeli, d. Sengelaia...).
    miuxedavad imisa, rom ociani wlebis meore naxevridan (1927-28 wlebidan)
    `cisferyanwelTa" simbolisturi Ziebani ukve warsulis kuTvnilebad iqca da am
    droisaTvis maT SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi aSkara gardatexa xdeba, nominalu-
    rad am jgufma arseboba 1932 wlamde mainc gaagrZela. 1932 wels ki `cisferyanwe-
    lebma" Tavadve miiRes gadawyvetileba maTi skolis daSlis Sesaxeb. es iyo sam-
    wuxaro Sedegi im politikisa, romelsac imJamindeli xelisufleba atarebda Ta-
    visufali SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis asalagmad da qveyanaSi ideologiuri diqta-
    turis dasamyareblad. aseT pirobebSi literaturaSi yovelgvari dajgufebis
    arseboba, bunebrivia, azrsac kargavda da 1932 wlis partiuli dadgenilebiT uk-
    ve aRarc oficialurad iyo nebadarTuli.
    1900-iani wlebis Cveni mwerlobis suliskveTeba arsebiTad gansazRvra im um-
    niSvnelovanesma socialurma da politikurma movlenebma, romlebic imJamad gan-
    viTarda qveyanaSi. maTgan, uwinares yovlisa, 1905 wlis revolucia da am revo-
    luciis Semdgomdroindeli viTareba unda davasaxeloT.
    revoluciis damarcxebam da qveynad damkvidrebulma reaqciam bevri maTgani
    iseT sasowarkveTilebaSic ki Caagdo, rom erTianad gamoacala safuZveli maTs
    erovnul da socialur optimizms. amitomacaa, rom revoluciis Semdgomdroinde-
    li Cveni mwerlobis umTavres mimarTulebad sulieri dacemulobisa da uper-
    speqtivobis gamoxatva iyo qceuli. am depresiam ara marto im mweralTa Semoq-
    medebaSi pova gamovlineba, romlebic revoluciasTan aqtiurad iyvnen dakavSi-
    rebuli, aramed imaTTanac, vinc swored imxanad gamodioda samoRvaweo asparez-
    ze da pirvel nabijebs dgamda literaturaSi (g. tabiZe, a. abaSeli, s. SanSiaSvi-
    li, i. griSaSvili, t. tabiZe, g. leoniZe...).
    1900-1910-iani wlebis Cveni mwerloba kidev ufro gamravalferovnda Jan-
    robrivi TvalsazrisiT. prozaSica da poeziaSic bevrma iseTma Janrulma sa-
    xeobam moipova prioriteti, romlebic manamde mxolod kantikuntad Tu
    gvxvdeboda. myari literatuli safuZveli Seiqmna romanis, rogorc Janris, kla-
    sikuri saxiT formirebisaTvis (v. barnovi, S. aragvispireli, a. erisTavi-xoSta-
    ria, uiaraRo (k. TaTaraSvili), l. qiaCeli...), farTod damkvidrda mcire formis
    iseTi Janruli saxeobani, rogorebicaa: etiudi, eskizi, miniatura, novela (S.
    aragvispireli, W. lomTaTiZe, n. lorTqifaniZe, m. javaxiSvili, S. dadiani, l. qi-
    aCeli, k. gamsaxurdia, t. tabiZe, s. kldiaSvili...).
    Janrobrivadac da versifikaciuladac arsebiTi xasiaTis siaxleebi
    gamovlinda poeziaSic. gaCnda iseTi axali poeturi formebi, rogorebicaa: sone-
    ti, trioleti, verlibri, leqsi prozad (g. tabiZe, al. abaSeli, i. griSaSvili, s.
    SanSiaSvili, `cisferyanwelebi"...), axali perspeqtivebi gamoikveTa dramaturgiis
    ganviTarebaSic (d. kldiaSvili, S. dadiani, p. kakabaZe s. SanSiaSvili...), mZlavri
    nabijebi gadaidga literaturuli kritikis axal safexurze asayvanad (a. jor-
    jaZe, k. abaSiZe, i. gomarTeli, i. varTagava, a. papava, xomleli (r. fancxava), gr.
    robaqiZe...).
    calke, sagangebod, unda aRiniSnos qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis simravle da
    mravalferovneba. TbilisSi, quTaissa da saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi am droi-
    saTvis mravali perioduli gamocema gamodioda (`saqarTvelo", `ganaTleba", `Te-
    atri da cxovreba", `Cveni qveyana", `kolxida", `samSoblo", `Temi", `Tanamedrove
    azri", `cnobis furceli", `klde", `niSaduri"...).

    * * *
    59
    1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciam Cveni eris progresulad moazrovne nawils
    Tavisuflebis nanatri ocnebis aRsrulebis imedi gauRviva. am imedis gamoZaxils
    mZlavrad vgrZnobT im periodis Cveni mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi. 1918 wlis 26 mai-
    si ki am ocnebis axdenis TariRad iqca, Cveni qveynis istoriis im gardamtex
    mijnad, roca asCvidmet wlovani monobiT daTrgunuli saqarTvelo kvlav ezia-
    ra saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis madlsa da sikeTes.
    im periodis qarTuli mwerlobis erovnul suliskeTebas naTlad gamoxata-
    vdnen g. tabiZis, n. lorTqifaniZis, m. javaxiSvilis, i. griSaSvilis, g. leoniZis,
    al. abaSelis, k. mayaSvilisa da mxatvruli sityvis sxva ostatTa mier imdroi-
    ndel presaSi gamoqveynebuli rogorc mxatvruli, ise publicisturi nawar-
    moebebi. naTqvamis dasturad aq Tundac mxolod galaktionis `droSebi Cqaras"
    (1917 w. 13 marti) gaxsenebac ikmarebda, romelic erovnuli da socialuri Tavi-
    suflebisadmi aRvlenil poetur himns warmoadgens.
    rac dro gadioda, saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis es
    tendencia kidev ufro Zlierdeboda imJamindel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi da naT-
    lad gamoxatavda qarTveli xalxis erovnul suliskveTebas. amis dasturad aq
    1917 wlis 5 dekembers dawerili akaki SaniZis `qarTuli erovnuli himnis" frag-
    menti minda gavixseno, romelSic avtoris patriotuli mizanswrafva asea ga-
    moxatuli:
    aba, fxizlad, qarTvelebo, mivyveT mama-papaT kvalsa!
    warsuls grZnobiT vigonebdeT, CavufiqrdeT momavalsa!
    cali Tvali pontosaken, nu vaSorebT gurgans calsa!
    yuri vugdoT gurji-boRazs, nu, nu vaRebT darialsa!
    magram im urTulesma politikurma da ekonomikurma viTarebam, romelic axlad
    ganTavisuflebul qveyanaSi Seiqmna, erTbaSad mravali problema wamoWra. ruse-
    Tis damsxvreuli imperiis nangrevebze axali mZlavri saxelmwifo yalibdeboda
    da Zalebs ikrebda monobis klanWebidan droebiT Tavdaxsnili xalxebis kvlav
    dasapyrobad. am ganaxlebuli imperiis xelisufleba Tavisi politikis gasata-
    reblad moxerxebulad iyenebda socializmis mzakvrul Teorias da cxovrebis
    bedukuRmarTobiT gawamebul adamianebs macdunebeli dapirebebiT Tavgzas ubnev-
    da.
    1917 wels, aTwliani mcdelobis Semdeg, TbilisSi Seiqmna qarTvel weralTa
    kavSiri. am saqmis iniciatorebad da damfuZnebeli konferenciis monawileebad
    imJamindeli Cveni mwerlobis yvela Taobis warmomadgenlebi mogvevlinen. ker-
    Zod, konferenciis muSaobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes k. mayaSvilma, S. dadi-
    anma, v. barnovma, d. kldiaSvilma, k. gamsaxurdiam, p. iaSvilma, gr. robaqiZem, l.
    qiaCelma da sxvebma.
    mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna cnobili mwerali da sazoga-
    do moRvawe kote mayaSvili, romelic 1926 wlamde Tavkacobda am saqmes. rogorc
    samwerlo organizaciis xelmZRvanelma, man didi amagi dasdo Cveni mwerlobis
    SekavSirebasa da ganviTarebas, warmatebiT uwinamZRvra araerT Rirssaxsovar
    erovnul wamowyebas.
    1918-21 wlebis saqarTveloSi mravali dasaxelebis Jurnali da gazeTi gamo-
    dioda. sakmaod maRal doneze idga sagamomcemlo saqmec. gamoica Cveni mwer-
    lobis saukeTeso ostatTa araerTi saintereso wigni. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia
    galaktion tabiZis poeturi krebuli `artistuli yvavilebi", `axali poeziis an-
    tologia", geronti qiqoZis `erovnuli energia" da sxv. Tanamedrove mweralTa
    garda, yuradReba eqceoda klasikosTa wignebis gamocemasac. mkiTxvelma miiRo
    SoTas, ilias, akakis, vaJas, yazbegisa da sxva klasikosebis nawarmoebebi.
    1920 wlis 7 maiss safuZveli Caeyara poeziis dResaswauls. es dRe sazeimod
    aRiniSneboda ociani wlebis bolomde, gamodioda erTdrouli gazeTi `poeziis
    dRe", saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi imarTeboda poeziis saRamoebi da mwe-
    ralTa Sexvedrebi mkiTxvelebTan.
    aTiani wlebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani peri-
    odi iyo, dro axali literaturuli tendenciebis damkvidrebisa. samwerlo aspa-
    rezze aqtiurad iRvwodnen mwerlebi, romlebic mkveTrad ganirCeodnen erTmane-
    60
    Tisagan SemoqmedebiTi principebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. qarTuli literatu-
    ris ganaxlebis procesma mkafio gamoxatuleba hpova imaSic, rom evropuli kul-
    turis zegavleniT Cvens mwerlobaSi erTamaneTis gverdigverd ramdenime moder-
    nistuli literaturuli dajgufebac Seiqmna.
    am TvalsazrisiT aTiani wlebis meore naxevris Cveni mwerlobis ganviTa-
    rebaze gansakuTrebiT didi zegavlena moaxdina simbolizmma, impresionizmma da
    eqspresionizmma.
    rogorc am sqematuri monaxazidanac Cans, maSindeli qarTuli mwerlobis
    saxes literaturul miswrafebaTa da SexedulebaTa mravalferovneba gansaz-
    Rvravda.
    ganviTarebis axal stadiaSi Sevida kritika da publicistika. imdroindeli
    publicisturi werilebis ZiriTadi Tematika damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sa-
    Wirboroto erovnuli, politikuri, socialuri da zneobrivi problematikiT
    iyo gansazRvruli. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa niko lorTqi-
    faniZis, mixeil javaxiSvilis, geronti qiqoZis, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, tician
    tabiZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, grigol robaqiZis, ipolite virTagavas, ia
    ekalaZisa da sxvaTa werilebi.
    1918-21 wlebis qarTulma mwerlobam kidev ufro gaaRrmava msoflios prog-
    resul literaturul samyarosTan sasicocxlo kavSirurTierToba da ganavrco
    is masStabebi, romelnic erovnul sulier kulturas zogadsakacobrio esTeti-
    kur RirebulebaTa RviZl nawilad aqcevs.

    ociani wlebi

    samwuxarod, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba sam welsac ki


    ar gagrZelebula. mdgomareoba dRiTi dRe kritikuli xdeboda. qarTuli inte-
    ligenciis progresuli nawili kargad xedavda im uaRresad mZime viTarebas, ro-
    melic Zirs uTxrida qveynis damoukideblobis SenarCunebas. ruseTi, osmaleTi,
    evropis saxelmwifoebi, Sinagamcemebi da moRalateni.... yvelas aSkarad gamJRav-
    nebuli Tu faruli mzakvruli mizani amoZravebda da dros arCevda saqarTve-
    los misataceblad.
    es sabediswero dRec male dadga - 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali. kolau nadiraZis
    sityvebiT Tu vityviT, `im gziT, sad winad elavdnen xmlebi, sad samas gmirTa
    daifSvnen Zvlebi, sad qarTlis dedis cremliT nanami, mZimed daeSva Cveni ala-
    mi, sad gmirTa sisxliT napoxieri, Tovls daefara krwanisis veli, - wiTeli
    droSiT, moReril yeliT, TeTr cxenze mjdomi, nabijiT neliT `SemojiriTda"
    sikvdili celiT!"
    magram qarTvel xalxs usisxlod da ubrZolvelad ar dauTmia Tavisufleba.
    mravaltanjuli Cveni miwa erTxel kidev SeiReba mamulisaTvis daRupul patri-
    otTa sisxliT, erTxel kidev gaiTxara saZmo saflavebi kojorsa Tu tabaxmela-
    Si... samSoblosaTvis gmirulad daRupul mamuliSvilTa Soris erT-erTi 17
    wlis maro mayaSvilic iyo, cnobili mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis - kote
    mayaSvilis asuli, Tavadac mwerlobis madls naziarebi qaliSvili, Tbilisis
    universitetis studenti, romelic moxalised Caewera saxalxo armiaSi da deda-
    qalaqis dasacavad mimaval mebrZolebs Tan gahyva kojrisaken, sadac daiRupa ki-
    dec.
    cxare cremlebiT daitira qarTulma sazogadoebam tragikulad daRupuli ma-
    ro mayaSvili da misi TanamebrZolebi. godebis am Semzarav xmas gulisSemZvrel
    kvnesad SeerTo maros mamis - kote mayaSvilis leqsis striqonebi:
    arc sicocxlis, arc sikvdilis aRara maqvs xalisi,
    Tebervalma damizamTra samudamod maisi!
    gulze sevda Semomawva Tavis mZime lodebiT...
    saqarTvelo gaiJRinTa mayaSvilTa godebiT...
    daviRale... daviCagre... da Seni var mxmobeli,
    Cemo gmiro da wmindano, gamamxneve mSobeli!
    61
    samSoblo Tu Sen - romeli, ax, vitiro romeli!
    davdni cremlad orivesTvis sxvaTa cremlTa mSrobeli...
    saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargviT gamowveuli tkivili, im dRidan
    moyolebuli, yoveli WeSmariti qarTvelisTvis maradiulad Tanamdev wuxilad
    iqca. es naRveli imTaviTve gaicnobiera Cvenma mwerlobam da am tragikuli faq-
    tis gamoxatvas araerTi STambeWdavi nawarmoebi mieZRvna. maTgan gansakuTrebiT
    sainteresoa 1921 wlis 25 Tebervalsve i. griSaSvilis mier dawerili leqsi
    `axal xelisuflebas", ris gamoc igi xanmokle droiT sapyrobileSic ijda. am
    leqsiT i. griSaSvilma mkacrad amxila samSoblos moRalate bolSevikebis mzak-
    vruli politika, romelic saqarTvelos kvlav damonebasa da ruseTis koloni-
    ad gadaqcevas isaxavda miznad:
    ha, aRsrulda! Tqven moxvediT, Cvenc migiReT cremliT cxeliT,
    magram xalxi ar SegindobT, rom sxvis xiStiT SemoxvediT!
    poeti wyevla-kulviT gmobs `qarTvelTa wminda sisxlis" mRvreli komunis-
    tebis mier Cadenil borotebas, magram guls mainc ar itexda da acxadebda, rom
    Tavisuflebis madls naziarebi qarTveli kaci verasodes aitanda `gamarjvebul
    rusul Ceqmas" da sicocxles gawiravda samSoblos gadasarCenad.
    am droidan moyolebuli, jer aSkarad da xilulad, xolo sul male, axali
    epoqis ideologiuri politikis gamkacrebis gamo - farulad, erovnuli Tavi-
    suflebis dakargviT gamowveuli tragediis gamoxatva Cveni mwerlobis ufaqizes
    da mouSuSebel tkivilad iqca. al. abaSelma, magaliTad, es tragikuli movlena
    krwanisis velze datrialebul ubedurebas Seadara da Tavisi gulis nadebi am-
    gvarad gamoavlina:
    da eris tanjvis gamomxatveli
    izrdeba gulSi ori mwvervali -
    erTi naRvelis ori saxeli:
    krwanisis veli da Tebervali.
    1921 wlidan saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirma bina yofili sergievis (dRevande-
    li maCablis) quCaze mdebare daviT sarajiSvilisa da akaki xoStarias saxlSi
    daido, sadac axali xelisuflebis dadgenilebiT xelovanTa sasaxle gaixsna.
    rac dro gadioda, xelisufleba ufro da ufro amkacrebda ideologiur po-
    litikas da rkinis xundebiT boWavda SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis Tavisuflebas.
    am procesma gansakuTrebuli ZaliT Tavi 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis sisxlSi
    CaxSobis Semdgom iCina. partiisa da xelisuflebis risxvas, bunebrivia, verc
    mwerloba gadaurCa. maqsimalurad SeizRuda SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba. yvela-
    feri keTdeboda imisaTvis, literaturuli dajgufebebis arseboba fiqciad rom
    qceuliyo da mwerloba socialisturi ideologiis morCil msaxurad gaexadaT.
    is mwerlebi, romlebic winaaRmdegobas swevdnen, qveynisa da xalxis mtrebad
    cxaddebodnen da politikur represiaTa msxverplad iqceodnen.
    partiisa da xelisuflebis mier gatarebulma amgvarma politikam ociani
    wlebis meore naxevridan imdenad SeboWa Tavisufali azris ganviTareba, rom
    gabatonebuli ideologiis sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gamoxatva mxolodRa
    Rrmad SeniRbuli qveteqstebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. araerTma mweralma, rom ityvi-
    an, CaTrevas Cayola amjobina da iZulebiTi kompromisis gzas daadga.
    literaturaSi mmarTvelobiTi sadaveebis xelSi aRebas partia da xelisuf-
    leba imiTac Seecada, rom Tavad gamovida mweralTa kavSiris saqmianobis war-
    mmarTvelis rolSi. 1926 wels gamarTuli qarTvel mweralTa pirveli yrilobiT
    dawyebuli, mweralTa kavSirSi Catarebuli yoveli yriloba, plenumi Tu sxva
    saxis mniSvnelovani Sekreba partiis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT imarTeboda
    xolme. es faqti imiTac gamoixata, rom 1926 wlamde Catarebul xuT yrilobas
    xazi gadausves da yvelafris aTvla Tavidan daiwyes. ase CaiTvala 1926 wels Ca-
    tarebuli yriloba rigiT pirvelad da momdevno yrilobaTa numeracia am rigi-
    Tobidan gagrZelda.
    imis naTelsayofad, Tu rogori simkacriT ebrZoda xelisufleba gabato-
    nebuli ideologiis mowinaaRmdege mwerlebs, k. gamsaxurdias magaliTic sakma-
    risi iqneba. rogorc cnobilia, am yrilobaze gamosvlisaTvis k. gamsaxurdias
    62
    `Sinauri emigranti" da nacionalisti uwodes da imave wels mZime politikuri
    braldebiT solovkis sakoncentracio banakSi gadaasaxles.
    1921 wlis oqtomberSi, saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris mesame yrilobaze,
    kavSiris xelmZRvanel organoebSi sasurveli odenobiT mouxvedrelobis gamo,
    `cisferyanwelebi" gamovidnen erTiani samwerlo organizaciis Semadgenlobidan
    da sxva ramdenime TanamoazresTan erTad Seqmnes axali mweralTa kavSiri. imave
    TveSi xelovanTa sasaxleSi gamarTulma damfuZnebelma krebam am kavSiris
    Tavmjdomared airCia gr. robaqiZe. axali mwerlobis kavSiri calke organizaci-
    ad mxolod 1923 wlamde arsebobda. 1923 wlis oqtomberSi ki igi kvlav Seuer-
    Tda mweralTa Zvel kavSirs.
    saqarTvelos mweralTa Zvel kavSirs sxvanairad akademiur mweralTa aso-
    ciaciasac uwodeben. umTavresi principi, riTac am asociaciis wevrebi iyvnen er-
    TmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, maTi mkveTrad gamoxatuli antibolSevikuri sulis-
    kveTeba da erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken dauo-
    kebeli swrafva iyo. es mizandasaxuloba ZiriTad mimarTulebad gasdevs maT
    imdroindel Semoqmedebasac da periodul gamocemebsac (`xomaldi", `saqarTve-
    los samreklo", `ilioni", `kavkasioni", `qarTuli sityva", `axali kavkasioni",
    `lomisi"...).
    akademiur mweralTa asociaciis SemadgenlobaSi imJamindeli qarTuli
    mwerlobis TiTqmis yvela didi warmomadgeneli iyo gaerTianebuli, garda `cis-
    feryanwelebisa" da kidev oriode sxva mwerlisa (eseni iyvnen: k. gamsaxurdia, S.
    dadiani, k. mayaSvili, g. tabiZe, v. barnovi, i. griSaSvili, al. abaSeli, p. ingo-
    royva, n. lorTqifaniZe, l. qiaCeli. p. kakabaZe, a. papava...). Tumca aqve isic unda
    aRiniSnos, rom, gansxvavebiT sxva imJamindel literaturul dajgufebaTagan,
    akademiur mweralTa asociaciis personaluri Semadgenloba stabiluri ar
    yofila da xSirad icvleboda.
    aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom akademiur mweralTa asociacia erTgvarovan li-
    teraturul gaerTianebas ar warmoadgenda da masSi gansxvavebuli esTetikur-Se-
    moqmedebiTi mrwamsis mwerlebi iyvnen Tavmoyrili. kerZod, am asociaciis wevrTa
    Soris realisturi literaturuli tradiciebis erTguli mwerlebic gvxvdebod-
    nen da eqspresionistebic, impresionistebica da simbolistebic. umTavresi mis-
    wrafeba, romelic, esTetikur-msoflmxedvelobrivi gansxvavebulobis miuxeda-
    vad, am SemTxvevaSi yvela maTgans aerTianebda, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi damo-
    ukideblobis aRdgenisken swrafva da mkveTrad gamoxatuli antibolSevikuri
    suliskveTeba iyo. am TvalsazrisiT, isini im mamuliSvilur tradiciaTa pirda-
    piri memkvidreni iyvnen, romlebic ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma da sxva did-
    ma qarTvelma patriotebma daamkvidres CvenSi. maT, i. WavWavaZis `sulierma Svi-
    lebma", pirvel yovlisa, swored maTgan iswavles `mamaci mamuliSviloba da ke-
    TilSobil saqmeTaTvis brZola" (k. gamsaxurdia).
    1922 wlis maisSi TbilisSi kidev erTi axali literaturuli jgufi Seiqmna
    - futurist-memarcxeneebisa, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen: s. Ciqovani, b.
    JRenti, n. CaCava, a. beliaSvili, d. gaCeCilaZe...mogvianebiT maT formalurad d.
    Sengelaiac SeuerTda.
    qarTuli futurizmi italiuri da rusuli futurizmis safuZvelze Seqmni-
    li literaturuli asociacia iyo. mis manifestSi Camoyalibebuli esTetikur-
    msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi evropel futuristTa programuli Sexedu-
    lebebis Tavisebur ganmeorebas warmoadgenda.
    qarTvel futuristTa miswrafeba, Taviseburad ganeaxlebinaT qarTuli
    mwerloba, faqtobrivad, formalistur ZiebaTa farglebs ver gacda. isini imde-
    nad gatacebuli aRmoCndnen zaumuri sityvaTqmnadobiT, axali poeturi formebis
    SeqmniTa da `orkestruli leqsalobiT,~ rom mTlianad ugulvebelyves nawar-
    moebis azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi mxare.
    garda futurizmisa, avangardizmi ociani wlebis pirveli naxevris qarTul
    mwerlobaSi dadaizmis saxiTac gamovlinda (t. tabiZe, gr. cecxlaZe...), magram da-
    daistur literaturul mcdelobebs CvenSi sagulisxmo Sedegebi ar mohyolia.
    63
    1921 wlis noemberSi axali xelisuflebis samsaxurSi ideologiuri fana-
    tizmiT Camdgarma mwerlebma: s. euli-quriZem, i. vakelma, i. lisaSvilma, s. Tod-
    riam, r. kalaZem da sxvebma proletarul mweralTa asociacia Camoayalibes. ro-
    gorc am CamonaTvaliTac aSkarad Cans, proletarul mweralTa pirveli nakadi
    ZiriTadad literaturas mitmasnili avtorebisagan Sedgeboda, romelTac metad
    umniSvnelo roli Seasrules Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi. momdevno wlebSi vi-
    Tareba ramdenadme Seicvala da proletarul mweralTa rigebs niWieri avto-
    rebic Seematnen. maTgan, uwinares yovlisa, k. lorTqifaniZe, a. mircxulava da k.
    kalaZe unda davasaxeloT, romlebmac yvelaze metad gamoxates am literaturu-
    li jgufis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi.
    ocian wlebSi proletarul mweralTa asociaciam ramdenime dasaxelebis
    Jurnali da gazeTi gamosca (`qura", `prolemafi", `proletaruli mwerloba",
    `yumbara", `mercxali", `xelovnebis droSa", `dinamiti", `liandagi"...). am periodu-
    li organoebis umTavres daniSnulebas xelisuflebis mier damkvidrebuli ideo-
    logiuri politikis gatarebisTvis brZola warmoadgenda.
    proletaruli mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi TavianT Tavs gabatonebuli ide-
    ologiis msaxurebad da literaturaSi partiuli principebis gamtareblebad
    acxadebdnen da daundoblad ebrZodnen ideologiurad `reaqcioner" mwerlebs.
    isini gansakuTrebuli agresiulobiT daupirispirdnen klasikur literatu-
    rul memkvidreobas da mwvaved dasves misi miReba-armiRebis problema. proleta-
    rul mweralTa didma nawilma es memkvidreoba axali epoqisaTvis sruliad miu-
    Rebel, reaqciul movlenad miiCnia. maTi rwmeniT, revoluciuri ideologiisaT-
    vis mavne am memkvidreobas mxolod zianis motana SeeZlo.
    klasikuri literaturuli memkvidreobis winaaRmdeg brZolam gansakuT-
    rebiT mZlavri xasiaTi ociani wlebis meore naxevarsa da ocdaaTiani wlebis
    dasawyisSi miiRo.
    1927 wels m. javaxiSvilisa da g. qiqoZis TavkacobiT kidev erTi literatu-
    ruli asociacia Seiqmna `arifionis" saxelwodebiT (saxeli warmomdgaria Zveli
    qarTuli sityvidan arifi, rac megobars niSnavs; g. qiqoZis ganmartebiT _ Tana-
    mesufres). `arifionelTa" saliteraturo gancxadeba almanax `arifionSi" gamoq-
    veynda 1928 wels.
    sxva literaturul asociacaTagan gansxvavebiT, `arifioni" metad dRemokle
    SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianeba aRmoCnda _ man 1928 wels, almanax `arifionis" erTa-
    derTi nomris gamosvlidan ramdenime TveSi, Sewyvita arseboba. amis umTavresi
    mizezi is agresiuli damokidebuleba iyo, romelic xelisuflebam da proleta-
    rulma mwerlobam gamoiCines mis mimarT.
    es aRSfoTeba, upirveles yovlisa, almanaxSi dabeWdili im nawarmoebebiT
    iyo gamowveuli, romelTa suliskveTeba principulad ar Seesabameboda imJamin-
    del ideologiur normebs (m. javaxiSvilis `dampatiJe", g. qiqoZis `arifioni
    hereTSi", l. qiaCelis `Tavadis qali maia", S. dadianis `a. T. e" da sxv.). maTgan
    gansakuTrebuli guliswyromis sagnad mainc m. javaxiSvilisa da g. qiqoZis na-
    warmoebebi iqca.
    garda calkeul literaturul dajgufebaTa mier dastambuli perioduli
    organoebisa, ocian wlebSi sxva perioduli gamocemebic gamodioda. im gamocema-
    Tagan, romelTac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules imdroindeli
    Cveni mwerlobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi, usaTuod unda davasaxeloT `galaktion
    tabiZis Jurnali" (1922-23 wlebi) da `mnaTobi" (gamodioda 1924 wlidan). “mnaTobi”
    sabWoTa epoqaSi arsebul erT-erT yvelaze solidur im literaturul gamoce-
    mas warmoadgenda, romelic garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi litera-
    turuli Jurnali iyo saqarTveloSi.
    ociani wlebis periodul gamocemaTagan, aseve, unda davasaxeloT Jurnalebi:
    `kavkasioni~ (1924 w.), `axali kavkasioni~ (1925 w.), `qarTuli mwerloba (1926-30 ww.)
    da `droSa" (gamodis 1923 wlidan), agreTve, `saliteraturo gazeTi" (daarsda
    1931 w. sxvadasxva dros gamodioda sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT: `literaturuli
    saqarTvelo", `literatura da xelovneba", `literaturuli gazeTi". 1963 wlidan
    gamodioda `literaturuli saqarTvelos" saxeliT).
    64
    miuxedavad im mZime viTarebisa, romelic qveyanaSi partiul-ideologiuri diq-
    taturis damyarebas mohyva Sedegad, ociani wlebis qarTuli mwerloba mainc Se-
    vida ganviTarebis axal stadiaSi. es naTlad Cans im didi SemoqmedebiTi miRwe-
    vebiT, romlebic swored am periodSi moipoves mxatvruli sityvis imJamindelma
    didostatebma. kerZod, ocian wlebSi nayofier SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas ewe-
    odnen qarTuli lirikuli poeziis iseTi cnobili warmomadgenlebi, rogorebic
    iyvnen: g. tabiZe, g. leoniZe, i. griSaSvili, a. abaSeli, t. graneli, t. tabiZe, p.
    iaSvili, v. gafrindaSvili da sxv.
    didi SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebi iqna mopovebuli prozis sferoSic, risi naTeli
    dadasturebacaa ocian wlebSi Seqmnil prozaul nawarmoebTa Tundac es aras-
    ruli CamonaTvali: m. javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi", `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe", `TeTri
    sayelo", `givi Saduri", `dampatiJe", k. gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili", `zarebi
    grigalSi", `didi iosebi", l. qiaCelis `sisxli", `Tavadis qali maia", `haki aZba",
    gr. robaqiZis `gvelis perangi", d. Sengelaias `sanavardo", n. lorTqifaniZis, s.
    kldiaSvilisa da sxvaTa calkeuli nawarmoebebi.
    mniSvnelovani Zvrebi moxda dramaturgiaSic. swored am wlebSi daiwera da
    daidga p. kakabiZis `yvaryvare TuTaberi" da `lisabonis tusaRebi", gr. robaqiZis
    `lamara," S. dadianis `kakal gulSi" da `TeTnuldi", s. SanSiaSvilis `anzor" da
    sxv.
    rac Seexeba literaturul kritikas, misi bevri warmomadgeneli, samwuxarod,
    imdenad moeqca ideologiuri artaxebis tyveobaSi, rom aqtiurad Cadga xeli-
    suflebis samsaxurSi da partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi direqtivebis karnaxiT da-
    iwyo literaturul movlenaTa Sefaseba. magram, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad,
    aqve mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoebac, rom am mkacr viTarebaSic
    Cveni kritikisa da literaturaTmcodneobis jansaR birTvs mainc aRmoaCnda im-
    deni moqalaqeobrivi gabeduleba, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi principebidan ukan
    rom ar daexia da obieqturad Seefasebina literaturuli movlenebi (p. ingo-
    royva, k. kekeliZe, g. qiqoZe, v. kotetiSvili, k. kapaneli, m. zandukeli...).

    ideologiuri diqtaturis periodi


    (30-50-iani wlebi)
    1932 wlis 23 aprils sakavSiro kompartiis centralurma komitetma `salitera-
    turo-samxatvro organizaciaTa gardaqmnis Sesaxeb" specialuri dadgenileba mi-
    iRo, romelic gardamtex mijnad iqca meoce saukunis Cveni literaturis isto-
    riaSi. am droidan moyolebuli didi xnis ganmavlobaSi qveynad damkvidrebulma
    ideologiurma diqtaturam rkinis artaxebiT SeboWa SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis
    Tavisufleba da udidesi vneba moutana sulieri kulturis ganviTarebas.
    es procesi kidev ufro gaaRrmava sakavSiro mweralTa pirvelma yrilobam
    (1934 w.), romelmac sabWoTa literaturis erTaderT mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT me-
    Todad socialisturi realizmi gamoacxada.
    ase moeqca mwerloba xelisuflebis yoveldRiuri zedamxedvelobis qveS da
    misi ganviTarebis perspeqtiuli gzebi oficialuri dadgenilebebiTa da direq-
    tivebiT SeiboWa.
    Tumca amgvari gancxadeba ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos amdroindel qarTul
    mwerlobas faseuli da mniSvnelovani araferi Seeqmnas. ra Tqma unda, ara. piri-
    qiT, Cveni literatura swored am wlebSi gamdidrda mravali iseTi nawarmoebiT,
    romelTac warmatebiT gaagrZeles qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis saukeTeso
    tradiciebi.
    epoqaluri sinamdvilis ganmadidebel nawarmoebTa gansakuTrebuli moZaleba
    30-50-iani wlebis Cvens literaturaSi sami umTavresi faqtoriT iyo ganpi-
    robebuli: mweralTa erTi, mcire nawili yovelive amas brma fanatizmiT ake-
    Tebda da gulubryvilod Tvlida, rom xelisuflebis mier arCeuli gza qveyanas
    sikeTesa da bednierebas moutanda. meoreni aseT nawarmoebebs koniunqturuli
    65
    mosazrebebiTa da karieristuli mizanswrafviT qmnidnen, pirovnuli mdgoma-
    reobis gansmtkiceblad. mesameTaTvis ki amis gakeTeba viTarebiT nakarnaxevi mwa-
    re aucilebloba iyo, qveyanaSi aRzevebuli sisxliani represiebisa da Zala-
    dobis tragikuli Sedegi, iZulebiTi ukandaxeva sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad.
    magram, miuxedavad yovelgvari mizezisa, erTi ram, Tu mxolod Sedegis mixed-
    viT vimsjelebT, aSkaraa: yovelive aman sagrZnoblad gaaRariba imdroindeli
    Cveni mwerloba, gadaaxvevina mas im magistraluri gzidan, romelzec mkvidrad
    idga mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze. ase rom, is didi Sinagani potencia, rac
    sabWoTa epoqis mwerlebs gaaCndaT, mTlianad ver gamovlinda sasurveli for-
    miT.
    sxva JanrebTan SedarebiT, dasaxelebul periodSi, yvelaze metad lirikuli
    poezia gaRaribda. saZebari araa pirovnuli individualobis gausaxurebis maga-
    liTebi. poeturi STagonebis wyarod, rogorc wesi, bevri imdroindeli avtori-
    saTvis qceuli iyo ara samyarosTan, sagnebTan da movlenebTan pirovnuli damo-
    kidebulebis gamoxatva, aramed SromiTi miRwevebisa da warmatebebis propagan-
    distuli gandideba. ase wamoiwia wina planze galeqsilma informaciebma da
    saxotbo oratoriebma. literaturul nawarmoebTa erT-erT yvelaze mTavar gmi-
    rad iqca stalini. iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba imxanad moRvawe mwerali, romelsac
    Tavisi Semoqmedebis erT-erT mTavar Temad stalinis saxelis gafetiSeba ar
    gaexados.
    ideologiuri diqtaturis xanis literaturas aseve sakmao vneba moutana am
    droisaTvis gavrcelebulma e. w. `ukonfliqtobis" Teoriam, romelic mwerlobas
    avaldebulebda epoqaluri movlenebi Selamazebulad warmoesaxa da aSkarad
    daexuWa Tvali maSindel socialur da politikur winaaRmdegobebze. sinamdvi-
    lis aseTma tendenciurma gandidebam, rac socialisturi realizmis umTavresi
    moTxovna iyo, bevri mwerali gaxada iZulebuli momwydariyo realobas da mov-
    lenebi partiul-ideologiuri calmxrivobiT gaeazrebina. yvela, vinc amas ar
    gaakeTebda, kritikuli gansjis obieqti xdeboda. amitomacaa, rom amdroindeli
    mwerlobis yoveli warmomadgeneli, romelic pirdapir Tu SeniRbulad am
    saxelisuflebo moTxovnas arRvevda, mkacrad ituqseboda zemdgomi organoebisa-
    ganac da literaturuli kritikisganac.
    zemoaRniSnulma garemoebam, rogorc iTqva, bevri mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi Seq-
    mna zedapirulobisa da panegirizmis safrTxe. Cveni literaturis istoriaSi
    albaT Znelia davasaxeloT meore periodi, roca amdeni saxotbo xasiaTis na-
    warmoebi daweriliyos. am saSiSroebas naTlad igrZnobs mkiTxveli imJamad ga-
    mocemuli wignebis ubralo gadaTvalierebiTac ki.
    magram aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, isic xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
    rom Cveni mwerlobis cnobili ostatebi mainc axerxebdnen TavianTi namdvili,
    opoziciuri gulisTqmis gamoxatvas. amis damadasturebel magaliTebs uxvad
    vpoulobT g. tabiZis, k. gamsaxurdias, m. javaxiSvilis, S. dadianis, p. kakabaZisa
    da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi.
    literaturis sasurveli mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sesawyobad
    da mweralTa gulis mosagebad xelisufleba farTod iyenebda sxvadasxva saxis
    ordenebsa da premiebs. am jildoebis mflobelni, rogorc wesi, is mwerlebi
    xdebodnen, romlebic mkveTrad gamovlenili ideologiuri tendenciurobiT ga-
    nadidebdnen epoqalur sinamdviles. dajildoebul nawarmoebTa Soris saZebari
    araa dabali literaturuli Rirebulebis mqone qmnilebani.
    drodadro, aTasTa Wkuis saswavleblad da sifxizlis gasaZliereblad, ro-
    gorc iTqva, mkacrad tuqsavdnen da maRali tribunebidan TiTs uqnevdnen imaT,
    vinc gansxvavebuli kuTxiT gamoxatavda saTqmels. maTi misamarTiT gamoTqmuli
    SeniSvnebi sabraldebo daskvnasaviT JRerda. uideoba, kameruloba, ideologiuri
    dabneuloba, sulieri dacemuloba, apolitikuroba - ai, nawili im braldebebisa,
    romelTac xSirad uyenebdnen Cveni mwerlobis araerT warmomadgenels.
    urCi da `sxvagvarad" moazrovne mwerlebis `gamosasworeblad" 30-40-ian
    wlebSi xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT xSirad mimarTavda iseT `efeqtur" saSua-
    lebebs, rogorebic politikuri represia, devna da mweralTa kavSiridan ga-
    66
    ricxva iyo. magaliTad, 1937-38 wlebSi gatarebul amdagvar RonisZiebaTa Sedegad
    aTeulobiT mwerali aRmoCnda represirebuli. maTgan bevris sicocxle tragiku-
    lad dasrulda, bevrma ki imperiis sxvadasxva cixesa da sakoncentracio banakSi
    moixada sasjeli.
    eseni iyvnen: tician tabiZe, mixeil javaxiSvili, paolo iaSvili, nikolo mi-
    wiSvili, gercel baazovi, dia Cianeli, vaxtang kotetiSvili, giorgi SatberaSvi-
    li, mamia asaTiani, memed abaSiZe da sxv. represirebul mweralTa Semoqmedebas
    imTaviTve edeboda tabu da maTi reabilitaciis procesi sakmaod didi xnis Sem-
    dgom daiwyo. magaliTad, m. javaxiSvilis, t. tabiZisa da p. iaSvilis reabilita-
    cia mxolod 1954 wels gaxda SesaZlebeli.
    miuxedavad qveynad damkvidrebuli umkacresi saxelisuflebo reJimisa, qar-
    Tveli xalxis saukeTeso Svilebis SegnebaSi TviT am umZimes wlebSic ki ar
    daTrgunula erovnuli Tavisuflebisken swrafva. amis erT-erTi naTeli dadas-
    turebaa patriot mamuliSvilTa 1942 wlis SeTqmuleba da 1942-43 wlebSi poli-
    tikuri organizaciis _ `samanis" saqmianoba. SeTqmulTa da `samanelTa" umTavre-
    si mizanswrafva saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba iyo. am ocnebis aRsrulebas isini
    meore msoflio omSi germaniis gamarjvebas ukavSirebdnen da swored amitom mas-
    Tan kavSir-urTierTobis damyarebas cdilobdnen. magram damsmenTa wyalobiT
    yvelaferi gamJRavnda da xelisufleba SeTqmulebsac da `samanelebsac" umkac-
    resad gausworda _ bevri daxvrites, bevri ki cimbirSi gadaasaxles.
    dasjilTa Soris mravali iyo niWieri, perspeqtiuli, didi SemoqmedebiTi
    potenciis mqone mwerali (kote ximSiaSvili, giorgi ZigvaSvili, adam bobRiaSvi-
    li ...). bevri maTganis saxeli dResdReobiT TiTqmis sruliad ucnobia
    mkiTxvelisaTvis. isini ise wavidnen amqveynidan, Zalze cota ramis dawera (miT
    ufro dabeWdva) Tu moaswres. maT literaturul Rvawlsa da mamuliSvilur
    damsaxurebaze saubars aTeuli wlebis manZilze tabu hqonda dadebuli da Cveni
    istoriis am tragikuli furclebis Seswavla mxolod 1990-iani wlebidan gaxda
    SesaZlebeli.
    sabWoTa periodis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi Taviseburad gardamtex
    mijnad iqca 1934 wels moskovSi gamarTuli mweralTa pirveli sakavSiro
    yriloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am yrilobam axali ideologiuri normativebiT
    SeboWa mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba, es forumi qarTuli mwerlobis
    popularizaciis did tribunadac iqca. garda imisa, rom mis muSaobaSi monawi-
    leoba miiRes Cveni literaturis pirvelxarisxovanma ostatebma (m. javaxiSvil-
    ma, S. dadianma, p. iaSvilma, t. tabiZem, s. Ciqovanma, i. griSaSvilma, l. qiaCelma,
    i. abaSiZem da sxvebma), yrilobis tribunidan gakeTebuli vrceli moxsenebiT (m.
    toroSeliZe) qarTuli literaturis did tradiciebzec da zogadsakacobrio
    mniSvnelobazec iTqva bevri ram. rogorc yrilobis monawileTa mogonebebiT
    vgebulobT, moxsenebis Semdgom, kavSirTa saxlis svetebian darbazSi, sadac yri-
    loba Catarda, msoflio literaturis udides ostatTa suraTebis gverdiT So-
    Ta rusTvelis portretic gamofines.
    1930-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, aqtiurad iwyeba klasikuri da Tanamedrove
    qarTuli mwerlobis rusul enaze Targmna. 1933 wels saqarTveloSi movlenil
    iqna rus SemoqmedTa specialuri jgufi (n. tixonovi, b. pasternaki, k. paustov-
    ski, v. golcevi, p. pavlenko da sxvebi), romelsac daevala qarTvel mweralTa
    nawarmoebebis Targmna rusulad. rusuli enis gziT ki qarTuli mwerloba ufro
    iolad xelmisawvdomi xdeboda sxvaenovani mkiTxvelebisaTvis.
    mwerlobaze partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi kontrolis farTod gavrcelebul
    formad iqca mweralTa kavSirSi sistematurad gamarTuli disputebi, Semoqme-
    debiTi plenumebi da sxva saxis masobrivi RonisZiebani, romlebzedac xelisuf-
    lebis mier dakanonebul normatiul-sadireqtivo moTxovnebze dayrdnobiT ga-
    nixilavdnen calkeul mweralTa axal nawarmoebebs (mag: k. gamsaxurdias `mTva-
    ris motacebas", m. javaxiSvilis `arsena marabdelsa" da `qalis tvirTs", d. Sen-
    gelaias `baTa qeqias", k. lorTqifaniZis `Zirs simindis respublikasa" da a. S.)
    da mwerlobis ideur-politikuri Tu Janrobriv-mxatvruli ganviTarebis calke-
    ul problematur sakiTxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari ganxilvebi xazgasmu-
    67
    lad ideologizebuli xasiaTisa iyo, zog SemTxvevaSi maT mainc Seasrules
    mniSvnelovani roli literaturuli cxovrebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
    ociani wlebisagan gansxvavebiT, roca mravali dasaxelebis Jurnali da gaze-
    Ti gamodioda, 30-40-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mxolod ramdenime literaturuli
    organo arsebobda. saxeldobr: `saliteraturo gazeTi", `mnaTobi", Jurnali
    `axalgazrda mwerali" (daarsda 1934 w. 1935-41 wlebSi gamodioda `Cveni Taobis"
    saxeliT) da `droSa". xanmokle droiT (1934-35 ww.) quTaisSi gamodioda agreTve
    gazeTi `sityva da saqme". es iyo da es. bunebrivia, aseT pirobebSi mwerlobis
    ganviTarebas udidesi sirTuleebi Seeqmneboda.
    30-ian wlebSi farTod aRiniSna `vefxistyaosnis" daweris 750-e wlisTavi (1937
    w.) da i. WavWavaZis dabadebis asi wlis (1937 w.) iubile. ilias iubiles gansa-
    kuTrebuli mniSvneloba im TvalsazrisiTac hqonda, rom man, faqtobrivad, wer-
    tili dausva didi mamuliSvilis winaaRmdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi ga-
    naxlebuli ZaliT gaCaRebul brZolas.
    40-ian wlebSi literaturuli cxovrebis ganviTarebaze udidesi zegavlena
    moaxdina samamulo omad saxeldebulma meore msoflio omma. garda imisa, rom
    am tragikulma movlenam 300 000-ze meti qarTvelis sicocxle Seiwira da qveynis
    ekonomika katastrofis piramde miiyvana, man aunazRaurebeli danaklisi miayena
    Cvens mwerlobasac. daixura Jurnali `Cveni Taoba". mkveTrad Semcirda wignebis
    gamocema. omSi gawveul mweralTagan bevrma tragikulad daamTavra sicocxle (m.
    gelovani, g. nafetvariZe, a. sajaia, s. isiani...), zogic tyved Cavarda da an samu-
    damo emigraciaSi wavida, anda xangrZlivi droiT cimbiris sakoncentracio bana-
    kebSi iqna gadasaxlebuli (l. goTua, l. sulaberiZe, g. kalandaZe, g. kobaxiZe...).
    omisdroindeli Cveni lateraturis paTosi da suliskveTeba arsebiTad gansaz-
    Rvra imJamindelma viTarebam. samSoblos damcvelTa gandideba da antifaSistu-
    ri ganwyobilebis gamoxatva qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedebis erT-erT yvelaze
    mTavar Temad iqca. amis damadasturebel magaliTebs uxvad vxvdebiT rogorc
    frontel mweralTa, ise zurgSi darCenilTa SemoqmedebaSic.
    ormociani wlebis meore naxevridan ukve aSkarad sacnauri xdeba Cveni mwer-
    lobis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis macne niSan-TvisebaTa gamovlinebani. am Tvalsaz-
    risiT, upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs im mweralTa Semoqmedeba, rom-
    lebic 40-50-ian wlebSi gamovidnen saliteraturo asparezze (m. lebaniZe, a. ka-
    landaZe, m. maWavariani, g. rCeuliSvili, n. dumbaZe, o. WilaZe, S. niSnianiZe, o.
    ioseliani, r. inaniSvili, a. sulakauri, r. jafariZe, o. CxeiZe, r. WeiSvili...).
    miuxedavad qveynad damkvidrebuli umZimesi ideologiur-saxelisuflebo
    reJimisa, 30-50-iani wlebis Cveni literatura mainc iyo axali, uaRresad mniSvne-
    lovani etapi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi, razec aSkarad metyvelebs is faq-
    ti, rom am periodis Cveni literatura araerTi klasikuri mxatvruli nawar-
    moebiT gamdidrda. imJamad moRvawe mxatvruli sityvis pirvelxarisxovan ostat-
    TaTvis es dro SemoqmedebiTi aRzevebis didmniSvnelovan xanad iqca.

    60-80-iani wlebi
    ormocdaaTiani wlebis meore naxevridan qarTul mwerlobas aSkara ganaxleba
    daetyo. es procesi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba im movlenebma, romelTac 50-
    iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 60-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi sabWoTa kavSiris sazo-
    gadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi. msoflios mowinave qveynebTan adre maqsima-
    lurad SezRuduli kulturuli kavSirurTierTobis winandelTan SedarebiT ga-
    farToebam, ideologiuri diqtaturis odnavma Sesustebamac ki, ganmsazRvreli
    zegavlena moaxdina literaturuli procesis aRmavlobaze. Sedegmac ar daayov-
    na: TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa mxatvruli azrovnebis ganaxlebis macne arsebiTi
    tendenciebi, romelTac safuZveli moumzades meoce saukunis Cvens literatura-
    Si axali etapis damkvidrebas.
    68
    amdroindeli qarTuli mwerlobis warmatebebs sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgen-
    lebi qmnidnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom 60-70-ian wlebSi ufrosi Taobis araerTma
    didma warmomadgenelma daasrula sicocxle (g. tabiZe, S. dadiani, l. qiaCeli, i.
    griSaSvili, g. leoniZe, s. Ciqovani, k. gamsaxurdia, p. kakabaZe, l. goTua...), bevri
    maTganisaTvis es periodi imavdroulad SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobis umniSvnelova-
    nes etapadac iqca.
    magram 60-70-iani wlebis literaturuli ganaxlebis procesi, pirvel yovlisa,
    mainc im mweralTa saxelebs ukavSirdeba, romlebic omisa da omisSemdgom xana-
    Si gamodian samoRvaweo asparezze (m. lebaniZe, a. kalandaZe, m. maWavariani, n.
    dumbaZe, a. sulakauri, o. ioseliani, r. WeiSvili, r. jafariZe, o. WilaZe, W. ami-
    rejibi, r. inaniSvili, o. CxeiZe, g. rCeuliSvili, T. WilaZe, g. fanjikiZe, S. niS-
    nianiZe, g. doCanaSvili, t. Wanturia, j. Carkviani, r. miSvelaZe, v. javaxaZe, b. xa-
    ranauli, n. SataiZe, g. Coxeli da sxv.).
    marTalia, CamoTvlil mweralTa mniSvnelovanma nawilma SemoqmedebiTi moRva-
    weoba 40-50-ian wlebSi daiwyo, magram bevri maTganis literaturuli aRzevebis
    xana mainc 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba.
    im periodis udidesi mniSvnelobis movlenad iqca 1957 wels axalgazrduli
    Jurnalis _ `ciskris" daarseba. amave wlidan gamosvlas iwyebs rusulenovani
    Jurnali `literaturnaia gruziac". Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis axal-
    gazrda mweralTa wreSi Tavi moiyares uniWieresma axalgazrda avtorebma, rom-
    lebic sul male Cveni mwerlobis mZlavr SemoqmedebiT birTvad mogvevlinen.
    1958 wels daarsda Jurnali `literaturuli aWara" (1969 wlidan `Woroxi")...
    mogvianebiT, literaturuli procesis ganviTarebaze aseve didi zegavlena
    moaxdenes Cvens samwerlo cxovrebaSi imxanad momxdarma iseTma movlenebma, ro-
    gorebicaa: saerTaSoriso masStabiT aRniSnuli S. rusTvelis dabadebidan rvaa-
    si wlisa (1966 w.) da n. baraTaSvilis 150 wlis (1968 w.) iubileebi, Jurnalebis:
    `kritikis" (1972 w.), `ganTiadisa" (1975 w.) da `saunjis" (1975 w.) daarseba, 1978
    wlis 14 aprils saqarTvelos konstituciaSi qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi
    statusis SesanarCuneblad momxdari ambebi da sxv.
    aqve unda gavixsenoT 1956 wlis 9 marts stalinis saxelis dasacavad Tbilis-
    Si datrialebuli tragediac. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiTa
    da moRvaweobiT stalini sabWoTa imperiis samsaxurSi Camdgari beladi iyo da
    mas gamorCeulad sasikeTo sakuTriv saqarTvelosTvis araferi gaukeTebia, bev-
    rma qarTvelma, imxanadac da SemdgomSic, misi saxeli erovnuli Rirsebis
    sisxlxorceul nawilad aqcia da mis dasacavad brZola Tavis patriotul mova-
    leobad miiCnia.
    magram partiis XX yrilobis Semdgom politikuri orientirebis Secvlam qar-
    Tvel mamuliSvilTa didi nawili sxvagvarad miaxeda Cveni didi istoriisaken.
    ai, rogor Seafasa es movlena ir. abaSiZem mogvianebiT: `pirovnebis kultis ga-
    momJRavnebis Semdeg piradad CemTvis yvelaferi sabolood gairkva da mec iqve
    ganvsazRvre Cemi Semdgomi sicocxlis da Semoqmedebis azri. diax, swored iqe-
    dan daiwyo Cemi cxovrebis axali periodi. axleburad gaazrebuli gza, romel-
    sac me `rusTavelis nakvalevze" davarqvi da saiTkenac me Cemi poetur kalmiT
    movuwode Cems mkiTxvels da mTels Cems qveyanasac. es gaxda Cemi erTaderTi
    ideuri mrwamsic, Cemi politikuri partiac" (`mnaTobi", 1992 w. #1, gv. 133).
    ir. abaSiZe gamonaklisi ar yofila da Tavisi erovnul-mamuliSviluri misia
    bevrma gaiazra imxanad sruliad axleburad. ase momzadda Cvens imJamindel
    erovnul cnobierebaSi idea rusTvelis iubiles Catarebisa, rasac qvecnobierad
    im didi vakuumis Sevsebis funqciac hqonda dakisrebuli, sabWoeTis xelisu-
    falTa mier stalinis Rvawlis xelaRebiT uaryofa rom aCenda qarTveli kacis
    gulSi.
    60-80-iani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebas aseve axali SemoqmedebiTi
    impulsebi SesZines im mwerlebma, romlebic 60-iani wlebis bolosa da 70-ian
    wlebSi gamovidnen asparezze. mogvianebiT, 60-ian wlebSi dawyebuli ganaxlebis
    procesi n. dumbaZem qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi `patara renesansad" miiCnia.
    69
    60-70-ian wlebSi partia da xelisufleba kvlavindeburad agrZelebda aSkara
    Tu SeniRbul brZolas erovnuli TviTSegnebis dasaTrgunad da rusifikatoru-
    li politikis gasatareblad. partiuli liderebi dabejiTebiT umtkiceben msof-
    lios, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi warmatebiT ganxorcielebul socialistur gardaq-
    mnaTa Sedegad erebi imdenad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, rom moxda sabWoTa
    xalxis, rogorc axali istoriuli erTobis, Camoyalibeba.
    erovnul individualobaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT farTod gavrce-
    lebul formad 60-ian wlebSi orenovnebis qadageba iqca. araerTi sabWoTa mwera-
    li da mecnieri TavgamodebiT qadagebda rusul enaze weris aucileblobas. am
    ukuRmarTi `Teoriis" mqadagebelni mSobliuri enisadmi siyvaruls `adamianur
    urTierTobaTa umaRles sferoSi - internacionalizmis sferoSi SeRwevis fsi-
    qologiur barierad" miiCnevdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom rac ufro adre da metad
    ganTavisufldeboda adamiani amgvari `erovnuli SeboWilobisagan" (sxvanairad,
    rac ufro male garusdeboda), miT ufro advilad momzaddeboda safuZveli ko-
    munizmis gasamarjveblad.
    qarTuli mwerloba ideologiuri diqtaturis TviT yvelaze mZime wlebSic ki
    mtkiced idga mSobliuri enis sadarajoze da mamuliSviluri gabedulebiT
    ebrZoda aseT ukuRmarT `Teoriebsa" da maT mqadagebelT.
    70-iani wlebidan qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad gaZlierda negati-
    ur movlenaTa kritikuli mxilebisa da socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis brZo-
    lis suliskveTeba. amave droidan aseve mkveTrad gaizarda publicistikisa da
    mxatvruli narkvevis xvedriTi wili.
    farTod damkvidrda istoriul-dokumenturi proza da biografiuli romani.
    marTalia, saamiso tradicia adridanve gamovlinda Cveni zogierTi mwerlis Se-
    moqmedebaSi (magaliTad, k. gamsaxurdia), magram 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli am
    Janrisadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT gacxovelda.
    80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebaze didi
    zegavlena moaxdina erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis TandaTanobiTma
    legalizaciam da mkveTrma aRmavlobam. qarTvelma patriotebma aqtiuri brZola
    daiwyes safuZvlebSeryeuli imperiis winaaRmdeg. maTgan, pirvel yovlisa, am
    brZolis Tavkacebi _ merab kostava da zviad gamsaxurdia unda davasaxeloT. sa-
    qarTvelos ganTavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi isini jer kidev mowafeobis wlebSi
    Caebnen da mravaljer daatydaT Tavs xelisuflebis umkacresi risxva, magram
    TavianTi uzenaesi erovnuli idealisaTvis arasodes uRalatiaT.
    m. kostava da z. gamsaxurdia qarTuli mwerlobis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen
    da ara marto politikurad ibrZodnen qveynis damoukideblobis aRsadgenad,
    aramed mwerluri sityviTac. am brZolaSi maTTan erTad sxva mwerlebic mrav-
    lad monawileobdnen. maT bevri ram gaakeTes qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi
    erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli suliskveTebis gasamZafreblad.
    erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli ideebis gamoxatva 80-iani wlebis dasasruli-
    dan qarTuli mwerlobis magistralur mimarTulebad damkvidrda. Cveni litera-
    turis yvela Taobis mwerali ukve aSkarad da pirdapir avlenda dauokebel
    swrafvas saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopovebisaken. gansakuTrebuli in-
    teresis sagnad iqca uaxlesi istoriis iseTi epizodebi, rogorebicaa: 1921 wlis
    Tebervlis tragedia, 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba, 1956 wlis 9 marti, 1978 wlis
    14 aprili...
    80-iani wlebis bolos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam imdenad
    farTo masStabebi SeiZina, rom mTeli qveyana moicva. amis dadasturebaa is did-
    mniSvnelovani movlenebi, romlebic 1988 wlidan xdeba saqarTveloSi. kerZod:
    1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragedia, 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumi sabWoTa imperi-
    idan saqarTvelos gamoyofis moTxovniT da sxv.
    es yvelaferi 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-
    deblobis gamocxadebiT dagvirgvinda.
    am movlenebma arsebiTad gansazRvra ara marto maSindeli, aramed mTeli
    Semdgomi periodis qarTuli mwerlobis bedi. qarTveli mwerlebi Rirseulad
    aRmoCndnen am brZolaSi Cabmuli da SemoqmedebiTadac da praqtikuli moqme-
    70
    debiTac pirnaTlad Seasrules TavianTi didi mamuliSviluri movaleoba. sam-
    wuxarod, movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sedegad qarTul sazogadoebaSi
    sabediswerod gamovlenilma urTierTdapirispirebam da gaTiSulobam, rac 1991-92
    wlebis ZmaTamkvleli samoqalaqo omiT dagvirgvinda, mwerlobac gaTiSa da mo-
    aqcia urTierTsawinaaRmdego banakSi.
    is qaosi da anarqia, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirvel wleb-
    Si Seiqmna qveyanaSi, faqtobrivad, saxelisuflebo brZola ufro iyo, pirovnuli
    interesebis urTierTSejaxebis safuZvelze warmoqmnili dapirispireba, romel-
    Sic, samwuxarod, mTeli saqarTvelo aRmoCnda Cabmuli. aqve gulistkiviliT
    isic usaTuod unda iTqvas, rom bevri Cvenganis cnobierebaSi imxanad erovnul
    idealebze maRla pirovnuli ambiciebi dadga, ramac udidesi vneba moutana qve-
    yanas.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli sazogadoebriobis erovnul-patriotul
    daqsaqsulobasa da dapirispirebas CvenSive moepoveboda myari safuZveli, misi
    warmarTvisa da gamZafrebis saqmeSi ganmsazRvreli roli mainc ruseTma Seasru-
    la. uwinaresad swored rusuli scenariT ganviTarda 90-iani wlebis saqarTve-
    loSi bevri tragikuli movlena, maT Soris, upirveles yovlisa, afxazeTisa da
    samaCablos tragediebi, ris Sedegadac oTxasi aTasze meti qarTveli Tavisive
    samSobloSi ltolvilad iqca.
    cxadia, amaze didi tkivili dRevandel saqarTvelos araferi aqvs da am
    tkivilis mZafri gamoZaxili sisxlxorceulad msWvalavs mTel qarTul mwer-
    lobas.
    zemoT aRniSnulma movlenebma imdenad moicva da politizebuli gaxada Cve-
    ni literatura, rom am movlenaTa cxel kvalze mdgari bevri mwerali gamZaf-
    rebuli STambeWdaobiT warmosaxavs dRevandelobis saWirboroto problemebs.
    rogorc imJamindeli Cveni mwerlobis monapovrisaTvis uSualo Tvalis ga-
    davlebiTac advilad davrwmundebiT, igi kvlavindeburad uRalatod erTgulia
    im didi mamuliSviluri tradiciisa, rac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis iyo
    xolme misTvis gamokveTilad damaxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari
    `cxeli" STabeWdilebis zegavleniT Seqmnil nawarmoebTa erTi nawili mxatvrul
    srulfasovnebasacaa moklebuli da movlenaTa siRrmiseul gansjasac, isini ma-
    inc asruleben umniSvnelovanes rols sazogadoebivi azris formirebis saqmeSi.
    gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan qarTul mwerlobis istoriaSi TandaTa-
    nobiT imkvidrebs kuTvnil adgils iZulebiT emigraciaSi myofi Cveni mwerlebis
    Semoqmedeba. dainteresebul pirTaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda rogorc ucxoeTSi
    gamocemuli maTi wignebi, ise qarTuli emigrantuli presa. cenzuruli kontro-
    lis moxsnam aseve SesaZlebeli gaxada sabWoTa periodis qarTvel mweralTa ak-
    rZaluli nawarmoebebisa da saarqivo Canawerebis gamoqveyneba, ris Sedegadac
    sruliad axleburi TvalTaxedviT warmoCinda g. tabiZis, k. gamsaxurdias, m.
    javaxiSvilis, l. goTuas, i. griSaSvilisa da sxva mweralTa cxovrebisa da Se-
    moqmedebiTi memkvidreobis calkeuli mxareebi.
    71
    vasil barnovi
    vasil barnovis SemoqmedebiTi biografia XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan
    iwyeba. kerZod, misi pirveli nawarmoebi _ `suraTebi" 1878 wels gamoqveynda ga-
    zeT `droebaSi". am droidan moyolebuli, igi intensiur literaturul saqmia-
    nobas eweoda da sistematurad TanamSromlobda qarTul presaSi. ase rom, ka-
    lendaruli meoce saukunis dadgomis Jams v. barnovis, rogorc niWieri mwerlis,
    saxeli literaturuli sazogadoebriobisaTvis ukve sakmaod kargad iyo cnobi-
    li. marTalia, misi amdroindeli moTxrobebis tipaJica da problematikac ume-
    teswilad XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturuli tradiciebiT iyo nakveb-nasaz-
    rdoebi, magram, amisda miuxedavad, mwerlis adrindel SemoqmedebaSi misi mxat-
    vruli individualobis ganmsazRvreli mxatvruli siaxlenic vlindeba cxadad
    da aSkarad.
    literaturuli srulyofis es periodi v. barnovis SemoqmedebiT biografia-
    Si 1900-iani wlebidan dgeba. am droidan dawyebuli, igi erTmaneTis miyolebiT
    qmnis iseT nawarmoebebs, romlebic TematikiTac da mxatvruli warmosaxvis spe-
    cifikiTac axal movlenas warmoadgens meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis
    istoriaSi. am siaxleTa warmoCena yvelaze metad mis romanebSi moxda. miuxeda-
    vad im uTuod mniSvnelovani warmatebisa, romelic man moTxrobis JanrSi moipo-
    va, v. barnovis SemoqmedebiTi energia yvelaze metad mainc mis romanebSi gamov-
    linda.
    v. barnovis mwerluri Rvawlis Sefasebis dros im garemoebasac gansakuT-
    rebiT unda gaesves xazi, rom igi CvenSi romanis, rogorc Janris, erT-erTi pir-
    veldamamkvidrebelia. misi istoriuli romanebisadmi interess arsebiTad zrdis
    is garemoeba, rom isini faqtobrivad saqarTvelos dramatuli istoriis mTel
    panoramas warmosaxaven mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi. mxatvruli sityvis bevri sxva
    ostatisagan gansxvavebiT, v. barnovis mwerluri STagonebis wyarod Cveni qveynis
    istoriuli warsulis erTi romelime periodi rodia qceuli. igi erTnairi in-
    teresiTa da siyvaruliT acocxlebs am istoriis mRelvare furclebs warmar-
    Tobis xanidan moyolebuli Tavisi drois epoqaluri sinamdvilis CaTvliT.
    da am SemTxvevaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani isicaa, rom avtoriseul mxat-
    vrul warmosaxvas istoriuli procesebis Rrma mecnieruli codna udevs myar
    safuZvlad. miuxedavad imisa, rom v. barnovis SemoqmedebiTi fantazia yovelTvis
    ar iboWeba faqtologiuri masalis sizustiT, mwerali arasodes wydeba realur
    sinamdviles da aseTi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba, pirvel yovlisa, swored am
    istoriuli simarTlis meti mecnieruli sizustiTa da STambeWdaobiT warmo-
    saxvas isaxavs miznad.
    ase rom, v. barnovis istoriuli romanebi ara marto wminda mxatvrul-Semoq-
    medebiTi TvalsazrisiTaa faseuli, aramed mecnieruladac. Cveni qveynis istori-
    is bevri kardinaluri da problemuri sakiTxi mweralma metad sainteresod,
    Rrmad da originaluri TvalTaxedviT gaiazra. roca am garemoebas vusvamT
    xazs, am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobidan arc is unda gamogvrCes, rom im dros, roca
    es romanebi iwereboda, saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis araerTi epizodi
    jer kidev ar iyo saWiro mecnieruli siRrmiT Seswavlili.
    v. barnovma, rogorc mweralma, warmatebiT gadalaxa es didi winaaRmdegoba
    da ara marto maRali literaturuli ostatobiT warmosaxa qarTlis cxovrebis
    istoriuli suraTebi, aramed am istoriis bevri sakiTxi mecnieruli simarTli-
    Tac da maRli profesionalizmiTac gaiazra.
    da kidev erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani momentic: istoriuli warsulis ga-
    cocxleba mwerlisaTvis arasodes iqceva TviTmiznad da arapirdapiri gziT Ta-
    vad misi droindeli epoqisaTvis Tanamdevi saWirboroto sakiTxebis Taviseburi
    gaazrebis warmatebul cdasac warmoadgens. ase rom, v. barnovis istoriul ro-
    manebSi mxolod warsuli ki ar cocxldeba, aramed meoce saukunis pirveli me-
    samedis cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilec.

    * * *
    72
    vasil barnovi daibada 1857 wels qvemo qarTlis sofel kodaSi. misi winap-
    rebi warmoSobiT barnavelebi iyvnen samcxidan. mwerlis gvaris warmomavlobas-
    Tan dakavSirebiT saintereso cnobas gvawvdis Tavad v. barnovis mier 1912 wels
    `saxalxo gazeTis~ suraTebian damatebaSi dastambuli erT-erTi moTxrobisaT-
    vis TandarTuli baraTi, romelic mas sofel kodas mkvidr solomon barnaveli-
    sagan miuRia: `Tqven gvars Tqven ucxo daboloebiT awerT. sxvebi Tqven gvars
    sweren barnoSvili. albaT, ar mogexsenebaT, rom Cveni gvari barnavelia. Cveni
    winapari mRvdeli gadmosula samcxidan, sofel barnavidan, roca samcxe osma-
    los dauWeria. aq is moxseniebulia barnavelad. vkadnierdebi da gacnobebT amas,
    rogorc amJamad gvaris ufrosi warmomadgeneli.~
    v. barnovis mama _ zaqaria mRvdeli iyo, deda ki diasaxlisi. orive sakmaod
    ganaTlebuli adamianebi yofilan da gadamwyveti roli SeusrulebiaT momavali
    mwerlis ganswavlis saqmeSi. kerZod, v. barnovisTvis mSoblebs jer kidev sko-
    laSi Sesvlamde SeuswavlebiaT qarTuli da rusuli wera-kiTxva. am garemoebas
    xeli im faqtmac Seuwyo, rom ojaxs sakmaod mdidari biblioTeka hqonia, sadac
    mxatvrul nawarmoebebTan erTad saeklesio, istoriuli da sxva saxis wignebic
    mravlad yofila daculi.
    prof. violeta ciskariZis TqmiT, `vasilis adreuli mogonebani Tumca ko-
    dasTan, papiseul saxlTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram misi sulieri ganviTareba
    ufro xevsurebiT dasaxlebul tolaanTsofelSi cxovrebis periodSi moxda. aq
    muSaobda mRvdlad zaqaria, romelsac, rogorc qristianobis mqadagebels, ara-
    erTxel mosvlia usiamovneba warmarTuli xatis dekanoz kurdRelas ojaxTan.
    gansakuTrebiT megobrobda igi kurdRelas vaJs baCyuras. aq Seiswavla barnovma
    warmarTuli RvTismsaxurebis wesebi, rac Semdeg didi codniT asaxa Tavis
    TxzulebebSi. aqve, bunebiT mdidar tolaanTsofelSi, Caisaxa barnovis siyvaru-
    li bunebisadmi~ (qarTuli literaturis istoria eqvs tomad, t. V, 1982 w. gv.
    173).
    rva wlis vasili mSoblebma Tbilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi Seiyvanes.
    Tavad mwerlis gadmocemiT, aq swavlis periodidan mis xsovnaSi yvelaze STam-
    beWdav mogonebad iakob gogebaSvilTan urTierToba aRbeWdila. v. barnovis
    TqmiT, saswavlebelSi iakobis mosvliT `sawyal, daCagrul Segirdobas ciagi Se-
    mogvadga da mas did pativs vcemdiT, veTayvanebodiTo.~
    Tbilisis sasuliero saswavleblis dasrulebis Semdeg v. barnovma swavla
    ganagrZo Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, romelic 1877 wels daamTavra. semi-
    nariis damTavrebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1877-78 saswavlo wels, igi iqve
    muSaobda zedamxedvelad. 1878 wels ki swavla ganagrZo moskovis sasuliero
    akademiis istoriis ganyofilebaze, romelic 1882 wels daasrula.
    amis Semdeg mwerali samSobloSi dabrunda da Tavisi praqtikuli saqmiano-
    bis umTavres sferod maswavlebloba airCia. sxvadasxva dros, ormocze meti
    wlis ganmavlobaSi, igi maswavleblad muSaobda axalsenakis, Telavisa da
    Tbilisis saswavleblebSi.
    v. barnovi gardaicvala 1934 wels. dasaflavebulia mweralTa da sazogado
    moRvaweTa mTawmindis panTeonSi.
    galaktionis SefasebiT, vasil barnovi `Zveli qarTuli freska" iyo, `uke-
    TilSobilesi adamiani da Taviseburi manerisa da stilis" pirovneba. simon Ciqo-
    vanma ki igi `evropul tansacmelSi gamowyobil meudabnoes Tu myudro senakSi
    momuSave Zvel mwignobars" Seadara, romelsac `qarTuli taZris kedlis mxat-
    vrobidan Camosuli wmindanis Tu mematianis saxe" hqonda. TanamedroveTa gadmo-
    cemiT, v. barnovis Semoqmedebis umTavres Temad damkvidrebul istoriul war-
    suls TiTqos misi garegnobac Seecvala fizikurad da mwerali monasterSi Se-
    kedlebuli moZRvris saxis mqone qarTveli mematianisaTvis daemsgavsebina.
    aseTi Sedarebani rom subieqturi warmosaxvis nayofs ar warmoadgens, amaze
    mwerlis sxva TanamedroveTa mogonebebic naTlad metyvelebs. bevri maTganis-
    Tvis v. barnovi `Soreuli warsulidan TanamedroveobaSi gadmosuli moxuci"
    iyo (s. Wilaia), `patriarqis Sesaxedaobis mqone" Zveli inteligenti, `welSi od-
    nav moxrili da saTvaleebiani, xelSi ganuSorebeli mokakulxeliani joxiTa da
    73
    nesva qudiT" (T. saxokia), romelic anaqronizmad SemorCenoda sul sxva cxov-
    rebis oromtrialSi Cabmuli Tbilisis quCebs.
    v. barnovi SemoqmedebiTi produqtiulobiTac gamorCeuli mwerali iyo.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom, misive sityvebiT Tu vityviT, avtoris mier `amorCeuli sa-
    vali arsebobisa" metad `mZime iyo", `mTel mis dros Txoulobda, mTel mis Za-
    las" da wminda literaturuli saqmianobisaTvis mas am drois `mxolod nasuf-
    rali mouxmarebia, naberty-namceci is oriode wami, romelic lukmis saSovrad
    mimarTul SromisaTvis waurTmevia", v. barnovis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba ma-
    inc metad uxvia da mravalferovani. mwerlis ocneba iyo, `cal-calke gamoq-
    veynebuli da Jurnal-gazeTebSi mimobneuli" Tavisi nawerebisaTvis erTad moeya-
    ra Tavi, tomeulebad daebeWda da amiT kidev ufro naTlad daenaxa, `ra fxisa
    an ra xmis gamoReba SeeZloT maT".
    samwuxarod, igi ise gardaicvala, rom am ocnebis Sesrulebas ver moeswro.
    amis gakeTeba mxolod 1961-64 wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli, roca mwerlis Txzu-
    lebaTa aTtomeuli gamoica.
    aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, im mokrZalebasac usaTuod unda mieq-
    ces yuradReba, romelsac sakuTari nawerebis Sefasebisas iCenda mwerali. `eh,
    sityvis bade vera mqonda imdenad msubuqi, mtkice, moqnili, rom marjved da uk-
    lebliv Camesaxa is Cvenebebi, romelTac Sevtrfodi da Sevxarodi. mkrTalni ga-
    modiodnen kalmis qveS Cemi Wreli ocnebebi, sanatreli Cemi sanaxavebi da... guli
    mtkioda, guli!" _ gulwrfeli sinanuliT werda, magaliTad, is erTgan.
    cnobilma kritikosma da literaturaTmcodnem geronti qiqoZem jer kidev
    1912 wels gamoqveynebul werilSi erT-erTma pirvelma gamoxata aRfrTovaneba v.
    barnovis mwerluri talantisadmi da mas Cvens literaturaSi `araCveulebrivi
    movlena" uwoda. kritikosis SefasebiT, `barnovs mxatvruli alRo umwvervale-
    sad aqvs ganviTarebuli. barnovi SesaniSnavi ostatia... qarTvelebis suls es uc-
    nauri ostati ise Rrmad Caswvdomia, rom misi romanebis gadaTargmna ucxo enaze
    TiTqmis SeuZlebelia".
    da mainc, mwerlis Semoqmedebisadmi literaturuli sazogadoebriobis amg-
    vari damokidebulebis miuxedavad, v. barnovis beletristika araTu mis si-
    cocxleSi ar yofila sasurvel doneze Seswavlili, aramed am TvalsazrisiT
    bevri ram kvlavac samomavlodaa gasakeTebeli.
    v. barnovs im dros mouxda SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba, rodesac Cvens mwer-
    lobaSi aqtiuri ZaliT mimdinareobda tradiciulad damkvidrebul literatu-
    rul da esTetikur SexedulebaTa ganaxlebis Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi proce-
    si. Tumca man, rogorc mweralma, imdenad bevri siaxle Semoitana da daamkvidra
    meoce saukunis qarTul literaturaSi, rom zogierTma literaturaTmcodnem
    igi qarTuli modernizmis erT-erT pirvel warmomadgenladac miiCnia. Tumca,
    amisda miuxedavad, v. barnovi arasodes mowyvetila erovnul literaturul tra-
    diciebs da mis SemoqmedebaSi esoden farTod gamovlenili yovelgvari siaxle,
    pirvel yovlisa, swored am tradiciebs efuZneba xolme.
    es rom namdvilad asea, amas misi ara marto mxatvruli Semoqmedeba adastu-
    rebs, aramed werilebic, sadac mwerlis literaturuli moRvaweobis bevri fu-
    Zemdebluri principicaa naTlad axsnili da ganmartebuli. erT-erTi maTgania
    `mgosnuri gancdisa da cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis" erTmaneTisagan ganuTiSve-
    lobis avtoriseuli xazgasma. v. barnovs Rrmad swams, rom `verc erTi esTetiku-
    ri gancda cxovrebis gareSe ver iarsebebs; rom mgosnur gancdas fesvi unda si-
    namdvileSi edgas, iqidan ikvebebodes, imiT hyvaodes, nayofierdebodes... poetur
    nawarmoebs imdenad aqvs Rirebuleba, ramdenadac mkvidrad aris dakavSirebuli
    cxovrebis sinamdvilesTan".
    am Tvalsazriss v. barnovi 1919 wels daweril werilSi ayalibebda (`poezia
    da misi safuZvlebi"), maSin, rodesac imxanad samoRvaweo asparezze gamosuli
    araerTi mwerali aqtiurad cdilobda amgvari tradiciuli Sexedulebebisagan
    mkveTrad gansxvavebuli esTetikuri Teoriebis damkvidrebas. maTgan gansxva-
    vebiT, rogorc citirebuli magaliTebiTac aSkarad Cans, v. barnovi mtkiced
    icavda literaturisa da xelovnebis daniSnulebis klasikur gagebas da am
    74
    Tvalsazriss ara marto mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT erTgulebda, aramed mas Tavis
    werilebSi mkafiod gansazRvruli msoflmxedvelobrivi principebisa da debu-
    lebebis saxiTac ayalibebda.
    v. barnovi metad originalurad iazrebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istori-
    ul process da kacobriobis arsebobis istorias sam ZiriTad periodad yofs
    (ix. misi `qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi"): pirveli, esaa dro, `ro-
    desac arsebobda mxolod naTeli anu keTili". meore, `rodesac Seiqmna bneli
    anu boroti, romelic mkacrad SeebrZola naTels anu keTils". misi azriT, dRe-
    vandel kacobriobas swored am xanaSi uwevs cxovreba. magram, sabolood, v. bar-
    novis rwmeniT, usaTuod `dadgeba dro, odes naTeli anu keTili sZlevs borots
    anu bnels, daTrgunavs mis mebrZol Zalebs da ganqardeba. maSin isev gamefdeba
    usazRvro samyaroSi yovlad saxieri naTeli dauCrdilavi da keTili Se-
    uryevel-SeuzRudavi: bneli Tu boroti mTlad moispoba maSin, gardaiqmneba ara-
    raobad. es iqneba mesame da saboloo periodi samaradiso arsebobisa".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerlis es Tvalsazrisi misi idealizebuli rwmenis
    nayofi ufroa, vidre saTanadod argumentirebuli gansja-analizisa, am SemTxve-
    vaSi mTavari mainc isaa, rom am msoflmxedvelobriv mrwamss v. barnovi ka-
    cobriobis sulieri kulturis Seqmnis umtkices safuZvlad miiCnevs.
    yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
    sakacobrio idealad dasaxuli es `dauCrdilavi naTeli da Seuryeveli SeuzRu-
    davi sikeTe" v. barnovma, faqtobrivad, RmerTTan gaaigiva. RmerTi, misi rwmeniT,
    pirvel yovlisa, swored es idealizebuli naTelia, Cven `xorciel da sulier
    bunebaTa" Semqmneli da `bnel ZalTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli" uzenaesi Zala.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom v. barnovis RvTaebrivi rwmenis umtkicesi safuZveli
    qristianuli religia iyo, mwrali sxva religiuri aRmsareblobebis mimarTac
    avlens Tavis pativismcemlur damokidebulebas.
    qarTul warmarTul RvTaebaTa krebuls igi `naTelTa Sesakreblebs" uwo-
    debda da maT `umTavres RvTaebad" mTvares, mangs, TuTis miiCnevda, `rogorc xa-
    tebas garSemouwerelis naTelisa". mTvaris Tayvaniscema, rogorc mTavari meufi-
    sa da RvTaebisa, v. barnovis TqmiT, `qarTvelTa tomis uZvelesi sarwmunoeba
    aris".
    magram, garda mTvarisa, `naTelTa SesakreblebSi" qarTvelebs `sxva Rmer-
    Tebic hyavdaT: armazi, zadeni, gaci, ainani, danani, iTruSani, anatori, qalRmer-
    Ti dali oqrosdalalebiani da sxv. gvqonda kerpTaTvis agebuli sayudarni.
    gvyvanda maTTvis miCemebuli xucesni, momvlel-myudelni". rogorc cnobilia,
    qarTuli warmarTuli sarwmunoebis istoriis Rrma codna da am religiisadmi
    mwerlis erovnul-patriotuli damokidebuleba metad sainteresod gamovlinda
    cnobil romanSi `armazis msxvreva".
    v. barnovi Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi ritmuli prozis erT-erTi yvelaze
    TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia. misi Semoqmedebis ritmul-musikaluri mxare xSi-
    rad (gansakuTrebiT ocian wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi) imdenadac kia mowes-
    rigebuli, rom mwerlis moTxrobebi da romanebi ama Tu im saleqso sazomiTaa
    dawerili. ase rom, v. barnovis proza versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiTac uaRre-
    sad sainteresoa.
    marTalia, mwerlis droindel Cvens literaturaSi ritmul-musikalurad
    gamarTuli prozis damkvidrebas sxvebic aqtiurad cdilobdnen, magram maTi amg-
    vari mcdelobani, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, mcire Janris prozaul nawar-
    moebaTa farglebs ar gascilebia. v. barnovis beletristikaSi ki am tendenciam
    imdenad farTo masStabebi moicva, rom, Tavis mxriv, man momdevno periodis ara-
    erTi mwerlis Semoqmedebasac misca mZlavri literaturuli impulsi. am Tval-
    sazrisiT dainteresebuli mkiTxveli usaTuod ipovis garkveuli Sexebis werti-
    lebs v. barnovisa da k. gamsaxurdias stilur individualobebs Soris.
    aqve v. barnovis enazec unda iTqvas oriode sityva. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    misi Semoqmedebis udidesi nawili gardasul saukuneTa yofiTi sinamdvilis
    mxatvrul warmosaxvas eZRvneba, mwerali enis mkveTri arqaizaciis gziT ar mi-
    dis da Tavisi drois cocxal saliteraturo metyvelebasTan sisxlxorceul
    75
    kavSirs arasodes wyvets. marTalia, mis istoriul romanebSi ZvelqarTuli
    enobrivi formebica da leqsikac sakmao odenobiT gvxvdeba, magram arqaizaciis
    es procesi TviTmiznur xasiaTs ar iRebs da ukiduresobamde ar midis. aseT ar-
    qaizmebs mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi ufro metad istoriuli koloritis gamokveTisa
    da stiluri individualobis damkvidrebis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli.
    v. barnovis mwerluri TavisTavadobis ganmsazRvrel niSanTagan calke unda
    gamovyoT agreTve Sinagani dialogic, romelsac sakmaod xSirad mimarTavs xol-
    me mwerali azris eqspresiulad gamoxatvis mizniT. amgvar dialogTa damaxasia-
    Tebeli mTavari Tavisebureba is aris, rom mis monawileebad konkretuli perso-
    naJebi ar gvevlinebian. faqtobrivad, esaa avtoris mier ama Tu im sakiTxTan da-
    kavSirebiT gamoTqmul SexedulebaTa Taviseburi Sejereba, gansxvavebul mosaz-
    rebaTa erTgvari Sepirispireba, msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis gamoxatvis indi-
    vidualizebuli forma, romelsac abstraqtuli saubris saxiT, konkretulad
    saxeldebul pirovnebaTa gareSe, Tavad mwerali warmarTavs. aseTi fsiqologiu-
    ri wiaRsvlebi da lirikuli CanarTebi avtors saSualebas aZlevs ufro
    STambeWdavad da siRrmiseulad warmoaCinos nawarmoebis umTavresi saTqmelis
    arsi da mizanswrafva.
    aseve, sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is didi datvirTva, romelsac lirikuli
    gadaxvevebi da avtoriseuli monologebi (s. Ciqovanis sityviT, `uxmo saubrebi")
    iZenen v. barnovis SemoqmedebaSi. maTi meSveobiT mwerali `xSirad ereoda xolme
    gmiris saqmianobaSi da Taviseburi sadaviT aCerebda Tu ayovnebda nawarmoebis
    ambis ganviTarebas. TiTqos winaswar avtoris mier mofiqrebuli fabula da we-
    ris dros dabadebuli ganwyobileba ebrZodnen erTmaneTs. avtori TiTqos Tavad
    aferxebda romanSi Tu moTxrobaSi ambis laR msvlelobas Tu Txrobis mdina-
    rebas. mas, ambis Sinagani dinamikuri ganviTarebis nacvlad, mxatvrul prozaSi
    mkafio ritmi Semohqonda da ritmuli wyoba musikalur dinebaSi gadahyavda" (s.
    Ciqovani, t. III, 1967 w. gv. 321).
    rogorc sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi dawerili nawarmoebebi mowmoben,
    bevri misi Tanamedrovisgan gansxvavebiT, v. barnovs arasodes uvlia ideologiu-
    ri kompromisisa da koniunqturis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos ga-
    sabWoebis Semdgom mweralma 14 weli icocxla da am xnis manZilze mravali na-
    warmoebi Seqmna, sabWour epoqalur sinamdviles arc erTi maTgani ar eZRvneba.
    maTi udidesi nawili Cveni qveynis istoriul warsuls asaxavs da axal ideolo-
    giasTan Sinagani dapirispirebulobiT avlens avtoris erovnul TvalTaxedvas.
    v. barnovis moTxrobaTa didi nawili ganzogadebuli formiT warmosaxavs
    mwerlis droinedel epoqalur sinamdviles. isini axali emociuri ZalisxmeviT
    gvafiqreben imJamindeli Cveni yofisaTvis niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebel ara-
    erT saWirboroto sakiTxze, siRrmiseulad warmoaCenen maSindeli qarTuli
    mwerlobis umTavres Temebad damkvidrebul socialuri, erovnuli Tu zneobrivi
    problematikis calkeul aspeqtebs.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom v. barnovis literaturuli SesaZleblobani, upirve-
    les yovlisa, romanebSi gamovlinda, mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis
    srulfasovani Sefaseba yovlad SeuZlebeli iqneba misi moTxrobebisTvis saTa-
    nado yuradRebis miuqcevlad. maSindeli qarTuli literaturuli procesis
    sisxlxorceul nawilad qceuli es nawarmoebebi naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis
    mwerlis interesTa da miswrafebaTa mravalferovnebaze.
    v. barnovis moTxrobaTa erTi nawili qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi mcnebebi-
    Taa STagonebuli. am tendenciam SemoqmdebiTi moRvaweobis pirveli wlebidanve
    iCina mis SemoqmedebaSi Tavi. misi zogierTi nawarmoebi bibliuri siuJetebis Ta-
    viseburi interpretaciaa. saxarebaSi zneobriv maqsimebad, brZnul azrebad da
    Segonebebad Camoyalibebuli RvTaebrivi mcnebebi v. barnovma konkretul adamian-
    Ta moqmedebaSi ganasaxa da maTi cxovrebis realur safuZvlad aqcia.
    magram v. barnovis sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsi yovelTvis rodi Seesabameba
    qristianuli religiis kanonikur normebs. piriqiT, misi calkeuli nawarmoebebi
    naTlad da araorazrovnad avlenen am normebisadmi avtoris kritikul damoki-
    debulebasac da movlenaTa filosofiuri gansja-gaazrebis maxvilgonivrul
    76
    unarsac. am tendenciam mis SemoqmedebaSi adridanve iCina Tavi. aRniSnuli Tval-
    sazrisiT uaRresad saintereso nawarmoebia `svimon xeli" (1895 w.). XVI saukunis
    cnobili mefis _ svimonis gmiruli cxovrebis amsaxveli es istoriuli moTxro-
    ba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, pirvel yovlisa, imiT iqcevs, rom naTlad ga-
    moxatavs mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis erT-erT iseT uaRresad mniS-
    vnelovan mxares, rogoric religiasTan damokidebulebaa.
    iranis Sahis karze datyvevebuli svimon mefe umZimesi alternativis winaSe
    dgas: mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi Sahi mas kvlav daubrunebs
    samefo gvirgvins, xonTqris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daexmareba da qveyanas Zvel
    Zlierebas aRudgens. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki ara marto mefesa da mis Tana-
    mebrZolT emuqrebaT safrTxe, aramed mTel samefosac. mZime arCevanis winaSe
    damdgar svimons gadawyvetileba ver miuRia: `Tu sjuli davicva, samefo ga-
    mioxrdeba, iqneba arsebobac moespos mas, _ fiqrobs igi. _ Tu Tavs vidva same-
    fos dacva, sjuli unda gavtexo, radgan mxolod am pirobiT ganTavisufldeba
    yvelani".
    rogorc cnobilia, aseTi mZime arCevanis winaSe istriulad xSirad mdgaran
    xolme Cveni mefeebi. gansacdelSi Cavardnil svimons zaqaria moZRvari estumra.
    sparseTSi wlobiT nacxovrebi am moZRvris saxiT mweralma Tumca fragmentu-
    lad, magram uaRresad sainteresod gamokveTa sarwmunoebrivi dogmatizmiT
    SeuboWveli sasuliero piris literaturuli tipi. yuranisa da mahmadianTa sju-
    lis sxva wignebis gacnobam, Zveli sparsuli rwmenis, induri moZRvrebis, ebrau-
    li sjulisa da qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis safuZvlianma Seswavlam da er-
    TmaneTTan Sedareba-Sepirispirebam zaqaria moZRvari imis aRiarebamde miiyvana,
    rom `yoveli sjulis dedaazri erTi da igivea, yvela es moZRvrebebi TavianT
    arsebiT nawilSi hgvanan erTmaneTs. yvela eseni aRiareben miuwvdomel arsebas,
    romelic aris Semoqmedi da dasabami keTilis...
    yvela sjulisaTvis am saerTo WeSmaritebis qveiT iwyeba garCeva moZ-
    RvrebebSi, aqve iwyeba erTi xalxis meorisagan sarwmunoebis mxriv gacalkeveba
    da siZulvili, garna es mcire xarisxovani da droebiTi movlenaa. bolos es
    gansxvavebani unda moispos da umTavres WeSmaritebam unda SeaerTos rwmenis
    mxriv mTeli kacobrioba, maSin Seiqmneba erTi samwyso erTis mwyemsisa.
    Tu es asea, maS ganviTarebuli kacisaTvis rad unda iyos momakvdinebeli
    codva uarhyos mcirexarisxovani wesebi romelime sjulisa, Tu amas moiTxovs
    samSoblos dacva? _ ase fiqrobda moZRvari da daaskvna, erCia svimonisaTvis
    mahmadianobis miReba xalxis dasacvelad".
    marTalia, zaqaria moZRvris es Tvalsazrisi principulad ar Seesabameba
    qristianuli religiuri moZRvrebis kanonikur normebs, magram am SemTxvevaSi
    mTavari es ki araa, aramed is faqti, rom Tavisi arsiT igi dResac uaRresad aq-
    tualuri, mniSvnelovani da metad progresuli Sexedulebaa. aqve mxedvelobidan
    arc is unda gamogvrCes, rom am mosazrebas sasuliero piri gamoTqvams, RvTis-
    mmosavi kaci da ara religiuri rwmenisagan Sors mdgari pirovneba.
    zaqaria moZRvris amgvarma rCevam sabolood gadaawyvetina mefes, Tavisi Ta-
    vi msxverplad rom Seewira uflisa da samSoblosaTvis, formalurad mahmadis
    rjuli mieRo, kvlav Tavis qveyanas dabruneboda da mis samsaxurSi Camdgariyo.
    rogorc ukve aRiniSna, v. barnovis sarwmunoebrivi TvalTaxedva qristianu-
    li religiis kanonikuri dogmatizmiT ar Semoifargleba da mwerlis Semoqme-
    debaSi dasmuli araerTi problemuri sakiTxi filosofiuri TvalTaxedviTaa ga-
    azrebuli. marTalia, v. barnovis religiuri mrwamsis safuZvels qristianuli
    rwmena warmoadgens, magram mis sarwmunoebriv TvalTaxedvas garkveuli Sexebis
    wertilebi sxva religiebTanac da filosofiur moZRvrebebTanac aSkarad rom
    moepoveba, es naTlad Cans misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobidan. am TvalsazrisiT
    igi dogmaturi principebiT SeuboWavi Semoqmedia, filosofiurad moazrovne
    mwerali, romelic originaluri TvalTaxedviT sjis da iazrebs movlenebs.
    naTqvamis dasturad Tundac `tkbili duduki" (1909 w.) gavixsenoT, moTxro-
    ba, romelic Taviseburi formiT exmaureba jer kidev antikuri xanis filoso-
    fosTa mier Camoyalibebul da damkvidrebul moZRvrebas sulis ukvdavebis Se-
    77
    saxeb. gansxvavebiT qristianuli religiisagan, romelic Tvlis, rom adamiani
    xorcieli saxiT mxolod erTxel estumreba qveynierebas, v. barnovs wams, rom
    pirovnebis xorcieli cxovreba ganmeorebadia da igi xelmeoredac SeiZleba mo-
    evlinos qveyanas. am WeSmaritebaSi daeWvebas, mwerlis rwmeniT, is iwvevs, rom
    adamianTa xsovnidan mTlianadaa waSlili maTi winandeli miwieri arsebobis
    nakvalevi, ris gamoc isini amgvari ramis SesaZleblobas absurdul azrad
    Tvlian. sinamdvileSi ki es ase rom ar aris da zogierTi Cvengani gangebas gan-
    meorebiTac rom mouvlenia am qveyanaze, amis dadasturebas mixas ucnauri Tavga-
    dasavalic warmoadgens.
    v. barnovis moTxrobis umTavresi mizanswrafva, pirvel yovlisa, am urTu-
    lesi da qvecnobieri problemis filosofiuri gansja-gaazrebis mcdelobaa. na-
    warmoebis erT-erTi mTavari personaJis _ daTikos piriT mwerali waruSleli
    STambeWdaobiT gviyveba mixas cxovrebis dramatul ambavs da am monaTxrobis
    Rrmaazrovani qveteqsturi SinaarsiT mxatvruli ganzogadebulobiT gamoxatavs
    Tavis filosofiur mrwamss sulis ukvdavebisa da adamianis xorcieli cxov-
    rebis ganmeorebadobis Sesaxeb.
    mixas bavSvobidanve Camouyalibda da SemdgomSi kidev ufro ganumtkicda
    rwmena imisa, rom igi erTxel ukve cxovrobda am qveyanaze da axla ganmeorebiT
    movlenia wuTisofels. gansxvavebiT sxvebisagan, mis xsovnas Tumca bundovnad,
    magram mainc SemorCenia winandeli cxovrebis nakvalevi. mixas cnobierebaSi
    drodadro mkafiod amotivtivdebodnen xolme misi pirvandeli miwieri ar-
    sebobis calkeuli epizodebi. xalxs ara marto araferi sjeroda mixas am ucna-
    uri rwmenisa, aramed bevri sasacilodac ki igdebda `qveynis gaRma mayurebel"
    am meocnebe kacs yovelive amis gamo.
    ase nel-nela da TandaTanobiT mowyda mixa garemomcvel realobas da igi
    Tavisi winandeli miwieri cxovrebis nakvalevis aqtiurad maZiebel pirovnebad
    iqca. realur sinamdvileze metad is swored am gardasul da mexsierebas bun-
    dovnad SemorCenil samyarosTanaa dakavSirebuli. `ganmartoebulad vgrZnob
    Tavs, - gulwrfelad umJRavnebs, magaliTad, erTgan is uaxloes megobars Tavisi
    sulieri tanjvis umTavres mizezs. _ garSemo bnela. myvanan ded-mama, naTesavebi,
    nacnobebi, magram me imaT vera vcnob, vera vxedav, isini CemTan ar arian, verc
    isini mxedaven, vera mcnoben, maT ver CamouxedniaT Cems gulSi, rom dainaxon Ce-
    mi guliskveTeba".
    mixa Rrmad iyo dajerebuli imaSi, rom Tavisi pirvandeli cxovrebis dros
    mas usayvarlesi colic hyavda, romelsac kvlavac usaTuod ipovida da gamoic-
    nobda, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi saxe naTlad arc ki hqonda warmodgenili.
    gardasuli cxovrebis amgvar mogonebebsa da asociaciur warmosaxvebs mis mexsi-
    erebaSi yvelaze metad, pirvel yovlisa, musikis sevdiani hangebi acocxlebdnen.
    am hangTagan mixas gamorCeulad moswonda dudukis naRvliani xma, romelsac igi
    gonebismiRmur warmosaxvaTa idumal samyaroSi gadahyavda.
    mixas sulieri satanjvelidan Tavdasaxsnel gzaTa daucxromeli Zieba mwe-
    ralma, uwinares yovlisa, misi pirveli colisa da masTan ganuyofelad dakavSi-
    rebuli pirovnuli bednierebis Ziebas daukavSira. moxda ise, rom es Zieba warma-
    tebiT dagvirgvinda da qeTeTosTan SemTxveviT Sexvedrilma mixam erTbaSad ir-
    wmuna, rom swored igi iyo is qali, romelsac aseTi TavdaviwyebiT daeZebda.
    magram, mixasagan gansxvavebiT, qeTeTos mexsierebidan misi winandeli cxovrebis
    nakvalevi mTlianad waeleka droTa dinebas. ase rom, mixa qalisaTvis sruliad
    ucnobi pirovneba iyo, visTanac mas TiTqos araferi akavSirebda. mixas mcde-
    lobas, qeTeTosa da misi mSoblebisaTvis naTlad aexsna da ganemarta viTarebis
    namdvili arsi, Sedegi ar mohyolia. qeTeTo, mSoblebis daJinebuli mcdelobiT,
    angarebiani qorwinebis msxverplad iqca.
    magram sikvdilis win loginad Cavardnili qeTeTos gonebas bindi gadaew-
    minda da mis sxovnaSi erTbaSad aRdga misi pirvandeli meuRlis xateba. mwerali
    mRelvared aRwers momakvdavi qalisa da mixas saubars, romlis Rrmaazrovani
    Sinaarsi STambeWdavi saxiT gamoxatavs nawarmoebis umTavresi saTqmelis filo-
    sofiur arss. qeTeTo da mixa romantikuli gznebiT ixseneben, pirveli sikvdi-
    78
    lis Semdgom rogori TavdaviwyebiT micuravdnen isini `naTelTa samflobelosa-
    ken", raTa Zlieri siyvarulis `tanjviT ganspetakebulebs" iq epovaT bednirebis
    namdvili samkvidro. maTi aRsarebiT, swored es siyvaruli iyo is uZleveli Za-
    la, romelic haerTa sivrcis usazRvro wyvdiadSi ganmartoebulT gzas una-
    TebdaT da suls uTbobdaT. erTmaneTisTvis tanjva da gvema, mwerlis azriT,
    siyvaruls met simtkices sZens, SeyvarebulTa sulebs erTmaneTTan saukunod Se-
    aerTebs da maradiul `naTelTa samflobeloSi" daamkvidrebs.
    nawarmoebis bolos swored am rwmeniT aResrulebian mixa da qeTeTo, Sina-
    ganad bednierni imiT, rom xelmeored sikvdilis Semdegac maTi sulebi kvlavac
    `didi tanjviT ganspetakebuli siyvarulis" lampriT iqneba saukunod gabrwyine-
    buli.
    v. barnovis SemoqmedebaSi dasmul sakiTxTagan calke minda Sevexo saqar-
    Tvelos politikuri orientaciis problemas, romelmac gansja-gaazrebis axali
    muxti SeiZina sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi Seqmnil araerT nawarmoebSi. erT-
    erTi maTgania gardacvalebamde ramdenime TviT adre, 1933 wels, dawerili moTx-
    roba `iskandari", romelSic XVIII saukunis bolo wlebis saqarTveloSi ar-
    sebuli mZime mdgomareobaa aRwerili. vidre uSualod ambis Txrobas daiwyebdes,
    mwerali advilad gasaSifri alegoriiT afasebs im safrTxes, romelic imJamad
    CrdiloeTidan damuqrebia Cvens qveyanas. am SefasebiT igi imTaviTve araoraz-
    rovnad gansazRvravs Tavis damokidebulebas im rTuli politikuri movle-
    nebisadmi, romelTac saqarTvelos samomavlo bedi unda gadaewyvitaT. meti
    sicxadisaTvis gavixsenoT es fragmenti: `CrdiloeTisken rom mosCanda Savi ram
    nisli, is mozrdiliyo, ufro Camuqebuliyo.
    _ Cem rCeul saqarTvelos dastanebia qufri boroti, _ warsTqva mzem xmiT
    unazesiT.
    garna am xmam grgvinviT aRavso ze _ ca, qve _ miwa.
    _ dastanebia bneli saqarTvelos!
    _ Savi boroti saqarTvelos!"
    swored am Sefasebis fonze aRwers mwerali qveyanaSi arsebul mZime viTa-
    rebas da aSkara ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs im inertulobisa da politikuri win-
    dauxedaobis gamo, riTac, misi azriT, am viTarebis centrSi moqceuli gvirgvi-
    nosnis _ erekle meoris moRvaweoba xasiaTdeboda.
    kerZod, v. barnovi mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miapyrobs istoriulad cnobil
    Semdeg faqts: dasavleT saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba sagangebo misiiT ewvia
    erekles, raTa dabejiTebiT eTxovaT misTvis qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTvis qveynis
    dasavleTi nawilis SeerTebac, riTac isev aRdgeboda saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
    foebrivi mTlianoba da kvlav daubrundeboda mas Zveli saxeli da dideba.
    samwuxarod, erekle meorem qarTvel mamuliSvilTa am Txovnas uari uTxra
    im motiviT, rom mas ukve hqonda gakeTebuli arCevani qveynis mfarvel-patronad
    ruseTis mowvevis Sesaxeb. erekle araTu rusTaTvis micemuli sityvis gatexvis
    winaaRmdegia, imasac ki Secdomad miiCnevs, es kreba rom gamarTa da qarvel pat-
    riotTa `usabamo Tqmebi moismina".
    amiT mTavrdeba moTxrobis pirveli nawili, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, kidev
    erTxel miapyrobs Cvens yuradRebas imJamindel rTul viTarebas. nawarmoebis
    Semdgom nawilSi ki erekles memkvidris, avtoris mier iskandarad wodebuli
    aleqsandre batoniSvilis Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili. ruseTTan mimarTebaSi
    mas mamisagan principulad gansxvavebuli pozicia uWiravs. qarTvel mamuliSvil-
    Ta surviliT romantikulad aRtacebuli aleqsandre Tavis mxriv amgvari sity-
    vebiT evedreba mamas, ar gaawbilos stumrad wveulni: `mTeli qarTveloba Semog-
    vexvia gars, gevedreba, rogorc RmerTs, usmino, SeierTo, darazmo da gana Sen,
    ganTqmuli mefe erekle, uars etyvi mas?!" _ gaocebiT ekiTxeba aleqsandre mamas.
    magram, rogorc iTqva, erekle principulad sxva poziciaze idga.
    gawbilebuli batoniSvili, romelsac xalxi mefis namdvil memkvidred
    saxavda, Tavad Caudga saTaveSi qveynis xsnisaTvis gamarTul brZolas. am mizniT
    igi jer sparseTs ewvia da am gziT cada rusTa mosalodneli batonobisagan sa-
    mefos gadarCena. Semdgom ki, saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma, qarTveli patrio-
    79
    tebis laSqars usardla da kavkasiis mTiel xalxebTan erTad SeebrZola rus-
    qarTvelTa gaerTianebul jars, magram araferi gamouvida da damarcxebulma da
    sabolood imedgacruebulma isev sparseTs Seafara Tavi.
    nawarmoebSi moTxrobil ambavs tragikul simZafres isic sZens, rom sam-
    Soblos TavisuflebisaTvis Tavdadebuli aleqsandre batoniSvilis laSqars
    erToblivi ZaliT daupirispirda rus-qarTvelTa gaerTianebuli jari. sam-
    wuxarod, samefo karzec da xalxSic imxanad cotas Tu hqonda gacnobierebuli
    is ambavi, rom am gamarjvebiT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas
    kidev erTi sayrdeni gamoecala. swored amaze migvaniSnebs mwerali Rrma Sinaga-
    ni gulistkiviliT, roca gvamcnobs, rogori sixaruliT Seegeba giorgi mefe
    rus-qarTvelTa gamarjvebul jars, romelsac Zlevamosili kacis siamayiT SeuZ-
    Rva mSobliuri qalaqis quCebSi.

    * * *
    vasil barnovis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawli Cveni literaturis istoriaSi, upir-
    veles yovlisa, istoriuli warsulis amsaxvelma nawarmoebebma gansazRvres.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom mas arc Tavisi drois epoqaluri sinamdvilis mxatvruli
    warmosaxvisTvis auvlia gverdi, igi uwinaresad mainc gardasuli droebis mxat-
    varia. am garemoebas Tavad mweralic usvams xazs, rodesac ambobs: `bevri fera-
    di suraTebi maCvena awmyom, magram ufro meti warsulmao".
    v. barnovis istoriuli romanebi epoqaluri sinamdvilis safuZvlianad Ses-
    wavlisa da gaazrebis safuZvelze Seqmnili nawarmoebebia. marTalia, maTSi is-
    toriuli wyaroebidan cnobil faqtologiur masalasTan erTad mxatvrul gamo-
    nagonsac mniSvnelovansi adgili aqvs daTmobili, magram mwerlis warmosaxviT
    Seqmnil personaJTa mxatvruli saxeebi am istoriuli sinamdvilis wiaRSi arian
    aRmocenebulni da isini kidev ufro meti STambeWdaobiT gamoxataven am sinam-
    dvilis arssa da bunebas.
    aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom istoriuli warsulis mxatvruli
    warmosaxva v. barnovs TviTmiznad arasodes uqcevia. gardasul movlenaTa fonze
    igi yovelTvis cdilobs axleburi waxnagebiT warmoaCinos iseTi maradiuli
    adamianuri grZnobebi, rogorebicaa siyvaruli, Ralati, erTguleba, patriotizmi
    da a. S. ase rom, istoria mwerlisaTvis upirateswilad mxolodRa fonia am ma-
    radiul adamianur grZnobaTa axali aspeqtebiT warmosaCenad da gamosaxatavad.
    v. barnovis istoriul romanebSi moqmedebis ganviTarebis umTavres mamoZra-
    vebel Zalad xSirad siyvarulia qceuli. mwerlis mier warmosaxuli samijnuro
    urTierTobani arsebiTad gansazRvraven ara marto calkeul pirovnebaTa cxov-
    rebiseul beds, aramed epoqalur-saxelmwifoebrivi procesebis warmarTvazec
    axdenen umniSvnelovanes zegavlenas. es miT ufro unda iTqvas, rom v. barnovis
    istoriul romanebSi umeteswilad samefo karis warmomadgenelTa da didgvaro-
    vanTa cxovrebaa aRwerili.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerlis mier warmosaxul siyvaruls xSirad win mra-
    vali winaaRmdegoba eRobeba, v. barnovis mijnuri personaJebi xSir SemTxvevaSi
    mainc rCebian TavianTi romantikuli da amaRlebuli siyvarulis erTgul dam-
    cvelebad da TavganwirviT ibrZvian misi zneobrivi siwmindis gadarCena-SenarCu-
    nebisaTvis.
    amgvar sasiyvarulo urTierTobaTa gamovlenis fonad mwerali zogjer
    didmniSvnelovan istoriul movlenebsac iyenebs xolme. ase xdeba, magaliTad,
    `isnis ciskarSi" (1901 w.), qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT v. barnovis erT-erT pir-
    vel saintereso istoriuli Janris nawarmoebSi. marTalia, masSi mweralma sakma-
    od STambeWdavad warmosaxa 1795 wlis krwanisis tragedia, magram nawarmoebis
    magistralur siuJetur RerZad mainc is samijnuro urTierTobaa qceuli, rome-
    lic avtoris fantaziiT Seqmnil literaturul personaJebs _ saam gostaSabiS-
    vilsa da saiaTnovas mier isnis ciskrad monaTlul Tinanos Soris arsebobs.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom sasiyvarulo urTierTobaTa asaxvas v. barnovis manam-
    del nawarmoebebSic didi adgili hqonda daTmobili, am grZnobis romantikuli
    bunebis gamovlenam `isnis ciskarSi" sul sxva masStabebi SeiZina. mweralma pir-
    80
    velad swored aq gansazRvra SemdgomSi misi Semoqmedebis umTavres zneobriv da
    msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvlad qceuli principis arsi: `buneba cdilobs ga-
    naxorcielos qalSi umTavresad simSveniere, is iswrafvis zedmiwevniT gamo-
    saxos masSi es ucvalebeli dargi RvTaebrivi arsebisa. amisTvis aris, rom ase
    veTayvanebiT qalTa mSvenebas: RvTaebada vsaxavT mSveniers, radgan TviT RmerTia
    masSi erTmxriv ganxorcielebul-gamoTqmuli".
    magram amgvar RvTaebriv srulyofas, mwerlis azriT, `SemoqmedebiTi Zala
    mxolod xandisxan eweva", mxolod `xandisxan Rirsgvyofs vixiloT qveynad
    RvTaebrivi elvareba". swored aseTi uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia Tbiliseli xelos-
    nis _ ioTame burjelis umSvenieresi asuli Tinano. Tinanos arsebaSi mweralma
    harmoniulad Seasisxlxorca erTmaneTTan fizikuri da sulieri silamaze. igi
    ara marto garegnuli mSvenebiTaa Tvalwarmtaci, aramed sulier-zneobrivi sis-
    petakiTac.
    Tinano Taviseburi mxatvruli oreulia manamdeli Cveni mwerlobis mier
    Seqmnili qarTveli qalis idealizebuli saxeebisa. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel
    yovlisa, a. wereTlis `baSi-aCukidan" pirimzisa da pirmTvarisa unda gavixsenoT.
    zneobrivi sispetakiT, erTguli siyvaruliTa da patriotuli grZnobis gamovli-
    nebiT Tinanos uwinaresad swored maTTan aqvs bevri ram saerTo.
    im nawarmoebTa Soris, romlebic mTeli ZaliT avlenen v. barnovis litera-
    turul SesaZleblobebs, erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli qmnileba `mimqrali Sa-
    ravandedia" (1913 w.). masSi didi mwerluri ostatobiT gacocxlda saqarTvelos
    istoriis iseTi rTuli da mZafri Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT savse periodi, ro-
    goric XVI saukune iyo. avtori mxatvruli sisxlsavseobiTa da mecnieruli si-
    marTliT aRwers imdroindel saqarTveloSi arsebul mZime viTarebas, mamuliS-
    viluri poziciebidan sjis da warmoaCens calkeul samefo-samTavroebad daquc-
    macebul qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur da politikur movlenebs, romantikuli
    gznebiT gviCvenebs qarTveli xalxis patriotul ganwyobilebasa da daucxro-
    mel brZolas samSoblos erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi TavisuflebisaTvis.
    magram, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, aqve xazgasmiT isic unda aRiniSnos,
    rom istoriuli sinamdvilis ase farTo ganzogadebulobiT warmosaxvasTan er-
    Tad, mweralma Tavisi personaJebis pirovnuli bunebaca da adamianuri miswra-
    febanic gviCvena mxatvruli sisxlsavseobiT. is arc amjerad Ralatobs misive
    SemoqmedebiT tradicias da misTvis, rogorc mwerlisTvis, umTavresi mizan-
    swrafvis sagnad kvlavindeburad rCeba maTi pirovnuli cxovrebis Cveneba.
    amdenad, `mimqrali Saravandedi" mxolod epoqaluri sinamdvilis amsaxveli
    nawarmoebi ar aris da konkretuli istoriuli viTarebis mxatvruli warmo-
    saxvis garda misadmi interesi masSi aRweril adamianur vnebaTa da miswra-
    febaTa gamoxatvis maRali xelovnebiTac arsebiTadaa ganpirobebuli.
    nawarmoebis siuJeti mweralma istoriuli TvalsazrisiT arcTu ise mniS-
    vnelovan faqts daafuZna _ kaxeTis mefis _ levanis daqorwinebas mamia gurie-
    lis asul TinaTinze. politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis garda, es qorwi-
    neba adamianuri pativmoyvareobiTac iyo nakarnaxevi, risi Cvenebac mweralma ro-
    manis SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis erT-erT yvelaze mTavar mimarTulebad aqcia.
    WeSmariti siyvarulis gandideba, adamianuri bednierebis ganmsazRvreli am
    uwmindesi grZnobisadmi uRalato erTgulebis qadageba, rogorc cnobilia, v.
    barnovis mTeli Semoqmedebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. mwerlis mier gandi-
    debuli siyvaruli sulier da xorciel mxareTa harmoniuli TanaSerwymis Sede-
    gad Sobili grZnobaa, Tumca RvTaebriv madls naziarebi, magram miwieri vnebebi-
    Tac damuxtuli spetaki grZnoba, romelic umTavres azrs sZens adamianis am-
    qveyniur arsebobas. yoveli pirovneba, vinc am grZnobas uRalatebs da ganudgeba,
    umkacresad daisjeba, vinaidan siyvarulisadmi Ralati RvTis nebis Ralatia _
    mokled, aseTia ZiriTadi arsi am grZnobis v. barnoviseuli gagebisa.
    mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis erT-erT umTavres safuZvlad qceuli
    am msoflmxedvelobrivi principis aseT deklarirebas araerTgzis vxvdebiT v.
    barnovis rogorc mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, ise eseistur CanawerebSi. am Tval-
    sazrisiT arc `mimqrali Saravandedia" gamonaklisi. aqac, msgavsad sxva qmni-
    81
    lebebisa, mweralma kidev erTxel amcno mkiTxvels naTlad da mkafiod Tavisi
    damokidebuleba siyvarulis RvTaebrivi grZnobisadmi. misi SefasebiT, `trfia-
    leba sxva niWia, Taviseburi, iSviaTi, ganumeorebeli. nu ki garevT erTmaneTSi
    siyvarulsa da sxva grZnobebs, Tund naTel grZnobebs". rogorc vxedavT, siyva-
    rulis amgvari gageba pirdapir da araorazrovnad exmianeba mijnurobis rusTve-
    lur koncefcias. ase rom, siyvarulis arsis gaazrebis sakiTxSi v. barnovi
    yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe unda miviCnioT rusTvelur tradiciaze aR-
    zrdil Semoqmedad.
    miuxedavad aRweril movlenaTa mravalgvarobisa, `mimqrali Saravandedis"
    magistralur siuJetur RerZad, uwinares yovlisa, is satrfialo urTier-
    Tobania qceuli, riTac, erTis mxriv, TinaTini da noSrevani, meores mxriv ki
    levani da leil-yizi arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. am personaJTa mxatvru-
    li saxeebis SeqmniT v. barnovma mkveTrad individualizebuli adamianuri xasia-
    Tebi gamoZerwa.
    guriis mTavris asuli TinaTini rTuli Sinagani bunebis pirovnebaa.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom mas yovelgvari piroba hqonda cxovrebiseuli bednierebiT
    dasatkbobad, igi mainc tragikuli xvedris adamiani aRmoCnda. misi pirovnuli
    tragizmis ganmapirobebel umTavres faqtorad is arCevani iqca, romelic Tavad
    man gaakeTa Tavisi samomavlo bedis gansazRvris dros _ gulis siRrmidan mom-
    dinare siyvarulze maRla TinaTinma adamianuri pativmoyvareoba da ambicia daa-
    yena, rac qalisTvis dauZlevel sulier satanjvelad iqca.
    romanSi uRrmesi fsiqologizmiTaa naCvenebi is mZafri Sinagani Widili, ro-
    melic TinaTinis arsebaSi mimdinareobs noSrevanisadmi siyvarulsa da qalis pi-
    rovnul pativmoyvareobas Soris. swored gandidebisaken swrafvis ambiciurma
    grZnobam aTqmevina mas uari noSrevanisadmi siyvarulze. marTalia, am nabijis
    gadadgmamde TinaTinma sulieri orTabrZolis Zneli gza ganvlo, magram mamisa-
    gan memkvidreobiT miRebulma pativmoyvareobam mainc Tavisi gaitana da ubralo
    Tavadis colobas man kaxeTis dedofloba arCia.
    ase gaTiSa bedisweram TinaTinis `ganuyofeli pirovneba" erTmaneTTan prin-
    cipulad dapirispirebul or arsebad _ siyvarulis gamfetiSebel adamianad,
    romelsac `moxibluli guli CasCurCulebda", rom cxovrebiseuli bednierebis
    damkvidrebis erTaderTi gza mxolod da mxolod am siyvarulisadmi uRalato
    erTguleba iyo da movlenaTa civi gonebiT ganmsjel qalad, romlis `TavSi
    cecxliviT trialebda survili gandidebisa". `didebisadmi miswrafebis"
    avadmyofuri vnebiT gonebaamRvreuli TinaTini am ori TvalTaxedvis urTierTWi-
    dilSi materialur da uflebriv mdgomareobas ufro maRla ayenebs, vidre WeS-
    marit siyvaruls da `ubralo Tavadis" colobas dedoflis taxtze abrZanebas
    arCevs.
    TinaTinis mxatvruli saxis Tavisebur antiTezad unda gaviazroT Samxalis
    umSvenieresi asuli _ leil-yizi. TinaTin-levanis angarebian da angariSian ur-
    TierTobas mweralma levanisa da leil-yizis romantikuli siyvaruli daupiris-
    pira.
    romanis personaJTagan erT-erTi uaRresad saintereso mxatvruli saxea ag-
    reTve noSrevani, romelic wrfeli siyvarulis madls naziarebi da am grZnobis
    erTgulebas TviTSewiruli pirovnebaa. TinaTinisagan gansxvavebiT, noSrevani mi-
    wier pativmoyvareobasa da angar vnebebze amaRlebuli idealizebuli gmiria,
    romelic sicocxlis bolomde rCeba uRalatod erTguli TinaTinisadmi roman-
    tikuli siyvarulisa.
    pirovnul da sadedoflo bednierebas moklebulma TinaTinma, rodesac sa-
    kuTari nebiT uaryofili siyvarulis sanacvlod idealad dasaxuli miwieri pa-
    tivi da netareba veRarsad ipova, `Tvalni zecisaken miapyro da iq eZiebda Sve-
    bas". ase mivida igi imis aRiarebamde, rom sulieri xsnisa da gadarCenis erTa-
    derTi gza monazvnad aRkveca iyo. rac dro gadioda, dedofali miT ufro
    rwmundeboda, rom mis mier gadadgmuli nabiji udidesi Secdoma iyo. `bilwma sa-
    tanam" mas Tumca `brwyinvale didebac" arguna, dedoflobaca da oqros gvirgvi-
    nic, magram msxverplad gaRebuli siyvarulis kompensacia veraferma SeZlo.
    82
    romanis msoflmxedvelobrivi mizandasaxulobis Sesacnobad uaRresad mniS-
    vnelovania nawarmoebis is epizodi, sadac sabolood imedgacruebuli dedofli-
    sa da satanailis saubaria aRwerili. ai, rogor afasebinebs mwerali `gamZvin-
    vebul da cecxlTa mfrqvevel" satanails TinaTinis cxovrebiseul arCevans: `nu
    mgmob, momakvdavo! amaod mrisxaneb! fici Cemi iyo mtkice da aRisruleca danaqa-
    di: dedofali xar didebuli, Tavs gimkobs Saravandedi brwyinvalis gvirgvini-
    sa, gmorCilebs zeamaRlebuli mravali aTasi, Sens ferxT qveS ganrTxmulia ku-
    Txe samoTxisa, Sens win gaSlili saunje yovelgvari... ra wargiRe nacvlad ami-
    sa? mxolod qrTili siyvarulisa!.. davfal igi ufskrulSi, rom ar aRorZindes
    qveyanazed: siyvaruli igiv RmerTia xorcSesxmuli, romels vewinaaRmdege da-
    sabamidgan soflisa".
    marTalia, am sityvebs mwerali satanails aTqmevinebs, magram, amisda
    miuxedavad, maTSi, Taviseburi formiT, pirvel yovlisa, mainc TviT avtoris
    msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsia gacxadebuli. v. barnovis rwmeniT, yovelgvar mi-
    wier pativsa da didebas adamianuri bednierebis TvalsazrisiT bevrad gadaswo-
    nis `qrTili siyvarulisa". swored esaa pirovnuli keTildReobisa da zeobis
    umtkicesi safuZveli da uimisod adamiani amqveynad bednieri veraviTar SemTxve-
    vaSi ver iqneba. amitomac miiCnia v. barnovma siyvaruli `xorcSesxmul RmerTad",
    misgan ganmdgari adamiani ki `samudamo sulieri tanjvisaTvis ganwirul ar-
    sebad".
    `mimqrali Saravandedi" patriotuli suliskveTebiT gaJRenTili romania.
    mwerlis erovnuli TvalTaxedva yvelaze metad am SemTxvevaSi qveynis terito-
    riuli daqucmacebulobisa da kuTxuri partikularizmis winaaRmdegaa mimarTu-
    li. calkeul samefoebad da samTavroebad danawevrebuli saqarTvelo gareSe da
    Sinauri mtrebis TareSiT aris aklebul-aoxrebuli. Tbilisi sparselebs aqvT
    dapyrobili. magram, am viTarebis miuxedavad, rogorc es romanidan kargad Cans,
    xalxis erovnuli cnobiereba kvlav mTliania, kuTxuri partikularizmis seniT
    dauvadebeli, aqtiurad mimarTuli qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis aRdge-
    nisa da Tavisuflebisaken.
    eris es sulieri erToba yvelaze metad sparsTa tyveobisagan Tbilisis gan-
    TavisuflebisTvis gamarTuli brZolis periodSi gamovlinda. mwerlis TqmiT,
    `mTeli saqarTvelo daZruliyo ucxoelTagan Selaxul-Seginebul am wminda ad-
    gilis gansaTavisufleblad. dahviwyebodaT mefeebs Tu mmarTvelebs Suri da
    mtroba, Zmurad gadaeWdoT xeli xels da miiswrafebodnen saqarTvelos gulis
    gamosaxsnelad".
    erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTebis gamovlinebis TvalsazrisiT romanis
    mravalricxovan personaJTagan gansakuTrebiT saintereso mefe levanis mxatvru-
    li saxea. marTalia, nawarmoebSi am mxriv sxvebic iqceven yuradRebas, magram
    levani am mxriv yvelaze metad gamorCeuli pirovnuli saxea. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom igi arc adamianuri pativmoyvareobisganaa Tavisufali da Sinaganad imazec
    ocnebobs, Tavad gaxdes gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos samefo taxtis mflobeli,
    movlenaTa gonivruli gansjis unars arasodes kargavs da Tavis TavSi yovel-
    Tvis poulobs Zalas pirovnul survilebze maRla saqveyno interesebis da-
    sayeneblad.

    * * *
    `trfoba wamebulisa" (1918 w.) v. barnovis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
    nawarmoebia, romelSic mTeli ZaliT warmoCinda avtoris rogorc mwerluri Se-
    saZleblobebi, ise msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedvis arsebiTi principebi. ase
    rom, mwerlis es romani ara marto VIII-IX saukuneTa saqarTveloSi arsebul si-
    namdviles acocxlebs, aramed avtoris filosofiuri, Teologiuri, erovnul-
    patriotuli, zneobrivi da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis ganmsazRvrel fuZemdeblur
    mxareebsac warmosaxavs farTo masStabebiT.
    romanis siuJeturi qarga ZiriTadad giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis
    cxovrebis" Sinaarss emyareba da misi Semdgomi ganvrcoba-gaRrmavebis safuZvel-
    zea Seqmnili. es momenti nawarmoebSi imdenad cxadadaa xazgasmuli, rom qarTu-
    83
    li agiografiuli mwerlobis es brwyinvale nimuSi yovelgvari gadaWarbebis ga-
    reSe SeiZleba miviCnioT `trfoba wamebulisas" literaturul pirvelwyarod.
    `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis" bevri epizodi zusti SesatyvisobiTac ki meor-
    deba v. barnovis romanSi da araorazrovnad adasturebs am ori nawarmoebis li-
    teraturul msgavseba-siaxloves.
    magram, amisda miuxedavad, g. merCulesa da v. barnovis qmnilebani erTimeo-
    risagan imavdroulad principulad gansxvavebuli nawarmoebebicaa. am gansxva-
    vebis safuZveli maTi avtorebis msoflmxedvelobriv poziciaTa arsebiTi sxva-
    dasxvaobaa. `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba", rogorc cnobilia, agiografiuli
    mwerlobis nimuSia, sasuliero piris mier Seqmnili literaturuli Zegli, ro-
    melsac safuZvlad avtoris sarwmunoebrivi TvalTaxedva udevs. giorgi merCule
    movlenebs, uwinares yovlisa, qristianuli religiis fuZemdebluri principebiT
    sjis da sasuliero da saero cxovrebis warmomadgenlebs mkveTri kontrastu-
    lobiT mijnavs erTmaneTisagan.
    vasil barnovis romanis msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedva ki principulad
    Sors dgas amgvari dogmatizmisagan da araTu qristianuli religiis kanonikur
    CarCoebSi ver eteva, aramed avtoris polemikur damokidebulebasac aSkarad ga-
    moxatavs giorgi merCules moTxrobis fuZemdebluri religiuri principebisad-
    mi. es yvelaferi `trfoba wamebulisaSi" imdenad masStaburad da xelSesaxebadaa
    gamovlenili, rom v. barnovis romani `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebasTan"
    msoflmxedvelobrivad dapirispirebul nawarmoebadac SeiZleba miviCnioT.
    `trfoba wamebulisas" mTavari personaJi aSot kurapalatia, saqarTvelos
    gaerTianebisa da gareSe Tu Sinaur mterTagan qveynis ganwmendisaTvis aqtiurad
    mebrZoli gvirgvinosani. rogorc mefe, romanis mixedviT, igi brZeni, gonieri,
    qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi ZlierebisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli didi mamuliSvi-
    lia. magram, rogorc kerZo adamiani, mweralma is tragikuli bedis adamianad
    warmoadgina, siyvaruls, ojaxur siTbosa da bednierebas monatrebul wamebul
    pirovnebad. aSotis cxovrebiseuli xvedris es ori mxare v. barnovma mkveTri
    kontrastulobiT daupirspira erTmaneTs da Rrma fsiqologiuri motivirebiT
    gviCvena is mZafri Sinagani sulieri brZola, romelic romanis mTavari gmiris
    cnobierebaSi am mxareTa Soris mimdinareobs.
    v. barnovis mier warmosaxuli aSoti saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi erTia-
    nobisaTvis TavdadebiT mebrZoli gvirgvinosania. misi rwmeniT, `saqarTvelo ga-
    nuyofeli unda iyos da mas erTi mefe, erTi ganmgebeli unda hyavdes".
    gangebis mier dadgenil aseT pirovnebad aSoti Tavis Tavs Tvlis, sxva yve-
    la ki, `kaxT batoni iqneba is Tu afxazi mTavari, misi xelqveiTi unda iyos da
    qveSevrdomi". aSotis es mizanswrafva uwinaresad misi erovnul-mamuliSviluri
    TviTSegnebis nayofi iyo da ara pativmoyvare zraxvaTa Sedegi.
    rogorc gonieri politikosi, am miznis misaRwevad igi moxerxebulad iye-
    nebda im mwvave winaaRmdegobas, romelic saqarTvelos gamo hqondaT erTmaneT-
    Tan arabTa xalifasa da bizantias. swored am gziT, pirvel yovlisa ki bizanti-
    elTa daxmarebiT, eswrafvoda mefe ara marto gareSe mterTa damarcxebas, ara-
    med `gandidebul Sinaur mterTa mospobasac". am ambebis aRwera romanSi, rogorc
    iTqva, istoriuli procesebis safuZvlian codnasa da maxvilgonivrul analizs
    efuZneba.
    saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideas aSotTan erTad dedofali
    guranduxtic aqtiurad uWers mxars, magram, meuRlisagan gansxvavebiT, mis am
    miswrafebas pirovnuli pativmoyvareobis mdabali grZnoba udevs safuZvlad da
    ara saqveyno interesebi. guranduxts saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, pirvel yovlisa,
    imitom undoda, rom gamTlianebuli qveynis sadedoflo taxtze Tavad amaR-
    lebuliyo da Tavisi saZalauflebo frTebi mTel saqarTveloSi gaeSala. swo-
    red am mizniT ukiJinebda igi aSots, Zala da energia ar daeSurebina erTiani da
    mZlavri saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad.
    `trfoba wamebulisaSi" yvelaze metad gamovlinda siyvarulis vasil barno-
    viseuli koncefciis arsi. magaliTad: `adamianis guli, _ wers erTgan mwerali,
    _ erTxel usaTuod ayvavdeba, siyvarulis sxivi dahkravs mas gazafxulis mzesa-
    84
    viT da is aayvavebs, daamSvenebs, aasurnelebs, Tu ara, maxinjia igi guli". an ki-
    dev: `WeSmariti siyvaruli dausrulebelia, viT JamTa dena; ukvdavia, viT Rmer-
    Ti, romel ars TviT siyvaruli. Tu esea, maS imqveynadac gagrZeldeba mijnuroba
    amqveyniuri, da ufro amaRlebulic, mTlad ganwmendili, ufro utkbesi."
    siyvarulis aseT gagebamde `trfoba wamebulisas" mTavari gmirebi piradad
    gancdili da gaazrebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegad midian. esaa
    gza sulieri gvemisa da miwieri pativmoyvareobisagan ganwmendisa, adamianis pi-
    rovnuli amaRlebisa da RvTaebriv netarebasTan ziarebisa.
    v. barnovma xazgasmuli kontrastulobiT warmosaxa is uflebrivi gamijvna-
    dapirispirebuloba, romelic VIII-IX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi saero da sasu-
    liero wodebaTa Soris arsebobda. am dapirispirebis kontrastul mxareebs ro-
    manSi uwinaresad aSot kurapalati da grigol xanZTeli warmoadgenen. gansxva-
    vebiT g. merCules moTxrobisagan, romlis Seqmnis umTavresi mizani grigol xan-
    ZTelis sarwmunoebrivi Rvawlis gandideba iyo, v. barnovis romanis mTavari gmi-
    ri mefe aSotia, yvela sxva moqmedi piri ki misi mxatvruli saxis monumentur
    warmosaxvas ukavSirdeba. am TvalsazrisiT arc grigol xanZTelia gamonaklisi.
    igi moqmedebis ganviTarebis procesSi sakmaod gvian, me-40 Tavidan, erTveba, ro-
    gorc erTgvari antiTeza aSot kurapalatis amqveyniuri cxovrebiseuli mrwamsi-
    sa.
    v. barnovis mier daxatuli grigoli didi saeklesio da saero avtoritetis
    mqone beria. kurapalatebis `saxlSi samowyalod aRzrdilma obolma" es didi
    avtoriteti aqtiuri saeklesio da mamuliSviluri moRvaweobiT moipova. misi es
    avtoriteti da popularoba xalxSi dRiTi dRe imdenad izrdeboda, rom `grigo-
    lis saxeli ukve gverdiT edga" aSotis samefo didebas da gvirgvinosan mefes
    xSirad `TiTqos SiSic ki ipyrobda" imis gamo, `Zliers moRvaweobas berisas, mis
    Seudrkomel winsvlas sarwmunoebisa da zneobis Sarazed ar daeCrdilna aSotis
    saxeli morwmuneTa TvalSi; vinme mwiri ugvirgvino mefed ar mohvlenoda ers,
    didebis SaravandediT SublSemkobilad cxebulis gverdzed".
    `trfoba wamebulisaSi" daxatuli grigol xanZTeli saqveyno saqmeebSi aq-
    tiurad CarTuli mamuliSvilia, jvariT xelSi mebrZoli agarianTa winaaRmdeg.
    mwerlis TqmiT, `aSotis xmali da xanZTelis jvari sworad Sehgebebodnen moz-
    Rvavebul mters". ase moipova man Tavisi xalxis `sulieri sardlis" ufleba da
    mefesTan erTad `TiTqo erTis xarisxiT warmdgara eris winaSe" da masTan er-
    Tad ibrZvis `eris sadRegrZelod da saRorZineblad".
    aseTia umTavresi konturebi v. barnovis mier warmosaxuli `amier qveyniT
    gabijebuli da saiqiosken Tvalmipyrobili" am wminda beris mxatvruli saxisa.
    marTalia, `xorcieli bunebis ukumgdeb da soflisa da mis saqmeTa uarmyofel"
    grigols ukve `gaebijna nivTieri qveynierebis gaRma da SaeRo kari sulier gan-
    cdaTa samflobelosi", magram, rogorc iTqva, mweralma igi, zecisaken mimswrafi
    interesebis garda, mamuliSviluri miwsrafebebiT gulsavse pirovnebadac dag-
    vixata, romelic `medgrad ibrZoda" saimisod, `saqarTvelos niadagSi islams
    fesvebi rom ver gaedga". aSotisgan gasxvavebiT, am brZolaSi bers `xmlis nac-
    vlad hazri epyra xelT ganmaxvili, sarwmunoebiT fxaasxmul rwmenis ZaliT
    aelvarebuli".
    romanSi saeklesio pirTa udidesi Zala da avtoriteti yvelaze metad aSo-
    tis samijnuro gatacebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoCnda. isini aqtiurad aRudgnen
    win mefis survils da `mTeli saqarTvelos codvad miCneuli misi borotebis"
    aRsakveTad da `qarTvelTa kerisa da zneobis dasacavad SebRalvisagan" Suquri
    monazvnad aRkveces. erTi SexedviT, sasuliero pirTa es survili keTilSobilu-
    ri ganzraxviTaa nakarnaxevi da mefisa da eris zneobirv siwmindeze zrunvaSi,
    ra Tqma unda, cudi araferia; magram v. barnovi ase martivad ar svams sakiTxs
    da aSotis sasiyvarulo urTierTobis tragikul finals udidesi adamianuri Ta-
    nagrZnobiT warmoaCens. es TanagrZnoba romanSi iseTi kontrastulobiTaa gamov-
    lenili, rom mkiTxveli aSkarad grZnobs mwerlis aSkarad negatiur damoki-
    debulebas mis mier daxatuli saeklesio pirebisadmi.
    85
    naTqvamis naTelsayofad Tundac romanis es epizodi gavixsenoT: grigol
    xanZTelma marjve dro SearCia da aSotis sasaxleSi aryofnisas Suquri monas-
    terSi waiyvana monazvnad aRsakvecad. `sawyalobelo, risTvis CaWrilxar col-
    qmarTa Soris borotiTa maT codviTa, romliTa damonebul xar eSmakis mier?" _
    mimarTavs igi Suqurs, romelic, misi sityviT, `safrTxed qmnila saxelmwifosaT-
    vis". qali cremliani sityvebiT upasuxebs bers, rom mefes `gardareuli siyva-
    rul aqvs misi". magram grigolis gadawyvetileba ucvlelia da man `kraviviT
    msxverplad ganwiruli" qali Tebronias monastrisaken waiyvana. am faqtiT gul-
    natkeni mwerali, TiTqos piradadac iyos am scenis TviTmxilvevli, uRrmesi ada-
    mianuri TanagrZnobiT SesZaxebs:
    `_ nu mixval, Suqur! Sesdeq, iyovne! gaixsene, bedSavo, mijnuris saxe, aSo-
    tis xvewna. nu mixval, Suqur!
    ax, ver gavagone, ver Sevasmine! Zlier Sors viyav, mraval saukuneTa manZi-
    liT daSorebuli..."
    `trfoba wamebulisa" xazgasmiT avlens v. barnovis kritikul-polemikur da-
    mokidebulebas qristianuli religiisadmi. amis dasturad romanidan mravali ma-
    galiTis damowmeba SeiZleba. maTgan, upirveles yovlisa, minda grigol xanZTe-
    lisa da Tebronias urTierTobis ambavi gavixseno. mTel samcxeSi mSvenierebiT
    ganTqmul Tebronias TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda grigoli. rogor ar ecada qali,
    sapasuxo grZnoba Wabukis gulSic rom gamoewvia, magram araferi gamouvida.
    ymawvilobidanve RvTisaken Tvalmipyrobil grigols imTaviTve eTqva uari
    yovelgvar biwier netarebaze da asketuri cxovrebis gza aerCia.
    sabolood, roca yvela imedi gadaewura, Tebronia, rogorc sulier moZ-
    Rvarsa da Zmobils, grigols daemowafa da RvTismsaxurebis gzas daadga. marTa-
    lia, `sxvas ityoda misi guli", gawbilebuli da `sabralo siyvaruliT" uimedod
    akvnesebuli, `sulieris sakvirvelebiT sastikad kruli, Tvis nivTieri arsebis-
    gan xvewil daxsnili, Tavis bunebis uarmyofeli da miT sastikad gvemul-tanju-
    li", magram, rac dro gadioda, mizanswrafuli sisastikiT cdilobda sakuTar
    arsebaSi `bunebriv ltolvilebaTa daxSobas", xorciel miswrafebaTa Cakvlasa
    da `Tavis Tavis uaryofas".
    metad saZnelo saqme aRmoCnda amis miRweva qalisaTvis. es rom namdvilad
    asea, amaSi Tebronia erTma aseTma SemTxvevamac naTlad daarwmuna: erTxel ek-
    lesiaSi igi grigolTan ganmartoebuli aRmoCnda. wuTierad vnebagaRviZebuli qa-
    li aTrTolebuli bagiT daekra Tavisi winamZRvris sayvarel marjvenas, `mTlad
    dahkarga qalwulma Semakavebeli Zala Tvisi, veRar moaSora mgznebare bage Zar-
    Rvian xels Zlieris vaJkacisas; zed daakvda mas, daabnda muxlmodrekili". qa-
    lis saqcielma wamierad vaJkacis gulSic aagora survilTa talRa da `alavar-
    dnil saxezed masac nakadad moawva sisxli, aunTo Tvalebi cecxliT SemwveliT.
    ena aReqva gamSral sasazed. marcxena mklavi TavisTavad gaeSala rainds qalwu-
    lis mosaWdoblad. daxara vnebam, viT muxa norCi grigalis Zalam. Seexo bagiT
    surnelovan Tmas qalwulisas. eha wuTi lamazi, wami, romels SeeZlo tkbil
    cxovrebis kvalzed waremarTa qal-yrmis cxovreba".
    magram es mxolod wamieri SekrToma gamodga. grigolma umalve moToka mis
    arsebaSi agorebuli vnebis talRa da man am sityvebiT moiSora qali: `ganvedi
    Cemgan, macduro bilwo! ganmeSore me, Wuro codvisav, axalo evav!" romantikuli
    aRtkinebis buranidan erTbaSad gamofxizlebulma Tebroniam `SemZimebulma
    cremli daadina wingawvdil Tvis xelebs". gawbilebuli da imedgacruebuli qa-
    li `cremlebs afrqvevda lamaz grZnobaTaTvis micvlil xels ueSxo Wabukisas,
    gamoTxovebis cremlebs, mdnar tyviasaviT mZimes da gamwvels".
    mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis Sesacnobad kidev ufro sayurad-
    Reboa is komentari, romelsac am epizods ukeTebs igi: `ggonia kargada hqmna?
    darwmunebuli xar, mcneba uflisa aasrula? - mravalmniSvnelovnad mimarTavs v.
    barnovi mkiTxvels da Tavadve upasuxebs: _ nu ifiqreb! RmerTs Wkua ar eswav-
    leba. iman Segqmna xorcieli da Cagbera suli ukvdavi: ori buneba Seni ganuyre-
    lad SeerTebuli. unda dahmorCilde nebas yovlad brZen Semoqmedisas: giyvardes
    xorcielic da sulieric Seni arseba, izruno maTzed, ganaviTaro".
    86
    rogorc citirebuli fragmentiTac naTlad Cans, xorcieli survilebis wi-
    naaRmdeg xelaRebiT brZola v. barnovs RvTis nebis sawinaaRmdego saqmed miaCni-
    a. misi rwmeniT, adamianis arsebaSi es ori sawyisi _ xorcielica da sulieric _
    harmoniulad unda eTanawyobodes erTmaneTs da maTi erTimeorisgan gaTiSva yov-
    lad gaumarTlebelia. `rogor SeiZleba ugulvebelhyo erTi maTgani?" _ gao-
    cebiT kiTxulobs igi da daaskvnis: `igule adamiani orsaxad erTisa da imave ga-
    nuyofelis arsebisa, veravin gahyris samudamod erTqmnil xorc da suls verc
    amqveynad, verc Tu imqveynad".
    v. barnovis es Tvalsazrisi principulad ewinaaRmdegeba sulieri gvemisa
    da xorciel vnebaTa daTrgunvis im moZRvrebas, rasac qristianuli asketizmi qa-
    dagebs. v. barnovis azriT, adamiani imisTvis ki ar unda cxovrobdes qveyanaze,
    xorci rom daTrgunos da daabeCavos, aramed imisTvis, rom mis ganwmenda-ganvi-
    Tarebazec iseve izrunos, rogorc sulisaze. misi rwmeniT, amiT kacis `xorcic
    iseve viTardeba, wmidavdeba, ukvdav iqmneba, samaradiso yofnas eziareba, viT
    sxeuli sruli RmerTkacisa, oRond aamaRle igi, ganaviTare, haerovan hyav, naT-
    liT Semose, dauaxlove RmerTs gankacebuls. iqmen vaJ-RmerTi!.. nu uarhyof mis
    miswrafebas, magram nu sWarbob. ganiZarcvav TandisTanobiT xorcsa mSveniers da
    Seimosav JamTa denaSi xorcsa mSveniers, sulis Sesafers". amaSi, mwerlis azriT,
    SeuZlebeli araferia, vinaidan `adamiani saxea yovlad SemZlebeli Semoqmedisa".
    `trfoba wamebulisa" kidev bevr problemas wamoWris mTeli simwvaviT. ase
    rom, v. barnovis es romani misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis erT-erTi yvelaze
    metad gamorCeuli da sityvagauxunari qmnilebaa.

    * * *
    `xazarTa sasZlosadmi" dRevandeli mkiTxvelis interss uwinaresad is ga-
    remoeba gansazRvravs, rom masSi uaRresad sainteresod daisva saqarTvelos po-
    litikuri orientaciisa da qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebis problema. v. barnovi
    Rrmad da safuZvlianad aanalizebs im rTul viTarebas, romelic ara marto
    Cvens qveyanaSi, aramed mis mezobel saxelmwifoebSic arsebobda imxanad. roman-
    Si wamoWril problemur sakiTxebs is swored am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT
    iazrebs.
    es is droa, rodesac saqarTveloSi sarkinozTa batonobaa damyarebuli.
    saxelmwifoebriv mTlianobasa da Tavisuflebas moklebuli qveyana Tavganwir-
    viT ibrZvis erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da qristianuli sarwmunoebis SenarCu-
    nebisTvis. arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi qarTveli xalxi martodmarto aRmoCnda.
    am SemTxvevaSi daxmareba mas verc bizantiam aRmouCina da verc sparseTma, rome-
    lic `sasikvdilod daWrili garTxmuli egdo uZleveli xalifis ferxTqveS".
    marTalia, arabTa winaaRmdeg swored imxanad xazarTa mZlavri saxelmwifoc
    awarmoebda `saSinel oms", magram saqarTvelos mokavSired verc igi gamod-
    geboda, vinaidan xazarTa xakani `friad nawyeni da garisxebuli iyo" qarTve-
    lebze imis gamo, rom arCil mefis asulma SuSanma mas colobaze uari uTxra.
    `es piradi simware garduval zRuded iyo aRmarTuli" or qveyanas Soris, ris
    gamoc `qarTvelTa mpyrobelni CrdiloeTisaken imedis TvaliT veRar gaixedav-
    dnen".
    xazarTa xakanisadmi uaris Tqma romanSi ori mTavari faqtoriTaa motivi-
    rebuli: sarwmunoebrivi sxvadasxvaobiTa da im garemoebiT, rom Cveni Crdiloe-
    li mezoblebi mudam dasapyrobad moiltvodnen saqarTvelosaken. marTalia,
    Crdiloel mezoblebSi amjerad xazarebi igulisxmebian, magram am SemTxvevaSi
    mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvCes is faqti, rom imxanad jer arc ruseTis
    saxelmwifo arsebobda da ruseTis teritoriaze arc qristianoba iyo gavrce-
    lebuli. amis miuxedavad, mwerali mainc Tvlis, rom CrdiloeTisadmi mindoba
    Cveni qveynisaTvis damRupveli movlenaa.
    saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis gansazRvris dros es antiCrdilou-
    ri (igive antirusuli) pozicia v. barnovis SemoqmedebaSi araerTgzis gamoixata
    naTlad da ara orazrovnad da am TvalsazrisiT `xazarTa sasZlo" sulac ar
    aris gamonaklisi.
    87
    `xazarTa sasZlo" im TvalsazrisiTac uaRresad saintereso romania, rom
    masSi mweralma saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ZlierebisTvis safuZvlis ga-
    momTxreli Sinauri Zalebis mxilebasac miaqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. am
    kuTxiT, upirveles yovlisa, afxazTa mefeebis mier gatarebuli mzakvruli po-
    litikis avtoriseuli daxasiaTeba minda gavixseno. dRevandeli viTarebis gaTva-
    liswinebiT, am daxasiaTebam kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba SeiZina da mTeli sim-
    wvaviT warmoaCina is SeniRbuli winaaRmdegoba, romelic saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
    foebriv mTlianobasTan Sinaganad dapirispirebul afxazur separatizmsa da
    qarTul cnobierebas Soris arsebobda.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad gavixsenoT saTanado fragmentebi ro-
    manidan. arabTa mier arCil mefis sikvdiliT dasjis Semdgom taxtis memkvidred
    gamocxadebuli ioane batoniSvili dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida im imediT,
    rom aqedan daiwyebda qveynis siZlieris aRdgenas. magram, samwuxarod, `iqac vera
    hpova taxtis memkvidrem iseTi Zalebi, romlebzedac SesaZlo yofiliyo samefo
    taxtis damyareba". Sinauri SuRlisa da ganTiSulobis gaRrmavebas moxerxebu-
    lad uwyobdnen xels Cveni Crdiloeli mezoblebi. am TvalsazrisiT mwerali
    gansakuTrebul yuradRebas im mzakvrul urTierTobaze amaxvilebs, romelic
    xazarebsa da afxazebs Soris arsebobda.
    pirvel yovlisa, swored `xazarni aRelvebdnen da aqezebdnen afxazebs, rom
    gasdgomodnen igini qarTvelebs da daearsebinaT calke saxelmwifo TviT xazar-
    Ta mfarvelobis qveS. Zaliana scdilobdnen xazarni am saSualebebiT mainc da-
    eWirnaT kavkasionis karebebi, radgan icodnen, vis xelSic iqneboda igi gadmosa-
    valni, imisi Seiqmneboda gamarjveba im sastik da Seurigebel brZolaSi, rome-
    lic ukve dawyebuli iyo CrdiloeTis mbrZanebel xazarTa da samxreTis mflo-
    bel agarianTa Soris.
    xazarTa STagonebiT, leon afxazi aRar daemorCila ioanes, ar aRiara igi
    mefed mTeli saqarTvelosi da ise eWira Tavi rogorc mflobels vinme damouki-
    debels. ioanes ar ZaluZda ganemtkicebina am kuTxeSic xelmwifoba saqarTvelo-
    si: xazarTa xakani zurgs umagrebda afxazs, marad mzad iyo Sesafer dros ja-
    riT dahxmareboda gandgomils. ioane yovel wuTs eloda am mxridan Ralats.
    SemdgomSi aki kidec aisrules xazarT wadili: leon meorem, Zmiswulma am pirve-
    li leonisa, xazarTa mefis asulis Zem, daipyro xakanis daxmarebiT mTeli
    afxazeTi da egrisi, uarhyo qveSevrdomoba saqarTvelos mflobelisa da gamo-
    acxada Tavisi Tavi mefed afxazeTisa".
    rogori sizustiT miesadageba v. barnovis mier warmosaxuli es viTareba
    dRevandel afxazeTSi arsebul mdgomareobas! sakmarisia xazarTa magivrad ci-
    tirebul fragmentSi rusi CavsvaT, rom mTeli sicxadiT davinaxoT, mwerlis mi-
    er aRwerili movlena rogori winaswarmetyveluri simarTliT warmoaCens im
    mzakvruli politikis arss, rasac sadReisodac atarebs ruseTi afxazeTSi.
    igive unda iTqvas lekTa Sesaxebac, romelTa mzakvruli da moRalaturi
    buneba mweralma Semdegnairad daaxasiaTebina xazarTa sardal bduCans: `lekeT-
    ze dabruneba SeuZlebeli sCanda. bduCanma gaicno iqauri xalxi, qveyana, sacal-
    fexo mTis bilikebi da veRar endoboda lekebs: SesaZlo iyo eRalatnaT misTvi-
    sac, rogorc uRalates TavianT mokavSire qarTvelebs."
    aseTi maxvilgonivruli winaswarmetyvelebani da Sefasebani v. barnovis Se-
    moqmedebaSi sxvaganac rom sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba, es `Surisgebidanac" (1928 w.)
    naTlad Cans, romelSic aleqsandre makedonelis droindel saqarTveloSi ar-
    sebuli viTarebaa aRwerili.
    qarTvelTa jari RvaJagis sardlobiT kavkasionis gadaRma mcxovreb ereb-
    Tan sabrZolvelad gaemarTa. am gadawyvetilebis miReba imanac ganapiroba, rom
    bolo dros isini `borotad moiswrafodnen gadmoRmisaken da jguf-jgufad
    iwyes gadmosvla xalxis saZarcvad". Cveni Crdiloeli mezoblebis asalagmad wa-
    sulma laSqarma afxazeTs miaRwia. mwerlis TqmiT, afxazebic `iberTa tomni
    arian, magram Soreulni. vera grZnoben CvenTan erTobas." CrdiloeT kavkasiis
    sxva xalxTa msgavsad, isinic `xSirad gadmodian samekobrod Cvens mxares... imedi
    88
    aqvsT gadaRmelelebis: jiqeTSi malaven nadavls, natacebi imaTac xom aqeT gad-
    moaqvsT."
    afxazebi saomrad momzadebuli Sexvdnen iberielebs, magram brZola ver ga-
    bedes, radganac `mimavali jari arc did sababs aZlevda brZolisas: ar ala-
    fobdnen, arc arvis etanebodnen.
    _ gzad mivdivarT Tqvens qveyanazed. samtro arra gvaqvs. Tu ar daiSliT da
    dagvesxmiT, Zvirad dagisvamT.
    amaSi afxazni darwmundnen, rodesac scades ramdenjerme da daziandnen."
    qarTvelTa siZlieriT Sefiqrianebulma afxazTa mTavarma mTavarsardali
    RvaJagi stumrad miiwvia. miuxadavad imisa, rom garegnulad stumar-maspinZeli
    urTieTisadmi udides pativiscemas gamoxatavda, erTimeores mainc ar endobod-
    nen da `mziri Tvali eWiraT erTmaneTzed". nasadilevs afxazTa mTavarma RvaJags
    Txova maT jarSi, romelSic `iberTa yvela Temebidan iyvnen mebrZolni", ramdeni-
    me rCeuli afxazic Caericxa. RvaJagi mTavris am winadadebas garegnulad
    sixaruliT ki Sexvda, magram `gulSi imas fiqrobda, moSorebiT Caeyenebina igi-
    ni jarSi sxvadasxva adgilas.
    _ SesaZloa, ganzrax momiCema, rom gzaSi an brZolis Jams raime vneba mog-
    vayenon.
    _ safiqro aris! jaSuSobasac gasweven egeni. ecdebian yvela Cveni nabiji
    acnobon TavianT mTavars."
    qarTvelTa jarma warmatebiT dalaSqra mezobel xalxTa samTavroebi. maTi
    pirveli risxva jiqeTs daatyda Tavs. Semdeg bruxoelni dalaSqres. bruxoe-
    lebma daxmarebisTvis alanelebs mimarTes, magram RvaJagma daaswro, oseTSi ga-
    davida da isinic mkacrad dasaja orgulobisa da mzakvrobisaTvis.
    sabolood, gamarjvebul qarTvelTa jaris mTavarsardali aseTi ga-
    mafrTxilebeli sityvebiT mimarTavs datyvevebul mowinaaRmdegeT: `gadmoviare
    Cemi jariT Tqveni qveynebi. Caixoca xalxi mravali, ganadgurda bevri sofeli.
    samtrod TiTon Tqven gamogviwvieT: mters daujereT, amxedrdiT Cvenzed, Seg-
    viryieT mkvidri sazRvrebi... Soreuli mteri wava, mezoblebi erTadve vicxov-
    rebT. xmliT gagaxseneT me es marTali!.. bedisweras dahmorCildiT, Zmebad dagi-
    WerT; Tu arada ucileblad sikvdili Tqveni!"

    * * *
    rogorc iTqva, istoriuli movlenebisa da pirovnebebisadmi v. barnovis da-
    mokidebulebas safuZvlad erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedva udevs. mwerali
    romantikuli gznebiTa da aSkarad gamovlenili mamuliSviluri tendenciu-
    robiT iazrebs Cveni istoriis sakvanZo problemebs da, rogorc mxatvruli
    sityvis ostati, yvelafers akeTebs qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi erovnuli
    TviTSegnebis gansamtkiceblad da gasaZliereblad.
    zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad aq romani `giorgi saakaZec” minda gavixseno,
    romelSic XVII saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTveloSi arsebuli umZimesi is-
    toriuli sinamdvilea aRwerili. masSi mwerali masStaburad warmosaxavs im
    rTul brZolebsa da winaaRmdegobebs, romelTac tragikul mdgomareobaSi Caag-
    des qveyana. v. barnovis mier daxatuli giorgi saakaZe samSoblos Tavisuf-
    lebisa da ZlierebisaTvis TavdadebiT mebrZoli gmiria. avtori Rrma gulistki-
    viliT warmoaCens misi pirovnuli ganwirulobisa da sabediswero aRsasrulis
    ganmapirobebel mizezebs, mamuliSviluri TanagrZnobiTa da sinanuliT gvi-
    ambobs mis tragikul Tavgadasavals.
    didgvarovanTa gaafTrebuli brZola giorgi saakaZis Casaqolad v. barnovs
    ara marto Cveni istoriuli TviTarsebobisaTvis Cveulebrivad damaxasiaTebeli
    Sinadapirispirebulobisa da Surianobis gamovlinebad miaCnia, aramed sabediswe-
    ro viTarebaSi RvTis mier qveynis mxsnelad movlenili gmiris winaaRmdeg ga-
    laSqrebadac.
    imis naTelsayofad, rogori simkveTriTa da araorazrovnebiT esmeba am ga-
    remoebas xazi, vfiqrob, es magaliTic iqneba sakmarisi: `uZleveli xmali misca
    gangebam xelSi. dasaxa igi qarTvelT winamZRvarad; ubrZanebda, waeyvana xalxi
    89
    axal gziT. ver Seigno xma bediswerisa da iRbalmac uarhyo igi: ahxda mebrZo-
    lis suli mecani!"
    meoregan ki imedgacruebul saakaZes mwerali am sityvebiT gamoaxatvinebs
    Tavis sulier sasowarkveTas: `ver davumkvidre saqarTvelos TviTarseboba! uf-
    ro mZlavrad unda mevlo sakuTar gzazed. Sena xaro gangebisgan mefed rCeuli,
    metyoda xalxi, TviTon Sah-abaz. moviwvie Teimuraz da... aRar mSvenis me Cemi xma-
    li!
    mZlavrad Casca daSna miwaSi, gadaswia gametebiT, gadaamtvria.
    gadefSvnita saqarTvelos xmali Zlieri!.."
    calkeul samefo-samTavroebad daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos misataceblad
    am droisaTvis sami didi dampyrobeli ibrZoda gaafTrebiT _ sparseTi, osmale-
    Ti da ruseTi. Tu or maTgans _ sparseTsa da osmaleTs _ erTmaneTSi garkveu-
    li SeTanxmeba ukve hqondaT dadebuli Cveni qveynis teritoriuli gayofis Se-
    saxeb, ruseTi, rogorc axali agresori, is-is iyo aqtiurad gamodioda asparez-
    ze da energiul nabijebs dgamda saqarTvelos dasapyrobad. Sinaur da gareSe
    mtrebTan brZolebiT dauZlurebuli qveynis winaSe mwvaved idga politikuri
    orientaciisa da Zlieri mfarvelis povnis problema. samive dampyrobeli yvela-
    nairad cdilobda saqarTveloSi sakuTar momxreTa gaCenas da amiT Tavisi agre-
    siuli imperiuli zraxvebis gatarebas.
    imxanadac da SemdgomSic qarTvel mefe-didebulTa erTi nawili saqarTve-
    los gadarCenisa da saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis SenarCunebis aucilebel pi-
    robad ruseTTan kavSirurTierTobis ganmtkicebas miiCnevda. amgvari politikuri
    arCevanis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad am SemTxvevaSi, uwinares yovlisa, sarwmu-
    noebrivi erToba iyo miCneuli. magram, samwuxarod, rogorc ruseTTan urTier-
    Tobis mravalsaukunovanma istoriam cxadyo, Cveni winaprebis es imediani molo-
    dini cru iluzia gamodga da ruseTma, rogorc moyvrulad mosulma mterma,
    udidesi ubedureba moutana saqarTvelos.
    yovelive amas erTxel kidev imitomac unda mieqces gansakuTrebuli yurad-
    Reba, rom v. barnovis romanSi saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciisa da ruseT-
    Tan urTierTobis problema umwvavesi gansjis sagnadaa qceuli da sabWouri
    ideologiuri TvalTaxedvisaTvis principulad miuRebeli saxiT gansjil-gaaz-
    rebuli. mwerali cxadad da araorazrovnad gveubneba imas, rom Cveni qveynis da-
    sapyrobad amxedrebul agresorTagan yvelaze saSiSi da daundobeli mainc ruse-
    Ti iyo. am Tvalsazrisis naTelsayofad v. barnovi Taviseburi formiT upirispi-
    rebs erTmaneTs sparseTisa da ruseTis agresiul dampyroblur politikas da am
    ori ubedurebidan sparseTTan urTierTobas TiTqosda ufro misaRebadac ki
    Tvlis. `or batons Soris Cven yeini ufro gvirCevnis: SeCveuli Wiri sjobia", _
    naTqvamia, magaliTad, erTgan romanSi, Tumca iqve isic xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli,
    rom `yoveli Wiri siborotea, Tund SeCveuli".
    romanSi aseve didi yuradReba aqvs miqceuli sparseTisa da ruseTis poli-
    tikuri urTierTdapirispirebulobis Cvenebasac. mwerali istoriuli movlenebis
    safuZvliani codniT aRwers am ori agresori qveynis aqtiur swrafvas saqarTve-
    los misataceblad. rogori pozicia unda daekavebina am dros saqarTvelos, ro-
    gori unda yofiliyo misi politikuri orientacia? es problema nawarmoebSi um-
    wvavesi gansjis sagnadaa qceuli da CvenSi SedarebiT farTod damkvidrebuli
    TvalTaxedvisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli saxiT gaazrebuli.
    rasakvirvelia, v. barnovisa da misi patrioti gmirebisaTvis saxelmwi-
    foebrivi Tavisufleba uzenaesi erovnuli idealia, magram radganac Cveni uZlu-
    rebis gamo politikuri arCevani unda gagvekeTebina, romanis personaJTa didi
    nawili aSkarad antirusul poziciaze dgas da iqamdec ki midis, rom ruseTTan
    SedarebiT sparseTTan siaxloves ufro gamarTlebul da misaReb movlenad
    Tvlis.
    ai, rogoraa es azri nawarmoebSi erTgan gamoxatuli:
    `rad undaT, rom cdiloben Cveni mefeebi ruseTis kalTa daiWiron, roca
    Zlier yeins ese axlo myofs SeuZlian mfarveloba gauwios saqarTvelos?! _ am-
    bobda xalxi.
    90
    _ ubralod anrisxeben iranis mflobelT da ubedurebas iwveven xalxzed.
    _ amaTTan rom kavSiri gvqondes, romeli mteri SegvebrZoleba an ris ime-
    dad!"
    meoregan ki sparseTTan urTierToba amgvaradaa Sefasebuli: `qarTvelni
    kmayofilni iyvnen yeinisa da madlobelni: Zala ebyra uZleveli da borotad
    ara xmarobda mas xalxis winaaRmdeg; Tvals adevnebda, sparsT SemoseviT ara
    vnebodaT ra, undoda saqmiT daerwmunebina, rom xalxs ar sdevnida igi, arc misi
    aRmofxvra aqvs ganzraxuli, mxolod moiTxovda, ar eqnaT piri myinvareTisaken..."
    xalxis aseTi sparsofiluri pozicia, romanis mixedviT, imaTac iyo ganpi-
    robebuli, rom sparseTi saqarTvelos ndobis mosapoveblad da aq misi Zlie-
    rebis gansamtkiceblad mxolod mefeTa gamahmadianebas moiTxovda, mosaxleobis
    religiur rwmenas ki ar exeboda.
    v. barnovi mamuliSviluri gulistkiviliT saubrobs `myinvareTis keisris"
    `im xlarTebze", romlebic `erTa sanTqmelad" gaeba mas kavkasiaSi. mravlismTqme-
    lia is faqtic, rom ruseTi da misi xelmwife romanSi amgvari saxelwodebebiT
    arian moxseniebulni: TeTri veSapi, myinvareTis TeTri keisari, gogi magogi, myin-
    varT veSapi...
    iranis Sahi cdilobs Tvali auxilos qarTvelebs im did saSiSroebaze, ro-
    melic maT CrdiloeTidan moeliT. marTalia, mis am mcdelobas saqarTveloSi
    sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis mtacebluri survili udevs safuZalad,
    magram, amisda miuxedavad, rusuli agresiis Sahiseuli mxileba garkveulwilad
    istoriuli sinamdvilis realisturi Sefasebis Sedegsac warmoadgens. naTqvamis
    dasturad aq im gamafrTxilebel Segonebasac gavixseneb, romelsac mwerali Sah-
    abazs warmoaTqmevinebs qarTvelTa gasagonad: `erideniT myinvarT keisars! daiT-
    rgunebiT! dagvRupavT Cvenca!
    vah, vis etyoda?! qarTvelT mefeT ar hqondaT Tavi, fiqrTa salaro, ar es-
    xnes Tvalni samzerelad saSiSroebisa, yurni smenad mafrTxilebel xmis Soreu-
    lis.
    nu endobiT nuras aRTqmas TeTris keisris! Sen mosaspoblad mohgragnis Za-
    las uTvlel-uzomos! gogi magogi mozRvavdeba Sen CasanTqmelad, Cven makni-
    neblad.
    ver Seismina qarTvelT mefeem igi Zaxili: gabmuliyo qristianul bindbund
    burusSi, sazianod saidanRac motanil sjulSi. istoriulad ver Seegno simar-
    Tle didi".
    rogorc citirebuli fragmentiTac naTlad Cans, mwerali ara marto Sahis
    pozicias gamoxatavs cxadad da araorazrovnad, aramed am poziciis miseul ko-
    mentirebasac axdens, riTac naTlad gviCvenebs, rom rusuli agresiis Sahiseul
    SefasebaSi bevri ram pirovnulad misTvisac misaRebia da gasaziarebeli.
    v. barnovis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi mrwamsis gasaazreblad aseve uaRre-
    sad mniSvnelovania is Sefasebani, romelTac igi Cveni mefeebis sarwmunoebriv
    aRmsareblobasTan dakavSirebiT akeTebs. gansxvavebiT CvenSi tradiciulad dam-
    kvidrebuli Tvalsazrisisagan, Tu amas saqveyno interesebi moiTxovs, v. barnovs
    SesaZleblad miaCnia mefem WeSmariti sarwmunoeba daTmos da amiT sulieradac
    Seswiros Tavi samSoblos da xorcieladac. swored amgvari alternativis wina-
    Se daayena mweralma luarsab mefe, romelic qristianuli sarwmunoebis uaryo-
    fiT yaens imaSi daarwmunebda, rom man amiT `Tavisi erTguli Crdiloc uarhyo".
    am nabijis gadadgmiT ki luarsabi ara marto Tavad SeinarCunebda samefo
    taxts, aramed misi skiptris qveS saqarTvelos yvela gankerZoebul nawilsac Se-
    aerTebda da gandgomil didebulTac Seananebda qedmaRlobas".
    swored am azrs STaagonebda dReniadag luarsabs sparseTis Sahi: ` _ aRia-
    re Cveni sjuli, daimkvidre saqarTvelo Zvel Tavis sazRvrebSi. amisrule Seni
    papis natvra: Semovkribo saqarTvelo Seni skiptris qveS, _ eubneboda igi mefes.
    WkvaSi mosdioda aRTqma. arc Tu sjulis gamocvlas ufrTxoda Zalian.
    _ sadac svimon da mravali bagrationi, mec maTTan viyo, _ ityoda gulSi.
    magram roca ahzomavda ra Zneli iyo im tvirTis zidva, ramdeni zrunva, garja
    91
    da brZola dasWirdeboda bagrationT brwyinvale taxtze damkvidrebisTvis Tun-
    dac sparsT SemweobiT, ezniqeboda nebisyofa.
    mova ruseTi, erT dakvriT mospobs sparseTs, TviT xonTqars. gabrwyindebian
    qristiane saxelmwifoni orTavian arwivis frTeb qveS. SemrCeba me sjulis Sec-
    vla, zrunva da garja!"
    magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, qarTvel mefe-didebulTa udidesi nawilis
    msgavsad, luarsabi am nabijs principulad ar dgams da raindulad ewireba ki-
    dec qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacvas, rac mxolod morwmune adamianis religi-
    uri fanatizmiT rodi iyo ganpirobebuli. luarsabis, iseve rogorc qarTvel ma-
    muliSvilTa absoluturi umetesobis, cnobierebaSi sarwmunoebrioba erovnul
    TviTSegnebasTan imedanad iyo gaigivebuli, rom, maTi rwmeniT, qristianobis uar-
    yofa erovnulobis ugulvebelyofasac da gadajiSebasac niSnavda.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom v. barnovi qarTvel patriotTa am TviTSegnebas erov-
    nuli gmirobis tolfas movlenad miiCnevs da maTi amgvari mamuliSviluri Tav-
    ganwirvisadmi romantikul aRfrTovanebas gamoTqvams, mas aseTi sarwmunoebrivi
    ukompromisoba yovelTvis ar miaCnia gamarTlebulad. saxelmwifoebrivi intere-
    sebidan gamomdinare, mwerali ufro diplomatiuri da moqnili politikis mom-
    xred gvevlineba da Tu xalxis erovnul TviTmyofadobas safrTxe ar daemuq-
    reba da qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi Zliereba ganmtkicdeba, igi aseT msxverplSe-
    wirvas mizanSewonil movlenadac ki Tvlis.
    rogorc ukve iTqva, v. barnovs es Sexeduleba araerTgan aqvs gamoTqmuli
    da am mxriv `giorgi saakaZe" gamonaklis SemTxvevas ar warmoadgens.

    * * *
    istoriuli warsulis Tanadroul sinamdvilesTan misadagebulad aRqma-ga-
    azrebis tendenciam yvelaze mZafri gamoxatuleba, Cemis azriT, mainc `armazis
    msxvrevaSi" (1925 w.) hpova. es tendencia romanSi imdenad cxadadaa gamovlenili,
    rom nawarmoebSi aRwerili movlenebi SeiZleba zusti adekvaturobiTac ki mivu-
    sadagoT im rTul viTarebas, romelic saqarTveloSi Seiqmna sabWoTa xelisuf-
    lebis damyarebis Semdgom.
    aTwleulobiT tabudadebul am sakiTxs ukanasknel xans araerTma kritikos-
    ma miaqcia yuradReba. magaliTad, a. gomarTelis azriT, `armazis msxvreva" 1921
    wlis tragediisa da misi Semdgomi viTarebis `daSifruli da daqaragmebuli" ga-
    azrebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. `yoveli didi idea, qristianoba iqneba igi Tu
    socializmi, mravalricxovani imperiebisaTvis sxvaTa dapyrobisa da damonebis
    saSualebaa. kritikosis SefasebiT, swored esaa dedaazri romanisa.
    1801 wels ruseTi marTlmadideblobis dacvis misiiT Semovida saqarTvelo-
    Si. 1921 wels ukve aTeisturi qveyana socializmis ideiT gvimonebs. am tragiku-
    li nacionaluri realobis mxatvruli ukufenaa `armazis msxvreva". realoba ve-
    rafers sanugeSos eubneba mwerals da masac momavalSi gadaaqvs imedi erovnuli
    aRorZinebisa (a. gomarTeli, qarTuli simbolisturi proza, 1997 w. gv. 110).
    samwuxarod, am momavlis dadgomis dro romanSi dakonkretebuli ar aris.
    marTalia, mwerals Rrmad ki swams, rom `dasZlevs bolos qarTvelT RmerTi sa-
    qarTveloSi", `qarTveli xalxi kvlav daubrundeba Zvel salocavT da kvlav
    gabrwindeba ukvdav xatTa saxeli CvenSi", magram rodis moxdeba es, am kiTxvaze
    v. barnovs konkretuli da zusti pasuxi ar moepoveba.
    `armazis msxvreva" yvelaze meti radikalizmiT avlens v. barnovis sarwmu-
    noebriv mrwamss. avtoris religiuri rwmenis safuZvlad romanSi erovnul-pat-
    riotuli TvalTaxedvaa qceuli. uwinaresad swored am poziciebidan sjis da
    afasebs mwerali movlenebs, riTac niRabaxdili formiT warmoaCens istoriul
    viTarebას. igi realisturi damajereblobiT gviCvenebs im agresiuli politikis
    saxifaTo mizanswrafvas, romelsac religiur-sarwmunoebrivi niSniT irani da
    bizantia atarebdnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.
    da am SemTxvevaSi xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom movlenaTa avtori-
    seuli gansja istoriuli sinamdvilis safuZvlian codnasa da maxvilgonivrul
    analizs efuZneba. v. barnovma sruliad axleburad gaiazra da Seafasa saqarTve-
    92
    los istoriidan kargad cnobili iseTi movlena, rogoric meoTxe saukunis 20-
    30-ian wlebSi CvenSi qristianobis damkvidreba da saxelmwifoebriv religiad
    gamocxadebaa. am mniSvnelovan istoriul faqts mwerali aratradiciuli Tval-
    TaxedviT iazrebs, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi farTod damkvidrebuli Sexedu-
    lebisagan gansxvavebulad.
    romanis mixedviT, imdroindeli saqarTvelo religiur SejaxebaTa aspare-
    zad iqca. v. barnovi patriotuli gulistkiviliT gviambobs, rogor umweod See-
    wira Cveni qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba im fsevdoreligiur impe-
    riul politikas, romelsac bizantia atarebda imxanad mezobeli saxelmwi-
    foebis dasapyrobad. iranisa da bizantiis magaliTze nawarmoebidan naTlad
    Cans, TavianTi agresiuli gegmebis praqtikuli realizebis gzaze ra did rolsa
    da mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen agresori qveynebi sarwmunoebriv faqtors.
    v. barnovis SefasebiT, saqarTvelos bedi imxanad erTmaneTTan
    ukompromisod dapirispirebul gansxvavebul religiur ZalTa sabediswero Se-
    jaxebam gadawyvita. kerZod, Cveni qveynisaTvis swored aseTi samkvdro-sasi-
    cocxlo dapirispirebis saxe miiRo im mZafrma brZolam, romelic qristianul
    bizantiasa da warmarTul sparseT-saqarTvelos Soris gaimarTa. am brZolaSi
    sparseT-saqarTvelos mokavSireoba, sxva mniSvnelovan faqtorebTan erTad, Cveni
    qveynis maSindelma religiurma naTesaobamac arsebiTad ganapiroba. saqarTvelo-
    Si saukuneTa manZilze damkvidrebuli sarwmunoeba, romlis `xilulad amsaxvel
    ufros RvTaebas" armazi warmoadgenda, xom sparseTidan iyo Semosuli.
    ase rom, qarTvelebis mier imxanad TavianTi qveynis mTavar mfarvel RvTae-
    bad dasaxuli armaz brwyinvale, mwerlis SefasebiT, qarTuli rwmenis niadagze
    ar yofila amozrdili da Tavis droze isic ucxo Zalis aqtiuri mcdelobisa
    da agresiuli politikis Sedegad gabatonda saqarTveloSi. misma aRzevebam jer
    safuZvlebi Seuryia, SemdegSi ki TiTqmis mTlianad daasamara sakuTriv erovnu-
    li wiaRidan aRmocenebuli Zveli qarTuli kerpTayvanismcemloba. `qarTvelTa
    modgmis darajad mdgomi" ZvelqarTuli warmarTuli kerpebi: ciSub-Tarxuji, iT-
    ruSani da sxvani nel-nela miecnen daviwyebas da maTi adgili ucxo RvTaebebma
    daiWires. romanSi araerTgzis esmeba xazi im garemoebas, rom armazica da qris-
    tec CvenTvis `oriv sxva aris", `sxvadgan mosuli" RmerTebi, romelTac qarTvel-
    Ta cnobierebaSi barbarosulad daTrgunes erovnul niadagze aRmocenebuli ma-
    mapapuri sjuli.
    `armazis msxvrevaSi" naTlad da araorazrovnad vlindeba v. barnovis uR-
    rmesi pativiscema qarTuli warmarTobisadmi, rac, uwinares yovlisa, imaTaa gan-
    pirobebuli, rom es warmarTuli kerpebi erovnuli cnobierebis wiaRidan iyvnen
    aRmocenebulni, qarTuli rwmenis nayofni, da ara ucxoeTidan Semosulni da Za-
    liT Tavs moxveulni. mwerali udidesi gulistkiviliTa da sinanuliT saubrobs
    imaze, istoriulma bedisweram rogor gamoacala safuZveli ZvelqarTul reli-
    giur rwmenas, romelsac saqarTveloSi TiToorola morwmune fanatikosi TuRa
    SerCenoda.
    v. barnovi am movlenas erovnul tragediad miiCnevs. igi aSkara guliswyve-
    tiT saubrobs imaze, rom `did bedisweras TviT RmerTnic hmorCileben", rom
    qarTuli kerpebis sanacvlod CvenSi ucxo RmerTebis damkvidreba `Turme gan-
    gebis wignSi ewera". magram, amisda miuxedavad, rogorc ukve iTqva, nawarmoebSi
    is azria gatarebuli, sabolood, `JamTa dasasruls", mainc rom usaTuod aR-
    sdgeba qarTuli rwmena da qveyanas kvlav daubrundeba Zveli dideba.
    mwerlis am sarwmunoebriv optimizms romanSi yvelaze metad mangiuri ga-
    moxatavs, ciSubis mTaze gandegilad mcxovrebi moxuci, romelic fanatikuri er-
    TgulebiT idga ZvelqarTul warmarTul RvTaebaTa mcvelad da darajad.
    `armazis msxvrevis" mixedviT, qristianuli sarwmunoeba uneburad im agresi-
    uli politikis ganmaxorcielebel Zalad iqca, romelsac bizantia atarebda sa-
    qarTvelosa da sxva mezobeli saxelmwifoebis dasapyrobad da dasamoneblad. v.
    barnovi niRabaxdili saxiT warmoaCens am politikis namdvil arss, erovnul-
    patriotuli poziciebidan gviCvenebs, rogor moxerxebulad iyenebdnen romis ke-
    isrebi qristianul moZRvrebas TavianTi imperiuli zraxvebis dasafarad.
    93
    da rogorc iTqva, es yvelaferi marto istoriuli warsulis axleburad ga-
    azrebis mizniT ki ar xdeba, aramed Tavad mwerlis droindeli viTarebis ga-
    moxatvis SeniRbul formadacaa qceuli. bizantiis imperiuli politikis mxile-
    biT v. barnovma arapirdapiri gziT sabWouri agresiis sabediswero xasiaTic
    TvalnaTliv warmoaCina. Tu pirveli agresori Tavisi agresiuli qmedebis safuZ-
    vlad qristianul religias iyenebda, meorem am mizniT socialistur ideologi-
    as mimarTa. es yvelaferi romanSi iseTi sicxadiT Cans, rom bizantiuri imperiu-
    li politikis warmarTvis saqmeSi qristianuli religiis gamoyenebis avtoriseu-
    li daxasiaTeba SeiZleba yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe mivusadagoT im fun-
    qcias, romelic socialistur ideologias ekisreboda ganaxlebuli rusuli im-
    periis Seqmnisa da ganmtkicebis gzaze.
    romanis umTavres siuJetur qargad v. barnovma `qarTlis cxovrebidan" da
    `ninos cxovrebidan" kargad cnobili is epizodebi aqcia, romlebic Cvens
    qveyanaSi wminda ninos Semosvlis, qristianuli religiis qadagebisa da mefe mi-
    rianisa da misi ojaxis mier am sarwmunoebaze moqcevis ambavs mogviTxroben.
    marTalia, am monaTxrobSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT ar-
    sebiTad axali araferia, magram am istoriuli movlenis barnoviseuli gaazreba
    da Sefaseba principulad gansxvavdeba tradiciulad damkvidrebuli TvalTaxed-
    visagan.
    sabolood, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos
    isic, rom v. barnovis mwerluri STagonebis sagnad qceuli bevri sakiTxi
    (istoriuli warsulis Tema, religiuri problema, garesamyarosTan Cveni qveynis
    urTierTobis erovnul-politikuri TvalTaxedviT gansja-gaazreba...) da
    stiluri individualobis ganmsazRvreli araerTi niSan-Tviseba (leqsikuri da
    sintaqsuri arqaizmebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba, ritmuli proza...) kidev
    ufro metad gaRrmavda da meti masStabebiT warmoCinda mwerlis Semdgomi drois
    qarTul prozaSi.

    Wola lomTaTiZe
    Wola (bikenti) bibonis Ze lomTaTiZe daibada 1879 wels Coxatauris raio-
    nis (yofili ozurgeTis mazris) sofel WaWieTSi Raribi glexis ojaxSi. 1886
    wels Seiyvanes basileTis orklasian saswavlebelSi, romlis damTavrebis Sem-
    degac swavlas agrZelebs ozurgeTis saqalaqo saswavlebelSi. 1890 wels mZime
    ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo igi iZulebuli xdeba datovos ozurgeTi da mu-
    Saoba daiwyos sofel xidisTavis biblioTekaSi. momavali mwerali didi gata-
    cebiT daadga TviTganviTarebis gzas. am droidan moyolebuli mis gulSi Tanda-
    TanobiT Rvivdeba socialuri usamarTlobis sawinaaRmdego suliskveTeba, ramac
    imdenad daupirispira soflis privilegirebul fenas, rom male iZulebuli xde-
    ba xidisTavi datovos da sxvagan eZebos saarsebo saxsari.
    1896 wels Wola swavlas agrZelebs quTaisis sameurneo skolaSi, sadac ax-
    lo kavSirs amyarebs revoluciuri moZraobis warmomadgenlebTan da
    enTuziazmiT erTveba xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego saqmianobaSi, ris gamoc 1897
    wels saswavleblidan ricxaven.
    1898 wels Wola xarkovSi miemgzavreba da sameurneo skolis Tavisufali
    msmeneli xdeba. aq igi aqtiurad monawileobs studentTa aralegalur Sek-
    rebebSi, ris gamoc apatimreben da samSobloSi agzavnian. 1900 wels samuSaos sa-
    Zebnelad mwerali TbilisSi Cadis. am droidan moyolebuli, revoluciuri saq-
    mianobis paralelurad, igi SemoqmedebiT muSaobasac eweva da sistematurad Ta-
    namSromlobs presaSi.
    94
    1903 wels W. lomTaTiZe social-demokratiuli partiis wevri xdeba da Tav-
    dadebiT ibrZvis socialuri da erovnuli Cagvris winaaRmdeg. sul male am
    brZolam is imdenad gaitaca, rom 1904 wlidan 1907 wlamde aRaraferi dauweria
    da mxolod revoluciuri saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. rogorc profesionali
    revolucioneri, mniSvnelovani partiuli davalebebis Sesasruleblad am peri-
    odSi is bevrs mogzaurobda aralegalurad rogorc saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi,
    ise ucxoeTSi. gansakuTrebiT didi roli Seasrula man guriaSi revoluciuri
    moZraobis aRmavlobis saqmeSi.
    social-demokratiuli partiis bolSevikebisa da menSevikebis fraqciebad
    gayofis Semdeg W. lomTaTiZe menSevikTa banaks miekedla, Tumca Tavisi revolu-
    ciur-moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsiT igi bolomde Tanmimdevari arc menSeviki yofila
    da arc saerTod social-demokrati. amis naTeli dadasturebaa, erTis mxriv, is
    uTanxmoeba, romelic mas msoflmxedvelobriv niadagze Tavis partiul amxana-
    gebTan hqonda, meores mxriv ki is mkafiod gamokveTili erovnuli pozicia, ri-
    Tac, social-demokratebisagan gansxvavebiT, mwerlis revoluciuri TvalTaxedva
    xasiaTdeba. rogorc W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba araorazrovnad
    adasturebs, xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis umTavres mizanswrafvad is ara
    marto socialuri usamarTlobis aRmofxvras miiCnevda, aramed erovnuli Tavi-
    suflebis mopovebasac.
    Tavisi kosmopoliti TanamebrZolebisagan gansxvavebiT, Wola `arasodes
    yofila nihilisturad ganwyobili erovnuli grZnobis mimarT da arc naciona-
    luri sakiTxi esmoda ise gaiolebulad da vulgarizatorulad, rogorc zogi-
    erT marqsists". revoluciuri idealebisadmi fanatikuri erTguleba mas sulac
    ar uSlida xels `yofiliyo Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis uzado siyvarulis mata-
    rebeli patrioti". sapyrobileSi Camwyvdeulsa da samSoblosgan moSorebuls ki
    saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxisadmi siyvaruli kidev ufro gauZlierda (g.
    ciciSvili, Wola lomTaTiZe, 1966, gv. 98).
    Wolas am erovnul poziciaSi daueWveblad gvarwmunebs ara marto mwerlis
    SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis gacnoba, aramed TanamedroveTa mogonebanic. maga-
    liTad, g. lomTaTiZis cnobiT, `revoluciis damarcxebisa da reaqciis period-
    Si, maSin, roca tusaR Wolas ufleba (da saSualebac) hqonda guldasmiT gadae-
    sinja Tavisi damokidebuleba meumravlese _ meumcireseTadmi, man aSkarad ar
    TanaugrZno partiaTa Soris brZolas, ukan daixia, magram... mivida ara saerTod
    brZolis uarmyofelebTan, aramed XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gaCaRebul erov-
    nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis medroSeebTan, mTlianad gaiziara maTi kon-
    cefcia erovnuli mTlianobis Sesaxeb.
    am ukandaxevaSi usaTuod gadamwyveti roli Seasrula il. WavWavaZis
    mkvlelobam".
    rogorc vxedavT, W. lomTaTiZis erovnuli TvalTaxedva diametralurad
    gansxvavdeba social-demokratTa mrwamsisagan da mwerali principulad ar izia-
    rebs maT kosmopolitur ideebs. am garemoebas sagangebod miaqcia yuradReba Wo-
    las cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mkvlevarma d. ramiSvilma, romelmac mwerlis
    erovnul-revoluciur Sexedulebebs aseTi Sefaseba misca: `ganTiadi, riJraJi
    (revolucia) mTeli eris gamosaxsnelad mefis ruseTis koloniuri uRlisagan
    da ara mxolod Cagruli klasis, proletariatis gansaTavisufleblad, sxva-
    dasxva wodebaTa daZmobileba, meumcirese-meumravleseTa Soris arsebuli brZo-
    lis gadaWriT uaryofa erovnuli mTlianobis" sasargeblod, revoluciis Sede-
    gad gaTavisuflebuli samSoblo qveynis mowyoba ara socialisturi ideebis Se-
    sabamisad, aramed il. WavWavaZis koncefciebze dayrdnobiT, _ ai, Wola lomTaTi-
    Zis Sexedulebani 1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, Sexedulebani, diametralurad
    sapirispiro marqsistuli filosofiis" (d. ramiSvili, Wola lomTaTiZe, 1960 w.
    gv. 39).
    aqtiuri revoluciuri moRvaweobisa da didi partiuli avtoritetis gamo
    1905-1907 wlebSi Wola orjer iqna arCeuli social-demokratiuli partiis yri-
    lobis delegatad. man aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo yrilobebis muSaobaSi da Ta-
    95
    visi gamosvlebiT mwvave polemika gaumarTa partiis iseT cnobil liderebs, ro-
    gorebic iyvnen: v. lenini, i. stalini, n. Jordania da sxvebi.
    1907 wels W. lomTaTiZes meore saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevrad irCeven, ris
    gamoc jer peterburgs miemgzavreba saTaTbiros gaxsnaze, Semdeg ki ruseTis so-
    cial-demokratuli partiis mexuTe yrilobis muSaobaSi monawileobis misaRebad
    aralegalurad londonSi midis. yrilobidan dabrunebisTanave, saTaTbiros sxva
    social-demokrat deputatebTan erTad, Wola daapatimres da xuTi wliT kator-
    Ra miusajes, magram, rogorc mZime avadmyofs, katorRa cixeSi jdomiT Seucva-
    les.
    am droidan moyolebuli 1912 wlamde mwerali sxvadasxva dros sasjels
    ixdida peterburgis, sevastopolis, baTumis, axalcixis, Tbilisisa da ruseTis
    imperiis sxva satusaRoebSi.
    1914 wels, patimrobis vadis gasvlis Semdgom, W. lomTaTiZe cixidan forma-
    lurad ki gaaTavisufles, magram Tavisufali cxovrebis ufleba SeuzRudes,
    samSobloSi Camosvlis neba ar misces da astraxanis davrdomilTa TavSesafar-
    Si gaamweses. am droisTvis igi imdenad mZime avadmyofi iyo, rom, rogorc Tavad-
    ve wers, `Svidi dRis ginmavlobaSi dReSi samjer dioda sisxli piridan". amas
    emateboda is autaneli sayofacxovrebo pirobebi, TavSesafarSi rom sufevda.
    amisda miuxedavad, iqac, iseve rogorc cixeSi, Wola suliT mainc ar dacemula
    da intensiur SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas eweoda. upatronod, uwamlod da ueqimod
    mitovebuli mwerali mainc poulobda Sinagan Zalas Tavi moeyara Tavisi nawe-
    rebisaTvis da saTanadod daemuSavebina isini imis rwmeniT, rom odesme maTi
    dabeWdvac gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli.
    1915 wels W. lomTaTiZe astraxanidan saratovis TavSesafarSi gadaiyvanes,
    sadac misi fizikuri mdgomareoba da sayofacxovrebo pirobebi kidev ufro gau-
    aresda. samwuxarod, saratovSi myof Wolas ar dascalda misi uzenaesi oc-
    nebis aRsruleba - `sikvdilamde erTxel mainc moeswro samSoblo qveynis naxva".
    W. lomTaTiZe gardaicvala 1915 wlis 4 noembers. ramdenime dRis Semdeg mi-
    si cxedari TbilisSi gadmoasvenes da kukiis sasaflaoze dakrZales. saratov-
    Sic, mwerlis neSTis gadmosvenebis dros, da TbilisSic, dasaflavebis dRes,
    xalxmravali mitingebi gaimarTa, romelTac revoluciuri suliskveTebiT an-
    Tebuli aTasobiT adamiani daeswro. isini pativs miagebdnen W. lomTaTiZis, ro-
    gorc cnobili revolucionerisa da mwerlis, xsovnas da gamoTqvamdnen rwmenas,
    rom qveynad damkvidrebuli socialuri boroteba usaTuod iqneboda daZleuli.
    1957 wels W. lomTaTiZis neSTi kukiis sasaflaodan didubis mweralTa da
    sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi gadaasvenes.

    * * *
    W. lomTaTiZis mxatvruli nawarmoebebi 1901 wlidan ibeWdeba periodul pre-
    saSi rogorc sakuTari gvar-saxeliT, ise sxvadasxva fsevdonimiT (spiridon mci-
    riSvili, xasana, anarqisti, W. olia da sxva). imis gamo, rom Wolam Tavisi si-
    cocxlis didi nawili aralegalur yofaSi, cixeebsa da TavSesafrebSi, gaatara,
    mas arc normaluri SemoqmedebiTi muSaobisTvis hqonda pirobebi da verc Tavisi
    nawarmoebebis publikaciebs uwevda saTanado kontrols. amitomacaa, rom W. lom-
    TaTiZis Semoqmedebas srulyofilad ar mouRwevia Cvenamde da bevri ram ganad-
    gurda rogorc gareSe pirTa daudevrobisa da cixis zedamxedvelTa barbarosu-
    li qmedebis Sedegad, ise usasoo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili avtoris mierac.
    ai, rogor gvamcnobs TviTon mwerali Tavisi nawerebis tragikul xvedrs
    erTgan: `dRes davxie, lukma lukmad vaqcie yvela moTxrobebi. SavaT dawerili
    dasabeWdad ar Rirda da gadaTeTrebas ki vin moeswreba. mTeli grova Sedga. ro-
    ca darajs nagavi gahqonda, gakvirda, amdeni qaRaldebi sad iyovo. Cemi si-
    cocxle ise moewyo, rom verasodes ver gadavaTeTre is, ara Tu xelnawerebi,
    TviT Cemi sicocxlec". meoregan ki, hainrix haines leqsTa miseuli Targmanebis
    winasityvaobaSi werda: `mTeli ori weli viSrome, vTargmne yvela lirikuli
    leqsebi hainesi, yvela imisi poemebi. yvela amas vasworebdi, vadarebdi dedans.
    96
    da ai, erT mSvenier dRes Cemi ori wlis naSromi sxva xelnawerebTan erTad Sek-
    ribes da cecxlis alSi gawmindes, ferflad aqcies".
    yovelive amasTan erTad, calke, sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is usulgulo
    damokidebulebac, romelsac satusaRoSi gamomwyvdeuli mwerlis nawerebisadmi
    iCendnen redaqciaTa TanamSromlebi. Wola xSirad gamoTqvamda gulistkivils
    imis gamo, rom maTi arakompetenturi da uxeSi Carevis wyalobiT misi araerTi
    qmnileba sruliad damaxinjebuli saxiT daibeWda imdroindel presaSi.
    am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa mwerlis piradi werilebi. axloblebi-
    sa da megobrebisadmi gagzavnili am baraTebiT Wola aRSfoTebiT saubrobs ima-
    ze, rogori daundobeli gulgrilobiT `asworebdnen" mis xelnawerebs redaq-
    ciebSi da `gadaWriT moiTxovda" am TviTnebobis alagmvas. magaliTad, 1910 wels
    baTumis cixidan erT-erTi Tavisi megobrisadmi miwerili baraTiT ixveweba, `axa-
    li sxivis" redaqciisTvis gagzavnili misi moTxroba ise dabeWdon, `araferi ga-
    motovon", vinaidan `ar swams beletristuli nawarmoebis `Sesworeba", meoregan
    ki, 1915 wels, saratovidan gamogzavnili weriliT mweralsa da gamomcemels si-
    libistro TavarTqilaZes Txovda, misi usayvarlesi moTxroba `saxrCobelas wi-
    naSe", romelic 1907-1908 wlebSi daibeWda `asvrilad da areulad", rogorme vin-
    mesTvis gadaewerinebina saTanado sazRauris fasad (am xarjis gasawevad igi
    mzad iyo `sadilis Wamasac daTxovoda kviraSi ramdenimejer"), raTa SemdgomSi
    nawarmoebi saTanadod Seesworebina (dedani avtors aRar hqonda) da amgvarad
    Seenaxa momavali gamomcemlisaTvis.
    rogorc iTqva, Tavisi dabeWdili nawerebis amgvari `gadawera-Sesworeba"
    Wolas imitomac miaCnda aucileblad, rom bevr maTgans aSkarad etyoboda `re-
    daqciebis yizilbaSuri xeli".
    W. lomTaTiZis Semoqmedebis Seswavlis dros, mis mxatvrul nawarmoebebTan
    erTad, usaTuod unda mieqces yuradReba patimrobis wlebSi daweril dRiu-
    rebsac da pirad werilebsac, romlebSic misi partiul-moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis
    uaRresad mniSvnelovani momentebia gamJRavnebuli udidesi adamianuri gulwrfe-
    lobiT. cixeSi moxvedris Semdeg Wolas, rogorc Cans, bevr raimeze Seecvala
    azri da TandaTanobiT gamovida romantikul iluziaTa burusidan. mkacrma
    cxovrebiseulma realobam igi naTlad daarwmuna im samwuxaro WeSmaritebaSi,
    rom mis TanamebrZolTa Soris bevri iyo flidi, orpiri da matyuara.
    mwerali sasowarkveTilebiT aRniSnavs im faqts, rom erTguli gulSematki-
    vari da Tanamdgomi megobarTa Soris mas faqtobrivad aRaravin SerCa, rom `par-
    tiuli amxanagebi gaquculi intriganebis brboa da ara sxva raime". amas werda
    kaci, visac imdagvari fanatizmiT uyvarda partia, rom Tavis `partiul cxov-
    rebaSi erTi nabijic ki ar gadaudgams iseTi, romelic piradi survilebisTvis
    iqneboda gadadgmuli". da ra miiRo yovelive amis sanacvlod man? misive sityve-
    biT, mxolod `umadurobis simwvave".
    sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili mwerali uimedod wuxda imis gamo, rom
    `mTel saqarTveloSi, mis partiul amxanagTa Soris", 3-4 kaci Tu moiZebneboda
    iseTi, romelTac misi sikvdili daswvavda guls. Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi es
    ricxvic `imdenad saeWvod" eCveneboda, rom mis `namdvilobaSic" ki ar iyo dar-
    wmunebuli. Wolas gulistkivils gansakuTrebiT zrdida gacnobiereba imisa, rom
    mis mowinaaRmdegeebad, upirveles yovlisa, `misianebi, misive partiis" wevrebi iy-
    vnen qceulni. yovelive amas ar SeiZleboda umZimesad ar emoqmedna `gulaxdi-
    lobis, sindisierebisa da gulwrfelobis motrfiale" mweralze.
    mkafiod gamovlenili Tavisi erovnuli TvalTaxedviT Wola, rogorc iTqva,
    mkveTrad upirispirdeba social-demokratTa kosmopolitur msoflmxedvelobas.
    partiuli TanamebrZolobisagan gansxvavebiT, mwerali bolomde darCa Tavisi
    qveynis gulmxurvale patriotad da misTvis erovnuli nihilizmis is momakvdi-
    nebeli grZnoba, riTac social-demokratebi xasiaTdebodnen, yovelTvis iyo
    ucxo da principulad miuRebeli.
    swored am rwmeniT STagonebuli werda 1913 w. igi Tavis erT-erT araqar-
    Tvel TanamebrZols, `rom yovelive Tavisi mSobliuri, nacionaluri Zalze
    uyvarda da misi daTmoba ar SeeZlo", miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelani Tavis Zme-
    97
    bad miaCnda _ Cinelic, iaponelic, TaTaric, rusica Tu sparselic. swored amas
    ukarnaxebda mas guli, es `yovlis uZlieresi sakvirveleba", romelic mSobliu-
    ri qveynis Zalumi siyvaruliT Zgerda da suldgmulobda.
    samecniero literaturaSi Tavidanve iqca azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da kamaTis
    sagnad imis garkveva, romeli mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi mimdinareobis warmomad-
    genlad unda iqnes miCneuli W. lomTaTiZe. zogni mas kritikuli realizmis tra-
    diciaTa gamgrZeleblad Tvlian, zogni revoluciur-demokratiuli skolis
    mwerlad, zogierTebi ki qarTul prozaSi modernistul-simbolistur tendencia-
    Ta erT-erT pirvel damamkvidreblad.
    SexedulebaTa amgvari sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, samecniero literaturaSi
    gamoTqmuli marTebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebiTi mem-
    kvidreoba Tavisi mxatvruli bunebiT imdenad mravalferovania da araerTgvaro-
    vani, rom misi SemosazRvra mxolod romelime erTi mimdinareobis artaxebiT,
    faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia.
    im literaturul tendenciaTagan, romlebic arsebiTad gansazRvraven W.
    lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebiT individualobas, uwinaresad, misi prozis lirikuli
    buneba da Rrma fsiqologizmi unda davasaxeloT. igi qarTuli lirikuli pro-
    zis erT-erTi pirveli yvelaze didi ostatia, am Janris farTod damamkvid-
    rebeli Cvens literaturaSi. marTalia, lirikuli prozis calkeuli nimuSebi
    qarTul mwerlobaSi manamdec gvxvdeboda, magram, winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT,
    W. lomTaTiZem naazrevis gamoxatvis es forma misi stiluri individualobis
    ganmsazRvrel magistralur mimarTulebad aqcia. da am SemTxvevaSi xazgasmiT
    aRsaniSnavi isicaa, rom W. lomTaTiZis prozis lirikuli buneba ara marto mov-
    lenaTa specifikur Sinaarsobriv gaazrebaSi poulobs mkveTr gamovlinebas, ara-
    med ritmul-versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiTac. misi calkeuli miniaturebi Tu
    fragmentuli epizodebi TavianTi ritmuli mowesrigebulobiTa da versifikaciu-
    li simwyobriT poetur nawarmoebTa tolfasi qmnilebani arian da lirikuli
    leqsis STambeWdaobiT zemoqmedeben mkiTxvelze.
    rogorc ukve iTqva, W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebiTi biografia 1901 wlidan
    iwyeba. marTalia, misi korespondenciebi da publicisturi werilebi `kvalSi"
    1896 wlidan qveyndeba, magram Wolas saxeli, rogorc mwerlisa, swored am dro-
    idan xdeba literaturuli sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili.
    personaJTa mxatvruli saxeebiTac, Tematur-tipobrivadac da stiluri
    TvalsazrisiTac, Wolas Semoqmedebis zogierT adrindel nimuSs aSkarad azis
    XIX saukunis bolo wlebis qarTvel prozaikosTa SemoqmedebiTi zegavlenis kva-
    li.
    am mxriv, pirvel yovlisa, mkafiod gamovlenili is Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi
    siaxlove unda aRiniSnos, romelic W. lomTaTiZes e. ninoSvilTan moepoveba.
    SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom man Tavis literaturul fsevdonimad
    Tavdapirvelad spiridon mciriSvili airCia, riTac Tavidanve gausva xazi im kav-
    Sirs, romelic Wolas e. ninoSvilTan hqonda SemoqmedebiTadac da msoflmxed-
    velobrivadac.
    W. lomTaTiZis pirvelive moTxrobis (`daviTi," 1901 w.) mTavari personaJi
    bevri ramiT hgavs e. ninoSvilis gmirebs, uwinaresad ki kacia munjaZes. es msgav-
    seba aSkarad sacnauria ara marto maTi socialuri biografiebis erTnairobiT,
    aramed mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa siaxloviTac da srulebiT araa
    Zneli dasanaxi is garemoeba, rom W. lomTaTiZis am moTxrobis stili, ena, per-
    sonaJTa daxasiaTebis manera bevri ramiT enaTesaveba e. ninoSvilis literatu-
    rul samyaros.
    daviTic iseTive beCavi da cxovrebisagan gaTelili kacia, rogorc e. ninoS-
    vilis personaJebi. msgavsad kacia munjaZisa, mas sakuTar TavSi imdeni Zalac ki
    ver upovia, Tundac sityvieri protesti mainc rom gaamJRavnos Tavisi unugeSo
    mdgomareobis gamo.
    daviTis pirovnuli tragediis gamoxatvas met simZafres sZens is faqti, rom
    igi Sobis Rames iRupeba. nawarmoebisaTvis epigrafad wamZRvarebuli saxarebidan
    moSveliebuli sityvebiT - `sarwmunoeba Tvinier saqmisa mkvdar ars" da daviTis
    98
    tragikuli Tavgadasavlis moTxrobiT mwerali kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs im
    WeSmaritebas, rom sarwmunoebrivi mcnebebisadmi mxolodRa sityvieri erTguleba
    RvTis winaSe farisevluri TvalTmaqcobaa da meti araferi. am TvalsazrisiT
    saswavleblis direqtoris praqtikuli qmedebani da qristianuli qadagebani
    srul SeusabamobaSia erTmaneTTan. amdenad, moswavleebis winaSe mis mier mWev-
    rmetyveluri qadageba imaze, rom `Soba macxovrisa kacobriobis istoriis erT
    udidebules moments Seadgens" da rom mis gareSe `msoflio istoria saerTo ui-
    medoba, saerTo eWvianoba, saerTo sicrue da saZagloba" iqneboda, mxolodRa
    sityvieri TvalTmaqcobaa, sinamdvileSi ki, Tavisi praqtikuli moqmedebiT direq-
    tori mzakvari grZnobebiT gulsavse kacia, vis borot adamianur bunebas davi-
    Tis saxiT erTi umweo da patiosani kacis sicocxlec Seewira.
    daviTis tragedias W. lomTaTiZe, upirvels yovlisa, imJamindeli socialu-
    ri usamarTlobiT xsnis da aSkara orazrovnebiT gamoxatavs Tavis protestan-
    tul damokidebulebas arsebuli cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilisadmi. swored am az-
    robrivi mizandasaxulobis maCvenebelia is simbolur-alegoriuli qveteqsti,
    romelic nawarmoebSi aRweril qariSxals ukavSirdeba. am qariSxalSi, `gakapa-
    sebuli rom gahkivis aremareSi" da TavganwirviT `ebrZvis yvelafers, rac ki win
    gadaudgeba", alegoriulad is revoluciuri Zala igulisxmeba, romelsac, axal-
    gazrda mwerlis romantikuli rwmeniT, qveynad socialuri usamarTloba unda
    aRmoefxvra da moyvasisadmi qristianuli siyvaruli daemkvidrebina.
    rogorc vxedavT, socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis tendencia
    W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebaSi Tavidanve ikavebs sagulisxmo adgils, literatu-
    ruli moRvaweobis meore periodSi ki misi prozis umTavres mimarTulebad
    mkvidrdeba. es garemoeba mwerlis pirovnuli cxovrebiTac arsebiTad iyo ganpi-
    robebuli da Wolas msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis gamovlinebas warmoadgenda.
    am TvalsazrisiT misi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mizanswrafva erTmaneTisagan
    ganuTiSveli organuli mTlianobaa da socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebis
    ideas igi ara marto mxatvruli sityviT qadagebda, aramed, rogorc profesiona-
    li revolucioneri, Tavadac ibrZoda am ideis realuri aRsrulebisaTvis.
    1900-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaSi es sabrZolo suliskveTeba ir. evdoS-
    vilTan erTad yvelaze mZafrad da masStaburad W. lomTaTiZem gamoxata. socia-
    luri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolisken mowodebas maT SemoqmedebaSi mizan-
    mimarTuli xasiaTi aqvs SeZenili da stiqiuri da gaucnobierebeli winaaRmde-
    gobis saxes ar iRebs. rogorc iTqva, am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani roli maTma
    profesiulma partiulma saqmianobamac Seasrula.
    rogorc iTqva, W. lomTaTiZis adrindel Semoqmedebas TematikiTac da li-
    teraturuli tipaJiTac bevri ram akavSirebs XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulisa
    da meoce saukunis dasawyisis Cvens mwerlobasTan. zemoT am TvalsazrisiT ukve
    visaubreT mis erT-erT personaJze _ daviTze. igive unda iTqvas meZavis (`cxov-
    rebis gulidan". 1901 w.) fragmentul saxezec. cxovrebis fskerze daSvebul
    msgavs adamianTa tragikuli saxeebi mravlad Seqmna imdroindelma qarTulma
    mwerlobam da am mxriv W. lomTaTiZec iCens garkveul interess. igi Rrma adamia-
    nuri TanagrZnobiT gvacnobs im pirovnebaTa mZime cxovrebiseul xvedrs, rom-
    lebic sazogadoebas ise gauborotebia, rom adamianTa modgmis `mosisxle mtre-
    bad" qceulan. maTi saxiT `Cven win dgas quCa mTeli Tavisi ZaliT da siZulvi-
    liT".
    W. lomTaTiZis mier daxatul personaJTa mxatvrul saxeebSi, konkretul pi-
    rovnebaTa garda, mxatvruli ganzogadebulobiT warmosaxuli epoqaluri sinam-
    dvilec unda davinaxoT. amis dasturad misi erT-erTi adrindeli moTxroba `da-
    saflavebac" (1902 w.) gamodgeba.
    nawarmoebSi mweralma ori pirovnebis cxovrebiseuli mrwamsi daupirispira
    erTmaneTs biqtorisa da jamuleTis saxiT da am dapirispirebas Rrmaazrovani
    simbolur-alegoriuli mizanswrafva SesZina. biqtori samSoblo qveynis Rrmad
    moyvaruli adamiania, mis siZliereze, Tavisuflebasa da bednierebaze meocnebe
    kaci, romelic Zalasa da energias ar iSurebs saamisod. biqtoris patriotul
    grZnobaTa amgvari aqcentireba metad mniSvnelovan faqtad imitomac unda CaiTva-
    99
    los, rom amiT naTlad da araorazrovnad vlindeba W. lomTaTiZis erovnuli
    mrwamsi. `dasaflaveba" kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom erovnuli problemi-
    sadmi Wolas damokidebuleba diametralurad gansxvavdeba social-demokratTa
    poziciisagan.
    xangrZlivi ganSorebis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli biqtori saocarma
    mRelvarebam Seipyro. rogorc nawarmoebidan advilad ivaraudeba, igi socialu-
    ri samarTlianobisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli pirovnebaa, im partiis erT-erTi
    axalgazrda warmomadgeneli, romlis `doqtrina wamdauwum CasZaxoda yurSi, rom
    kaci yvelgan kacia da mTeli qveyana igive samSobloa". magram am doqtrinis sa-
    winaaRmdegod, samSoblosagan iZulebiT daSorebul biqtors Tavisi qveyana ki-
    dev ufro Seuyvarda, ucxoeTSi gariyuli Tavs ubedurad grZnobda da im mcena-
    res hgavda, ucxo garemos rom ver uZlebs da xmeba.
    aseTi grZnobiT gulanTebuli moadga biqtori Tavis samSoblos xangrZlivi
    ganSorebis Semdeg, magram siyvaruli erTbaSad naRvelma daTrguna. mis patrio-
    tul aRtkinebas `civi wyali gadaavlo" jamuleTis xmaze `win wamoWimulma oc-
    daaTamde kurtanma", ucxo qveynidan Camosul gems rom Seesia dauyovnebliv. na-
    warmoebis azrobrivi mizandasaxulobis gasarkvevad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-
    nia is komentarebi, romelTac jamuleTis am da msgavs qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT
    akeTebinebs mwerali moTxrobis mTavar personaJs. `kurtani! es xom Seni unagiri-
    a, samSoblo mxarev! arseboba Seni _ es xom am kurtan-qveS wolaa", _ aTqmevinebs
    igi biqtors da jamuleTs Tavisi qveynisTvis dadgmuli kurtnis erT-erT winam-
    ZRolad miiCnevs.
    moTxrobaSi W. lomTaTiZem jamuleTis Tumca fragmentuli, magram sakmaod
    ganzogadebuli literaturuli saxec STambeWdavad gamokveTa. igi cxovrebis as-
    parezze aRzevebuli axali mbrZanebelia, `odesRac Tavadac gacveTili, sxvasa-
    viT Zlieri da Zvaltyava", magram socialuri gardaqmnebis wyalobiT, `axla di-
    di simdidrisa da mSvenieri ojaxis" patroni, sxvisi naoflariT gamdidrebuli
    axali drois mebatone. ase rom, Tavisi socialuri biografiiT igi daviT droi-
    Zis, isaka WamiaSvilisa da maTi wris RviZli Svilia, XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze
    ekonomikuradac da uflebrivadac aRzevebuli savaWro burJuaziis tipuri war-
    momadgeneli. mwerali garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, rogor da ra gziT
    mouxerxebia am erT dros sxvasaviT `mSiersa da Zvaltyava" kacs esodeni simdid-
    ris dagroveba da `samSoblo mxaris" myvlefelad qceva.
    marTalia, jamuleTi kvdeba da uSualod misi kirTebisagan qveyana Tavi-
    sufldeba, magram biqtoris sawuxari amiT ar mTavrdeba da igi nawarmoebis bo-
    los farTo masStabebis momcvel ganzogadebas iZens. `jamuleTi xom mokvda da
    dRes marxaven. es marTalia. me ki ai ra suleluri kiTxva damebada: ramden xans
    gagvabednierebs jamuleTi Tavis sicocxliT, kidev ramden xans icocxlebs is
    meTqi. pasuxi veras gziT ver miveci am kiTxvas". biqtoris am sityvebiT mwerali
    arapirdapiri gziT imazec migvaniSnebs, rom jamuleTisebrTa kurtnisagan xalxi
    sabolood mxolod maSin gaTavisufldeba, roca Zirfesvianad Seicvleba cxov-
    rebis arsebuli wesi da qveynad socialuri samarTlianoba damyardeba.
    qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT, W. lomTaTiZe erT-erTi pirveli mweralia,
    romelmac XX saukunis qarTul prozaSi Tvisebrivad axali tendenciebis dam-
    kvidrebas moumzada mkvidri safuZveli. dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli am siaxleTa ga-
    movlinebas, garkveulwilad, mwerlis adrindel nawarmoebebSive SeamCnevs. erTis
    mxriv, es Seexeba zogierTi misi nawarmoebis ritmul-versifikaciul mxares, meo-
    re mxriv ki iseTi e. w. mcire Janruli saxeobebis gamoyenebas naazrevis gamo-
    saxatavad, rogorebicaa: etiudi, eskizi, suraTi, leqsi prozad meoce saukunis
    qarTul prozaSi am Janrul saxeobaTa farTod damkvidrebis saqmeSi erT-erTma
    pirvelTaganma W. lomTaTiZemac Seasrula erTgvari gzamkvlevisa da pioneris
    roli.
    rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, Wola poeturi prozis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi
    ostatia. misi prozis poeturoba da lirikuli buneba ara marto movlenaTa aR-
    qmisa da warmosaxvis Sinaarsobriv specifikaSi poulobs Tavisebur gamovli-
    nebas, aramed frazis akustikasa da evfoniaSi, ritmul-musikalur daxvewi-
    100
    lobasa da calkeul SemTxvevebSi teqstis versifikaciuli mxaris mowesri-
    gebaSic ki. poeturi niSan-Tvisebebis aseTi momZlavreba mis prozaSi imiTac iyo
    ganpirobebuli, rom drodadro W. lomTaTiZe leqsebsac werda xolme. marTalia,
    mis poetur saqmianobas sagulisxmo warmatebebi ar mohyolia, magram mwerlis am
    gatacebam mainc moaxdina erTgvarad keTilismyofeli gavlena mis prozaze.
    1904 wlidan 1907 wlamde W. lomTaTiZe imdenad gaitaca revoluciurma saq-
    mianobam, rom igi mTlianad CamoSorda mwerlobas da faqtobrivad araferi dau-
    weria. 1907 wlidan ki igi kvlav daubrunda literaturas da am droidan moyo-
    lebuli gardacvalebamde, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi cxovrebis mTeli es pe-
    riodi man cixeebsa da TavSesafrebSi gaatara, aqtiur SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas
    eweoda. literaturuli saqmianobis am etapis did mniSvnelobaze mwerlis biog-
    rafiaSi naTlad metyvelebs is faqti, rom misi prozis saukeTeso nimuSebi, ri-
    Tac imJamindeli Cveni mwerloba axali TemebiTa da tendenciebiT gamdidrda,
    arsebiTad swored am periodSia Seqmnili.
    adrindeli nawarmoebebisagan gansxvavebiT, socialuri da erovnuli usamar-
    Tlobis mxilebam W. lomTaTiZis amdroindel SemoqmedebaSi warmosaxvisa da
    mxatvruli ganzogadebis kidev ufro farTo masStabebi SeiZina. metad mniSvne-
    lovania is garemoebac, rom mwerlis moTxrobebSi aranaklebi ZaliT daisva mra-
    vali mwvave zneobrivi problemac da uRrmesi fsiqologizmiT gamoixata meoce
    saukunis pirveli aTwleulis rTul cxovrebiseul movlenebTan sisxlxorceu-
    lad dakavSirebuli pirovnebis adamianuri vnebebi da sulieri miswrafebani.
    W. lomTaTiZis Semoqmedeba realisturi simarTliTa da mravalmxrivobiT
    warmosaxavs imdroindel cxovrebiseul sinamdviles. misi prozis mTavar perso-
    naJebad gamoyvanili pirovnebani, marTalia, metwilad imJamindeli usamar-
    Tlobis winaaRmdeg TavdadebiT mebrZoli revolucionerebi arian, magram isini
    yalbi iluziebis tyveobaSi moqceul fanatikosebs ar warmoadgenen da xSirad
    sakmaod kritikuladac sjian da afaseben movlenebs. sinamdvilis amgvari ukom-
    promiso gansjis unari maT cxovrebis mkacrma pirobebma Camouyalibes.
    W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore periodSi Seqmnili yvela
    nawarmoebi, garda erTisa (`Ze kacisa"), pirvel pirSia dawerili da ambis mTxro-
    belis rolSi, rogorc wesi, mTavari personaJi gvevlineba xolme. weris amgvari
    stili Tavidanve damkvidrda Wolas SemoqmedebaSi, rogorc saTqmelis gamoxat-
    vis umTavresi forma. Txrobis es xerxi mwerals met saSualebas aZlevs kidev
    ufro CauRrmavdes moqmed pirTa pirovnul samyaros da misi Sinagani gancdebi
    da miswrafebani meti STambeWdaobiT gagvimJRavnos.
    W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore periodis umTavres Temad
    tusaRTa cxovrebis asaxva iqca. ufro metic, es Tema ase masStaburad, faqtobri-
    vad, man erT-erTma pirvelma Semoitana da daamkvidra Cvens mwerlobaSi. am
    SemTxvevaSi xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi isicaa, rom mis mier daxatuli tusaRebi Zi-
    riTadad socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis mebrZoli politpatimrebi arian, aq-
    tiuri revolucionerebi da maRali idealebisaTvis Tavganwiruli pirovnebani
    da ara borotmoqmedTa samyaros warmomadgenelni. amitomacaa, rom avtori udi-
    desi siyvaruliTa da TanagrZnobiT warmosaxavs maT mxatvrul saxeebs. W. lom-
    TaTiZe SesaniSnavad icnobda am adamianTa yofas, fsiqikas, mizanswrafvas. wlo-
    biT satusaRoSi gamoketili mwerlisaTvis es garemo uaRresad maxlobeli iyo,
    sisxlxorceuli nawili misi pirovnuli cxovrebisa. amitomac gaixada man Tavi-
    si Semoqmedebis mTavar Temad sapyrobilis binadarTa sulieri samyaros Cveneba.
    imis gamo, rom mwerlis nawarmoebTa mTavari personaJebi ruseTis sxva-
    dasxva qalaqebSi ixdian sasjels, W. lomTaTiZem bevri araqarTveli moqmedi pi-
    ris mxatvruli saxec Seqmna. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ZiriTadad epizoduri
    pirebi arian, zogierTi maTgani iseTi literaturuli siZlieriTaa gamoZerwi-
    li, rom maTi saxeebi Rrmad aRibeWdeba Cvens cnobierebaSi. es momenti imitomac
    unda aRiniSnos xazgasmiT, rom W. lomTaTiZemde qarTul prozaSi araqarTvel
    personaJTa mxatvruli saxeebi ase mravlad aravis Seuqmnia.
    aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, erTi aucilebeli ganmartebac usaTu-
    od unda gakeTdes: sapyrobilis Temis saxeldebiT yovelive imis gansazRvra da
    101
    Semofargvla, rac W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore periodis
    magistralur mimarTulebad iqca, garkveulwilad pirobiTi gancxadebacaa, vina-
    idan es saxeldeba, pirvel yovlisa, mwerlis mier asaxul garemos gulisxmobs,
    im mikrosamyaros, romelsac cixe da misi binadrebis yofa hqvia. Tavis mxriv ki
    es mikrosamyaro im didi socialuri, politikuri da zneobrivi sinamdvilis
    RviZli nawilia, romelic Wolas droindeli epoqis calkeul umniSvnelovanes
    waxnagebs warmoaCens ganzogadebuli formiT. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, esaa
    sapyrobilis saknebidan tusaRTa TvaliT Seulamazeblad danaxuli cxovreba
    Tavisi mZafri winaaRmdegobebiTa Tu tkivilebiT, kontrastuli saxiT warmoCe-
    nili is socialuri da politikuri usamarTlobani, romlebic sazogadoebis
    progresuli nawilis cnobierebaSi revoluciuri brZolis suliskveTebas aCen-
    da.
    erT-erTi pirveli yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi, romelmac W. lomTaTi-
    Zis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis etaps daudo saTave, `sax-
    rCobelas winaSe" (1907 w.) iyo. es moTxroba mTeli ZaliT avlens sityvieri
    xelovnebis im siaxleebs, romlebic W. lomTaTiZis mwerlur individualobas
    gansazRvraven. maTgan, uwinares yovlisa, pirovnebis sulieri gancdebisa da mis-
    wrafebebis Rrma fsiqologizmiT warmosaxva unda gamoiyos. moTxrobisadmi inte-
    ress isic zrdis, rom igi dRiuris formiTaa dawerili da mTavari personaJi
    Tavad aRwers im mZafr adamianur grZnobebs, riTac am axalgazrda, sikvdil-
    misjili kacis sulia aforiaqebuli.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebis siuJeti naklebad dinamikuria da ZiriTa-
    di yuradReba mTavari personaJis jeiran vardosaniZis pirovnuli samyaros sta-
    tikuri formiT aRwera-warmoCenas eqceva, moTxroba mainc mZafri interesiT iki-
    Txeba. am interess mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs jeiranis cnobierebaSi
    fragmentulad gacocxlebuli mogonebani mis mier ganvlili cxovrebidan. mar-
    Talia, igi jer kidev savsebiT axalgazrda kacia, magram ukve mouswria qveynisa
    da xalxis bednierebisaTvis TavganwirviT mebrZoli revolucioneris xifaTiani
    gzis saxelovnad gavla.
    jeiran vardosaniZis mxatvrul saxeSi W. lomTaTiZem romantikuli gznebiT
    Seasxa xorci im pirovnebebis idealizebur miswrafebebs, romelTac Tavisi
    cxovrebis umTavres mizandasaxulobad socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
    brZola uqceviaT. nawarmoebis mxatvrul siZlieresa da gulwrfelobas didad
    gansazRvravs is garemoeba, rom mTavari personaJis socialuri ideali Tavad
    Wolas cxovrebiseuli mrwamsis sisxlxorceul nawiladac iyo damkvidrebuli.
    ase rom, jeiran vardosaniZis moqalaqeobrivi miswrafebebis warmosaxva, ar-
    sebiTad, TviTon mwerlis revoluciuri ideebis warmoCenasac niSnavs, rac avto-
    riseul Txrobas met Sinagan simarTlesa da emociur simZafres sZens.
    marTalia, `saxrCobelas winaSe" 1905 wlis revoluciis damarcxebis Sem-
    dgom, reaqciis TareSis xanaSi, xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da-
    marcxebuli da sapyrobilis binadrad qceuli mwerlis mier iwereboda, magram
    igi mainc optimisturi suliskveTebis gamomxatveli nawarmoebia, xvalindeli
    dRis romantikuli rwmeniT STagonebuli moTxroba, romelic erTgvari paTetiz-
    miTac ki gvaziarebs im fantastikur enTuziazms, riTac jeiranis msgavsi mebrZo-
    lebi ibrZodnen xalxis bednierebisaTvis im mZime wlebSi.
    satusaRos Temam kidev ufro farTo masStabebi SeiZina W. lomTaTiZis
    vrcel moTxrobaSi `sapyrobileSi" (1909 w.), romlis mTvari personaJi mciriSvi-
    li Tavad gviambobs satusaRos binadarTa cxovrebis ambavs. jeiran vardosaniZi-
    sagan gansxvavebiT, mciriSvilis mxatvrul saxeSi ukve bevri iseTi biografiuli
    detali gamoikveTa mkafiod, romelic daueWveblad gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi TviT
    avtoris literaturuli oreulia. mciriSvilis monaTxrobi, misive sityvebiT
    rom vTqvaT, Seulamazebeli aRweraa imisa, `rac man gadaitana, rac ixila". am
    monaTxrobis umTavresi warmosaxvis obieqti `sapyrobilis suraTebia, romelSic
    mxolod xandaxan Tu gamoereva xolme cixis gadaRebuli suraTebic".
    W. lomTaTiZis mier daxatuli sapyrobile uRrmesi emociuri STambeWdaobiT
    gangvacdevinebs im depresiul sulier ganwyobilebas, romelmac 1905 wlis revo-
    102
    luciis damarcxebis Semdgom moicva xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol xelmo-
    carul revorlucionerTa erTi nawili. am SemTxvevaSi, uwinares yovlisa, kola
    drozdovis literaturuli saxe unda gavixsenoT. socialuri usamarTlobis wi-
    naaRmdeg mis Tavdadebul brZolas Sedegad is mohyva, rom is daapatimres, Tav-
    dapirvelad sikvdiliT dasja miusajes, magram Semdgom Seiwyales da samudamo
    katorRa akmares.
    xalxis bednierebisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli es romantikosi revolucione-
    ri sulierma apaTiam Seipyro da is axla ukve imedgacruebuli kacis sinanuliT
    saubrobs imaze, rogor samudamod wavida dro, roca gatenil zarbaznebs `igi
    da misi megobrebi gulmkerds uSverdnen da kvdebodnen.” `mogvcxes, Zmav, ar unda
    laparaki... gvZlies da gadadian kidec malays Cvens kiserze", - sasowarkveTili
    ambobs is. am damarcxebam mas imdenad gautexa guli, rom Zveli sabrZolo enTu-
    ziazmi erTianad gaunelda da axla mxolod imaze ocnebobs, Tu odesme Tavi-
    sufleba eRirsa, adamianebs sabolood ganeridos, sadme uRran tyeSi ganmartov-
    des da iq ganlios Tavisi sicocxlis darCenili dReni.
    kola drozdovis mxatvruli saxis Seqmna, pirvel yovlisa, imiT iyo ganpi-
    robebuli, rom aseTma sasowarkveTilma ganwyobilebam araerTi revolucioneri
    moicva 1905 wlis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdgom. imperiaSi aTareSebulma re-
    aqciam bevrs gaucrua imedebi da gautexa guli. ase rom, drozdovi tipurad ga-
    moxatavs im adamianTa sulier apaTiasa da imedgacruebas, romelTa rwmenasac
    mkacrma cxovrebiseulma realobam safuZveli gamoacala da sabolood daarwmu-
    na im samwuxaro WeSmaritebaSi, rom `yovelive amaoa, yovelive sisulelea".
    im nawarmoebTagan, romlebic yvelaze metad avlenen W. lomTaTiZis Semoqme-
    debisaTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebel sabrZolo-revoluciur paTossa da su-
    liskveTebas, gamorCeulad unda gavixsenoT `pirveli maisi" (1910 w.). reaqciis Ta-
    reSis wlebSi dawerili es moTxroba, erTi SexedviT, imJamindel viTarebasTan
    Seusabamo optimizmiTac ki qadagebs socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg Seia-
    raRebuli brZolis aucileblobas. am TvalsazrisiT igi erT-erTi mkveTrad ga-
    morCeuli qmnilebaa im periodis Cvens literaturaSi. am nawarmoebiT erTxel
    kidev gamoCnda msoflmxedvelobrivi arsi Wolas buntaruli sulieri Semar-
    Tebisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom xelisufleba mkacrad uswordeboda saxalxo
    brZolis Tavkacebsac da rigiT monawileebsac, rac W. lomTaTiZemac iwvnia pira-
    dad Tavis Tavze, am moTxrobis mixedviT is kvlavindeburad gvevlineba, rogorc
    aqtiuri momwodebeli usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg revoluciuri brZolis gardu-
    valobisa.
    `pirveli maisis" mTavari personaJi _ biqtor agiaSvili xalxis bednie-
    rebisaTvis TavganwirviT mebrZoli social-demokratia, Tavisi aqtiuri revolu-
    ciuri saqmianobis gamo satusaRoSi gamomwyvdeuli axalgazrda kaci, socialur
    samarTlianobasa da Tanasworobaze meocnebe romantikosi.
    `pirvel maisSi" kidev ufro gamoikveTa W. lomTaTiZis prozisaTvis farTod
    damaxasiaTebeli iseTi niSan-Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa lirizmi da poeturoba. al-
    baT, ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom Wolas SemoqmedebaSi es moTxroba lirikuli
    prozis erT-erTi yvelaze SesaniSnavi nimuSia, romantikuli poeturi ganwyobi-
    lebis gamomxatveli Rrmad emociuri nawarmoebi. masSi grZnobieri eqspresiiT
    vlindeba is romantikuli aRtkineba da sulier eiforiad gardaqmnili enTuzi-
    azmi, riTac moTxrobis mTavari personaJi da misi Tanamoazreni iyvnen dakavSi-
    rebulni imJamindel revoluciur moZraobasTan.
    am revoluciuri brZolebisa da socialuri Tanasworobis amaRlebul idea-
    lTa simbolod moTxrobis gmirebisaTvis pirveli maisis dResaswaulia qceuli.
    marTalia, pirveli maisis am romantikul gandidebas dRevandeli mkiTxvelis
    TvalSi imJamindeli enTuziazmi da aRtkineba aRar axlavs, magram nawarmoebze
    saubris dros mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom es yvelafe-
    ri im adamianis moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsisa da suliskveTebis gulwrfeli ga-
    moxatuleba iyo, romelic uSualod idga am movlenebis epicentrSi da pirada-
    dac swamda da sjeroda ase.
    103
    W. lomTaTiZis personaJTa cnobierebaSi erTmaneTTan kontrastuli Sepiris-
    pirebis formiT xSirad ikveTeba xolme is didi Seusabamoba, romelic idealad
    dasaxuli sayvareli qalis xatebasa da realur sinamdviles Soris arsebobs.
    mwerlis mier daxatuli qali mijnurebi, arcTu iSviaTad, xorcieli vnebebiT
    Sepyrobili pirovnebani arian, zneobrivad damdablebulni da moRalateni, wmin-
    da da amaRlebuli grZnobebisagan daclili adamianebi, romelTaTvisac sruli-
    ad miuwvdomelia is sulieri simaRle, erTguleba da moraluri keTilSobileba,
    riTac maRali moqalaqeobrivi idealebisaTvis Tavganwiruli pirovnebani xasi-
    aTdebian.
    sulieri oblobisa da sasowarkveTis am aspeqtiT gamoxatvam axali mas-
    Stabebi SeiZina `TeTr RameSi" (1911 w.). am moTxrobaSi kidev ufro Rrmavdeba da
    meti simwvaviT warmoCindeba tusaRobis periodis mmwerlis SemoqmedebisaTvis
    niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebeli iseTi motivebi, rogorebicaa: pirovnuli uime-
    dobisa da ganwirulobis mZafri TviTgancda, Ralatiani siyvarulis problema,
    sapyrobilis saSinelebani da cixis msaxurTa sisastike. `TeTri Ramis" calkeu-
    li epizodebi da fsiqologiuri wiaRsvlebi TiTqmis zustadac ki imeoreben
    mwerlis zogierTi manamdeli nawarmoebis, upirveles yovlisa, `saxrCobelas wi-
    naSes" siuJetur struqturas.
    `TeTri Ramisadmi" interess isic zrdis, rom igi avtoris mxatvrul-esTeti-
    kur TvalTaxedvasac gamoxatavs garkveulwilad da ufro konkretul warmodge-
    nas gviqmnis mniSvnelovani sazogadoebriv-politikuri movlenebisadmi mwer-
    lobis damokidebulebis miseul principebze. mxedvelobaSi maqvs nawarmoebis is
    adgili, sadac saubaria `erT-erTi axlad gamomcxvari poetis" leqsebis patara
    wignze, romelSic odnavadac ki ar airekla `brZolisa Tavgamodebis is wyurvi-
    li", riTac `irgvlivaa yvelaferi gaJRenTili". nacvlad epoqaluri movlenebiT
    dainteresebisa, moTxrobis mTavari personaJis azriT, `ymawvili" poeti mxolod-
    Ra `dedakacis tuCebsa da kocnaze galobs, viRaca orgulsa da moRalateebze
    yivis".
    citirebul fragmentSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba rom SemTxveviTi ar aris da
    Tavad mwerlis Tvalsazrissac gamoxatavs, amas msgavsi Sinaarsis misi is recen-
    ziac adasturebs, romliTac Wola 1911 wels i. griSaSvilis axal poetur kre-
    buls `ocnebis kocnas" gamoexmaura da mkacrad usayvedura avtors imisaTvis,
    rom axalgazrda poetis leqsebSi veraviTari asaxva ver pova maSindeli `mRel-
    vare cxovrebis suraTma", ris gamoc i. griSaSvils man `istoriis cru mowme"
    uwoda.
    W. lomTaTiZis Semoqmedebas, gansakuTrebiT literaturuli moRvaweobis me-
    ore periodSi, mkafiod gamoxatuli avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. mwerlis
    prozaSi mxatvruli ganzogadebulobiT gardaisaxa misi pirovnuli cxovrebis
    umTavresi momentebi, sulieri ganwyobilebani da moqalaqeobrivi miswrafebani.
    ase rom, Wolas mier daxatuli araerTi personaJi Tavad avtoris uSualo pro-
    totipadac SeiZleba miviCnioT yovelgvari orazrovnebisa da uxerxulobis gare-
    Se.
    am TvalsazrisiT mkiTxveli usaTuod ipovis saerTos W. lomTaTiZesa da
    `Ze kacisas" (1912 w.) mTavar personaJs - giorgi adamaSvils Soris. maTi cxov-
    rebisa da ojaxuri dramis zogierTi detali ise zustad emTxveva erTmaneTs,
    rom es msgavseba aSkarad sacnauria. swored im xanad, roca es nawarmoebi daiwe-
    ra, colTan Wolasac msgavsi dramatuli urTierToba hqonda. ase rom, `Ze kaci-
    sas" Seqmnis safuZveli ara marto zogadad da abstraqtulad gacnobierebuli
    cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile iyo, aramed uSualod pirovnuladac gancdili tra-
    gediac.

    * * *
    mwerluri moRvaweobis meore periodSi W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebaSi mniS-
    vnelovani adgili daimkvidra erovnulma problematikam. marTalia, es Tema mas
    arc adre dautovebia uyuradRebod, magram am droisaTvis aRniSnuli problema
    misi Semoqmedebis erT-erT magistralur mimarTulebad iqca. miuxedavad imisa,
    104
    rom Wola im partiis wevri iyo, romlis mesveurni TavianTi moRvaweobis erTa-
    derT mizanswrafvad mxolod klasobrivi brZolis princips aRiarebdnen da
    erovnuli problemisadmi nihilisturad iyvnen ganwyobilni, mas, rogorc mwe-
    ralsa da moRvawes, arasodes gauziarebia social-demokratebisaTvis farTod
    damaxasiaTebeli es nihilizmi da Tavisi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis yovel etap-
    ze samSoblos Tavisuflebis ideiT gulanTebul mgznebare patriotad darCa. am
    TvalsazrisiT, misi erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedvis ganmsazRvrel upirve-
    les safuZvlad qarTvel `samocianelTa" mamuliSviluri mrwamsia qceuli da
    ara social-demokratiuli partiis mier naqadagevi erovnuli nihilizmi.
    erovnuli problemis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT W. lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebaSi
    yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia `ubis wignidan" (1910 w.). aRniSnuli problema
    am moTxrobaSi mweralma social-demokratiuli partiuli moZRvrebisagan radi-
    kalurad gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviT gaiazra da mkveTrad gamovlenili patri-
    otuli suliskveTebiT gamoxata Tavisi pirovnuli damokidebuleba Cveni sam-
    Soblos rogorc warsulisa da Tanamedroveobisadmi, ise momavlisadmic. es
    aris lirikuli aRsarebis formiT moTxrobili fragmentuli epizodebi saqar-
    Tvelos istoriuli Tu Tanadrouli cxovrebidan. marTalia, weris lirikul-po-
    eturi stili yovelTvis iyo damkvidrebuli W. lomTaTiZis Semoqmedebis
    umTavres mimarTulebad da igi met-nakleblad mis yvela nawarmoebSi poulobda
    gamoxatulebas, magram `ubis wignidan" am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad
    gamorCeuli moTxrobaa.
    kritikul literaturaSi ukve gamoTqmuli marTebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
    `ubis wignidan" ilia WavWavaZis `aCridilis" zegavleniT dawerili nawarmoebia.
    marTalia, am poemis ideebi masSi axleburad, axali interpretaciiTa warmoCeni-
    li, magram ilias poemis zegavlenis kvali mainc ise aSkarad Cans, rom dakvir-
    vebuli mkiTxveli mas am ori qmnilebis teqstologiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi Se-
    darebis dros yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe dainaxavs (d. ramiSvili, da-
    saxelebuli wigni, gv. 331).
    xangrZlivi drois manZilze qarTveli xalxis fizikuri gadarCenis umTav-
    res faqtorad Wola erovnuli TavisTavadobis SesanarCuneblad mis mier gada-
    tanil gamudmebul omebs Tvlis. uzenaesis winaSe warmdgari qarTvelis aRia-
    rebiT, misi eris istoria qristes dabadebamdec da amis Semdegac mudam Tavis
    dasacavad brZola iyo, brZola rogorc gareuli, ise Sinauri mtrebis winaaR-
    mdeg. Wolas azriT, es brZola warsulSi ar damTavrebula da amJamadac grZel-
    deba, vinaidan mis xalxs kvlavac `bevri mteri axvevia gars". uzenaesis SekiTxva-
    ze, xom ar daiRala igi am brZolaSi, nawarmoebis lirikuli gmiri paTetikuri
    optimizmiT pasuxobs, rom `daRalva misi sikvdils niSnavs misas", mas ki si-
    cocxle swyuria da jer ar gamZRara misiT.
    Wolas am sulier optimizms did Sinagan Zalas sZens gacnobiereba imisa,
    rom axla ukve misi xalxi erovnuli gadarCenisaTvis mimdinare am mZafr brZo-
    laSi marto aRar aris da `yvela erSi da yvela qveynis kuTxeSi izrdeba da
    mZlavrdeba imaTi ricxvi, romlebic Tavs icaven da mas mieSvelebian".
    rogorc nawarmoebidan naTlad Cans, erovnuli TviTgadarCenisaTvis qarTve-
    li xalxi imxanad, upirveles yovlisa, rusul imperiul agresias ebrZoda, im
    agresias, romlis mesveurni Cvens `dedaenas ZaRlis enas uwodebnen" da `moqargu-
    li eniT" cdilobdnen qarTuli miwis dapatronebas".
    moTxrobis lirikuli gmiris erovnuli cnobiereba mweralma sisxlxorceu-
    lad daukavSira qarTveli xalxis did istoriul warsuls, mis sulier kultu-
    rasa da mravalsaukunovan adaT-tradiciebs, Cveni qveynis Tvalwarmtac silama-
    zes. nawarmoebSi uxvad gamoyenebuli avtobiografiuli epizodebiT aSkarad
    vrwmundebiT, rom moTxrobis mTavari personaJi, faqtobrivad, uSualod avtoria.
    ase rom, nawarmoebis patriotuli suliskveTeba Tavad mwerlis gulisTqmis ga-
    moZaxilia, misi , rogorc Tavis qveyanaze usazRvrod Seyvarebuli kacis, liri-
    kuli aRsarebaa.
    W. lomTaTiZis mTeli cxovreba idealad dasaxuli msoflmxedvelobrivi
    principebisadmi uRalatobis saocari magaliTia. miuxedavad im didi winaaRmde-
    105
    gobebisa da siZneeleebisa, romlebic miznisaken saval gzaze gamudmebiT
    eRobebodnen win mas, igi mainc darCa rwmenagaubzarav optimistad da qveynad si-
    keTis damkvidrebisTvis TavdadebiT mebrZol raindad. swored misi am amaR-
    lebuli sulieri optimizmis Tavisebur romantikul gamovlinebad SeiZleba mi-
    viCnioT udidesi poeturi gznebiT gaJRenTili misi Tundac es sityvebic: `eh, Zme-
    bo, keTilebo, megobrebo, nu dagviSvia cxvirebi. ar aris sircxvili sicili da
    mxiaruleba, ar aris sircxvili TamaSi! ra vuyoT, rom dResdReobiT cudad
    gvaqvs mowyobili cxovreba, rom tanjvac mefobs am qveynad. Cven xom vebrZviT
    mas! Cven xom ar vzogavT sicocxles, Cven xom ukan ar vixeviT!... ciebiTa da se-
    niT gaJRenTil WaobSi izrdeba mSvenieri yvavili SroSani da ufro binZur ala-
    gas kidev ufro mSvenieri da mimtaci orxideia!.. cxovreba mSvenierebaa da aRta-
    cebaa saWiro mis winaSe!..."
    miuxedavad im araadamianuri tanjva-wamebisa, mkacrma bedisweram rom daa-
    texa Tavs W. lomTaTiZes, masac da mis personaJebsac am didi mwuxarebis mZafr
    TviTgancdasTan erTad arc cxovrebis mSvenierebiT aRtacebis unari daukargavT
    da xvalindel dResac optimisturi TvaliT ucqeren.
    `yvela sanTlebs davaqrob Cems ukan da mxolod win, mxolod momavlisken
    daviwyeb cqeras. mxolod win! mxolod win! win _ iq Tavisuflebaa, gaSlili min-
    dvrebi, yvavilebi _ iq sjobia!Cems ukan davaqrob cecxls da dae iyos, iyos, rac
    unda iyos, dRes satusaRoSi var, xval Tavisufali viqnebi...."
    Wolas erT-erTi personaJis (`usaTauro") am sityvebSi mkafiod vlindeba im
    didi moqalaqeobrivi mizandasaxulobis arsi, riTac mwerlis mier xorcSesxmu-
    li bevri personaJi iRvwis gmiruli TavdadebiT qveynad samarTlianobis
    damyarebisTvis.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom am personaJebs drodadro ukiduresi sulieri skepsi-
    sic ewvevaT xolme da gulgatexilobis mware naRvelic, isini mainc rCebian so-
    cialuri da erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis Tavdadebul mebrZolebad da TavianT
    TavSi mudam pouloben im did Sinagan Zalasa da rwmenas, rac moyvasis bednie-
    rebaze romantikulad meocnebe am fanatikos gmirTa cxovrebiseuli mizanswraf-
    vis uRalato msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvladaa qceuli. uwinares yovlisa, swo-
    red es mizanswrafva da misi maRalostaturi gamoxatva gansazRvravs Wola lom-
    TaTiZis wvlilsa da adgils meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi.

    Salva dadiani
    moxda ise, rom qarTuli literaturis umdidres saganZurSi dramaturgiam,
    rogorc Janrma, metad mokrZalebuli adgili daimkvidra. im dros, roca Cveni
    mwerlobis sxva Janrebi Soreuli warsulidan iReben saTaves, qarTuli klasiku-
    ri dramaturgia, arsebiTad, mecxramete saukuneSi Camoyalibda da arc maSin mi-
    uRwevia mainca da mainc didi warmatebisaTvis.
    ase rom, qarTvel dramaturgTa literaturuli miRwevebi Cveni mwerlobis
    sxva dargebSi mopovebul warmatebaTa fonze sagrZnoblad Raribad gamoiyureba.
    es faqti aq imitomac gavixsene, rom minda Tavidanve gavusva xazi im gansakuT-
    rebul damsaxurebas, romelic erovnuli dramaturgiis ganviTarebaSi miuZRvis
    Salva dadians. Tavisi piesebiT man, erT-erTma pirvelma meoce saukunis qarTvel
    dramaturgTagan, umniSvnelovanesi wvlili Seitana am Janris aRmavlobis saqmeSi
    da mwerlis ramdenime piesa myaradaa damkvidrebuli erovnuli dramaturgiis
    oqros fondSi.
    dramaturgiaSi S. dadianis did literaturul warmatebebs imanac Seuwyo
    xeli, rom is mTeli cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT aqtiurad iyo dakavSirebuli
    TeatrTan da kargad icnobda mis specifikas. igi, rogorc profesionali msaxio-
    bi da reJisori, sakmaod didi xnis manZilze pirvelxarisxovan rols asrulebda
    106
    qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. amis dadasturebaa Tun-
    dac im faqtebis ubralo gaxsenebac, rom S. dadians, rogorc reJisors, qarTu-
    li Teatris scenaze asze meti speqtakli aqvs dadgmuli, xolo, rogorc msaxi-
    obs, samasamde roli naTamaSebi.
    rasakvirvelia, Teatraluri cxovrebis SuagulSi aseTi aqtiuri yofna di-
    dad daexmareboda mwerals piesebis SeqmnaSi. Teatri iqca misTvis literaturu-
    li ganswavlis uwmindes adgilad da xelovnebis namdvil akademiad. am Tvalsaz-
    risiT misi cxovreba Cveni literaturisa da Teatraluri xelovnebis sxva moR-
    vaweTa biografiebisgan aSkarad gamorCeulia, imdenad gamorCeuli, rom SeuZ-
    lebelicaa, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT Salva dadiani rogorc mwerali da ro-
    gorc Teatraluri moRvawe. es ori mxare ganuyofelad erwymis mis arsebaSi er-
    Timeores.
    S. dadianis SemoqmedebiTi gza XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daiwyo. igi Tavi-
    danve mravalferovan Semoqmedad warsdga sazogadoebis winaSe: msaxiobi, reJiso-
    ri, poeti, prozaikosi, dramaturgi _ yvelgan scada man Tavisi SesaZleblobani
    metnaklebi warmatebiT. SemoqmedebiTi individualobis Camoyalibebasa da saku-
    Tari gzis povnas sakmao dro dasWirda. misi pirveli nawerebi literaturuli
    varjiSis nimuSebad SemorCa mwerlis Semoqmedebas da igi, rogorc TviTmyofadi
    ostati mxatvruli sityvisa, faqtobrivad, 1900-ian wlebSi yalibdeba.
    am droidan moyolebuli gardacvalebamde, eqvs aTwleulze meti xnis gan-
    mavlobaSi, S. dadiani aqtiurad da keTilsindisierad emsaxura Cvens mwer-
    lobasa da Teatralur xelovnebas da waruSleli wvlili Seitana maTs ganvi-
    TarebaSi.
    Salva dadiani iyo Svili Tavisi droisaTvis saxelganTqmuli mwerlisa da
    sazogado moRvawisa, Tavad niko dadianisa (1844-1896 ww.). mas, sazogadoebaSi
    ,,didi nikosa" da ,,niko filosofosis" metsaxelebiT cnobil pirovnebas, axlo
    megobruli urTierToba hqonda XIX saukunis meore naxevris gamoCenil adamia-
    nebTan: iliasTan, akakisTan, niko nikolaZesTan, iona meunargiasTan, sergei mes-
    xTan, kirile lorTqifaniZesTan, besarion RoRoberiZesTan da sxv. ilia WavWava-
    Zis SefasebiT, niko dadiani ,,Cveuli bilikiT mavali kaci" ar iyo.
    Salva dadiani 1874 wels daibada zestafonSi, dedis ojaxSi. bavSvobis
    wlebi man deduleTsa da mamapapiseul sofel berTemSi gaatara.
    1892 wlidan n. dadiani Tavisi ojaxiT quTaisSi gadasaxlda. ase daiwyo
    Salvas cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis e. w. quTaisuri periodi, romelic 1921 wlam-
    de gagrZelda. am xnis manZilze mwerali umeteswilad quTaisSi mkvidrobda.
    swored aq moxda S. dadianis gamosvla Teatralur da literaturul aspa-
    rezze. 1892 wels qujis fsevdonimiT gamovida misi leqsebis pirveli wigni `na-
    perwkali", xolo 1893 wels kote mesxis miwveviT, rogorc msaxiobma, man fexi
    Sedga qarTuli Teatris scenaze. es iyo grafis roli speqtakl `margarita go-
    tieSi", cnobili msaxiobis _ efemia mesxis sabenefiso saRamoze. `amgvarado, _
    xumrobda Semdeg mwerali, _ grafis roliT Sevdgi fexi qarTul scenaze da
    plebeebi TiTqmis aRar mikadrebiao". axalbeda msaxiobis debiuts kargi Sefaseba
    misca da gza dauloca ilias `iveriam" speqtaklze dastambuli recenziiT.
    warmatebuli sadebiuto gamosvlis Semdeg S. dadiani k. mesxma Teatralur
    dasSi Caricxa. imdroindel Teatrs repertuari Zalze Raribi hqonda. TiTze Ca-
    mosaTvleli iyo originaluri piesebio, _ wers mwerali Tavis memuarebSi. qar-
    Tuli dramaturgiis aseTi siRaribe mas Sinaganad amzadebda am JanrSi samuSaod.
    S. dadianis Teatraluri moRvaweoba metad masStaburi da nayofieri gamod-
    ga. garda quTaisis Teatrisa, igi sxvadasxva dros warmatebiT muSaobda baTumis,
    soxumis, Tbilisis, WiaTurisa da baqos qarTuli Teatrebis scenebze. amas unda
    davumatoT sagastrolo mogzauroba mTel saqarTveloSi. Cveni qveynis daba-sof-
    lebSi Salvas, rogorc Teatraluri moRvawis, mogzaurobebma gansakuTrebiT
    farTo masStabebi SeiZina mas Semdeg, rac man 1908 w. `mogzauri dasi" daaarsa.
    es dasi 1912 wels baTumSi damkvidrda da iq mis safuZvelze profesiuli Teat-
    ri Camoyalibda.
    107
    xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos S. dadianis moRvaweoba baqos qarTul TeatrSi
    1914-1917 wlebSi. imxanad baqoSi qarTvelTa sakmaod didi raodenoba cxovrobda.
    maT Soris iyvnen Cveni kulturis cnobili moRvaweni, romelTac TvalsaCino
    wvlili Seitanes ucxo miwaze qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
    S. dadiani ormocamde originaluri piesis avtoria, amdenive ki Targmnili
    da gadmokeTebuli aqvs. qarTuli dramaturgiis gamdidrebis erT-erT saSua-
    lebad mwerali literaturul nawarmoebTa gascenurebasac miiCnevda da qar-
    Tvel klasikosTa Semoqmedebis mixedviT araerTi piesa dawera.
    S. dadiani aqtiur sazogadoebriv saqmianobas sxva mxrivac eweoda. sxva-
    dasxva dros igi iyo ganaTlebis komisariatTan arsebuli xelovnebis ganyofi-
    lebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile, moskovSi saqarTvelos kulturis saxlis gamge,
    mweralTa kavSirSi dramaturgTa seqciis Tavmjdomare, `saudis" (saavtoro uf-
    lebaTa dacvis komitetis) direqtori, saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebis
    Tavmjdomare da a. S.
    S. dadiani gardaicvala 1959 wlis 15 marts. dakrZalulia mweralTa da
    sazogado moRvaweTa mTawmindis panTeonSi.

    * * *
    Salva dadianis pirveli nabeWdi nawarmoebi gazeT `iveriaSi" 1896 wels ga-
    moqveynebuli moTxroba `wminda cremlebi" iyo. es aris sentimentaluri drama-
    tizmiT moTxrobili Tavgadasavali cxovrebisagan bedgamrudebuli axalgazrda
    kacisa _ Tavad kowiasi, romelic tyupiscali da alikvalia manamdeli Cveni
    mwerlobidan kargad cnobili fuqsavati da dardimandi aristokratebisa.
    1905 wlidan S. dadianma gazeT ,,cnobis furcelSi" daiwyo beWdva ,,Camokru-
    lebisa," riTac erT-erTma pirvelma daamkvidra Cvens mwerlobaSi miniaturuli
    Janri da ,,amiT qarTuli prozis versifikaciis saqmeSi sakuTari wvlili Seita-
    na" (g. ciciSvili).
    S. dadianis ,,Camokrulebma" imiTaviTve miiqcia literaturuli kritikisa da
    farTo sazogadoebriobis yuradReba. es mravali faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli -
    Janruli specifikiT, saTqmelis gamoxatvis simbolur-alegoriuli formiT,
    mwerlis mier dasmul problemaTa aqtualobiT. poeturi emociurobiTa da ro-
    mantikuli ganwyobilebebiT aRbeWdil am miniaturebSi originaluri formiT
    irekleboda im periodis dramatuli movlenebi. kritikosTa Soris kamaTs iwvev-
    da S. dadianis mwerluri principebis garkveva. zogi mas impresionistad Tvlida,
    zogierTebi ki mis miniaturebs simbolisturi tendenciebis Tavisebur gamovli-
    nebad miiCnevdnen. magram, amisda miuxedavad, erTi ram udavo faqti iyo: S. dadia-
    nis mier Semotanilma da damkvidrebulma am axalma Janrma, romelic poeziisa
    da prozis specifikuri elementebis originaluri sinTezirebis Sedegs warmoad-
    genda, ,,mimdevarTa mTeli dasi" gaiCina im periodis Cvens mwerlobaSi (,,saxal-
    xo gazeTi" , 1912 w. #58).
    `Camokrulebis" ciklis pirveli miniatura `sixarulis aris cremlebi"
    iyo. avtoris SeniSvniT, `cnobis furcelSi" dabeWdil am nawarmoebs redaqciis
    mdivanma ilia aRlaZem qvesaTaurad `leqsiseburi" daarqva, riTac xazi gausva
    miniaturis Janrul specifikas, kerZod, mis poetur bunebas. da marTlac, vizua-
    lurad, S. dadianis `Camokrulebi" Tumca prozaul nawarmoebebad aRiqmeba, mag-
    ram TavianTi SinaarsiT, ganwyobilebiT, movlenaTa subieqturi aRqma-gaaz-
    rebiTa da zogjer versifikaciuladac isini poeturi Janris specifikiTaa
    aRbeWdili. aq sagulisxmo isic aris, rom aseTi formis nawarmoebebi -_`leqsebi
    prozad" _ im periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi farTod damkvidrebul saxeobas
    warmoadgens da am mxriv S. dadiani gamonaklisi araa.
    `Camokrulebis" problematikasa da suliskveTebas, upirveles yovlisa, 1905-
    1907 wlebis revoluciuri movlenebi gansazRvraven. rogorc cnobilia, S. dadia-
    ni Tavisi cxovrebiT aqtiurad iyo dakavSirebuli am movlenebTan da, savsebiT
    bunebrivad, misi es sabrZolo ganwyobileba saTanadod aisaxa kidec mwerlis
    SemoqmedebaSi.
    108
    garda miniaturuli Janris nawarmoebebisa, S. dadianma 1900-ian wlebSi kla-
    sikuri tipis moTxrobebic gamoaqveyna. maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda mieqces
    yuradReba `Svilsa" (1907 w.) da `samsonis Tmebs" (1910 w.), romelTac imxanad, ro-
    gorc Tavad avtoric miuTiTebs, `kritikis sxvadasxvagvari midgoma gamoiwvies".
    azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaobisa da kamaTis safuZveli nawarmoebebSi dasmul
    problemaTa aratradiciuli gaazreba iyo.
    Salva dadianis msoflmxedvelobis dasaxasiaTeblad uaRresad mniSvnelo-
    vani nawarmoebia mwerlis erT-erTi bolodroindeli moTxroba `dauwereli poe-
    ma". am nawarmoebis umTavresi Rirseba Rrmaazrovani saTqmelis qveteqsturi mi-
    niSnebebiT gamoxatvaa. kerZod, masSi mweralma SeniRbuli formiT gviCvena
    sabWouri ideologiis zemoqmedebiT ganpirobebuli erovnuli cnobierebis de-
    formirebisa da rRvevis savalalo Sedegi. Sefarulad gamoxatul am Tvalsaz-
    riss aSkarad CavwvdebiT, Tu yuradRebas mivaqcevT da erTmaneTs Sevupirispi-
    rebT nawarmoebis or, paralelurad ganviTarebul siuJetur xazs _ Tanamedrove
    axalgazrda qarTveli msaxiobisa da mwerlis guri miloraas cxovrebiseul
    bedsa da XVIII saukunis meore naxevris cnobili mamuliSvilis _ daviT ma-
    Cablis gmirul Tavgadasavals.
    guris _ dedaqalaqis erT-erTi cnobili Teatris axalgazrda msaxiobs -
    `margarita gotieSi" sapasuxismgeblo roli misces da igi gaxarebuli fiqrobs
    momaval warmatebaze. magram marto Teatri rodia axalgazrda xelovanis kerpi.
    is mweralicaa da didi xania ocnebobs, daweros patriotuli xasiaTis poema da-
    viT maCabelze. magram meore msoflio omis dawyebam da faSisturi germaniis
    Tavdasxmam sabWoTa kavSirze mis ocnebebs frTebi Seakveca. guri omis dawyebis-
    Tanave midis frontze, raTa daicvas misi `didi samSoblo sabWoTa kavSiri"
    mtris xelyofisagan.
    omSi wasuli guri iqac ar wyvets poemaze fiqrs. S. dadianis nawarmoebis
    meore siuJetur xazs am dauwereli, magram ukve kargad mofiqrebuli poemis mTa-
    vari personaJis _ daviT maCablis Tavgadasavlis moTxroba warmoadgens.
    rogorc cnobilia, daviT maCabeli da misi ormockaciani Teatraluri da-
    sis yvela wevri krwanisis brZolaSi daiRupa 1795 wlis 11 seqtembers. es Tav-
    ganwirva imisma Seuvalma rwmenam gansazRvra, krwanisis velze saqarTvelos sa-
    momavlo bedi rom wydeboda. am rwmenam `mTeli dasi erT muStad Sekra da gu-
    liT SeamWidrova". yvelam TiTqos `idumali fici dado, rom qveynis erTgu-
    lebisaTvis Tavi gaewiraT". krwanisis tragediam daadastura, rom es rwmena usa-
    fuZvlo ar yofila. yvela maTgani gmirulad daeca brZolis velze da saqarTve-
    los Tavisuflebis dacvas Seewira. aseTia guris mier mofiqrebuli poemis mTa-
    vari siuJeturi xazi.
    S. dadianma daviT maCablis am gmirul Tavganwirvas moTxrobaSi Sinaganad
    daupirispira guri miloraas vaJkacuri Tavdadeba moskovisaTvis _ kerZod, er-
    Tis mxriv, krwanisis brZola da gmiruli aRsasruli saqarTvelos Tavisuf-
    lebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad; meores mxriv
    ki `didi samSoblos" gadarCenisaTvis Tavganwirva da mowameobrivi sikvdili
    moskovis dasacavad.
    S. dadianis moTxrobaSi dasmuli problemis aseTi ganmarteba mkiTxvelTa
    erTma nawilma SeiZleba aradamajerebladac miiCnios, magram, Cemis azriT, es da-
    eWveba safuZvelsaa moklebuli. avtoriseuli Canafiqris amgvari gaazrebisTvis
    umTavres argumentad, pirvel yovlisa, is mZafri Sinagani dapirispireba da ide-
    alTa mkveTri SeuTavsebloba unda miviCnioT, riTac daviT maCablisa da guri
    miloraas mamuliSviluri miswrafebani gamijna mweralma erTmaneTisagan.
    ras Seewirnen maCabeli da misi dasis wevrebi, _ es ukve iTqva; axla movus-
    minoT guri miloraas, ras fiqrobs is sikvdilis win, moskovis misadgomebTan,
    cxra germaneli meomris amoxocvis Semdeg: `maS, dasrulda Cemi sicocxle? cu-
    dad ar dasrulebula. eh, Cemi poema! iq ufrosi msaxiobi daviT maCabeli Seewira
    samSoblos, aq me uCinari guri miloraa. Cemi samSoblo ufro didia, daviT! me
    sabWoTa moqalaqe var, usazRvro didi socialisturi samSoblosi da xvedri ki
    orTavesi didia. wminda saqarTvelosTvis TavdacviT brZolaSi mogvixda Tavis
    109
    dadeba.. sada var axla! didi ruseTis yinulovan velze `nu davimarxo Cemsa ma-
    mulSi" .
    amas me ver vityvi, vera! es Cemi mamulia, sadac me axla sisxlisgan vic-
    lebi. es me organulad maqvs SeTvisebuli".
    guris am sityvebSi, rogorc vxedavT, propagandistuli formiT vlindeba
    `diadi" sabWouri internacionalizmi. misi es Tvalsazrisi pirdapiri nayofia
    socialisturi ideologiisa, im marqsistul-leninuri moZRvrebisa, romelic
    axal religiad iyo damkvidrebuli da gafetiSebuli sabWoTa kavSirSi. guri, mi-
    lionobiT imdroindel adamianTa msgavsad, marTali iyo, roca am sityvebs war-
    moTqvamda; marTali imitom, rom imxanad mas ase swamda. magram drom daadastu-
    ra, rom misi rwmena cru iluzia gamodga, Tvalsazrisgawbilebuli kacis yalbi
    ideali.
    S. dadianma am moTxrobiT SeniRbuli formiT gviCvena brma ideologiuri
    fanatizmis tyveobaSi moqceuli adamianis is cru rwmena, rasac bevri pirovneba
    fizikuradac Seewira imxanad. krwanisis tragediis aqcentirebiT moTxrobaSi
    isicaa miniSnebuli, rom es Tavganwirva, faqtobrivad, sxvisi bednierebisa da
    TavisuflebisTvis brZola iyo. vin icis, roca Cvens erovnul bediswerad qceul
    am tragikul Tvalsazriss SeniRbuli formiT xorcs asxamda, mwerlis gulSi,
    iqneb, gadamTielis samsaxurSi nebiT Camdgari ianiCarisadmi mimarTuli ilias es
    sevdiani striqonebic xmianobda:
    magram me, mis mWvretels, naRvliT ameria suli, guli..:
    vsTqvi Tu, visTvis Sen kiskasob, visTvis iCen simardesa?
    Seni raa, rom amSveneb Sens damRupvel osmaleTsa?
    vin icis! im mZime wlebSi am safiqralis araTu xmamaRla da pirdapiri for-
    miT gamJRavneba, aramed ase SeniRbulad gamoxatvac xom didi moqalaqeobrivi
    vaJkacoba iyo.

    * * *
    S. dadianis SemoqmedebaSi didmniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs farTod gaxma-
    urebul istoriul romans `ubedur russ", romelzec avtori TiTqmis aTi wlis
    ganmavlobaSi (1916-1924 ww.) muSaobda. nawarmoebis fragmentebi Tavdapirvelad,
    1916-17 wlebSi gazeT `saqarTveloSi" daibeWda, 1924 wels ki romani calke wig-
    nad gamoica. mwerals arc amis Semdeg Seuwyvetia nawarmoebze muSaoba da misi
    saboloo varianti `giorgi rusis" saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
    `ubedur rusze" muSaobis dawyebas win uZRoda metad Sromatevadi mosamza-
    debeli samuSao, razec sagulisxmo cnobebs gvawvdis TviT avtori Tavis memua-
    rebSi. man guldagul Seiswavla specialuri samecniero literatura, gaecno
    Tamaris droindeli epoqis Sesaxeb arsebul rogorc qarTul, ise bizantiur,
    arabul, somxur, rusul da sxva istoriul wyaroebsa da dokumentebs, moiZia da
    sagangebod daamuSava saarqivo masalebic. amasTan, igi sistematur konsulta-
    ciebs iRebda Cveni didi istorikosebisagan romanSi aRweril epoqasTan dakavSi-
    rebiT.
    mwerlis am mcdelobas uSedegod ar Cauvlia, ris Sedegadac daiwera uaR-
    resad sagulisxmo romani, sagulisxmo ara marto Tavisi maRali mxatvruli do-
    niT, aramed istoriul-mecnieruli simarTliTac. nawarmoebSi metwilad obieqtu-
    ri keTilsindisierebiT gacocxlda Tamarisdroindeli saqarTvelos yofis mra-
    vali mniSvnelovani epizodi, ganzogadebuli formiT aisaxa da Sefasda istori-
    uli movlenebi da imxanad CvenSi mimdinare procesebi.
    magram, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, `ubedurma rusma" oficialuri
    literaturuli kritikis guliswyroma gamoiwvia. mwerals, pirvel yovlisa, ide-
    ologiuri poziciebidan akritikebdnen da brals debdnen imaSi, rom man
    calmxrivad, gaidealebulad warmosaxa Tamaris epoqa.
    kidev ufro mkacrad akritikebdnen avtors imis gamo, rom man romanSi saTa-
    nadod ar asaxa `ruseTis sasikeTo gavlena saqarTveloze" da faqtobrivad, gi-
    orgi rusis mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT, antirusuli ganwyobileba gamoxata.
    110
    mkiTxvelisaTvis advili warmosadgeni iqneba, ramden usiamovnebas Seaxvedrebda
    mwerals aseTi kritika sabWouri ideologis aRzevebis wlebSi.
    ismis kiTxva: ra iwvevda proletaruli kritikis aseT mkacr aRSfoTebas,
    ratom utevdnen ase mZafrad mwerals? proletaruli kritika garkveviT asaxe-
    lebda am aRSfoTebis ganmapirobebel or mizezs _ warsulis idealizaciasa da
    antirusuli ganwyobilebis gamoxatvas da Tvlida, rom erT SemTxvevaSiac da me-
    oreSic S. dadiani arapirdapiri gziT, upirveles yovlisa, sabWoTa epoqas ucxa-
    debda brZolas.
    obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom nawilobriv es marTlac asea. S. dadia-
    nis romani mxolod warsulis gansadideblad dawerili wigni ar aris da igi
    naTlad avlens mwerlis patriotul ganwyobilebas, mis arapirdapir kritikul
    damokidebulebas sabWoTa epoqisadmi. es yvelaferi nawarmoebSi sakmaod mZafra-
    daa gamoxatuli. amitomac srulebiT ar iyo moulodneli, sabWouri ideologi-
    is dogmebiT SeboWil kritikosebs qoqola rom daeyaraT mwerlisaTvis `mavne
    reaqciuli" ideebis qadagebis gamo.
    xalxTa `internacionaluri Zmoba-megobrobis gafurCqvnis xanaSi" S. dadi-
    anma qarTveli mkiTxvelis gulSi mZlavri emociuri STambeWdaobiT gaacocxla
    erovnuli TviTSegnebisa da siamayis minavluli grZnoba, gaaxsena mas Tamaris-
    droindeli saqarTvelos dideba, is dro, roca Cveni samSoblo mTels wina azi-
    aSi uZlieres saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, axal bizantiad iyo gamzadebuli da
    yovelive amis gabediTebis mcdeloba rusi ufliswulis saxelTan aRmoCnda da-
    kavSirebuli.
    arc erTi da arc meore mxare ar SeiZleboda misaRebi yofiliyo sabWoTa
    ideologiisTvis. im dros, roca saqarTvelo uzarmazari imperiis uuflebo na-
    wils warmoadgenda, Cveni samSoblos Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebrivi warsulis
    gaxseneba CamoxrCobilis ojaxSi Tokze saubars niSnavda. meorec, `did" rus
    xalxTan `leninuri daZmobilebisa da damegobrebis" xanaSi, roca sabWoTa ide-
    ologebi yvelafers akeTebdnen xalxTa erTmaneTisagan `gammijnav" erovnul in-
    dividualobaTa ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvisebebis amosaZirkvad, warsulSic ki ise-
    Ti rusebis `gamoZebna", romlebic kacs uaryofiT emociebs aRuZravdnen maT mi-
    marT, ideologiuri poziciebidan ukve iyo upatiebeli danaSauli.
    nawarmoebis Sefaruli qveteqstis gasaazreblad metad mniSvnelovania ag-
    reTve erTi patara epizodi, romelic TiTqos organulad arcaa dakavSirebuli
    romanis ZiriTad ambavTan da, erTi SexedviT, ufunqcio, zedmeti detalis
    STabeWdilebas tovebs. esaa Tamaris Citis _ garielas ambavi.
    baRSi, auzTan, ganmartoebuli Tamari sayvareli Citis TamaSs ucqers da-
    fiqrebuli. gariela nebierad Wyumpalaobs auzSi da etyoba, rom kmayofilia.
    magram uceb Citi gaSeSda, mxrebi CamouSva da Tvali cis ufskruls miapryo. Ta-
    mars mxedvelobidan ar gamoparvia garielas SekrToma da imis mizezis Zebna da-
    iwyo, ram daufrTxo sayvareli frTosani. mefem cis Soreul laJvardSi jer we-
    roebis gundi dainaxa, Semdeg gedebi da batebi, bolos ki garielebmac gadaif-
    rines frTebis SxuiliT. cisken uZravad Tvalmipyrobili `gariela uceb ga-
    cocxlda, mxrebi erTi gautylaSuna wyals da haerSi afrinda. gaSala frTebi,
    orjer Tu samjer kamara gaakeTa da etyoba undoda Tavis moZmeebs gahyoloda,
    magram TiTqos moagonda raRacao da isar-nakraviviT Tamaris fexebTan CamoeSva.
    aRarc sicocxle, aRarc sixaruli imas aRar emCneoda. mxolod TamarsRa
    Sescqeroda, TiTqos imis sicocxle Tamars hkidiao" .
    mefe erTbaSad mixvda sayvareli Citis sawadels da SeZra im mZafrma Sina-
    ganma tkivilma, romelsac Tavisuflebis dakargva badebs yoveli cocxali ar-
    sebis gulSi. man alersiT aiyvana xelSi frTosani, TiTebi nazad gadausva da
    uTxra: `wyeulic iyos da SeCvenebuli, vinc sxvas Tavisufleba mouspos, ixare
    Senc rogorc erTi vinme xarobs TavisuflebiT!"
    es uTxra da aafrina haerSi.
    garielam mxreb-gaSlilma erTi Seinavarda, Semdeg, TiTqo madlobis niSnad,
    Tamars samjer Tavs Semouara, bolos erTi SeiTamaSa da isariviT aityorcna
    cis eTerSi Tavisi moZmeebisaken".
    111
    aseTia am patara epizodis Sinaarsi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq moTxrobili
    ambis qveteqstSi SeiZleba TviT Tamaris, rogorc pirovnebis, adamianur uf-
    lebaTa SezRudulobiT gamowveuli tkivilic davinaxoT, mas mweralma Sinaga-
    nad meore, ufro mniSvnelovani, datvirTvac mianiWa. es aris, erTis mxriv, gandi-
    deba Tavisuflebisa, rogorc uzenaesi amqveyniuri bednierebisa, meores mxriv ki
    gamoxatva misi dakargviT gaCenili damrTgunveli naRvelisa. Tavisuflebaze me-
    ocnebe am pawia Citis metaforuli saxe-simbolos Seqmnis dros S. dadians, upir-
    veles yovlisa, sabWoTa imperiis ukidegano sivrceebiT kardaxSuli saqarTvelo
    edga Tvalwin da swored am faqtma STaagona mas dasaxelebuli epizodi.
    nawarmoebs istoriulad cnobili faqti udevs safuZvlad _ Tamar mefis
    uiRblo qorwineba rus ufliswul iurize. rogorc iTqva, S. dadianma safuZvli-
    anad Seiswavla qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi amasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli
    masalebi da siRrmiseulad gaiazra istoriuli sinamdvile. romanSi erTmaneTis
    gverdigverd bunebrivi ZaldautaneblobiT Tanaarseboben istoriulad cnobili
    da fantaziiT warmosaxuli pirovnebani. sakmaod mravalricxovan da mravalfe-
    rovan am personaJTa meSveobiT S. dadianma STambeWdavad gaacocxla Tamaris
    epoqa, gviCvena Cveni qveynis idealuri xanis brwyinvale cxovrebaca da is faru-
    li Sinagani winaaRmdegobanic, romlebic safuZvels uTxridnen mis saxelmwi-
    foebriv mTlianobas.
    romanis kiTxvis dros gamokveTilad vgrZnobT erovnuli siamayis xazgasmu-
    lad wina planze wamoweul TviTSegnebas. mwerali zeaweuli, paTetikuri toniT
    gvesaubreba qarTveli xalxis did sakacobrio misiaze da hiperbolurad axasia-
    Tebs Cveni qveynis umniSvnelovanes rols msoflio civilizaciis ganviTarebis
    TvalsazrisiT. warsulis aseTi romantikuli idealizacia Salva dadianis `ube-
    dur russ" msoflmxedvelobrivad, pirvel yovlisa, akaki wereTlis istoriuli
    Janris nawarmoebebTan anaTesavebs.
    `ubeduri rusi" Cveni erovnuli bunebisTvis maradiulad Tanamdevi naklo-
    vanebebis mamxilebeli romanicaa. erT-erTi maTgania metismeti mimndobeloba
    sxvaTadmi, rac xSirad urTierTSuRliT, Sinagani ambiciurobiT, pativmoyva-
    reobiTa da sxva TvisebebiTacaa ganmtkicebuli. bedisweris mware ironiad aRiq-
    meba, Tundac, is faqti, rom iseTi udidesi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saq-
    mis mogvareba, rogoric Tamaris daqorwineba iyo, didebulebis gadawyveti-
    lebiT, somex didvaWar zanqan zorababels miendo. S. dadianis romanSi istoriu-
    lad cnobili es faqti mZafri Sinagani cinizmiTaa gaazrebuli da mwvaved war-
    moaCens Cveni erovnuli ubedurebis erT uaRresad sagulisxmo moments _ sxva
    erebis warmomadgenelTa sabediswero rols Cveni saxelmwifoebriobis istoria-
    Si.
    es rom namdvilad asea, amis dasturad romanidan im dialogis fragmentic
    SeiZleba gavixsenoT, romelic zanqansa da mis noqars, somex vaWar kevorq Ces-
    tuziancs Soris imarTeba. orive maTgans fexebze hkidia saqarTvelos bed-iRba-
    li. rus ufliswulze Tamaris daqorwinebas isini, pirvel yovlisa, piradi sar-
    geblianobiT zomaven. es sargebeli, am gadamTielTa roli saxelmwifoebriv saq-
    meTa mogvarebaSi, samwuxarod, xSirad rodi iyo umniSvnelo. gavixsenoT ras aT-
    qmevinebs mwerali zanqan zorababels CestuziancTan saubarSi Tamaris dawin-
    dvis Semdeg: `gana me exla mZlavrad ar wavavle xeli saqarTvelos bedis
    Carxs?! hei, gidi?.. ise davatriale, me mgoni, rom saukuneebi, aq SeCerda zanqani.
    rac enis wverzed adga, is arc mis mesaidumles gauziara. warmosTqva:
    saukuneebi mimadlodnen. Cemi xeli arsada sCans, vin warmoidgens, rom iyo
    wuTi, rodesac xelT meWira saqarTvelos Carxi da me igi davatriale. is ukve
    exla srbolavs Cems mier warmarTuli da am srbolaSi hm! maTda uneburad ga-
    movWede bedi am margalitebSi da oqro-qsovilSi gaxveul qarTvelT mzeTu-
    naxavis Tamarisa da bevri, bevri sxvisac ha, ha! sulelebi! magaT ki, qarTvelebs,
    mefidan dawyebuli, yvelas hgonia, TviT marTaven TavianT saqmes is ki ara, me
    vswvdi yurSi da haida! griali moiRo bedis borbalma".
    aseTia samefo karTan daaxloebuli am `moyvare mtris~ aRsareba, misi nam-
    dvili gulisTqma, romelic mravalmxriv damafiqrebelia da Wkuis saswavli. sa-
    112
    qarTvelo zanqanisaTvis (da misi saxiT sxva uamravi gadamTielisaTvis, araso-
    des rom ar yofilan saZebarni CvenSi) `Zalian tkbili lukmaa. igi ki ar unda
    daRupo, `arc mokla da arc acocxlo". mefeebs ki hgoniaT, egeni marTaven qveya-
    nas. bizantia amaze fiqrobda, me ganvageb saqarTvelosao, wineT arabeTi, exla
    es sasultnoebi, aTabegebi, xalifebi da sxva jandaba. is ki ara zanqan zo-
    rababeli, sovdagari tfil qalaqisa, is aris amJamad erT-erTi da morWmuli
    xelmwife saqarTvelosi".
    romanSi saqarTvelos samefo karze aRzevebuli sxva araqarTvelnic mrav-
    lad dagvixata mweralma. maTgan, uwinaresad, unda gamovyoT daviT aRmaSeneblis
    mier Camosaxlebul yivCaRTa STamomavalni (tfilisis amira abul-asani, misi va-
    Ji _ samcxis batoni guzani, Saragani da sxva). maT umetesobas kargad auRia al-
    Ro qarTvelTa pativmoyvare bunebisaTvis, moxerxebulad sargeblobs sasaxlis
    karze arsebuli faruli Tu aSkarad gamovlenili dapirispirebiT da Tavis sa-
    sargeblod cdilobs movlenaTa warmarTvas.
    rusi ufliswulis gamzrdel kuzmasTan saubris dros yivCaRi Saragani,
    dawvrilebiT yveba ra saqarTveloSi yivCaRTa Camosaxlebis istorias, ambobs:
    `me exla mivxvdi, raTac mogviwvia daviTma. qarTvelebi friad Semkuli xalxia,
    mxolod maT warCinebulebs erTi didi nakli hqoniaT: Tavisi Tavis Ralati. uke-
    Tu maTgani vinme ze wamoiwia da gaRonierda,Semdeg Tavs maRla iRebs da ur-
    Cobas iwyebs. TviT mefesac aRar epueba, sazogados iviwyebs, sapiradoze gada-
    dis" . Saraganis am sityvebSi samwuxaro WeSmaritebaa gacxadebuli da S. dadia-
    nis romanSi aseTi sapirado zraxvebiT gulamRvreuli mravali warCinebuli pi-
    rovnebis saxea daxatuli.
    maTgan, uwinares yovlisa, unda movixsenioT msaxurTuxucesi vardan dadia-
    ni, Tamaris karze aRzevebuli didebuli. simarTlis, istoriuli WeSmaritebis
    obieqturad gamoxatvis principisadmi erTgulebam S. dadians Tavisi gvaris es
    Soreuli winaparic ki ar daandobina da mTeli simkveTriT warmoaCenina misi
    mzakvruli da boroti adamianuri buneba. vardan dadianma erTma pirvelTaganma
    Seasrula gadamwyveti roli rusi ufliswulis saqarTveloSi Camoyvanisa da
    masze Tamaris daqorwinebis saqmeSi. mis am mcdelobas, upirveles yovlisa, pi-
    rovnuli interesebi gansazRvravda. igi yvelafers akeTebda saimisod, kidev uf-
    ro aRemaRlebina Tavisi roli samefo karze da faqtobrivi saWeTmpyrobeli
    gamxdariyo mTeli saqarTvelosi. romanSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili varda-
    nis am qvena grZnobaTa da zraxvaTa gamovlinebas. misi mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT
    mweralma daxata ganzogadebuli tipi samefo karTan da saxelmwifoebriv mTli-
    anobasTan dapirispirebuli im Zlieri didebulebisa, romelTa msgavsni, sam-
    wuxarod, arasodes yofilan saZebarni saqarTveloSi.
    rogorc iTqva, erT-erTi mTavari braldeba, romelic S. dadians romanis ga-
    moqveynebis Semdgom araerTgzis wauyenes, rusi xalxisadmi upativcemuloba da
    uaryofiTi damokidebuleba iyo. am braldebis avtorebi am SemTxvevaSi, upirve-
    les yovlisa, nawarmoebis mTavari personaJis _ rusi ufliswulis mxatvrul sa-
    xeSi gamovlenil adamianur mankierebebs gulisxmobdnen. magram, rogorc amis ga-
    mo Tavad S. dadiansac xazgasmiT aqvs aRniSnuli, es braldeba yovelgvar safuZ-
    velsaa moklebuli da erTi pirovnebis mankiereba mTel xalxs aramc da aramc
    ar unda mieweros.
    giorgi rusis pirovnuli mankierebani obieqturi asaxvaa im viTarebisa, rom-
    lis Taobazec sakmaod gamokveTiladaa saubari rogorc rusul, ise qarTul
    dokumentur wyaroebSi. ufliswulis Tanamedroveni araorazrovnad gvamcnoben
    misTvis damaxasiaTebel uaryofiT Tvisebebs. S. dadiani safuZvlianad icnobs am
    masalebs da istoriul WeSmaritebas Seulamazeblad awvdis mkiTxvels. erTa-
    derTi `Sesworeba", romelic mas am WeSmaritebis mxatvrul xorcSesxmaSi Seaqvs,
    esaa ufliswulisadmi gamovlenili adamianuri TanagrZnoba. mwerali arsad, ro-
    manis arc erT epizodSi, ar xatavs giorgi russ tendenciurad gamovlenili
    arakeTilganwyobilebiT, Tumca, savsebiT bunebrivad, rogorc qarTvel mamuliS-
    vils, mas myari safuZveli hqonda saamisod.
    113
    giorgi rusis mxatvruli saxe mwerlis mier moazrebulia, rogorc qveynis-
    Tvis Tavs datexili bedisweris mkacri ganaCeni, sasjeli Cveni adamianuri sul-
    mokleobisa da saqveyno interesebze maRla piradul zraxvaTa dgomis gamo. es
    gadamTieli kaci, romlis vinaobac ki, faqtobrivad, yurmokvriT Tu icodnen sa-
    qarTveloSi, kaci Tavisi qveynidan gamoZevebuli da uflebaayrili, liqniTa da
    pativiT moiwvies samefo karze da Tamaris saqmrod gamoacxades. da es xdeba ara
    imitom, rom moxiblulni arian ufliswuliT, rogorc saxelmwifos momavali
    Rirseuli mesaWiT, aramed imis gamo, rom am unebisyofo, garyvnil da loTobas
    gadayolil gadamTiels moxerxebulad Caigdeben xelSi, Tavis Wkuaze atareben
    da samefo xelisuflebis damcrobiT TavianT uflebebs kidev ufro ganamtki-
    ceben. romanSi mravali Semzaravi epizodia aRwerili sodomis seniT daava-
    debuli am uzneo pirovnebis namdvili saxis warmosaCenad.
    romans Tavidan bolomde msWvalavs uRrmesi siyvaruli da mowiweba Tamar
    mefisadmi, misi Rvawlis, sibrZnisa da gonierebis mimarT krZalva da Tayvanisce-
    ma. S. dadiani Tamars xorcSesxmul RvTaebad saxavs, srulqmnilebis idealad,
    Seumcdar mesaWed, RaribTa da upovarTa Semwed da Semwyaled. erTi sityviT, yve-
    la saukeTeso niSan-Tviseba, riTac Cvens warmosaxvaSi SeiZleba iyos damkvid-
    rebuli ideali mefisa da pirovnebisa, mwerlis azriT, TamarisaTvis uxvad aqvs
    mimadlebuli gangebas.
    magram S. dadianis romanis Rirseba isaa, rom man am niSan-TvisebaTa indivi-
    dualizacia, personificireba moaxdina da Tamaris saxis daxatviT idealuri
    adamianis usicocxlo sqema ki ar Seqmna, aramed Rrmad STambeWdavi grZnobebiTa
    da saxierebiT gamokveTili cocxali pirovneba. Tamaris sibrZne da goniereba,
    misi windaxeduleba da Sors ganmWvreteloba, rogorc mefisa, damajereblad da
    aradeklaraciuladaa nawarmoebSi gamovlenili.
    romans Rirsebas sZens is garemoeba, rom mweralma gansakuTrebuli yurad-
    Reba miaqcia Tamaris, rogorc pirovnebis, konkretuli adamianis, sulier mis-
    wrafebaTa daxasiaTebas. ase rom, mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi Rrmad aRibeWda saxe
    Tamarisa ara marto rogorc mefisa, aramed rogorc pirovnebisac. es faqtori
    gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania nawarmoebSi, radganac movlenaTa ganviTarebis Se-
    degad Tamaris arsebaSi mkveTrad daupirispirda erTmaneTs mefe da adamiani.
    ramdenadac morWmuli, Seuvali, brZeni da ukompromiso iyo Tamari, rogorc me-
    fe, imdenad tragikul da `gulmkvdar" pirovnebad warmogvidgeba igi, rogorc
    adamiani. es dapirispireba fsiqologiuri damajereblobiTaa romanSi naCvenebi.
    nawarmoebSi mZlavrad gamovlenili erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTeba
    zog SemTxvevaSi hiperboluri xasiaTisaa da avtoriseuli msjeloba qarTveli
    eris msoflio istoriul misiaze gazviadebul saxesac Rebulobs. aqve unda
    SevniSnoT isic, rom romani zogjer metismetadaa gadatvirTuli farTod cnobi-
    li vrceli istoriuli wiaRsvlebiTa da qronikul-informaciuli masaliT.
    amasTan, S. dadiani Segnebulad ugulvebelyofs istoriuli koloritis gamokve-
    Tis erT-erT iseT umniSvnelovanes saSualebasac, rogoricaa enobrivi arqaiz-
    mebis gamoyeneba. am TvalsazrisiT `ubeduri rusis" ena, arsebiTad, arc ki ga-
    nirCeva mwerlis sxva nawarmoebTa enisagan. arqaul leqsikasa da sintaqsur kon-
    struqciebs avtori mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs da gansakuTrebul
    datvirTvas arc maSin sZens saTqmelis gamoxatvis dros.

    * * *
    1954 wels Salva dadianma daasrula beWdva Tavisi axali romanisa `gvirgvi-
    lianebis ojaxi", romelzec igi intensiurad muSaobda bolo wlebis manZilze.
    es iyo trilogiad Cafiqrebuli nawarmoebis pirveli nawili. samwuxarod, mwe-
    ralma bolomde ver Seasxa xorci Tavis Canafiqrs da SemdgomSi trilogiaze
    muSaoba aRar gaugrZelebia.
    `gvirgvilianebis ojaxi" Cvenma saliteraturo kritikam imTaviTve miiCnia
    qarTuli prozis umniSvnelovanes SenaZenad. aseT Sefasebas ganapirobebda na-
    warmoebis problemuri mravalmxrivobaca da mxatvruli ostatobis maRali do-
    nec. romanSi aRwerilia meoce saukunis dasawyisis umwvavesi socialuri proce-
    114
    sebi, kerZod, is movlenebi, romlebic CvenSi 1905 wlis revoluciis wina xanaSi
    ganviTarda. S. dadiani, rogorc uSualo TviTmxilveli am movlenebisa, kargad
    icnobda maSindel viTarebas da es yvelaferi TiTqmis dokumenturi sizustiT
    asaxa Tavis romanSi. amdenad, is, rac bevrisaTvis nawarmoebis gamoqveynebis
    dros ukve Cveni istoriis ganvlil etaps warmoadgenda, S. dadianisaTvis pira-
    dad gancdili da nagrZnobi sinamdvile gaxldaT da aman, bunebrivia, keTi-
    lismyofeli zegavlena moaxdina romanis saerTo ganwyobilebaze.
    aqve mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoebac, rom `gvirgvilia-
    nebis ojaxi" masSi asaxul movlenaTagan sakmaod didi xnis, TiTqmis naxevari
    saukunis, Semdeg daiwera da aman saTanado zegavlena moaxdina nawarmoebSi das-
    mul problemaTa msoflmxedvelobriv gaazrebaze.
    `gvirgvilianelebis ojaxi" Tavisi mxatvruli struqturiT metad origina-
    luri nawarmoebia Cveni literaturis istoriaSi. masSi erTi ojaxis Tavgadasav-
    lis moTxrobis safuZvelze mTeli Tavisi mravalsaxovnebiTaa daxatuli imJamin-
    deli epoqis umTavresi socialuri mimarTulebani. gvirgvilianebis ojaxis wev-
    rebisa da maTTan dakavSirebul pirovnebaTa cxovrebiseuli bedis aRweriT mwe-
    rali ganzogadebulad mogviTxrobs meoce saukunis gariJraJze CvenSi ganviTa-
    rebul umTavres movlenaTa Sesaxeb.
    romanis mxatvrul-struqturul originalobaze saubris dros gansakuT-
    rebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im Senakadebs, romlebic Tavidan bolomde
    gasdevs nawarmoebs da mraval saintereso sakiTxebs exeba. am Senakadebis mTavar
    personaJad nawarmoebSi gamoyvanilia cibeduli, romelic mwerals maradqalu-
    robis individualizebul saxe-simbolod hyavs dasaxuli.
    Senakadebs avtorma mravalmxrivi funqcia daakisra. maTSi xSirad publi-
    cisturi formiT, konkretul faqtobriv masalebze dayrdnobiT, axsnili da gan-
    martebulia mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis calkeuli sakiTxebi, gamoTqmulia sa-
    gulisxmo mosazrebani, mowvdilia saTanado informaciebi romanSi aRweril mov-
    lenaTa arsSi ukeT gasarkvevad. ase rom, es Senakadebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tavi-
    seburi komentarebis funqciasac asrulebs da gviadvilebs avtoriseuli Cana-
    fiqris siRrmiseul gaazrebas.
    Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom zogierTi Senakadi moklebulia aseT kon-
    kretul da naTel mizanswrafvas, ris gamoc xels uSlis da aferxebs moqme-
    debis ganviTarebis dinamikas.
    `gvirgvilianebis ojaxis" Janrobrivi struqtura, erT-erTi Senakadis
    mixedviT, S. dadianma amgvarad ganmarta: `beletristuli mdinare Tavisi Senaka-
    debiT". marTalia, es ganmarteba tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi cnebe-
    bis CarCoebSi ar Tavsdeba, magram imaze ki naTlad migvaniSnebs, mwerali Tavisi
    romanis mxatvrul-struqturuli originalobis ganmapirobebel erT-erT mTavar
    faqtorad da `gatkepnili bilikidan" TavdasaRwev saSualebad, pirvel yovlisa,
    swored am Senakadebs rom miiCnevda.
    S. dadianis romanma axali ZaliT gamoabrwyina avtoris enobrivi SesaZ-
    leblobani. leqsikur siuxves, sityvier aristokratizms, frazis daxvewilobasa
    da frTianobas didad uwyobs xels megruli da imeruli dialeqtebidan mizan-
    swrafuli zomierebiT gamoyenebuli sityva-gamoTqmebi. es procesi kargad gac-
    nobierebuli da sifrTxilis sasworze awonil-dawonili mxatvruli xerxi rom
    aris, amas naTlad adasturebs erT-erT SenakadSi amasTan dakavSirebiT avtoris
    mier gakeTebuli komentari. saliteraturo enaSi aseTi sityvebisa da gamoT-
    qmebis xmareba, mwerlis azriT, upirveles yovlisa, `naweris surnelebisaTvis
    gamosadegi" saSualebaa, eTnografiuli koloritis miRwevis saimedo gzaa.
    S. dadianis romanis mxatvrul TavisTavobas didad gansazRvravs agreTve
    nawarmoebisaTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebeli dokumenturoba da publicisturoba.
    mwerali cdilobs siRrmiseulad gangvacdevinos meoce saukunis dasawyisis sa-
    zogadoebis socialuri, zneobrivi da erovnul-patriotuli ganwyobileba da
    mkiTxvelic asunTqos im haeriT, riTac misi personaJebi sunTqaven. am mizniT igi
    mxatvruli nawarmoebisaTvis, erTi SexedviT, iseT uCveulo xerxsac mimarTavs,
    rogorebicaa: citatebis moSvelieba `avtoritetuli wyaroebidan", vrceli liri-
    115
    kuli da publicisturi gadaxvevebi da msjelobani, istoriuli wyaroebisa da
    dokumenturi masalebis moSvelieba, fantaziiT Seqmnili personaJebis gverdiT
    farTod cnobili istoriuli pirovnebebis CarTva Txrobis procesSi da a. S.
    romanSi mkveTri tendenciurobiT upirispirdebian erTmaneTs feodaluri
    aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi da revoluciur-demokratiuli ideebis mimdeva-
    ri pirovnebani. am dapirispirebis dros mwerali ZiriTadad sworxazobrivad
    icavs e. w. dadebiT da uaryofiT personaJTa erTmaneTisagan mkafiod gamijvnis
    princips. moqmed pirTa amgvari dayofa-diferencireba romanSi, arsebiTad, erTi
    umTavresi niSnis mixedviT xdeba _ klasobriv-ideologiur miswrafebaTa mixed-
    viT. swored am principisadmi tendenciurma erTgulebam, rac, pirvel yovlisa,
    sabWoTa epoqis ideologiuri politikiT iyo ganpirobebuli, gansazRvra is ga-
    remoeba, rom mweralma revoluciisa da mSromeli xalxis mowinaaRmdege pirov-
    nebebSi TiTqmis veraviTari adamianuri siqvele da keTilSobileba ver dainaxa.
    rac Seexeba romanSi gamoyvanil revolucionerebsa da dabali socialuri
    klasis warmomadgenlebs, isini, oriode gamonaklisis garda, TiTqmis yovelgva-
    ri adamianuri zadisagan Sors dganan da sikeTiTa da patiosnebiT savse pirov-
    nebani arian. unda iTqvas, rom pirovnebaTa aseTi sworxazobrivi gamijvna da e.
    w. dadebiT da uaryofiT personaJTa amgvari mkveTri tendenciurobiT daxasia-
    Teba sagrZnoblad afermkrTalebs nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirsebas.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom romanis mTavari paTosi feodalur aristokratiasa
    da revoluciur Zalebs Soris mZafri klasobrivi dapirispirebis gamoxatvaa, na-
    warmoebi marto am sakiTxebiT ar Semoifargleba da mwerali cdilobs maSinde-
    li Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis farTo speqtri warmoaCinos. am Tvalsazri-
    siT yuradRebas iqceven ilias erovnuli ideebis mimdevari patrioti inteligen-
    tebi (mevelis fsevdonimiT cnobili publicisti daviT miqelaZe, babo gavleniS-
    vili, nawilobriv, vamex gvirgvialinica da sxv.), avtonomistebi, terorist-avan-
    tiuristebi, savaWro burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi, biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri
    wris moxeleni, quTaisis umaRlesi rangis xelisufalni, samRvdelo pirebi da a.
    S.
    erTi sityviT, `gvirgvialianebis ojaxi" 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisis Cveni
    cxovrebis vrcel mxatvrul panoramas warmoadgens da aSkarad gamovlenili av-
    toriseuli tendenciurobis miuxedavad, rac revoluciuri movlenebisadmi misi
    mkveTrad pozitiuri damokidebulebiT gamoixateba, garkveul warmodgenas gviq-
    mnis im periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi yofis mravalferovnebazec.
    rogorc romanis saTauridanve naTlad Cans, nawarmoebSi mwerlis yurad-
    Rebis centrSi, uwinares yovlisa, gvirgvilianebis ojaxis bedi, misi wevrebis
    Tavgadasavalia moqceuli. swored am didi ojaxis irgvliv ikvreba romanis mra-
    valricxovan personaJTa wre da yoveli maTganis cxovrebis aRwera-daxasiaTeba
    avtors gvirgvilianebTan uSualo kavSirurTierTobaSi aqvs mocemuli. gvirgvi-
    lianebi, rogorc feodaluri aristokratiis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebi,
    berTemisa da misi Semogarenis cxovrebisTvis tradiciulad tonis mimcemi pi-
    rovnebani iyvnen.
    magram gavida dro da axalma viTarebam ulmobeli ganaCeni gamoutana Zvel
    ierarqiul yofas. romanSi naCvenebia gvirgvilianebis ojaxuri dinastiis ro-
    gorc socialuri, ise zneobrivi rRveva da gadagvareba.
    am procesebis centrSi, pirvel yovlisa, gvirgvilianebis didi ojaxis rZa-
    li neqtarinaa moqceuli. es pativmoyvare qalbatoni, romelic TavganwirviT la-
    mobs drois dinebis SeCerebas da Zveli didebis SenarCunebas, erTi umaRlesi
    avadmyofuri ocnebiTaa Sepyrobili _ mis xelqveiT Tavi mouyaros gvirgvilia-
    nebis mTel avla-didebas da gaerTianebuli mamulis bazaze xelisuflebas maio-
    ratis Seqmnis ufleba gamoTxovos. am miznis miRwevas wiravs igi yvelafers da
    mis am avadmyofur da daundobel pativmoyvareobas sazRvari ara aqvs.
    neqtarina gvirgvilianis sasaxle mweralma garyvnilebis, uzneobisa da
    zRvardaudebeli adamianuri borotebis amazrzen sauflod dagvixata. Cveni li-
    teraturis istoriaSi cota Tu SeiZleba gavixsenoT iseTi qali personaJi, ro-
    melic am sasaxlis mTavr diasaxliss Seedrebodes Tavisi avxorcobiTa da zne-
    116
    dacemulobiT. nawarmoebSi neqtarinas saxe isea warmosaxuli, rom boroti ada-
    mianuri vnebebiT Camoqufrul mis sulSi erTi naTeli wertilic ki arsad moi-
    poveba. romanSi didi fsiqologiuri ostatobiTaa gaSiSvlebuli neqtarinas
    avxorci pirovnuli buneba da amazrzeni adamianuri uzneobani.
    nawamoebis mTavar personaJTagan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs agreTve
    vamex gvirgviliani, romelic meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli inteligenciis
    erT-erTi saintereso warmomadgenelia. mweralma misi saxiT Seqmna tipi Sinaga-
    nad winaaRmdegobrivi im pirovnebisa, romelic bolomde veraa gaTviTcnobie-
    rebuli Tavis miswrafebebSi da naTlad gamokveTili cxovrebiseuli mizan-
    swrafvac ar moepoveba. man darwmunebiT icis, rom Zvelma cxovrebam Cailulis
    wyali dalia da igi axliT unda Seicvalos, magram rogor da ra gziT, es mka-
    fiod gaazrebuli ar aqvs.
    cxovrebis ganmaaxlebel gzaTa maZiebeli vamexi xan social-demokratebis
    ideebs TanaugrZnobs, xan kidev mkveTrad gamovlenil erovnul-patriotul pozi-
    ciebze dgas, magram, rogorc Tavadac ambobs, mas arc mkafiod Camoyalibebuli
    moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi gaaCnia da arc axali moZraobis arsSia safuZvlianad
    garkveuli. amaSi, cxadia, dasaZraxi araferia. imdroindel inteligentTa Soris
    mravlad moipovebodnen iseTebi, romelTac naTlad ar esmodaT arsebuli viTa-
    reba, dabneuli iyvnen da siRrmiseulad ver erkveodnen movlenebSi. swored am-
    gvari pirovnebaa vamex gvirgviliani, romlis progresuli moazrovneoba sityvie-
    ri qadagebisa da TanagrZnobis iqiT ver midis. is, faqtobrivad, mxolodRa umoq-
    medo, meocnebe kacia da praqtikulad arafers akeTebs Tavisi ideuri mrwamsis
    cxovrebaSi xorcSesasxmelad. misi politikuri, revoliciuri Tu patriotuli
    qadagebani ufro xSirad saagitacio-propagandistuli msjelobis farglebs ver
    scildeba da didaqtikur-damrigebluri paTosiTaa savse.
    rogorc iTqva, erovnuli uperspeqtivobis tragikul gancdas vamex gvirgvi-
    liani ganuyofelad ukavSirebs socialistebis moRvaweobas. social-demokra-
    tebi, misi SefasebiT, is pirovnebani arian, romelTac `samSobloc ara swamT.
    isini zrunaven kacobriobisaTvis, an ukeT, kacobriobis erTi nawilisaTvis _
    proletarebisaTvis. proletariats ki samSoblo ara aqvs: ar sWirdeba. maSasada-
    me, qarTveli xalxic unda gaiTqvifos kacobriobis am nawilSi da dahkargos Ta-
    visi erovnuli saxe, erovnuli Tvisebebi, is, rac saukuneobiT gamoumuSavebia
    qarTvelobas Tavisi xangZlivi istoriis manZilze".
    ara mgonia, romanis es da msgavsi msjelobani mwerals mxolod im perio-
    dis sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad hqondes gamiznuli.
    Rrmad mwams, rom am msjelobis paTosi da suliskveTeba, qveteqsti da mizandasa-
    xuloba sabWouri periodis erovnuli politikisadmi Sinaganad kritikuli da-
    mokidebulebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.
    am Tvalsazriss kidev ufro ganmimtkicebs vamexis is sityvebi, romelTac
    igi saqarTvelos momavalTan dakavSirebiT warmosTqvams: `eh, babo! Cven vin gve-
    kiTxeba saqarTvelos bediRbalze zrunvas! im beds veSapebi wyveten, Cven arc
    gvekiTxebian ise. marjvniT ruseTis carizmi, marcxniT yvelaze ufro Zlieri da
    popularuli social-demokratia, me da Sen ki oblebi varT, babo, saqarTvelos
    oblebi! gvebralebodes Cveni qveyana, gvebralebodes Cveni Tavi".
    aseT SeniRbul da `gulis mosafxan frazebs" , romelTa pirdapiri formiT
    gamoTqmac im dros, roca es romani iwereboda, sakmaod sarisko saqme iyo, S. da-
    diani arcTu iSviaTad gamoaxatvinebs Tavis personaJebs. ai, Tundac, kidev erTi
    aseTi magaliTic _ ruseT-iaponiis omis vamex gvirgvilianiseuli Sefaseba: `eh,
    Cemo babo, ruseTma iaponiasTan es omi SeiZleba waagos kidec. amis niSnebi ukve
    Cans, magram mere Cven ra? eh, marTali Tqva iliam: `vTqvi Tu visTvis Sen kiska-
    sob, visTvis iCen simardesa!?" .
    es striqonebi maSin iwereboda, roca did samamulo omad monaTluli omi
    ukve damTavrebuli iyo da masSi monawile samasi aTasamde qarTvelis sicocxle
    damiwebuli. da roca S. dadiani zemoT citirebul kiTxvebs svamda, SeniRbulad
    igi am omis tragikul Sedegebsac gulisxmobda. albaT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu vity-
    viT, rom sabWouri periodis manZilze, Tumca SefarviT, magram misebri simZaf-
    117
    riT, es sabediswero kiTxvebi: ` mere visTvis? mere risTviso?~ cotas Tu daus-
    vams ase gabedulad.
    romanSi aRwerili dro Zveli cxovrebis is xana iyo, roca saqarTveloSi
    katkov-ianovskebis reaqciuli imperiuli reJimi mZvinvarebda. mas daemata samoR-
    vaweo asparezze erovnulobis winaaRmdeg gaafTrebiT mebrZoli axali bneli Za-
    lis _ social-demokratiuli moZraobis gamosvla. S. dadiani patriotuli SeS-
    foTebiT gvesaubreba am movlenebze da STambeWdavad gviCvenebs Cveni eris mowi-
    nave Svilebis brZolas erovnuli TviTarsebobis gadasarCenad. marTalia, es xa-
    zi romanis mTavar mimarTulebad ar qceula, magram mwerali am saWirboroto
    problemebsac ar tovebs uyuradRebod da es didi riskis fasad keTdeba.
    mkiTxvelisTvis Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom erovnul sakiTxebze avto-
    ris aseTi mwvave msjeloba imxanad ioli saqme ar iyo da SesaZloa sabediswe-
    roc gamxdariyo mwerlisaTvis.

    * * *
    pirveli dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelmac farTod gaaxmaura Salva dadia-
    nis, rogorc dramaturgis, saxeli, iyo piesa `mRvimeSi,~ romelic araorazrov-
    nad exmianeboda imxanad CvenSi azvirTebul saxalxo-revoluciur moZraobas. es
    nawarmoebi, romelsac avtorma fantastikuri sanaxaoba uwoda, 1905 wels daiwe-
    ra, im dros, rodesac S. dadiani aqtiurad iyo gatacebuli am moZraobiT. revo-
    luciuri brZolisadmi misi es keTilganwyobiTi damokidebuleba piesaSi mwer-
    lis maSindeli SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simbolur-alegoriuli for-
    miTaa gamoxatuli. nawarmoebSi naTlad igrZnoba avtoris Tanadgoma Zveli,
    daxavsebuli cxovrebis winaaRmdeg amboxebuli pirovnebebisadmi.
    socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Temas eZRvneba agreTve S.
    dadianis meore piesac `ros nadimobdnen" (1907 w.). nawarmoebis personaJebi aSka-
    rad gamovlenili klasobrivi principebiT imijnebian erTmaneTisagan. imJaminde-
    li socialuri winaaRmdegobani piesaSi mkveTri tendenciurobiTa da zogjer
    pirdapir saagitacio-propagandistuli formiTacaa mxilebuli, rac uSualo ga-
    moZaxilia 1905-07 wlebis revoluciuri movlenebisa.
    rogorc dasaxelebuli nawarmoebebidanac naTlad Cans, S. dadianis Semoqme-
    debaSi Tavidanve did, SeiZleba iTqvas, ganmsazRvrel adgils iWers klasobrivi
    usamarTlobis mxileba da brZola socialuri samarTlianobis damyarebisaTvis.
    am brZolis gamoxatvis dros mwerali aSkara tendenciurobiT aRwers cxov-
    rebiT daCagrulTa da dabeCavebulTa mZime socialur mdgomareobas. misi nawar-
    moebebis mTavar mimarTulebad qceuli es tendencia kidev ufro gaZlierda
    sabWouri periodis SemoqmedebaSi.
    magram iseTi STabeWdileba ar unda Segveqmnes, TiTqos S. dadiani, rogorc
    mwerali, mxolod socialuri problematikiT yofiliyo gatacebuli. ra Tqma un-
    da, ara. mis nawarmoebebSi socialuri da klasobrivi usamarTlobis mxileba
    mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erovnul da zneobriv problematikasTan.
    S. dadianis dramaturgiul nawarmoebTagan erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTesoa
    komedia `guSindelni", romelic avtorma 1917 wels dawera baqoSi. am piesam didi
    SemoqmedebiTi warmateba moutana qarTul Teatrs da misdami interesi dRemde
    ar ganelebula.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom S. dadiani im cxovrebas, romelsac Tavis komediaSi
    aRwers, guSindeli dRis saxeliT naTlavs, samwuxarod, es mTlad ase ar aris,
    radganac qarTuli xasiaTis araerTi niuansi, ase STambeWdavad da efeqturad
    romaa nawarmoebSi gamoxatuli, Cveni bunebis maradiulad Tanamdevi mxareebia.
    amaTgan, uwinares yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos stumrisadmi (miT ufro, Tu igi maRa-
    li Tanamdebobis piria) gadaWarbebuli pativiscema, rac arcTu iSviaTad liqna-
    sa da metismet pirferobaSi gadaizrdeba xolme.
    `guSindelni", drouli lokaliT SeuboWveli amgvari interesis miuxedavad,
    upirveles yovlisa, mainc Cafiqrebulia, rogorc meoce saukunis dasawyisis qar-
    Tuli yofis ganzogadebuli mxatvruli asaxva. erTi soflis saWirboroto
    yofiTi da zneobrivi problemebis CvenebiT avtorma naTeli warmodgena Segviq-
    118
    mna mTeli maSindeli qarTuli cxovrebis Wir-varamze. movlenaTa Salva dadiani-
    seul warmosaxvaSi bunebrivad erwymis erTmaneTs komikuri da satiruli elemen-
    tebi. nawarmoebSi komizmi ise Zaldautaneblad gadaizrdeba xolme satirul
    mxilebaSi, anda piriqiT, rom maTi erTmaneTisagan gamijvna xSirad TiTqmis SeuZ-
    lebelic xdeba.
    komediaSi mkafiod da araorazrovnad ikveTeba avtoriseuli mizanswrafva _
    efeqturi mxatvruli formebis gamoyenebiT dauxatos mkiTxvels imJamindeli Cve-
    ni yofis naklovani mxareebi da Rrmad dagvarwmunos imaSi, rom amgvarad cxov-
    rebis gagrZeleba damRupvelia qveynisaTvis. S. dadianis komediis safuZvelTa sa-
    fuZveli, nawarmoebis mamxilebluri paTosis ganmsazRvreli umTavresi faqtori,
    swored es mamuliSviluri poziciaa, rac piesaSi araorazrovnad da, erTi
    SexedviT, calmxrivadac kia gamoxatuli.
    mwerlis mier maxvilgonivrulad moZebnili xedvis kuTxe SesaZleblobas
    aZlevs mas gaSiSvlebulad, mTeli mravalferovnebiT dagvanaxos soflis duxWi-
    ri yofa. aseTi xedvis wertilad piesaSi qceulia sofelSi im kuTxis umaRlesi
    xelisufalis - mazris ufrosis stumrad Camosvla. cxovrebiT gawamebuli
    mcxovreblebis gulSi imedi gaCnda, iqneb axla mainc gveSvelos rameo da er-
    Txel kidev ixseneben im gasaWirs, romelic mazris ufross unda moaxsenon da
    daxmareba Txovon mis mosagvareblad.
    `guSindelnSi" ase mignebulad moZebnili xedvis kuTxe gogols gvaxsenebs,
    kerZod ki mis `revizors", romelSic avtori efeqturad warmogvidgens erTi
    provinciuli rusuli qalaqis degradirebul cxovrebas. saamiso saSualebas
    gogolis nawarmoebSi warmoadgens umTavres siuJetur RerZad qceuli faqti _
    xelisuflebisagan movlenili revizoris Casvla qalaqis Sesamowmeblad.
    S. dadianis piesis upirvelesi mizandasaxuloba, rogorc iTqva, naklov-
    anebaTa mxileba da mZafri kritikaa. swored aman ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom
    komediaSi gamoyvanili TiTqmis yvela personaJi uaryofiTia. isini sxvadasxva
    kuTxiTa da aspeqtiT warmoaCenen Cveni cxovrebis naklovan mxareebs.
    piesis personaJTagan yuradReba, upirveles yovlisa, unda mieqces mama-
    saxlisis qaliSvils _ agrafinas, romelic nawarmoebis bolos erTgvar pro-
    tests gamoxatavs Seqmnili mdgomareobisadmi. marTalia, es usityvo, pasiuri
    protesti ufroa, Sinagani, faruli gamoxatuleba arsebuli viTarebisadmi misi
    Seurigeblobisa da agrafinas aseTi ganwyobileba komediis bolo striqonebSi
    mJRavndeba mxolod, magram nawarmoebis ZiriTadi suliskveTebis Sesacnobad pie-
    sis am adgils gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT.
    `guSindelnis" Tavisebureba isic aris, rom mas, faqtobrivad, gamokveTilad
    mTavari personaJi ara hyavs. aseTi rolis Sesruleba piesaSi ramdenime pirov-
    nebas aqvs dakisrebuli. mwerlis mier daxatuli personaJebi metnaklebi simkveT-
    riT ganasaxiereben im gansxvavebul socialur wreebsa da mimarTulebebs, rom-
    lebic Zveli saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli sazogadoebis saxes gansazRvravdnen.
    eseni arian: mazris ufrosi Tavisi biurokratiuli aparatiT, soflis mamasaxli-
    si, feodaluri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi, davrdomili generali, socia-
    listi karlo yayutaZe, studenti adiko, glexebi. yoveli maTgani farTod da ni-
    Sandoblivad avlens Tavisi socialuri wrisa Tu jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebel
    specifikur Tvisebebs.
    mwerlis mier gamovlenili satira mTlianadaa moklebuli TviTmiznurobasa
    da winaaRmdegobaTa hiperbolizebas. movlenaTa amgvari mZafri satiruli for-
    miT aRqmisaTvis TviT cxovreba iZleoda myar safuZvels. saWiro iyo mxolod
    yovelive amis danaxva da marTali sityvis Tqma. `guSindelnis" mTavari Rirseba
    isaa, rom S. dadianma warmatebiT SeZlo erTica da meorec.
    vin aris soflad wveuli maRali rangis stumari? avtori Zalze Zunw in-
    formacias gvawvdis masze, magram romc araferi vicodeT mis warsul cxov-
    rebaze, am kacis moqmedeba isec gviqmnis naTel warmodgenas misi pirovnebis Se-
    saxeb. igi garusebuli germanelia - vinme grengolmi, romelsac gadauwyvetia Ta-
    visi mazris gasacnobad `sasiamovno mogzauroba" gamarTos sofelSi.
    119
    mazris ufrosi mamasaxlisis piriT amcnobs sofels, rom `amJamad aq igi
    saqmeebisaTvis ar Camosula, magram ai, sxva dros Camova da maSin ki maT saWi-
    roebasac gaecnoba" . SiSiT damfrTxal-dabeCavebuli xalxi sityvis Tqmas ver
    bedavs. boqaulis moridebul SeniSvnaze, sofels undoda Tavis gaWirvebaze
    TqvenTvis moexsenebia, magram ver gabedeso, mazris ufrosi kmayofilebiT ambobs:
    `verc unda gabedon, cic! zomebi miiReT, rom CemTan aravin krinti ar dasZras
    soflis gaWirvebis Sesaxeb. me aq saqmeze ar var Camosuli _ ise, saqeifod" .
    tragedia isicaa, rom mTel sofelSi kaci ar moiZebneba iseTi, romelic
    mazris ufross xalxis gasaWirs moaxsenebda. erTi SexedviT, Tavdapirvelad,
    amis pretenzia TiTqos kvantriSvils aqvs, magram sul male gairkva, rom isic
    Turme imisTvis aqtiurobs, mamasaxlisis javri sWirs da TviT unda mazris uf-
    rosis CamosvliT raime sargebeli naxos.
    1928 wels, dramaturgiaSi TiTqmis aTwliani Sesvenebis Semdeg, S. dadianma
    Seqmna gaxmaurebuli komedia `kakal gulSi". mZafri satiruli suliskveTebis
    gamomxatveli es piesa pirdapir agrZelebs movlenaTa mxatvruli warmosaxvis im
    tendenciebs, romelnic `guSindelnisTvisaa" damaxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad garkve-
    uli literaturuli xarvezebisa, `kakal gulSi" Cveni mwerlobisa da Teatra-
    luri xelovnebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia. misadmi interesi gansa-
    kuTrebiT Zlieri iyo 20-30-ian wlebSi, rasac didad ganapirobebda piesis mixed-
    viT Seqmnili saintereso speqtaklebi. maTgan, pirvel yovlisa, unda movixsenioT
    kote marjaniSviliseuli dadgma. magram aqve isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom S. dadians
    Tavis droze mkacradac akritikebdnen, radganac nawarmoebi sabWoTa sinamdvi-
    lis calmxriv da tendenciur asaxvad iyo miCneuli.
    S. dadianis komediis umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom igi Cveni mwerlobis is-
    toriaSi erT-erTi pirveli nawarmoebia, romelSic gabeduladaa mxilebuli
    sabWoTa xelisuflebis Sedegad saocrad aRzevebuli biurokratizmi, usaqmu-
    roba, momxveWeloba, meqrTameoba da sxva mankierebani. sabWoTa sinamdvilisaTvis
    ganuSoreblad Tanamdev am mankierebebs S. dadiani Zalze bunebrivad da ganzoga-
    debulad amxels erTi dawesebulebis yoveldRiuri yofis Cvenebis magaliTze.
    dawesebulebis saqmianoba, misi TanamSromlebis uazro da gamudmebuli fusfusi,
    maTi adamianuri simdableebis Cveneba naTlad da efeqturad warmoaCens sabWou-
    ri sazogadoebis socialuri da zneobrivi degradaciis cocxal suraTs, gviC-
    venebs namdvil saxes im sinamdvilisas, romelic revoluciis Sedegad damyarda
    CvenSi. S. dadianis piesa gabedulad amsxvrevs sabWoTa yofis idealurobis Se-
    saxeb imxanad ukve farTod damkvidrebul miTs da erTi dawesebulebis saqmia-
    nobis aRweriT efeqturad warmoaCens socialisturi epoqisdroindeli Cveni
    cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur da zneobriv mankierebebs. marTalia,
    mweralma piesis daskvniT nawilSi Taviseburi ideologiuri kompromisiT scada
    am satiruli simZafris ganeitraleba, magram es kompromisuli ukandaxeva, rac
    maSindeli politikuri viTarebis uSualo gamoZaxils warmoadgens, ver afer-
    mkrTalebs nawarmoebis mamxilebluri paTosis simwvaves.
    Salva dadianis `kakal gulSi" imave socialuri rRvevisa da ganwiru-
    lobis mZafri satiruli gamoxatulebaa, rac mogvianebiT ganumeorebeli mxat-
    vruli ZalmosilebiT gamovlinda eldar Sengelaiasa da rezo WeiSvilis kino-
    filmSi _ `cisferi mTebi." am or qmnilebas Soris Sinaganad uTuod aris bevri
    ram msgavsica da saerToc. am genetikur siaxlovesa da msgavsebas sabWoTa sinam-
    dvilis mankierebaTa ganzogadebuli, siRrmiseuli, maxvilgonivruli mxileba
    warmoadgens. es mxileba, erTganac da meoreganac, TiTqosda umniSvnelo, meo-
    rexarisxovani, wvrilmani detalebis CvenebiT xdeba, magram movlenaTa aRqmisa
    da warmosaxvis am detalizaciaSi didi, ganzogadebuli masStabebi Zevs.
    ocdaaTiani wlebis Cvens mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagnad iq-
    ca saqarTvelos mTianeTis, kerZod, svaneTis patriarqaluri yofis rRvevis
    mxatvruli asaxva. am Temas mieZRvna araerTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi. maTgan
    aRsaniSnavia k. gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motaceba", s. Ciqovanis `mTao, gadmiSvi", S.
    dadianis `TeTnuldi" da sxv. am nawarmoebebSi, met-naklebi obieqturobiTa da
    120
    mxatvruli ZalmosilebiT, aisaxa is mwvave procesebi, romlebic CvenSi warimar-
    Ta imxanad.
    Zvelisa da axlis Widili `TeTnuldSi" mweralma erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad
    gamijnuli ori banakis warmomadgenelTa samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispirebad
    warmosaxa. am sabediswero brZolaSi naTlad vlindeba maSindeli epoqis paTo-
    si da ganwyobileba, movlenebi da pirovnebani tendenciuri sworxazovnebiT
    imijnebian erTmaneTisagan. erT mxareze arian Zveli, daxavsebuli adaT-tradi-
    ciebiT gonebadabnelebuli adamianebi, romelTa saxes yvelaze naTlad argiSdi
    ganasaxierebs, meoreze ki axali, socialisturi cxovrebis damamkvidrebelni
    lahilisa da gelaxsanis TavkacobiT.
    `TeTnuldi" (1931 w.) tragediaa da, bunebrivia, masSi aRwerili winaaRmde-
    gobani am JanrisTvis Cveuli simwvaviT vlindeba. winaaRmdegobaTa gammZafreblis
    funqcia nawarmoebSi dramaturgma, pirvel yovlisa, antikuri xanis piesebSi xSi-
    rad gamoyvanil qors (qoros) daakisra. am TvalsazrisiT piesaSi igi erTgvari
    katalizatoris rols asrulebs da xels uwyobs situaciaTa gamamZafrebeli pi-
    robebis Seqmnas. qori nawarmoebSi, Cveulebriv, yovelTvis maSin gamoCndeba xol-
    me, roca personaJTa Soris mwvave Sejaxebaa mosalodneli da xazgasmulad Seg-
    vaxsenebs dapirispirebul mxareTa erTmaneTisagan gammijnav umTavres momentebs.
    samecniero literaturaSi xazgasmiTaa SeniSnuli, rom S. dadianis piesaSi
    Zvelisa da axlis dapirispirebis siuJetur safuZvlad qceuli ambavi _ TeTnul-
    dis dapyrobiT xalxSi gamefebuli religiuri crurwmenis damsxvreva _ xelov-
    nuria da naklebad gamoxatavs am dapirispirebis arss. nawarmoebSi moqmedeba er-
    TbaSad da mZafrad viTardeba. Tavidanve ikveTeba erTmaneTTan sabediswerod da-
    pirispirebuli ori banaki. erT mxares dganan mSobliuri kuTxis ganaxlebis ke-
    TilSobiluri ganzraxviT gulanTebuli axalgazrda enTuziastebi _ gelaxsani
    da lahili, meoreze ki patriarqaluri ojaxis Tavkaci da Zveli wes-Cveulebebis
    uRalatod erTguli moxuci argiSdi. maT dapirispirebas kidev ufro aZlierebs
    is garemoeba, rom gelaxsanis ojaxs sisxli marTebs argiSdisa, rasac emateba
    isic, rom argiSdisave SviliSvili lahili gelaxsanis meuRlea. erTi sityviT,
    avtorma Tavidanve yvela piroba Seqmna nawarmoebSi aRwerili winaaRmde-
    gobebisaTvis uaRresad mwvave xasiaTis misacemad.
    lahilisa da gelaxsanisaTvis Zveli cxovrebiseuli wes-Cveulebebi ara mar-
    to dromoWmulia, aramed ucxocaa. isini, TavianT kuTxes didi xniT moSorebul-
    ni, sul sxva cxovrebas arian naziarebni. amitomacaa rom maT mier is yofa, ro-
    melic svaneTSi ukanmobrunebulebs dauxvdaT, Znelad dasaTmob realobad ki
    aRar aRiqmeba, aramed xelaRebiT ukusagdeb, dromoWmul da daxavsebul wes-Cveu-
    lebebad.
    amgvar radikalizms gelaxsani da lahili xSirad avlenen xolme. magali-
    Tad, Zveli xalxis istoriul fesvebze siamayiT mosaubre ciqvlids gelaxsani
    erTgan ironiulad eubneba, `visTvis ra sainteresoa Zveli laTaiebio". xolo me-
    oregan ambobs, axla `tolstoisaTvis vis scalia, vis axsovs" igio da mis ide-
    ebs `mavneblobas" uwodebs. Semdeg ki am sityvebiT mimarTavs ciqvlids: Tu Senc
    mis azrebs iziareb, `Senc mavnebeli yofilxaro". samwuxarod, es xazi tragedia-
    Si metad ar gaRrmavebula da komunisturi ideologiis es Sefaruli kritika
    amiT amoiwura.
    Tumca aris kidev erTi ufro mniSvnelovani momenti: nawarmoebis siuJetur
    RerZad qceuli ambavi _ TeTnuldis dapyroba. ras warmoadgenda TeTnuldis mTa
    svaneTisaTvis? `udides savanes RvTaebaTa". svanebis rwmeniT, maTi yoveli mTa
    RmerTebis sadguri iyo, magram TeTnuldi yvelasagan ganirCeoda, radgan es mTa
    mTeli svaneTis uzenaesi RvTaebis sabrZanebels warmoadgenda. ramdenad gu-
    lubryviloa da usafuZvlo es rwmena, amas dRes araviTari mtkiceba ar sWir-
    deba. magram amjerad es ki ara mTavari, aramed is, rom am rwmeniT izrdebodnen
    saukuneebis manZilze aqaurebi da axali cxovreba swored am rwmenis barbaro-
    suli msxvreviT Semodis svaneTSi. pirveli, ris gakeTebasac socialisturi yo-
    fis damamkvidrebelni cdiloben TavianTi upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad, isaa,
    rom saukuneebis manZilze damkvidrebul siwmindes xelyofen da fexqveS Tela-
    121
    ven. Tavisi arsiT es faqti imxanad CvenSi aRzevebul barbarosobas _ ekle-
    siebisa da xatebis ulmobel msxvrevas _ SeiZleba SevudaroT.
    am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, ramdenad marTali iyo sauku-
    neebis manZilze damkvidrebuli rwmena TeTnuldis siwmindisa da RvTaebriobis
    Sesaxeb. amgvari qmedebis tragizmi is iyo, rom cxovrebis ganaxlebas sabWoTa
    epoqa adamianTa yvelaze didi siwmindeebisa da salocavi kerpebis barbarosuli
    xelyofiTa da msxvreviT iwyebda. amitomac xdeboda, rogorc es piesidan Cans, am
    siaxleTa Semosvla da damkvidreba ufro xSirad administrirebis gziT da ara
    xalxis mimndobelobiTa da gulidan wamosuli TanadgomiT.
    rogorc mkiTxveli S. dadianis Semoqmedebis winamdebare ganxilvidanac
    darwmundeba, mwerlis Semoqmedeba ara marto avtoris droindeli
    cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis Sesacnobadaa saintereso, aramed Cveni
    Tanamedroveobis saWirboroto sakiTxTa gasaazrebladac. swored am interesis
    naTel dadasturebad unda miviCnioT is faqti, rom S. dadianis wignebs arc
    dResdReobiT moklebia mkiTxveli, misi saukeTeso piesebi ki kvlavac warmatebiT
    idgmeba qarTuli Teatris scenaze.

    mixeil javaxiSvili
    mixeil javaxiSvili mxatvruli sityvis ostatTa im mcirericxovan jgufs
    ekuTvnis, romelTa saxelebs yvelaze metad ukavSirdeba qarTuli prozis miRwe-
    va-warmatebani. klasikad qceuli misi romanebi da moTxrobebi erovnuli sulie-
    ri kulturis sisxlxorceul nawilad damkvidrda. rac dro gadis, maTi fasi
    da mniSvneloba ufro da ufro izrdeba.
    samwuxarod, aseTi aRiareba erTbaSad ar mosula da am didi SemoqmedebiTi
    memkvidreobis Semqmneli mwerali aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi qveynisa da xal-
    xis mtradac ki iyo gamocxadebuli. 1937 wels tragikulad aRsrulebuli
    beletristis Semoqmedebas xelisuflebam mxolod 50-iani wlebis meore naxevri-
    dan axsna tabu.
    mixeil sabas Ze javaxiSvili daibada 1880 wels borCalos mazris (axlande-
    li marneulis raionis) sofel weraqvSi. Tavdapirveli ganaTleba mixeilma jer
    ojaxSi miiRo, Svidi wlisa ki mezobeli soflis _ privolnoes rusul skolaSi
    Seiyvanes, sadac erTi weliwadi swavlobda. rusul skolaSi bavSvis saswav-
    leblad mibareba imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom araTu weraqvSi, aramed arc erT
    maxlobel sofelSi imxanad qarTuli saswavlebeli ar arsebobda.
    1888 wels mixeilma jelal-oRlis (stepanavanis) saswavlebelSi ganagrZo
    swavla, sadac oTxi weli dahyo. araqarTul garemoSi moxvedrili bavSvisaTvis
    privolnoesa da jelal-oRlis dawyebiT skolebSi swavlas is savalalo Sedegi
    mohyva, rom mas TiTqmis mTlianad daaviwyda mSobliuri ena. ase warimarTa mixei-
    lis `garusebis" pirveli etapi.
    1892 wels, jelal-oRlis saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, mamam momavali
    mwerali winamZRvrianTkaris sasoflo-sameurneo skolaSi miabara. miuxedavad
    imisa, rom mixeils sameurneo saqmis Seswavla ar itacebda da igi sul sxva in-
    teresebs iCenda, winamZRvrianTkaris saswavlebelSi gatarebulma wlebma mainc
    dadebiTi roli Seasrula mis cxovrebaSi. cnobili sazogado moRvawisa da pe-
    dagogis _ ilia winamZRvriSvilis TavkacobiT gaxsnil am saswavlebelSi swav-
    leba qarTul enaze mimdinareobda, ris Sedegadac mixeilma male aRidgina mi-
    viwyebuli mSobliuri ena.
    1897 wels, winamZRvrianTkaris sasoflo-sameurneo skolis damTavrebis Sem-
    deg, man swavla ganagrZo yirimis nikitis sabaRosno da meRvineobis saswav-
    lebelSi. yirimSi mwerali 1901 wlamde darCa. mas aRniSnuli saswavlebeli ar
    122
    daumTavrebia. amis mizezi iyo is didi ojaxuri tragedia, romelic saba
    javaxiSvilis ojaxSi datrialda 1899 wels. mixeilis umcrosi dis _ sofios ga-
    tacebis dros avazakebma sicocxles gamoasalmes sofio, dedamisi da mojamagi-
    re. sabam ver gauZlo Tavsdatexil ubedurebas da male, 1901 wels, isic garda-
    icvala.
    am tragediam mZimed imoqmeda mixeilze. man miatova yirimis saswavlebeli
    da Sin dabrunda, magram mSobliur garemoSi guli aRar daudga, alaverdSi,
    dasTan gadavida sacxovreblad da iq spilenZis qarxanaSi daiwyo muSaoba kan-
    toris gamged. alaverdSi mweralma erTi weli dahyo.
    1903 wels m. javaxiSvili TbilisSi gadadis sacxovreblad da axlo me-
    gobrul urTierTobas amyarebs cnobil sazogado moRvawesTan ioseb imedaSvil-
    Tan. iosebma udidesi roli Seasrula amjerad ukve `meored garusebuli" axal-
    gazrda mwerlis `gaqarTvelebisa" da literaturuli interesebis gaRvivebis
    saqmeSi. ai, ras werda Tavad mixeili amis Taobaze: `ioseb imedaSvili Cemi qar-
    Tulis naTliaa. sanam `cnobis furcelSi" daviwyebdi muSaobas, Cemi qarTulis
    maswavlebeli iosebi iyo. pirvelad iman waikiTxa Cemi pirveli moTxroba `CanCu-
    ra" da imanve gamgzavna `cnobis furclis" redaqciaSi".
    es faqti 1903 wels moxda. gazeTis 23 noembris suraTebian damatebaSi das-
    tambuli moTxrobiT qarTul mwerlobas axali, TviTmyofadi niWis Semoqmedi Se-
    moemata. Tumca `CanCura" m. javaxiSvilis pirveli publikacia ar yofila da mas
    win uZRoda amave gazeTSi cota ufro adre dabeWdili publicisturi werili
    `Cven da Cveni Teatri" (5 noemberi).
    axalgazrda mwerlis pirvelma publikaciebma, upirveles yovlisa ki `CanCu-
    ram", literaturuli sazogadoebriobis imdenad didi mowoneba daimsaxura, rom
    maTi avtori imave wels `cnobis furclis" redaqciaSi miiwvies samuSaod. am
    droidan moyolebuli, qarTuli presis furclebze sistematurad ibeWdeba m.
    javaxiSvilis moTxrobebi da werilebi. literaturuli kritika didi mowonebiT
    Sexvda debiutanti mwerlis pirvel SemoqmedebiT nabijebs. amis dadasturebaa m.
    javaxiSvilis adrindel nawarmoebebze literaturuli kritikis pirveli ga-
    moxmaurebani (kita abaSiZe, zangi (grigol rcxilaZe) da sxv.).
    1904 wels m. javaxiSvili gazeT `iveriaSi" miiwvies samuSaod. aq igi jer re-
    daqciis gamge iyo, Semdeg ki faqtobrivi redaqtori.
    1906 wels misi redaqtorobiT gamosvlas iwyebs yovelkvireuli gazeTi
    `glexi", magram antisamTavrobo suliskveTebis gamo mTavrobam male misi gamos-
    vla akrZala, redaqtori ki pasuxisgebaSi misca.
    patimrobisagan Tavis dasaxsnelad mwerali sxvisi pasportiT 1906 wlis ag-
    vistoSi sazRvargareT, kerZod, SveicariaSi, qalaq JenevaSi miemgzavreba, saida-
    nac sul male parizSi Cadis da iqaur universitetSi ismens leqciebs. amasTan,
    m. javaxiSvili kvlavac nayofierad ganagrZobs literaturul da Jurnalistur
    saqmianobas da aqtiurad TanamSromlobs qarTul presaSi.
    1907 wlis martSi mwerali aralegalurad, sxvisi pasportiT, kvlav brun-
    deba samSobloSi da amjerad gazeT `isris" redaqciaSi ganagrZobs aqtiur Jur-
    nalistur saqmianobas.
    1907 wlis bolos m. javaxiSvili isev miemgzavreba evropaSi. aq is amjerad
    1909 wlamde rCeba, Semdeg ki kvlav samSobloSi brundeba da aralegalurad ga-
    nagrZobs moRvaweobas. 1909 wels misi redaqtorobiT jer almanaxi `qarTveli
    eri" gamoica, 1910 wels ki Jurnali `eri". saqarTveloSi m. javaxiSvilis dabru-
    nebis faqti male gaxda cnobili JandarmeriisaTvis, romelmac isev ganaaxla ga-
    zeT `glexis" gamo samiode wlis winaT aRZruli saqme, ris Sedegadac mwerali
    daapatimres.
    sasamarTlom m. javaxiSvils erTi wliT cixe da xuTi wliT samSoblodan
    gadasaxleba miusaja. 1910 wlis Semodgomaze igi donis rostovSi gadaasaxles.
    aq man dazRvevis sazogadoebaSi daiwyo muSaoba da samsaxureobrivi movaleobis
    Sesasruleblad xSirad uwevda mogzauroba kavkasiis sxvadasxva qalaqSi.
    1913 wels m. javaxiSvilma moaxerxa muSaoba daewyo TbilisSi rostovis
    damzRvevi sazogadoebis rwmunebulad da am gziT, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasje-
    123
    lis vada bolomde moxdili ar hqonda, moaxerxa, mSobliur qalaqs dabru-
    neboda. TbilisSi is 1915 wlamde rCeba. amave wels misi aqtiuri mcdelobis Se-
    degad gamosvla daiwyo gazeTma `saqarTvelom," romelic erovnul-demokratiu-
    li mimarTulebis perioduli organo iyo. vinaidan `samarTlis ZaliT" mwerali
    imxanad `uflebaayril" pirovnebad iTvleboda, gazeTs oficialurad sxva redaq-
    tori hyavda, sinamdvileSi ki am movaleobas Tavad asrulebda. magram arc amje-
    rad dascalda mas samSobloSi xangrZlivi moRvaweoba. 1915 wlis bolos kavka-
    siis samxedro olqis ufrosma, generalma volskim, m. javaxiSvils kavkasiidan
    gasaxleba miusaja. gadasaxlebisTvis TavdasaRwevad mixeilma gadawyvita wiTe-
    li jvris sazogadoebaSi daewyo muSaoba. am sazogadoebis sammarTvelo Tbilis-
    Si imyofeboda da am gziT droebiT man marTlac moaxerxa qalaqSi darCena, mag-
    ram male, 1916 wels, iZulebuli gaxda wiTeli jvris sammarTvelos xaziT spar-
    seTis frontze gamgzavrebuliyo moqmedi armiis lazareTis meurneobis gamged.
    1917 wels m. javaxiSvili kvlav TbilisSi brundeba da gazeT `saqarTvelos"
    aqtiuri TanamSromeli xdeba. 1918 wels, rogorc wiTeli jvris rwmunebuli, igi
    erTxans baTumSi miemgzavreba, magram male saerTod anebebs Tavs am xaziT mu-
    Saobas da aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobs saqarTvelos savaWro-samrewvelo pa-
    latis daarsebaSi, sadac 1921 wlamde muSaobs mdivnad.
    1921 wels m. javaxiSvili miwaTmoqmedebis komisariatSi muSaobda, 1922 wels
    - amierkavkasiis sagareo vaWrobis komisariatSi. 1923-24 wlebSi ki, xanmokle
    drois ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifo dazRvevis ganyofilebis gamged.
    m. javaxiSvilis biorgafiis gacnobis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba un-
    da mieqces im aqtiur politikur moRvaweobasac, romelsac wlebis manZilze ewe-
    oda igi. 1904-1907 wlebSi is federalistebis partiis wevri iyo, magram ilias
    mkvlelobis Semdgom man es partia datova.
    saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobaze meocnebe mwerali 1917
    wels axladSeqmnili erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri xdeba. am partiaSi m.
    javaxiSvili saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdgomac agrZelebs saidumlod mu-
    Saobas. kerZod, 1921-23 wlebSi igi iyo partiis paritetuli komitetis wevri da,
    rogorc Tavadve wers avtobiografiaSi, Tavisi moRvaweobis `mTavar miznad sa-
    qarTvelos Tavisuflebas isaxavda".
    erovnul-demokratiul partiaSi mwerlis aqtiuri da im droisaTvis
    sabediswero riskTan dakavSirebuli moRvaweoba imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom
    igi principulad ar iziarebda socializmis ideas, romelic Cveni qveynisaTvis
    damRupvel movlenad miaCnda. `socializmis ideam, werda is erTgan, _ ganuzome-
    li zarali moutana saqarTvelos da SemdgomSic ukidures xifaTs uqadis".
    advili warmosadgenia, aseTi rwmenisa da TvalTaxedvis mamuliSvilisaTvis
    ra Tavzardamcemic iqneboda wiTeli ruseTis mier saqarTvelos xelaxali aneq-
    sia. `wiTeli jari Semodis... iwyeba garuseba da gacarcva", _ sasowarkveTils Ca-
    uweria erTgan.
    bunebrivia, bolSevikur xelsuflebas m. javaxiSvilisa da mis Tanamoazre-
    Ta amgvari saqmianoba SeumCneveli ar darCeboda. 1923 wels moxda erovnul-de-
    mokratiuli partiis likvidacia, misi wevrebi ki daapatimres. maT Soris iyo m.
    javaxiSvilic, romelic orTaWalis cixeSi Casves. aq man eqvsi Tve gaatara da,
    rogorc politikurad saSiS pirovnebas, daxvretac hqonda misjili, magram qar-
    Tuli inteligenciis saxelovan warmomadgenelTa ZalisxmeviT 1923 wlis 3 agvis-
    tos cixidan gaaTavisufles.
    did prozaSi 15 wliani SemoqmedebiTi pauzis Semdeg, 1923 wlis bolos, m.
    javaxiSvili kvlav daubrunda mwerlobas. es moxda moTxroba `tyis kaciT", ro-
    melic 1924 wels daibeWda pavle ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT gamocemul Jurnal
    `kavkasionSi".
    am droidan moyolebuli, mwerlis romanebi, moTxrobebi da werilebi sis-
    tematurad ibeWdeba rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour presaSi da gamodis calke
    wignebad. misi pirveli krebuli 1924 wels daistamba.
    1925 wlidan m. javaxiSvili muSaobas iwyebs Jurnal `mnaTobis" saliteratu-
    ro redaqtorad (stilistad). 1927-28 wlebSi misi TavkacobiT arsdeba qarTvel
    124
    mweralTa literaturuli korporacia `arifioni", 1928 wels ki gamodis am kor-
    poraciis almanaxi `arifioni", romelsac xelisuflebisa da proletaruli kri-
    tikis usazRvro risxva daatyda Tavs. `mavne wignad" aRiarebuli am almanaxis
    damaarseblebi araerTgzis qceulan kritikuli ganqiqebis obieqtebad maTi `an-
    tixalxuri" da `antisaxelmwifoebrivi" moRvaweobis gamo.
    gansakuTrebuli devna-Seviwroeba mainc m. javaxiSvilma ganicada. xelisuf-
    leba da misi interesebis damcveli kritikosebi gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen mwerals
    da mis Semoqmedebas socialisturi ideologiisaTvis sruliad miuRebel movle-
    nad miiCnevdnen.
    miuxedavad amgvari damokidebulebisa, m. javaxiSvili mainc ganagrZobda
    nayofier SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas da aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda 20-30-ia-
    ni wlebis literaturul cxovrebaSi. amis dadasturebaa is faqti, rom swored
    aseTi mtruli kritikuli Tavdasxmebisa da ideologiuri represirebis period-
    Si Seqmna man qarTuli prozis araerTi Sedevri.
    1937 wels m. javaxiSvili saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris litfondis
    Tavmjdomared airCies, magram mas didxans aRar dascalda aq muSaoba. swored am
    wels misi wamebuli cxovreba tragikulad dasrulda.
    m. javaxiSvili saliteraturo asparezze adamaSvilis gvariT gamovida. amis
    garda, samwerlo moRvaweobis periodSi mas sxva fsevdonimebica da kriptoni-
    mebic hqonda gamoyenebuli; kerZod: m. ali, m. a-li, madli, m. ad-li, ali, adli, m.
    a-li, a, m, m. ad, fxa, axali fxa, qarTleli glexi, Tavisufali mona, damouki-
    debeli mona, xeluxlebeli mona, isev mona, mona, m. borCaloeli, m. b-li da sxv.
    rac Seexeba Tavis namdvil gvars _ javaxiSvils, igi mweralma 1924 wlidan
    daibruna. am droidan moyolebuli, is Tavis nawarmoebebs jer orive gvariT _
    adamaSvili-javaxiSviliT beWdavda, xolo 1925 wlidan yvelafers mxolod
    javaxiSvilis xelmoweriT aqveynebda.

    * * *
    mixeil javaxiSvili samwerlo asparezze meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gamo-
    vida. 1903 wels gazeT `cnobis furcelSi" gamoqveynebuli Tavisi pirveli moTx-
    robiT (`CanCura") man erTbaSad miipyro literaturuli sazogadoebis yurad-
    Reba, rogorc uaRresad niWierma beletristma.
    ai, rogor ixsenebda Tavad mwerali Tavis literaturul debiuts mogvia-
    nebiT gakeTebul erT-erT CanawerSi: `im dros mwerlobaSi `sawyali kaci" ikala-
    Tebda da mec mimizida. erTxel bazarSi maTxovari davinaxe _ juja, ubadruki,
    munji, masxara. didxans vsdie da vuTvalTvale. merme saRamos Svid saaTze Ca-
    vujeqi da meore dRes Tormet saaTzeRa avdeqi. ase daibada `CanCura". es moTx-
    roba orjer gadavwere da `cnobis furclis" redaqcias mivutane, romelmac er-
    Ti kviris Semdeg mwerlobis ojaxSi Semiyvana.
    erT sawyals ramdenime sawyali mohyva (`upatrono", `Tavdaviwyeba", `meCeqme
    gabo", `kurkas qorwili") da es motivi oci wlis dumilis Semdegac mravaljer
    gavimeore. SeuZlebelia ar ganmeorebuliyo, vinaidan mwerlisaTvis sibraluli
    da TanagrZnoba igivea, rasac TiTebi warmoadgens ostat meCongurisTvis".
    `CanCuraca" da mwerlis sxva adrindeli moTxrobebic ukve aSkarad metyve-
    leben im maRal literaturul profesionalizmze, riTac sawyis etapzeve xa-
    siaTdeba mwerlis Semoqmedeba.
    gansxvavebiT Cveni mwerlobis araerTi saxelganTqmuli warmomadgenlisagan,
    m. javaxiSvili Tavisi pirvelive nawarmoebebiT Cvens winaSe mxatvruli sityvis
    ukve Camoyalibebul ostatad warmodgeba, vinaidan literaturuli daostatebis
    manamdel, e. w. mosamzadebel periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi Tavad man erTia-
    nad mospo da gaanadgura. amdenad, mwerlis Cvenamde moRweuli pirvelive moTx-
    robebi, imis gamo, rom isini misi sadebiuto qmnilebani arian, mkiTxvelisagan
    srulebiT ar saWiroeben raime SeRavaTs. piriqiT, maTSi imTaviTve poulobs
    srulyofil gamovlinebas beletristis mwerluri TavisTavadobis ganmsazRvre-
    li araerTi stiluri niSan-Tviseba.
    125
    maTgan, pirvel yovlisa, unda davasaxeloT cxovrebiT dabeCavebuli adamia-
    nebis tragikuli yofis aRwera-gamoxatva Rrma fsiqologizmiTa da mZafri emo-
    ciuri STambeWdaobiT. mweralma Tavisi pirvelive moTxrobebiT aseT pirov-
    nebaTa mTeli galerea Seqmna. igi saocari adamianuri siTboTi da humanizmiT xa-
    tavs cxovrebiT daCagrul adamianTa mravalferovan tipaJs, siRrmiseulad war-
    moaCens maT Sinagan bunebas, xazgasmuli kontrastulobiT gviCvenebs sazoga-
    doebis gulgril da gulqva damokidebulebas maTi tragikuli xvedrisadmi.
    maTSi Rrma fsiqologizmiT warmoCinda cxovrebis fskerze daSvebuli adamia-
    nebis tragikuli yofa. mwerlis mier daxatuli personaJebi umetes SemTxvevaSi
    fizikurad arasrulfasovani da sulierad dacemuli pirovnebani arian, ul-
    mobeli bediswerisagan gaTelilni da dabeCavebulni, individualobadakargulni
    da RirsebaSelaxulni. igi xazgasmuli kontrastulobiT mijnavs erTmaneTisa-
    gan aseT pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas. misi adrindeli moTxrobebis mTavar per-
    sonaJebad gamoyvanili cxovrebis fskerze daSvebuli adamianebi sazogadoebis
    gulcivobis msxverplad qceul pirovnebebs warmoadgenen, romelTa mimarT, nac-
    vlad TanagrZnobisa da Tanadgomisa, masa, brbo, gulqvaobasa da ulmobel damo-
    kidebulebas iCens.
    cinizmiTa da mdabali vnebebiT gonebdabrmavebuli sazogadoebisaTvis es
    adamianebi saTamaSo, gasarTob Tojinebad arian qceulni. m. javaxiSvili emociu-
    ri simZafriT warmoaCens upirovno masad gardaqmnili gaborotebuli brbos an-
    gar bunebas da am gziT miznad isaxavs, erTis mxriv, Rrma adamianuri Tanag-
    rZnobiT gangvawyos bediT daCagruli pirovnebebisadmi, meores mxriv ki aRSfo-
    Tebisa da protestis grZnoba gagviRvivos zneobagadagvarebuli gulqva sazoga-
    doebisadmi.
    1923 wels, xangrZlivi SemoqmedebiTi Sesvenebis Semdgom, m. javaxiSvili
    moTxroba `tyis kaciT" kvlav daubrunda did literaturas. am moTxrobis gamoq-
    veynebiT m. javaxiSvilis mwerlur biografiaSi saTave daedo uCveulod nayofi-
    er SemoqmedebiT periods. erTmaneTis miyolebiT, xanmokle drois manZilze, man
    Seqmna da gamoaqveyna ara marto Tavisi prozis, aramed, sazogadod, mTeli qar-
    Tuli mwerlobis pirvelxarisxovani nimuSebi, romelTac literaturuli sazo-
    gadoebriobis didi daintereseba gamoiwvies. marTalia, 20-30-iani wlebis kritika
    metwilad tendenciurad da mcdarad afasebda mwerlis Semoqmedebas, magram yve-
    laze didi mopaeqrenic ki iZulebulni xdebodnen, m. javaxiSvili qarTuli mwer-
    lobis pirvelxarisxovan ostatad eRiarebinaT.
    m. javaxiSvilis araerTi qmnileba realurad momxdari ambiTaa STago-
    nebuli. magram nawarmoebis Seqmnis safuZvlad konkretuli faqtebisa da movle-
    nebis gamoyeneba srulebiTac ar zRudavda mwerlis SemoqmedebiT fantaziasa
    da problemur masStaburobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom m. javaxiSvilis mier
    daxatuli ramdenime personaJis mxatvruli saxe realurad arsebul prototi-
    pebze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna, maTi pirovnuli buneba beletristma farTod ganazo-
    gada da sisxlxorceulad daukavSira epoqalur movlenebs.
    amis naTeli dadasturebaa cnobili moTxroba `miwis yivili" (1927-28 ww.).
    mwerlis qaliSvilma q. javaxiSvilma sagangebod Seiswavla am nawarmoebis Se-
    moqmedebiTi istoria da gaarkvia, rom moTxrobis mTavari personaJis _ andro
    kaiSauris _ prototipi iyo ucxoeTSi gardacvlili cnobili qarTveli emigran-
    ti varlam CerqeziSvili, romelic 1925 wels gardaicvala londonSi. misi Tav-
    gadasavali zustad emTxveva nawarmoebSi moTxrobil ambavs.
    andro kaiSauris tragikuli Tavgadasavlis moTxrobiT m. javaxiSvilma ki-
    dev erTxel gangvacdevina mSobliuri miwisadmi siyvarulis grZneuli grZnoba
    da konkretul cxovrebiseul SemTxvevas ganzogadebis farTo masStabebi SesZi-
    na.
    m. javaxiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi dasmul problemaTagan calke unda gamovyoT
    zneobrivi sakiTxi. upirveles yovlisa, swored am TvalsazrisiT iqcevs yurad-
    Rebas cnobili moTxroba `ori ganaCeni" (1925 w), romelSic mweralma erTmaneTs
    daupirispira pirovnebis mier sakuTari TavisTvis gamotanili zneobrivi msjav-
    ri da marTlmsajulebisgan misjili ganaCeni da araorazrovnad gviCvena, rom
    126
    Tavisi simkacriT, ukompromisobiTa da pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobiT zneobrivi
    sasjeli gacilebiT ufro mZimea, vidre sasamarTlos mier wayenebuli braldeba.
    im nawarmoebTagan, romelnic gamoqveynebisTanave xelisuflebisa da lite-
    raturuli kritikis gansakuTrebuli guliswyromis sagnad iqca, pirvel yovli-
    sa, unda davasaxeloT cnobili moTxroba `dampatiJe" (1928 w.). almanax `arifion-
    Si" dastambulma am nawarmoebma, romelic mZafri kritikul-satiruli paTosiTa
    da farTo ganzogadebulobiT warmoaCenda socialistur sofelSi aRzevebul
    mankierebebs, didi usiamovneba Seaxvedra mwerals. m. javaxiSvils brals deb-
    dnen sinamdvilis damaxinjebul, gamrudebul warmosaxvaSi. xelisuflebisaTvis
    principulad miuRebeli iyo avtoriseuli pozicia da ideologiuri TvalTaxed-
    va.
    nawarmoebSi moxuci mebaRis _ Tevdores Tavgadasavlis magaliTze ganzoga-
    debuli formiTaa mxilebuli sabWoTa yofisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mankierebani.
    mwerali Seulamazeblad warmoaCens axali xelisuflebis Sedegad damkvid-
    rebul Zaladobasa da usamarTlobas da araorazrovnad eubneba mkiTxvels, rom
    proletaruli ideologiis mier gafetiSebuli klasobrivi Tanasworoba da sa-
    marTlianoba mxolod iluzia iyo.
    sabWoTa epoqis Sedegad aRzevebul axal klasobriv moZaladed moTxrobaSi
    dampatiJes metsaxeliT cnobili oqropiria gamoyvanili. magram igi marto rom
    ar aris, es xazgasmiT igrZnoba nawarmoebSi. garda imisa, rom `dampatiJeobis"
    sindromis frTagaSlilobisaTvis qveynad xelsayreli pirobebia Seqmnili da sa-
    zogadoebis wurbelad qceuli oqropiri lagamawyvetili daTareSobs qveyanaze,
    mwerali araorazrovnad imazec migvaniSnebs, rom `zemoT", xelisuflebis maRal
    instanciebSi, mravlad da myarad arian mokalaTebuli misi mxardamWeri `kacebi",
    romlebTanac misasvleli gza saimedod aqvT Caxergili dampatiJeebisagan daCag-
    rul adamianebs.
    yovelive es nawarmoebSi satiraSi gadazrdili mZafri ironiiTaa moTxrobi-
    li. es ironia naTlad igrZnoba Tundac im SefasebiT, romelsac revoluciasa
    da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis faqts aZlevs avtori. `sadRac raRac
    moxdao", _ ambobs igi da am ironiuli, aSkarad cinikuri fraziT iwyebs im viTa-
    rebis daxasiaTebas, romelmac Tavdayira daayena moxuci Tevdores mSvidi da
    udrtvinveli, patiosan Sromasa da garjaSi gatarebuli cxovreba.
    ra gasakviria, rom aseTi suliskveTebis nawarmoebi arsebiTad miuRebeli
    gamomdgariyo axali xelisuflebisaTvis da igi mkacri kritikis sagnad eqciaT.
    mwerlis winaaRmdeg manamdec dawyebuli brZola am moTxrobis gamoqveynebis Sem-
    dgom axal stadiaSi Sevida, rasac arcTu ise didi xnis mere sabediswero Sede-
    gic mohyva.

    * * *
    1923-24 wlebSi m. javaxiSvilma Tavisi pirveli romani `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe"
    Seqmna, romlis fragmentebic amave wlebSi daibeWda presaSi. 1925 wels ki nawar-
    moebi calke wignad miiRo mkiTxvelma. Tavdapirvelad mwerals kvaWis Tavgadasa-
    vali moTxrobebis seriad surda daewera, magram Semdgom, rogorc Tavadve aR-
    niSnavs, azri Seucvlia, `Sinagani mTlianoba gauZlierebia" da nawarmoebisTvis
    romanis saxe miucia.
    saliteraturo kritikaSi Tavidanve didi yuradReba daeTmo `kvaWi kvaWanti-
    raZis" Janruli saxeobis gansazRvra-daxasiaTebas. proletaruli kritikis zogi-
    erTma warmomadgenelma nawarmoebi gasarTob, bulvarul romanad da fsevdoli-
    teraturad miiCnia. magaliTad, b. buaCiZis SefasebiT, m. javaxiSvilis `veeberTe-
    la, bulvaruli `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe" `didi xania sautilizacio nedleulaT" iyo
    qceuli (`mnaTobi", 1930 w. #1, gv. 162).
    kritikosTa erTi nawili `kvaWi kvaWantiraZes" avantiuristul romanad
    Tvlis, nawili - saTavgadasavlo nawarmoebad, xolo t. kvanWilaSvilis Sefa-
    sebiT ki `es aris istoriuli romani, romelSic marTlad da realisturad asa-
    xulia sinamdvile, garkveuli istoriuli epoqa" (t. kvanWilaSvili, mixeil
    javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba, 1987 w., gv. 247).
    127
    `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe" romanis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa Taviseburi, `arastandar-
    tuli" Serwymis Sedegad Seqmnil beletristul tilod unda miviCnioT, romlis
    siuJetur RerZad kvaWis avantiuristuli Tavgdasavlebis moTxrobaa qceuli.
    marTalia, romanSi sakmao yuradReba aqvs miqceuli XX saukunis pirveli
    meoTxedis umniSvnelovanesi socialuri da politikuri movlenebis aRwerasac,
    magram istoriuli procesebiT beletristis dainteresebis umTavresi mizan-
    swrafva am SemTxvevaSi imdenadaa ganpirobebuli, ramdenadac kvaWi kvaWantiraZis
    avantiuristuli Tavgadasavlebi nawarmoebSi maT fonzea gamovlenili. ase rom,
    m. javaxiSvilis romanSi istoria, pirvel yovlisa, moqmedebis gasaSlel aspare-
    zadaa gamoyenebuli da avtors miznad ar hqonia dasaxuli XX saukunis pirvel
    aTwleulTa istoriuli sinamdvilis siRrmiseuli da masStaburi Cveneba.
    kvaWi kvaWantiraZis mxatvruli saxe 20-30-iani wlebis zogierTma kritikosma
    erovnuli grZnobis Seuracxyofadac miiCnia. maTi azriT, am personaJis SeqmniT
    avtorma `Cirqi moscxo erovnul Tavmoyvareobas". analogiuri SeniSvnebi, kidev
    ufro mwvave formiT, `jayos xiznebis" gamoc gamoiTqva. d. benaSvilis mar-
    Tebuli SefasebiT, `amgvari sayveduri gaugebrobazea aRmocenebuli. Seqspirs ve-
    ravin daabralebs Tavisi eris upativcemulobasa da usiyvarulobas, magram ri-
    Cardi ingliselia. Seqspirma am xasiaTis warmosaxviT boroti adamianis zogadi
    tipi Seqmna da amave dros aswavla ers, Tu rogor amoivsos is xvrelebi, saida-
    nac moZvrebian riCardisTana veragi adamianebi, verc ilia WavWavaZes usayvedu-
    rebT samSoblosadmi usiyvarulobas, magram man Seqmna luarsab TaTqariZe. am
    tipiT sakuTar xalxs iliam misca basri iaraRi, romlis gaelvebaze samoqmedo
    asparezidan garbodnen TaTqariZeebi" (d. benaSvili, kritikuli narkvevebi XX sa-
    ukunis qarTul literaturaze, I, 1967 w., gv. 151-152).
    aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, isic xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia, rom kvaWi
    kvaWantiraZis mxatvruli saxe aramc da aramc ar isazRvreba erovnuli mas-
    StabebiT da msgavsi avantiuristebi da TaRliTebi, met-naklebad, yvela xalxSi
    gvxvdebian. SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom romanis mTavari gmiris samoq-
    medo sivrce marto saqarTveloTi anda ruseTis imperiiT ar Semoifargleba da,
    faqtobrivad, mTel msoflios moicavs. amiT ara marto kvaWis aferistobis fa-
    rTo masStabebs esmeba xazi, aramed imasac, rom kvaWizmi cildeba erovnul Car-
    Coebs da misi saasparezo moedanica da warmomqmneli niadagic sayovelTaoa.
    swored ganzogadebis aseTma farTo masStabebma da arakonkretulobam aqcia
    kvaWi kvaWantiraZe esoden popularul literaturul tipad da misi mxatvruli
    saxe mkiTxveli sazogadoebriobis daucxromeli interesis sagani gaxda. amito-
    mac damkvidrda es saxeli Cvens yoveldRiur yofaSi da kvaWi da kvaWizmi, saqmis
    CakvaWva da kvaWoba adamianuri TaRliTobisa da avantiurizmis gamomxatvel far-
    Tod gavrcelebul gamoTqmebad iqca.
    ase rom, kvaWi kvaWantiraZis mxatvruli saxe mxolod konkretuli droisa
    da epoqis produqti ar aris da msgavsi pirovnebani mudam iarsebeben sazoga-
    doebaSi. m. javaxiSvilis, rogorc mwerlis, Rirseba isaa, rom man xelSesaxebad,
    maRali mxatvruli ostatobiT gamoaqandaka am tipis adamianuri buneba da mis
    ganzogadebas farTo masStabebi SesZina.
    kvaWi kvaWantiraZis mxatvruli saxe Tavad mwerals, pirvel yovlisa, swo-
    red aseT literaturul tipad rom hqonda Cafiqrebuli, es misi CanawerebiTac
    irkveva. magaliTad, 1925 wels gamocemuli am romanis winaTqmaSi igi werda: `vbe-
    dav da am wigns wrfeli guliT mivuZRvni yvela msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa kvaW-
    sa da kvaWikoebs, romelnic Cems kurTxeul samSobloSi yovelTvis uxvad moipo-
    vebodnen". es faqti _ kvaWis, rogorc tipis, realuroba _ imiTacaa xazgasmuli,
    rom, avtoris TqmiT, igi masac `mravaljer Sexvedria", misTvisac `gaukravs
    klanWi".
    mwerlis SefasebiT, kvaWi kvaWantiraZe `narevi tipia". msgavsad ilias luar-
    sab TaTqariZisa, m. javaxiSvilma kvaWis mxatvrul saxeSi ganzogadebuli for-
    miT mouyara Tavi adamianuri TaRliTobisa da avantiurizmis mravalgvar gamov-
    linebas.
    128
    miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens mwerlobas am TvalsazrisiT garkveuli tradi-
    ciebi adrec moepoveboda, kvaWi mainc mkveTrad gamorCeuli literaturuli ti-
    pia, Tvisebrivad sruliad axali socialuri movlena Cveni mwerlobis istoria-
    Si. aqve, albaT, arc imis aRniSvna iqneba zedmeti, rom mkiTxvelTa farTo wreeb-
    Si metad popularulma da daucxromeli interesiT garemoculma kvaWi kvaWanti-
    raZis mxatvrulma saxem momdevno xanis qarTul mwerlobaSic sakmaod gaiCina
    `literaturuli naTesavebi".

    * * *
    im nawarmoebTagan, romlebic mTeli ZaliT avlenen m. javxiSvilis litera-
    turul SesaZleblobebs, upirveles yovlisa, unda gavixsenoT misi farTod cno-
    bili romani `jayos xiznebi". umniSvnelovanesi socialur-politikuri da
    zneobrivi problemebisadmi miZRvnili es nawarmoebi gamorCeul adgils iWers
    ara marto mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, aramed, sazogadod, mTeli Cveni literaturis
    istoriaSi.
    m. javaxiSvils araerTgzis aRuniSnavs, rom mas es nawarmoebi gamorCeulad
    hyvarebia. rogorc Tavad wers, yvelaze meti dava misi Semoqmedebidan am romans
    gamouwvevia, magram yvelaze meti sixarulic mwerlisaTvis, pirvel yovlisa,
    swored mas miuniWebia. `jayos" 1924 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi vwerdio, _ aR-
    niSnavs igi erTgan, _ vwerdi da vgrZnobdi, rom Cems guls cecxli ekideboda,
    xolo suli im drois sisxlSi mqonda amovlebuli. `jayo" gminvaa Cemi sulisa-
    o".
    `jayos xiznebis" msoflmxedvelobrivi mizanswrafva radikalurad emijneba
    da upirispirdeba sabWour ideologias. marTalia, garegnulad, romani iseT
    STabeWdilebas gviqmnis, TiTqos mwerali revoluciisadmi Tanadgomas ga-
    moxatavs da mis gardamqmnel rols uWers mxars, magram nawarmoebSi sakmaod
    mZafrad da araorazrovnad gamovlenili opoziciuri ideebi eWvmiutanlad gan-
    gvimtkiceben im Tvalsazriss, rom `jayos xiznebi" sabWoTa ideologiasTan aSka-
    rad dapirispirebuli romania. am SemTxvevaSi arc is unda dagvaviwydes, ra
    dros iwereboda nawarmoebi. jer erTi, 1923 wels m. javaxiSvili, rogorc erov-
    nul-demokratiuli partiis wevri, ramdenime TviT represirebuli iyo da Zlivs
    gadaurCa daxvretas. meorec, 1924 wlis agvistos tragikulma movlenebma kidev
    erTxel daadastures, rogori daundoblobiT ebrZoda xelisufleba gansxva-
    vebuli mrwamsis adamianebs.
    da mainc, miuxedavad am didi xifaTisa, m. javaxiSvili koniunqturis moli-
    pul gzas ar dadgomia da Tavisi romaniT marTali da gabeduli sityva Tqva im
    procesebze, romlebic revoluciis Sedegad warimarTa Cvens qveyanaSi. imxanad
    es namdvili moqalaqeobrivi gmiroba iyo, rac xelisuflebisa da proletaruli
    kritikis daucxromeli guliswyromis sagnad iqca. ase rom, m. javaxiSvilis tra-
    gikuli aRsasrulis ganmapirobebel erT-erT faqtorad, rogorc dokumenturi
    masalebi naTelyofen araorazrovnad, `jayos xiznebic" mogvevlina.
    `jayos xiznebis" mTavar personaJTa mxatvrul saxeebs, konkretuli epoqa-
    luri movlenebis gamoxatvasTan erTad, mweralma farTo ganzogadebac SesZina.
    jayos mxatvruli saxe, magaliTad, galaRebuli borotebis xorcSesxmul xateba-
    dac SeiZleba miviCnioT da revoluciis Sedegad aRzevebuli Zaladobis gan-
    saxierebadac. aqve, amasTan erTad, arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom jayo Cvens miwaze
    Semoxiznuli ucxo tomis warmomadgenelia, moxerxebulad rom sargeblobs Seq-
    mnili mdgomareobiT, qveyanas axal myvlefelad evlineba da mgluri sixarbiT
    epatroneba Tavisi nabatonaris colsac da mTel avladidebasac.
    aseTive ganzogadebas iZens Teimuraz xevisTavis mxatvruli saxec, romelic
    unayofo sikeTis, umoqmedobis, umweo keTilSobilebisa da iluziuri humanizmis
    individualizebuli gansaxierebaa. misi cxovrebiseuli mizanswrafva sityvieri
    qadagebis iqiT ver midis da naadrevad dabeCavebul-daCaCanakebuli es axalgaz-
    rda moxuci zizRnarev sibraluls iwvevs mkiTxvelSi. amasTan, Teimuraz xevis-
    Tavi Cveni sazogadoebis im nawilsac warmogvidgens parodirebuli formiT, ro-
    melsac istoriulad erisa da qveynis mesveuroba hqonda dakisrebuli, magram
    129
    drom da viTarebam imdenad gamofita da daaCaCanaka, rom aRaraviTari Zala aRar
    SerCa am didi misiis Sesasruleblad.
    mas ara Tu brZolisa da winaaRmdegobis gawevis Tavi ara aqvs, aramed siR-
    rmiseulad imasac ki ver icnobierebs, ra ubedurebas umzadeben qveyanas revo-
    luciis Sedegad axal socialur asparezze aRzevebuli jayoebi. drom, movlena-
    Ta msvlelobam da pirovnulma bedovlaTobam Teimuraz xevisTavi imdenad dasca
    da daamdabla, rom igi misive saxelovani winaprebis srul antipodadaa qceuli.
    riT unda iyos es garemoeba gamowveuli? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom igi Se-
    niRbuli Sefasebaa im krizisuli viTarebisa, romelic revoluciis Sedegad Se-
    iqmna qveyanaSi. Cveni inteligenciis erTma mniSvnelovanma, erovnulad da
    msoflmxedvelobrivad degradirebulma nawilma im kritikul situaciaSi, roca
    qveyana revoluciuri katastrofis piras idga, araTu ver Seasrula masze dakis-
    rebuli istoriuli misia, aramed Tavisi pasiurobiTa da moCvenebiTi inteleqtu-
    alobiT, piriqiT, Tavadve Seuwyo xeli sabediswero procesebis ganviTarebas
    CvenSi. Teimuraz xevisTavi, pirvel yovlisa, swored sazogadoebis am nawilis
    parodirebul mxatvrul saxedac unda iqnes miCneuli.
    rac Seexeba margos, misi mxatvruli saxe araerTma kritikosma saqarTvelos
    alegoriadac miiCnia. gadamTieli jayos mier margos dapatroneba, ganzoga-
    debulad, SeiZleba momaval TaobaTa sagangaSo gafrTxilebadac iqnes gagebuli:
    Cvens Zvirfas saunjes ucxo da moZalade rom ar daepatronos, xevisTavobis se-
    niT nu davuZlurdebiT da gadamTiels Tavze nu davisvamT. pasiurma sikeTem,
    windauxedaobam da bedovlaTobam boroteba rom ar Svas da ufskrulSi ar ga-
    dagvCexos, naTlad da siRrmiseulad unda gaviazroT Cveni namdvili cxov-
    rebiseuli mizanswrafva.
    avtoriseuli saTqmelis simbolur-alegoriuli formiT gamoxatulebad un-
    da miviCnioT aseTi faqtic: rogorc viciT, Teimuraz xevisTavisa da margos Se-
    uRlebis Sedegad memkvidre ar ibadeba, jayosTan daqorwinebul margos ki Svi-
    lebi uCndeba.
    es umniSvnelo detali rodia, riTac mxolod Teimurazis mamakacuri sisus-
    te gamoixateboda. igi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaazrovani Tvalsazrisis gamomvleni
    faqtia, riTac mwerali simbolur-alegoriuli formiT gvamcnobs Tavis pozici-
    as: uniaTo, umoqmedo, uZlur, gzadabneul sikeTes, romelsac romanSi Teimuraz
    xevisTavi ganasaxierebs, samomavlo perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia da igi ukvalod, ufes-
    vod qreba am qveynidan.
    rac Seexeba jayos uxvSvilianobas, amiT avtori imaze migvaniSnebs, raoden
    Zlieria da Znelad amosakveTi boroteba. igi mravalsaxaa, sazogadoebaSi far-
    Tod fesvgarTxmuli da mis winaaRmdeg brZola amadac Zneldeba. SeiZleba jayo
    daamarcxo, mis borotebas win aRudge, magram amiT ar mTavrdeba yvelaferi. qvey-
    nad mainc rCeba misi mravalricxovani naSieri, romelic samomavlod mamis genis
    gamgrZelebeli iqneba da ara sikeTis nergis gamxarebeli.
    `jayos xiznebSi", Taviseburi formiT, Cveni istoriuli didebisa da Zleva-
    mosilebis gabediTebis gulisSemaRonebeli suraTic irekleba. am TvalsazrisiT
    gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa romanis is epizodi, sadac jayos mier mitacebuli
    xevisTavTa kar-midamos sruli gapartaxeba da ganadgurebaa aRwerili. mwerali
    naRvelSi ganzavebuli Sefaruli ironiiT mogviTxrobs xevisTavTa sagvareulo
    didebis ganiavebis ambavs. erT dros saqarTvelos istoriis umaRles
    kvarcxlbekze aRzevebul xevisTavTa simdidres axla maTsave karze samadlod
    Sexiznuli gadamTieli menaxire jayo jivaSvili dapatronebia, romelsac
    barbarosulad gaubediTebia yvelaferi: pirmomtvreuli Zveli xanjlebi da gor-
    da xmlebi, romlebic Zvelad saqarTvelos Zlevamosilebis dasacavad elavdnen,
    axla aivanze yria daJangul-dablagvebuli. `ramdenime Zveli fari sarqvelis ma-
    givrad WurebisaTvis da kasrebisaTvis daexurnaT. Zveli franguli da yirimuli
    xarixebad gadaekeTebinaT da zed akidoebi CamoekidnaT.
    saxlSi arc erTi wigni aRar moipoveba. Teimurazis mamis suraTi, fera-
    debiT naxati da mSvenier mooqrovil CarCoSi Casmuli, xonCad aris ga-
    130
    moyenebuli. xatebi da uZvelesi wignebis ydebi mwnilebis da yvelis qilebisaT-
    vis dauxuravT.
    ... bostnis kuTxeSi erT safrTxobelas waawydnen. dabal boZze jvariviT
    gakrulia gadatexili siaTas Tofi. am boZze da Tofis xarixaze CamoucvamT
    rkinis abjar-javSani, Tvalmrgvali jaWvi, samklaurebi, Subi da sabarkulebi.
    dasklintul rkinis muzaradze, romelsac uZvelesi warwera hqonda _ `allah
    il-allah" _ kaWkaWi sCxavis".
    faqtobrivad, esaa ara marto xevisTavTa istoriuli didebis gabediTebisa
    da gapartaxebis gulis momkvleli suraTi, aramed, sazogadod, mTeli Cveni war-
    sulis Seuracxyofis, dacemisa da fexqveS gaTelvis tragikuli gamoxatulebac.
    da am SemTxvevaSi mravlismTqmelia is faqtic, rom mwerali, Sefaruli qve-
    teqstiTa da simbolur-alegoriuli miniSnebiT, am tragikul movlenas revolu-
    ciasa da CrdiloeTidan monaber yinulis susxs ukavSirebs: `mtkvris xeoba ukve
    Cabnelebuliyo. CrdiloeTidan yinulis susxi modioda", _ wers erTgan igi da
    nawarmoebis saerTo suliskveTeba eWvmiutanlad gvafiqrebinebs, rom mtkvris xe-
    obaSi Camowolil sibnelesa da CrdiloeTidan monaqroli yinulis susxze sau-
    bari, ubralod, peizaJis aRsawerad gavlebuli Strixi ki araa, aramed Rrmaaz-
    robrivi alegoriuli qveteqstis gamomxatveli mniSvnelovani detalia.
    marTalia, mwerals xazgasmiT ki aqvs naTqvami, jayos osoba sruliad
    SemTxveviTi ambavia, amas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs da es imitom vqeni, rom
    misi qarTuldamaxinjebuli metyveleba saxasiaTo kolorits sZens nawarmoebso,
    magram, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es ganmarteba ufro imitom gakeTda, rom avtors
    amiT surda ramdenadme mainc daecxro da gaenelebina misi romanis winaaRmdeg
    azvirTebuli kritikuli Setevebis talRa.
    sinamdvileSi ki jayos, rogorc ucxo da gadamTieli tomis Sviloba, kar-
    gad gacnobierebuli da mizanmimarTuli faqtia, riTac mwerali sagangaSo za-
    rebs arisxebs da mravalmniSvnelovnad gvafrTxilebs imaze, raoden sabediswe-
    ro movlenad SeiZleba iqces qveynisTvis Teimuraziseburi uniaToba da moCve-
    nebiTi kacTmoyvareoba. amgvari gaucnobierebeli Semwynarebloba, loialoba da
    xelgaSliloba damRupveli movlenaa erisaTvis.
    es kargad Cans Tundac im faqtiTac, rom jayos kvaldakval uamravi gadam-
    Tieli Camosaxlda ZirZvel qarTul miwaze. da ai, Tavidan samadlod da mori-
    debuli laquciT Semoxiznuli es qeSelebi, meSTebi, gibebi, adagraSeebi Tu te-
    lebi, qarTul miwaze aw ukve saimedod fexmodgmulni da fuZeganmtkicebulni,
    axla iaraRasxmulni utrialeben TavianT axal kar-midamos da gaborotebuli
    agresiulobiT gahyvirian: `yvelaferi Cvenia, Cveni! dedas gitirebdeT, dedasa!".
    kidev erTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs m. javaxiSvilis romans: masSi cxov-
    rebiseuli sinamdvile xazgasmulad negatiuri, uaryofiTi kuTxiTaa warmo-
    saxuli da mwerali mZafri satirul-groteskuli formiT amxels revoluciuri
    qaosis Sedegad aRzevebul socialur, erovnul da zneobriv mankierebebs.
    beletristis aseTi kritikul-mamxilebluri pozicia zog SemTxvevaSi ramdenad-
    me hiperbolizebulic SeiZleba eCvenos mkiTxvels, calmxrivica da tendenciu-
    ric, magram mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom `jayos xiz-
    nebi", pirvel yovlisa, sazogadoebis gamosafxizleblad, mankierebaTa samxileb-
    lad da zneobrivad gasajansaReblad dawerili romania, moyvrisTvis pirSi naT-
    qvami mware simarTle. uwinaresad swored amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom na-
    warmoebis yvela mTavari personaJi e. w. uaryofiTi gmirebis kategorias ganekuT-
    vneba.
    marTalia, romanSi aris cda dadebiT personaJTa mxatvruli saxeebis Seq-
    mnisac, magram isini imdenad epizodur rols asruleben da ise fragmentulni
    arian, rom ver cvlian nawarmoebis paTossa da umTavres mizanswrafvas.
    romanis mTavari personaJis _ Teimuraz xevisTavis mxatvruli saxe Sinagani
    dapirispirebis principis momarjvebiTaa Seqmnili. am dapirispirebas ramdenime
    arsebiTi faqtori gansazRvravs: erTis mxriv, Teimurazi xazgasmuli kontrastu-
    lobiT upirispirdeba jayo jivaSvils, meores mxriv _ misive winaprebs, mesames
    mxriv _ Zvel wes-wyobilebas, meoTxes mxriv _ revoluciis Sedegad damkvid-
    131
    rebul yofas, mexuTes mxriv _ sakuTar erovnul warmomavlobas, meeqvses mxriv
    _ RmerTs... sazogado moRvawisa da mweral-mecnieris saxeliT cnobili es unia-
    To inteligenti Tavisi umweobiT, bedovlaTobiT, uTavmoyvareobiTa da TviTSeu-
    racxmyofeli qcevebiT mkiTxvelSi zizRnarevi sibralulis grZnobas aRZravs.
    misi adamianuri buneba nawarmoebSi swored am ori sapirispiro grZnobis urTi-
    erTSerwymis Sedegad gamokveTa mweralma _ erTis mxriv, SemaZrwunebeli zizRi
    TavmoyvareobagaTelili da adamianur saxedegradirebuli am sulierad ukve
    mkvdari pirovnebisadmi, meores mxriv ki uRrmesi Sinagani sibraluli da Tanag-
    rZnoba misi tragikuli xvedris gamo.
    Teimuraz xevisTavis arsebaSi sasicocxlo impulsis yovelgvari gamovli-
    neba daSretilia da igi fizikuradac da sulieradac ganwiruli umomavlo ada-
    miania. marTalia, Teimurazis irgvliv azvirTebulma revoluciurma movlenebma
    arsebiTi roli Seasrules misi cxovrebiseuli bedis tragikuli warmarTvis
    saqmeSi, magram romanidan isic naTlad Cans, rom mas arc uamisod aqvs saxva-
    lio perspeqtiva. ase rom, Teimuraz xevisTavis tragedia mwerlis mier gaaz-
    rebulia, rogorc logikuri Sedegi mTeli misi yofisa.
    nawarmoebSi Tavidanve naTlad ikveTeba Teimurazis pirovnebisTvis da-
    maxasiaTebeli umTavresi niSan-Tvisebebi. misi garegnuli portretisa da sulie-
    ri samyaros pirvelive monaxaziT mkiTxvelisaTvis cxadi xdeba, rom Tavisi
    cxovrebiTa da daSretili sulieri energiiT Teimuraz xevisTavi warsulidan
    SemorCenili anaqronizmia da es `umzeo yvaviliviT nazi, mxrebayrili da mker-
    dCavardnili, beci da meloti, gafufqul qaTmis minamgvari, mwignobrobiT daR-
    lili, daSretili, gamowuruli da damdnari nakacari, romelsac momavlad
    Tvalwin mxolod Savi nisli hqonda afarebuli, xolo yvelaferi, rac ki odes-
    me gaaCnda, warsulSi hqonda darCenili", imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwiruli pi-
    rovnebaa.
    rogorc iTqva, nawarmoebSi Teimuraz xevisTavi, upirveles yovlisa, jayo
    jivaSvilTanaa dapirispirebuli. mrwamsiT, inteleqtiT, pirovnuli bunebis yove-
    li niuansiT, fizikur-biologiuri monacemebiT, erTi sityviT, yvela sasi-
    cocxlo parametriT, isini radikalurad gansxvavebuli tipebi arian.
    Tu sazogadoebriv-politikuri moRvaweobis uRelSi Sebmuli xevisTavi Se-
    Sinebuli sifrTxiliT zomavs Tavis yovel nabijs da yvelanairad cdilobs mis
    ideur mowinaaRmdegeebs araferi misces masze augis saTqmeli, jayos es yvela-
    feri `fexebze hkidia" da erTgan am sityvebiT amSvidebs damfrTxal Teimurazs:
    `me Seni palitika-malitika ar vicis. jayo qalaqSi rom Camoxval, erTi is kaci
    aCvenebde imasa, gazeTSi rom dagwerebda. mere Sen naxavde seirsa: ise gaburTavo
    is oxeri, rogorc Cilika-joxi, maS, maSa!".
    msgavsi epizodebi, sadac amgvari simkveTriT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs Tei-
    murazis frTxili liberalizmi da jayos Tavxeduri TviTdajereba, romanSi
    uamravia. xevisTavis mTeli cxovreba, moCvenebiTi sazogadoebriv-politikuri aq-
    tiurobis miuxedavad, umizno da uazro facifucia, uTavbolo Cxirkedelaoba
    da Tvlemismomgvreli layboba. es `rwmeniT uukiduresi radikali da xalxosa-
    ni", romelsac `ZarRvebic sisxlis magivrad TiTqo gazeTebis naglejebiT hqonda
    gatenili", `dinjad, uqarod da utalRod" miaTrevda Tavis wuTisofels.
    Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi albaT Znelia davasaxeloT meore personaJi,
    romelic Teimuraz xevisTaviviT iyos dacemul-degradirebuli. am Tvalsazri-
    siT mwerali TiTqos metad ulmobelicaa da daundobelic Tavisi gmiris mi-
    marT, magram am SemTxvevaSi aramc da aramc ar unda dagvaviwydes is garemoeba,
    rom avtoris aseTi pozicia movlenaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad Teimu-
    raz xevisTavisa da misi wodebisadmi gamotanili umkacresi socialuri, politi-
    kuri da zneobrivi ganaCenia. m. javaxiSvili satiruli simZafriT mogviTxrobs
    revoluciuri qartexilebis umweo msxverplad qceuli pirovnebis tragikul
    Tavgadasavals da Rrma adamianuri TanagrZnobiTac gvmsWvalavs am uniaTo da
    Tavmoyvareobadakarguli kacis mimarT.
    Tavisi tragikuli socialuri biografiiT Teimuraz xevisTavs bevri ram
    aqvs saerTo 20-30-iani wlebis Cveni mwerlobis iseT farTod cnobil perso-
    132
    naJebTan, rogorebic arian konstantine gamsaxurdias konstantine savarsamiZe da
    TaraS emxvari, demna Sengelaias bondo WilaZe da guram baramandia, leo qiaCe-
    lis Tavadis qali maia da sxvebi. wodebrivad da sazogadoebrivad funqciada-
    karguli da cxovrebis avanscenidan gaZevebuli es adamianebi, usazRvro sulier
    depresiaSi Cavardnilni da sasowarkveTiT moculni, drois qartexilebisagan
    damsxvreul da cxovrebisagan gariyul arsebebad qceulan da win aRaraviTari
    samomavlo perspeqtiva aRar aqvT. maTi socialuri da adamianuri ganwirulobis
    CvenebiT imdroindelma qarTulma mwerlobam farTo ganzogadebulobiT asaxa
    axali istoriuli viTarebis Sedegad aqtiuri cxovrebis asparezze ufunqciod
    darCenili aristokratiuli wodebis tragikuli xvedri. meoce saukunis pirvel
    naxevarSi Cvens qveyanaSi aboboqrebulma mZlavrma socialurma da politikurma
    qartexilebma sabediswerod daaCqares maTi sulieri kvdomisa da degradaciis
    procesi, rac manamde sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze mimdinareobda nel-ne-
    la da TandaTanobiT.
    `jayos xiznebis" literaturul Rirebulebas didad zrdis is garemoeba,
    rom mwerali marto xevisTavTa da yaflaniSvilTa warCinebuli wodebis erovnu-
    li da socialuri funqciadakargulobis CvenebiT ar Semoifargleba da romanSi
    aseve did adgils uTmobs am tragikul movlenasTan ganuyofelad dakavSirebul
    meore movlenasac _ asparezidan gaZevebuli klasis sanacvlod cxovrebis avan-
    scenaze aRzevebuli axali Zalis daxasiaTebas. revoluciis Sedegad gabato-
    nebul am Zalas nawarmoebSi jayo ganasaxierebs. romanSi araorazrovnad esmeba
    xazi im garemoebas, rom jayos mxatvruli saxe mxolod konkretuli pirovnuli
    masStabebiT ar Semoifargleba da igi ganzogadebis farTo masStabebs moicavs.
    swored amis Sedegad damkvidrda CvenSi jayooba, rogorc, saerTod, Zaladobis,
    adamianuri borotebisa da Zalmomreobis dasaxasiaTeblad farTod ga-
    moyenebuli gamoTqma.
    aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom literaturuli `naTesavebi" Cvens mwer-
    lobaSi jayosac sakmaod moepoveba. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel yovlisa, albaT, p.
    kakabaZis yvaryvare TuTaberi unda davasaxeloT. marTalia, es pirovnebani ar-
    sebiTadac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, magram, amisda miuxedavad, maT adamia-
    nur bunebasa da cxovrebiseul mrwamsSi saerTo niSan-Tvisebebic sakmaod moipo-
    veba.
    rogorc iTqva, Teimurazisagan gansxvavebiT, jayo jivaSvili Zaladobisa da
    aqtiuri borotebis xorcSesxmuli gansaxierebaa. misTvis viTarebasTan saocari
    Seguebis niWi miumadlebia gangebas da movlenebs advilad uRebs alRos. sus-
    tTan Zlieri da ZlierTan Tavmokatunebuli _ aseTia igi _ revoluciis Sedegad
    aRzevebuli boroti Zalis es ganzogadebuli warmomadgeneli.
    m. javaxiSvilisTvis araerTxel usayvedurebiaT jayo jivaSvilis litera-
    turuli tipis Seqmna. erTni aRSfoTebas ver malavdnen im zRvardaudebeli Tav-
    xedobisa da borotebis gamo, jayosTvis esoden farTod romaa damaxasiaTebeli;
    meoreni jayo jivaSvilis mxatvrul saxes revoluciuri principebis Seu-
    racxyofad miiCnevdnen; mesameni Teimurazisa da margosadmi jayos damoki-
    debulebaSi erovnuli grZnobebis damcirebasa da xelyofas xedavdnen da aR-
    SfoTebiT sayvedurobden avtors, raRa osi dagvasvi Tavzeo... magram yvela es
    SeniSvna principulad miuRebeli iyo mwerlisaTvis, vinaidan, misi TqmiT, jayo
    jivaSvilis literaturuli tipi misi fantaziis Sedegad ki ar Seqmnila, aramed
    igi revoluciuri sinamdvilis RviZl Svils warmoadgenda.
    jayos mxatvruli saxe esaa mkiTxvelis mkacri gafrTxileba lagamawyveti-
    li borotebis damRupveli Sedegebis gamo. jayooba socialuradac, erovnula-
    dac da zneobrivadac momakvdinebeli sazogadoebrivi daavadebaa, romelic
    Slis, angrevs, awylulebs da klavs eris jansaR organizms. jayos osoba (gan-
    zogadebulad - ucxo tomis Sviloba) imis gamoc afrTxilebs mkiTxvels, ra Se-
    uZlia damarTos mkvidr ers samadlod da samowyalod Semoxiznulma gadamTi-
    elma, Tu mis qvegamxedvarobas xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna.
    jayo revolucias mitmasnili im medrove kacis ganzogadebuli xorcSesxma-
    a, vinc moxerxebulad spekulirebs misi ideebiT da, cxovrebis asparezze usa-
    133
    marTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis pretenziiT gamosuli, Tavad sCadis yvelaze
    met usamarTlobasa da borotebas.
    jayo jivaSvilis pirovneba romanSi isea daxatuli, rom mis arsebaSi
    mkiTxveli erT naTel wertilsac ki ver xedavs. xazgasmulad bneli, kontrastu-
    li ferebiT Zerwavs mwerali jayos adamianur saxes da SemaZrwunebeli formiT
    warmoaCens mis mzakvrul, zneobrivad gadagvarebul, mglur bunebas. javis xeo-
    bidan qarTlSi, xevisTavebis mamulSi, samadlod Sexiznuli menaxire moxerxebu-
    lad uRebs alRos viTarebas, sargeblobs Seqmnili mdgomareobiT da sul male
    Tavad xdeba xevisTavTa kar-midamos baton-patroni. mis arsebaSi erTmaneTis
    gverdigverd Tanaarseboben ZaRluri erTguleba da mgluri sixarbe. gaaCnia, ro-
    dis, sad da visTan raa saWiro.
    garda Teimurazisa da jayosa, nawarmoebSi m. javaxiSvilma erTi mTavari
    personaJic gamoiyvana _ margo yaflaniSvili. yaflaniSvilTa warCinebuli gva-
    ris es ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli msxverplad Sewiruli adamiania. igi jer Te-
    imuraz xevisTavis bedovlaTobisa da uniaTobis umweo msxverpli xdeba, Semdeg
    ki jayo jivaSvilis Zaladobisa. mwerali Rrma fsiqologizmiT warmoaCens wina-
    aRmdegobaTa centrSi moqceuli qalis adamianur samyaros, gviCvenebs im rTulsa
    da mtanjvel gzas, romelsac margo gaivlis sulieri da zneobrivi patios-
    nebidan jayos monobamde.
    jayos mtaceblur, cxovelur grZnobebs igi nebayoflobiT ar Sewirvia
    msxverplad. romanSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili im mZafri Sinagani Widilis
    Cvenebas, ris Sedegadac margo am gadawyvetilebas Rebulobs. cxovrebam is mwva-
    ved daayena ualternativo arCevanis winaSe _ grZnobebgamofituli ojaxis unia-
    To Tavkaci _ Teimuraz xevisTavi Tu maimunis meaTe Taobis STamomavali, piTe-
    kantropis minamgvani, pirutyviviT bneli da umecari jayo? arcTu xangrZlivi
    Sinagani Widilis Semdgom margom jayo airCia, `bneli xeobidan gamovardnili
    veluri, romelmac pirvelad mxolod aTi wlis winaT dainaxa kramiti da dana-
    Cangali, saaTi da suraTi, sayelo da cxvirsaxoci".
    ratom gaakeTa margom aseTi arCevani? ras aZlevda jayo qals iseTs, ris
    gamoc man, qalaqSi gazrdilma, ganaTlebulma da aristokratiuli cxovrebis si-
    keTes naziarebma pirovnebam, es `nadiri kaci arCia?" romanSi am kiTxvebs fsiqo-
    logiurad Rrmad motivirebuli pasuxi aqvs gacemuli. margo gonebis sasworze
    didxans wonida da erTmaneTs udarebda, erTis mxriv, Teimurazs _ `wignebze da-
    leul da suliT daWiavebul" nakacar qmarsa da, meores mxriv, `nadiriviT Tavag-
    lejil, kadniersa da regvens, xepresa da mouxeSavs, samagierod daTviviT Roni-
    ers, suliT da xorciT Wabuks, bunebis SiSvel nayofs" _ jayo jivaSvils.
    margos arCevans safuZvlad edo gacnobierebuli aRqma imisa, rom `Teimu-
    razma TiTqmis yvelaferi icoda, samagierod araferi SeeZlo, jayom araferi
    icoda, samagierod bevris SemZle iyo". ase upirispirdebian qalis cnobierebaSi
    erTmaneTs `axali cxovrebisagan motexili, waqceuli, wyalwaRebuli da ukve mi-
    mavali, balRiviT uZluri" Teimurazi da `Tavis kalapotSi Cavardnili, TaviT
    fexebamde sadReiso iaraRSi Camjdari da samSvidobos gamoriyuli, fexamdgari
    da momavali" jayo.
    am dapirispirebis Sedegad margom praqtikuli arCevani gaakeTa: man jer ja-
    yos xasoba, Semdgom ki misi coloba irCia. marTalia, am arCevanisa da saboloo
    gadawyvetilebisaken mimavali pirveli nabiji misTvis Cveuli cxoveluri Tavxe-
    dobiTa da ZaladobiT jayom gadadga, magram qali amisaTvis Sinaganad momza-
    debuli rom ar yofiliyo, igi ase iolad am Seuracxyofas ver Seegueboda da
    pirovnuli protestis ramenairi gamovlinebiT odnav mainc Seecdeboda sulieri
    siwmindisa da mxecurad Selaxuli patiosnebis SenarCunebas. magram margos fi-
    zikur Sercxvenas sul male misi sulieri morCilebac mohyva.
    romanSi udidesi adamianuri TanagrZnobiTaa aRwerili margos sulieri
    tragizmi, misi mZafri Widili Tavisive TavTan, uaRresad Taviseburi is urTier-
    Toba, romelic masa da qmaryofils Soris myardeba, monaniebis is mtanjveli
    grZnoba, mis arsebaSi rom Cndeba sakuTari cxovrebiseuli xvedris gacnobie-
    rebis Sedegad.
    134
    akaki baqraZis marTebuli SefasebiT, `margos TavgadasavaliT m. javaxiSvi-
    li Tanmimdevrulad, gamowvlilviT gvixatavs Tavisufali adamianis monad qce-
    vis process". ase rom, romanSi uRrmesi adamianuri TanagrZnobiTa da fsiqolo-
    giuri damajereblobiTaa naCvenebi zneobrivi daRmasvlisa da sulieri dam-
    dablebis is uZnelesi gza, romlis gavlac daakisra ulmobelma bedisweram
    mwvave cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobaTa umweo msxverplad qceul am mSvenier qal-
    batons.
    romanSi naazrevis mxatvruli srulyofilebiT gamosaxatavad udidesi dat-
    virTva aqvs dakisrebuli enobriv kolorits. am TvalsazrisiT `jayos xiznebs"
    gansakuTrebul TavisTavadobasa da TviTmyofadobas sZens jayos damaxinjebuli
    qarTuliT metyveleba. misi danjRreuli sintaqsi da mingreul-mongreuli leq-
    sika am mxriv romanSi imdenad mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs, rom misi mas-
    Stabebi scildeba personaJis individualizebis farglebs da avtoriseuli saT-
    qmelis efeqturi gamoxatvis organul, sisxlxorceul nawiladaa qceuli.
    `jayos xiznebSi" umaRles doneze adis avtoris mwerluri ostatoba. m.
    javaxiSvili gansacvifrebeli mxatvruli ZalmosilebiT gamoxatavs personaJTa
    Sinagan sulier gancdebs, uRrmesi fsiqologizmiT aRwers situaciebs, Rrmad-
    metyveli StrixebiT Zerwavs moqmed gmirTa portretebs.

    * * *
    msgavsad sxva romanebisa, m. javaxiSvilis `TeTr sayelosac" (1926 w.) lite-
    raturul sazogadoebriobis araerTi warmomadgeneli mwvave guliswyromiT Sex-
    vda. kritikuli gansjis sagnad am SemTxvevaSi is faqti iyo qceuli, TiTqos av-
    tori Tavisi romaniT civilizaciis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda.
    am Tvalsazriss icavda, magaliTad, v. baxtaZe m. javaxiSvilisadmi 1926
    wels miwerili weriliT. misi TqmiT, misTvis, rogorc revolucionerisaTvis,
    `ideis ganviTarebis mxrivac da dedaazriTac nawarmoebi misaRebi" ar iyo da
    romanSi dasmuli problema _ `tilebi Tu radio?" araviTari interesis sagans
    ar warmoadgenda mkiTxvelisaTvis.
    sakiTxis ase dasma-gaazreba m. javaxiSvils nawarmoebis mizandasaxulobisa
    da umTavresi saTqmelis gaprimitiulebad miaCnda da v. baxtaZisadmi gagzavnil
    sapasuxo werilSi (ix. `mnaTobi", 1934 w. #11-12) werda: `metismetad nu gavamarti-
    vebT problemas. me tilisa da radios Sedareba ki ar mindoda, aramed primitivi-
    sa da kulturisa, saSualo saukuneebis karCaketilobisa da dRevandeli karRio-
    bis, gandegilobisa da qalaqisa, cocxali romantikisa da miwa-qalaqis realobi-
    sa".
    `TeTri sayelo" mZlavrad gamoxatuli romantikuli suliskveTebis romania.
    mwerali koloritulad aRwers im egzotikur yofas, adaT-tradiciebsa da zne-
    Cveulebebs, rac civilizebuli samyarosagan erTianad mowyvetili xevsurTa
    soflisTvis _ jurxaanT-karisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. cxovrebis mdinarebi-
    sagan gariyuli jurxaanTkari TiTqos drois gareSe darCenili mikrosamyaroa,
    romelsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi araviTari cvlileba ar ganucdia. aq yvela-
    feri kvlavac ise xdeba, rogorc usxovari drois winaT.
    m. javaxiSvili siyvaruliT xatavs am egzotikur arqaul samyaros, romelic
    mTavari personaJis gamofitul da civilizaciisagan gulgamoWmul arsebaSi si-
    cocxlis mimniWebel da axali energiis aRmvseb Zalad iWreba, xasxasa poeturi
    ferebiT Zerwavs xevsureTis egzotikuri bunebis pirvelyofil mSvenierebas, ada-
    mianuri cbierebisa da mzakvrobis `civilizebuli formebisagan" jer kidev Sors
    myof mTielTa saxeebs.
    nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi mwerals ori saxeliT hyavs moxseniebuli -
    xevsureTSi yofnis periodSi mas vaJikas eZaxian, ise ki misi namdvili saxeli
    elizbaria. saxelebis amgvari monacvleobiTac avtori xazs usvams mTavari gmi-
    ris pirovnuli metamorfozis im process, romlis Cvenebasac romanSi umTavresi
    yuradReba aqvs miqceuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerali elizbaris qalaquri
    cxovrebis Sesaxeb arcTu ise did informacias gvawvdis, mkiTxvels mainc eqmne-
    ba masze garkveuli warmodgena. igi profesiiT geologia. marTalia, sabWoTa xe-
    135
    lisuflebis mimarT elizbars, ociani wlebis Cveni erovnuli inteligenciis
    mniSvnelovani nawilis msgavsad, didi simpaTiebi ar gaaCnia, magram, amisda miu-
    xedavad, igi mainc cdilobs aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos qveynis aRmSeneblobis
    saqmeSi.
    swored am mizniT miemgzavreba is alaznis saTaveebSi spilenZis madnis sa-
    badoebis aRmosaCenad da sruliad SemTveviT, gzakvalareuli da qveynierebas
    mowyvetili _ erT-erT xevsurul sofelSi aRmoCndeba. marTalia, es yvelaferi,
    rogorc iTqva, SemTxveviT moxda, magram moqmedebis Semdgomi ganviTarebiT cxa-
    di xdeba, rom elizbaris cnobiereba, misi daRlili da gamofituli suli, pir-
    velyofili bunebis wiaRSi amgvari ganmartoebisa da danTqmisaTvis Sinaganad
    ukve karga xnis Semzadebuli yofila.
    am TvalsazrisiT igi ramdenadme SeiZleba SevudaroT k. gamsaxurdias mier
    daxatul e. w. `zedmet" adamianebs, upirveles yovlisa ki TaraS emxvars; Tumca
    maT Soris gansxvaveba ufro didia. garda imisa, rom k. gamsaxurdiasa da m. java-
    xiSvilis romanebis problematika arebiTad ganirCeva erTmaneTisagan, aqve isic
    unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom TaraS emxvars faqtobrivad srulebiT ar axasia-
    Tebs elizbaris cxovrebiseuli praqticizmi. am ori personaJis sulieri naTesa-
    oba ufro civilizaciasTan, urbanistul yofasTan, maTs nihilistur damokide-
    bulebaSi vlindeba.
    xevsurTa sofelSi moxvedrili elizbari, aw ukve vaJikad gardaqmnili, ro-
    mantikulad aRtacebuli da moxibluli mTielTa arqauli, Suasaukuneobrivi
    cxovrebis wes-CveulebebiTa da bunebis pirvelqmnili mSvenierebiT, gadawyvets
    zurgi aqcios civiliziebul yofas, aq damkvidrdes da Tavadac gaxdes am mikro-
    samyaros RviZli nawili. ase iwyeba misi `gawiklaurebis" sakmaod rTuli proce-
    si. rogorc Tavad elizbari ambobs, `am bunagSi" darCenis umTavresi mizani ur-
    banizmis sneulebisagan gankurnebaa. `aTasgvari `izmisa" da `aciisagan" gulga-
    moWmuli elizbari TavgametebiT cdilobs yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvitos Zvel
    samyarosTan, yvelaferi daiviwyos da Tavadac aRivsos im `uxavso" rwmeniT, ri-
    Tac axladgacnobili maspinZlebi arian savseni.
    elizbaris am Tavdaviwyebulma mcdelobam da irgvliv Seqmnilma xelsay-
    relma garemo pirobebma sul male sasurveli nayofi gamoiRo: bunebis wiaRSi
    ganmartoebuli da xaTuTas vnebiani siyvaruliT Tavbrudaxveuli elizbari TiT-
    qos marTlac mowyda pirvandel fesvebs, drois mdinarebisgan gairiya da Tava-
    dac iqca irgvliv damkvidrebuli patriarqaluri yofiTi realobis nawilad.
    magram gavida arcTu ise didi dro da elizbaris arsebaSi am iluziuri si-
    namdvilis deromantizebis rTuli procesic daiwyo. da elizbaric ufro da uf-
    ro grZnobs, rom mis mier idealad dasaxuli `gawiklaureba" da xevsuruli wes-
    CveulebebiT cxovreba `arc imdenad advili yofila, rogorc es pirvelad eCve-
    na" mas.
    elizbaris sulSi TandaTanobiT iRviZeben Zveli cxovrebis miZinebuli aC-
    rdilebi da igi dRiTi dRe rwmundeba, rom sakuTar TavTan omis mogeba da xel-
    nakrav samyarosTan ganSorebis survili mxolodRa droebiTi iluzia yofila
    da meti araferi. rac dro gadioda, mas ufro da ufro miuwevda guli civili-
    zebuli qveynisaken, romlis simbolod romanSi TeTri sayeloa dasaxuli.
    ase nel-nela, magram jiutad da gverdauqcevlad, modis elizbaris `didi
    gazafxuli", gazafxuli ganaxlebuli rwmenisa, romlis ZaliTac m. javaxiSvi-
    lis romanis mTavari gmiri, ukve aqtiuri sasicocxlo energiiT aRvsebuli da
    gulganedlebuli, kvlav ubrundeba erT dros misganve uaryofil civilizaciasa
    da urbanistul yoveldRiurobas, raTa winandeburad Tavadac gaxdes am samya-
    ros RviZli nawili.
    drois mdinarebisagan gariyul xevsurTa patriarqalur yofas mwerali,
    pirvel yovlisa, wiklaurTa gvarovnuli ojaxisa da misi winamZRolis - jurxas
    cxovrebis moTxrobis Sedegad gvacnobs.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom siWabukis Jams jurxa bedma TbilisSic acxovra da
    evropis didi qalaqebic moatara, sabolood igi mainc mis miyruebul kuTxes da-
    ubrunda da `isic ki ar etyoba, rom odesme TelavSi yofiliyo, Torem tfilis-
    136
    Si yofnas da evropul ganaTlebas vin daujerebs! dRevandeli kultura qalaqis
    mtveriviT Camoirecxa".
    Zvelxevsuruli wes-Cveulebebis Seuvali sikerpiT damcvel jurxas `uwmin-
    duriviT sZulda da ezizReboda qalaqi". am siZulvils ramdenime mTavari mize-
    zi gansazRvravda. pirveli da umTavresi maTgan isaa, rom qalaqeloba jurxas
    cnobierebaSi gaigivebulia zneobriv gadagvarebasTan da aTasgvari adamianuri
    mankierebis gamovlinebasTan. meore umTavresi mizezi is aris, rom igi masSi
    erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxes xedavs. misi SefasebiT, `qarTvelma TeTri sa-
    yelo rom gaikeTa, rjulic sxvisi miiRo". amitomacaa, rom mas `jansaRi veluro-
    ba" urCevnia `ganaTlebul gadagvarebas".
    garesamyarosagan, civilizebuli qveynisagan jurxas ukuqceva erTi umTavre-
    si mizeziTacaa gamowveuli _ misi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT revo-
    luciisadmi. `im qveyanasTan", qalaqTan, kavSir-urTierToba jurxas imitomac aSi-
    nebs, rom amas `gawiTleba", `wiTel uRelSi Sebma" moyveba, rac, misi Rrma rwme-
    niT, udidesi erovnuli ubedurebaa. amitomac igi yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis,
    rom maT sofelSi `wiTeli eSma" ar Sevides. amave mizeziT ewinaaRmdegeba is ga-
    naTlebasac, romelic `xevsurebsac qarTvelebsaviT daalpobs, gadaaSenebs, wi-
    Tel rjulze gadaiyvans". ase rom, jurxas cnobierebaSi civilizacia da revo-
    lucia, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTTan gaigivebuli cnebebia.
    nawarmoebze saubrisas erovnul problemasac usaTuod unda mivaqcioT yu-
    radReba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens is damokidebule-
    ba, romelsac TavianTi gulubryvilo saubrebiT iCenen am problemisadi xevsure-
    bi. maTi miamituri ocneba `bagrationTa jiSis" kvlav aRzevebaze da am ocnebis-
    Tvis Sefarulad Tanamdevi azrobrivi qveteqstebi erTxel kidev gangvacdevine-
    ben Tavisuflebis dakargviT ganpirobebul erovnul tkivils. imisaTvis, rom
    naTqvamma meti konkretuloba SeiZinos, moviSvelioT Tundac aseTi magaliTi:
    jurxanT-karSi moxvedrili elizbari gatacebiT ismens patara gogonas sim-
    Reras mefe erekleze. `gagviZex, nefe ereklev, wavdgaT krwanisis gzazeda!" -
    mgznebared SesTxovs momRerali sayvarel mefes. baxusiT grZnobagafaqizebuli
    xevsurebi malviT cremls iwmenden. uceb erT-erTi maTgani elizbars miubrunde-
    ba da yurSi CasCurCulebs: `neta sad iqnebis axla nefe erekles memkvidre bato-
    niSvili" da `rodis Camavas saqarTveloCi?" elizbari Rimilmoreuli upasuxebs,
    rom erekles memkvidre aRara hyavs. `es qoyana rom gaqres, amas davijereb, magram
    bagrationT jiSis gawyveta ra dasajerebeliao!" _ wyeniT miugebs stumars xev-
    suri.
    bagrationTa dinastiis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis es gulubryvilo molodini,
    rac imavdroulad saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis molodinicaa, xevsurTa daucx-
    romeli ocnebis sagnadaa qceuli. `bagration unda mavidas, mcxeTis unda igvir-
    gvinas!" _ TviTdajerebiT gaiZaxian isini da aRgznebulni saubroben `ucxoeTCi
    gamoCenil axal batoniSvilze _ namdvil bagrationze", romelic `nefis erekles
    SviliSvili" yofila. zogierTs, ufro gulubyvilosa da miamits ki isic swams,
    rom `Tamar nefe marTla gacocxlebula". `ram gaaCina aseTi zRapario!" _ gaoce-
    biT kiTxulobs romanis mTavari personaJi da mkiTxveli daueWveblad grZnobs,
    rom xevsurTa es gulubryvilo ocnebani da miamituri zRaprebi saqarTvelos
    mkvdreTiT aRdgomasa da bagrationTa xelaxal movlinebaze patriotuli grZno-
    bis wiaRSi myarad fesvgadgmuli rwmenis gamonaTebaa.

    * * *
    mixeil javaxiSvilis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobidan arc erTi nawarmoebi
    ar qceula iseTi sayovelTao interesis sagnad, rogorc `arsena marabdeli"
    (1925-1932 ww.). bevrma kritikosma es romani mwerlis saukeTeso qmnilebad aRiara
    da mas gansakuTrebuli adgili miuCina, saerTod, qarTuli romanistikis isto-
    riaSi. da mainc, miuxedavad aseTi gamorCeuli yuradRebisa, ideologiuri dogma-
    tizmiT SeboWili sabWoTa periodis literaturuli kritika xSir SemTxvevaSi
    calmxrivad afasebda nawarmoebs da umTavresi msjelobis sagnad mxolod soci-
    aluri problemebi iyo qceuli. is azrobrivi qveteqstebi da SeniRbulad ga-
    137
    moxatuli kritikul-opoziciuri TvalTaxedva ki, riTac romani xasiaTdeba, met-
    wilad yuradRebis miRma rCeboda.
    ase damkvidrda nawarmoebis TiTqmis erTgvarovani wakiTxva da `arsena ma-
    rabdeli" sabWoTa epoqis ideologiuri principebis gavlenis Sedegad Seqmnil
    romanad gamocxadda. pirvel yovlisa, ZiriTadad swored am garemoebam ganapi-
    roba m. javaxiSvilis romanisadmi sabWoTa kritikis gamorCeuli yuradReba. bev-
    ri imdroindeli kritikosis azriT, beletristma am nawarmoebiT TiTqos ga-
    daabija msoflmxedvelobrivi yoymanisa Tu gaorebis mijnas da, faqtobrivad,
    axali ideologiis samsaxurSic Cadga.
    Tu gaviTvaliswinebT m. javaxiSvilis manamdeli Semoqmedebisadmi xelisuf-
    lebis mZafrad kritikul damokidebulebas, es faqti gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
    lobas iZenda, vinaidan iseTi farTod popularuli da aRiarebuli mwerlis mim-
    xroba da gadabireba, rogoric m. javaxiSvili iyo, friad sagulisxmo movlenas
    warmoadgenda. Tumca yvela rodi fiqrobda ase. saZebari arc iseTi kritikosebi
    iyvnen, romelTac m. javaxiSvilis am romanze aseTi maRali azri ar hqondaT da
    avtorisagan daJinebiT moiTxovdnen, axali epoqisadmi erTguleba mas uSualod
    Tanamedroveobis Temaze dawerili saxotbo nawarmoebebiT gamoexata.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen e. w. proletaruli kritikis
    warmomadgenlebi, romlebic avtors brals debdnen nacionalizmsa da batonymu-
    ri sinamdvilis Selamazebul warmosaxvaSi.
    farTod damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, amTaviTve xazgas-
    miT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `arsena marabdeli" pesimisturi da samomavlo perspeq-
    tivas moklebuli romania. sabWoTa periodis literaturaTmcodneoba arsenas
    brZolis warumateblobas, pirvel yovlisa, imiT xsnida, rom imdroindeli gle-
    xoba Tavisi klasobrivi cnobierebiT jer kidev ar iyo mzad socialuri usamar-
    Tlobis aRmosafxvrelad. socialisturi ideologia am istoriuli misiis aR-
    msrulebel ZiriTad Zalad muSaTa klass, proletariats, saxavda, glexobas ki
    misi mokavSiris, TanamebrZolis rols akisrebda. amdenad, arsenas damarcxeba is-
    toriul kanonzomierebad iyo miCneuli.
    Tumca aqve isic xazgasmiT aRiniSneboda, rom, am marcxis miuxedavad, m.
    javaxiSvilis romanSi mZlavrad vlindeboda saxvalio gamarjvebis optimisturi
    suliskveTeba da am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba nawarmoebis fi-
    nals eqceoda, sadac mwerali arsenas kvalze wamozrdil momaval mebrZolTa
    fragmentul saxeebs xatavda da samomavlo brZolaTa perspeqtivebzec mianiS-
    nebda mkiTxvels.
    m. javaxiSvilis romanis msoflmxedvelobrivi mizanswrafvis amgvari axsna
    mTlad marTebuli ar unda iyos da sakiTxi ase martivad ar dgas. marTalia,
    romanis epilogSi namdvilad vlindeba samomavlo brZolaTa perspeqtiva da mwe-
    rali araorazrovnad imasac gvamcnobs, rom arsenas nafuZarze wamozrdili
    axalgazrdoba aSkarad ar Seurigdeba arsebul usamarTlobas, magram mTavari
    am SemTxvevaSi mainc sul sxva ram aris: ramdenad realuria da SesaZlebeli im
    idealuri adamianuri harmoniis damyareba, razec arsena marabdeli ocnebobda.
    romanSi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pesimisturi pasuxia gacemuli da mwerali SemTxve-
    viT ar miapyrobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas im damTrgunvel sulier sasowarkve-
    Tas, romelic araerTgzis dauflebia borotebasTan Tavganwirulad SeWidebul
    marabdels.
    imisaTvis, rom naTqvamma meti sicxade SeiZinos, moviSvelioT konkretuli
    argumentebi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `arsena marabdelis" literaturuli pirvelwyaros
    mTavari gmiric - xalxuri arsena oZelaSvilic borotebis winaaRmdeg Tavda-
    debiT mebrZoli idealizebuli pirovnebaa, m. javaxiSvilma mas gacilebiT far-
    To masStabebi SesZina, imJamindeli socialuri da erovnuli movlenebis cen-
    trSi moaqcia da naTlad gacnobierebuli samoqmedo programiT aRWurvil bela-
    dad daxata. m. javaxiSvilis arsenam kargad icis, vis ebrZvis da ratom. am brZo-
    laSi igi marto araa da mas gverdiT mravali Tanamoazre udgas. am gagebiT ma-
    rabdeli individualuri gmiri, borotebasTan martodmarto SeWidebuli raindi
    138
    ki araa, aramed usamarTlobis dasaTrgunavad amboxebuli aTasobiT adamianis
    Tavkaci da winamZRolia. ase rom, is ideebi, romelTa dasamkvidrebladac arsena
    ibrZvis, socialuri da erovnuli usamarTlobiT dabeCavebuli xalxis gulis-
    Tqmis gamoxatulebacaa.
    rogorc iTqva, garegnulad, am brZolaSi arsena marto araa da mis gverdiT
    sxvadasxva erovnebis mravali adamiani dgas. magram samwuxaro is aris, rom maTi
    umravlesoba am brZolasTan mxolodRa subieqturi interesebiTaa dakavSi-
    rebuli. ase rom, arsenas TanamebrZolTa umetesobisTvis sruliad miuwvdomelia
    is idealizebuli zneobrivi, socialuri Tu erovnuli principebi, romelTa da-
    samkvidrebladac uangaro TavganwirviT ibrZvis marabdeli.
    ra Sedegebi mohyva arsenas brZolas usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg? araferi sa-
    sikeTo. faqtobrivad, am brZolam erTxel kidev daadastura borotebasTan SeWi-
    debuli marabdelis uZlureba da umweoba. arsena cxadad xedavda, rom mis mier
    daTrgunuli borotebis adgilze axali boroteba iCenda Tavs. yvelas, visac
    daxmarebis xeli gauwoda, xelisufleba iWerda, sastikad sjida da acimbirebda.
    sadac mividoda, yvelgan Wiri da ubedureba mihqonda. mis TanamgrZnobebsa da Ta-
    namoazreebs umowyalod awiokebdnen. amas isic daemata, rom araerTma yaCaRma mi-
    si saxeli miiTvisa, Tavi arsenad gamoacxada da Zarcva-glejiT qveyana aiklo.
    ase rom, arsenas nakvalevze sikeTisa da samarTlianobis nacvlad borotebam da
    axalma Zalmomreobam ixara. usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg Tavad usisxlod mebrZo-
    li gmiris nagzauri sisxlisa da cremlis niaRvrebiT moirwyo.
    iqneb arsenas TanamebrZolebi mainc arian erTgulni im maRali idealebisa,
    romelTa dasamkvidrebladac maTi beladi ibrZvis? samwuxarod, ara. maTi keTil-
    Sobilebaca da samarTlianobisken swrafvac, faqtobrivad, moCvenebiTi gamodga
    da arsena araerTxel darwmunda imaSi, rom borotebis dasaTrgunad tyeSi mas-
    Tan erTad gaWrili TanamebrZolebic iseTive sulmdabali adamianebi gamodgnen,
    rogoric, saerTod, mTeli sazogadoeba iyo. maTTvisac iseve ucxoa mimte-
    vebloba, Sendoba da didsulovneba, rogorc maTi mCagvrelebisaTvis. piriqiT,
    isini, gamxecebul da SurismaZiebel brbod qceulni, ufro met borotebas sCadi-
    an, vidre maTi mebatoneni.
    gavixsenoT, magaliTad, zaal baraTaSvilis saxl-karis aklebis epizodi. ma-
    rabdelebisagan daukiTxavad zaalis ojaxis asaklebad wamosuli tyis Zmebi
    umowyalod Seesivnen baraTaSvilis qonebas da risi waReba-misakuTrebac SeiZ-
    leboda, yvelaferi daitaces: `zogi beRels sclida, zogi sakuWnaos eca, zogic
    marans daetaka da zogic oTaxebs Seesia. doqebiT, tomrebiT, qilebiT, kokebiT
    moaTrevdnen Rvinos, xorbals, erbos, yvelsa da yovelgvar sarCos. aivnidan sir-
    biliT CamohqondaT xaliCebi da iaraRebi, fardebi da sufrebi, WurWeli da box-
    Cebi da Tanac motacebuls xelmeored stacebdnen erTmaneTs..."
    gamxecebul-gaborotebuli brbo amasac ar dasjerda da bolos, roca wasa-
    Rebi aRaraferi darCa, cecxls misca yvelaferi, maT Soris zaalica da misi ja-
    labic. am ambis moulodnelad Semswre marabdelma naTlad dainaxa Tana-
    mebrZolTa namdvili saxe, erTbaSad sasowarkveTilebam Seipyro da aSkarad mix-
    vda, Turme ra didi ufskruli arsebula masa da mis TanamebrZolebs Soris. `im
    dRidan martod darCenili" arsena dRiTi dRe rwmundeboda imaSi, rom WeSmariti
    Tanamoazre da Tanamdgomi mis mier idealad dasaxuli miznisaken saval gzaze,
    faqtobrivad, aRaravin hyavda.
    am TvalsazrisiT romanSi es epizodi gamonaklisi rodia. msgavsi magali-
    Tebis moSvelieba nawarmoebidan mravlad SeiZleba. arsena xedavda, rom misi Ta-
    namebrZolebic Cveulebrivi Zarcva-glejisa da yaCaRobis gzas adgebodnen xol-
    me, roca saamiso SesaZlebloba miecemodaT. amao gamodga misi mowodeba tyis
    Zmebisadmi, Tu mis gverdiT dgoma da borotebis winaaRmdeg brZola marTla
    surdaT, `yaCaRoba unda daexrCoT", adamianur sulmokleobaze amaRlebuliyvnen
    da, pirvel yovlisa, Tavad yofiliyvnen samarTlianni.
    magram sinamdvileSi sul sxva ram moxda: oZelaSvilis mier monobidan gan-
    Tavisuflebul simonas `monuri suli aRmoaCnda: sumbaTovs rom pirispir ver
    Sehkadra, Turme safaridan esrola zurgSi, magram aacdina. imav Rames man ba-
    139
    tons sawyali saqoneli amouwva gomurSi da gamoiqca". aseTive mzakvari kaci Se-
    iqna meSTac, romelic `Turme mxolod pirSi eficeboda arsenas erTgulebas,
    zurgs ukan ki CumCuma da gulfuWi gamodga". banakidan gaparul mgzavrebs xvde-
    boda da ayaCaRebda. sxvebs arc karpiCa Camouvarda da isic xSirad iTbobda
    xolme xels sxvebis Zarcva-glejiT". arc sxvebi iyvnen angelozebi... `yvela ita-
    cebda, iparavda, hglejda, glexebsac ki aSiSvlebda da uxvad Soulobda alafs".
    ase TandaTanobiT izrdeba `xrami beladsa da yaCaRebs Soris". yovelive
    amisma Secnobam da gacnobierebam kidev ufro `moumata sagodisi" oZelaSvils
    da sasowarkveTilebamdec ki miiyvana igi. mas Zalze awuxebda da aforiaqebda is
    ambavi, rom `loTi da avazaki razmelebi glexebsac arbevdnen da arsenas saxels
    lafSi agoravebdnen. marabdels xSirad ukiTxavs Tavis TavisaTvis: `am xalxis
    wyalobiT unda movigo glexobis guli? amaT unda Semusron batonymoba? kide-
    vac rom gavimarjvoT, es yaCaRebi iseT axal uRels dagvadgamen, rom dRevandel
    batonebsac ki mogvanatreben".
    ase Cndeba da ikveTeba romanSi gadaulaxavi ufskruli arsenobasa da yaCa-
    Robas Soris.
    oZelaSvilis martooba da ganwiruloba kidev ufro tragikulad gamoCnda
    diRmis brZolis dros. usamarTlobis daTrgunvaze meocnebe arsenam irwmuna,
    rom nanatri dro dadga da xalxs, glexobas, xelisuflebisa da mCagvrelebis
    winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mouwoda. mas imedi hqonda, rom xalxi iaraRs aisxamda
    da brZolis velze gahyveboda. mis mowodebas Tavidan marTlac gamoepasuxa bev-
    ri da marabdelma diRomSi xuTi aTasamde mebrZols mouyara Tavi. magram moCve-
    nebiT erTobaze dafuZnebuli arsenas laSqari xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma
    tkbili sityviT iolad daaSoSmines da daSales.
    romanSi udidesi fsiqologiuri damajereblobiTa da didi mwerluri osta-
    tobiTaa aRwerili sabolood imedgacruebuli da sasowarkveTili marabdelis
    tragikuli sulieri ganwyobileba. yvelasgan mitovebuli arsena `karga xans iw-
    va jagnarSi. pirqve egdo. marto iyo da Tavis Sercxvenas da glexobis umweobas
    hglovobda". Semdeg ki lurjas moaxta, gafantul xalxs gamoudga da xrialiT
    miayara: `_ Tqven xalxi ki ara cxvris fara yofilxarT. ra Tqveni saqmea vaJka-
    coba da Tavisufleba! diacebo! monebo! mxdalebo! da axlomdgom glexs maTraxi
    gadauWira. _ ficis gamtexo! da meoresac gadahkra _ pirSavebo! da mesamesac mi-
    uzRo. _ moRalateno!
    glexebi xarxariT garbodnen. arsena ki gamalebuli misdevda, uwyalod
    uJapunebda maTraxs da, gaveSebuli, foriaqiT urTavda:
    _ CanCurebo! bedovlaTebo! nacarqeqiebo! wadiT da Tqvens dedakacebs SeuZ-
    veriT kabis qveS! isev batonis uRelSi SeebiT, cinglianebo! wupakebo! CaT-
    laxebo!
    glexebma misi risxva xumrobaSi Caatares. aman oZelaSvili sul moaduna.
    sjobda maT oriode saxre edruzaT misTvis, vinem xiTxiTiT gafantuliyvnen. mis
    TanamebrZolTa gaqcevam da sicilma marabdels brazi Cauqro da weRandelze
    ufro mwvave kaeSani da uimedoba auSala. gulnatkenma cxeni Seayena da wyali-
    viT gafantul glexebs sevdiT savse Tvalebi gaayola. gaayola da igrZno, rom
    guli avad autokda, suli gadautyda, raRac uCinari frinveli gaufrinda, daca-
    rielda da amqveynad martodmarto darCa.
    `am xalxisTvis vibrZodi? amaT unda amiSenon glexuri sioni? - hfiqrobda
    sulierad modunebuli marabdeli. - es xalxi ki ara lafi yofila, qviSa, Waobi,
    maT kiri ara hqoniaT. ar aSendebis Slamisgan birTvis samSvildis cixeni. vai
    dakargulo jafav! vai tyuilubralod daRupulo Zmadnaficebo! vai Senc, bedov-
    laTo oZelaSvilo!"
    miuxedavad imisa, rom marabdeli cxovrebam araerTgzis moaqcia aseT suli-
    er depresiaSi, igi mainc cdilobs viTarebas ar Seeguos da gamosavali mo-
    Zebnos. uaRresad rTulia da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse Ziebis es gza. arsena
    dRiTi dRe rwmundeboda imaSi, raoden didi ufskruli sufevda idealad da-
    saxul mis samoqmedo programasa da cxovrebiseul realobas Soris. magram sa-
    140
    kuTari uZlurebis TviTSecnobiT rwmenagabzaruli oZelaSvili mainc cdilobda
    xeli ar Caeqnia da rogorme moeZebna xsnis gza.
    swored aman afiqrebina mas evropaSi gadaxvewil da gadidkacebul deidaS-
    vils - rostoms dakavSireboda da misTvis eTxova mis mier dawyebuli saxalxo
    saqmis Tavkacoba. am imediT atacebuli arsena werils ugzavnis londonSi
    mcxovreb rostoms da erT dros `franciis SfoTSi" monawile deidaSvils
    Txovs, `erTi napalavani Cvenc gvinda da ver gviSovia. modi da Sen inapalavane,
    naswavli kaci xar, saxelic didi gaqvs, mklavic gerCis da gamodgebi. xalxic
    mzaT aris da CrdiliviT gamogyveba. ...marto SenisTana beladiRa gvakliao".
    magram amjeradac amao gamodga arsenas molodini. mis mier sasoebiTa da
    didi imediT gagzavnili am werilis pasuxma erTxel kidev gaawbila da daanaR-
    vliana marabdeli. pasuxi ki metad martivi da araorazrovani iyo: oZelaSvilis
    baraTis wakiTxvaze rostomma Turme `bevri icina da ikiTxa: nu Tu rusebma sa-
    qarTveloSi aqamde erTi sagiJeTi ver aaSeneso?" am ambis SetyobiT aRelvebulma
    arsenam `Tvalidan brazis erTi kurcxali moixoca da zirbiTis kldesaviT Ca-
    fiqrda.
    vaglax arsena marabdelo? napoleonis namegobrals giJi hgonixar, anton
    TamaraSvils ki masxara. orive didi kacia, orive ganaTlebuli, naswavli, navali
    da Wkuiani. Sen Seni glexuri naazrevi wrfeli guliT gadauSale maT da Tav-
    mdabali darigeba sTxove, ise sTxove, rogorc morcxvi Segirdi sTxovs xolme
    did ostats, xolo maT Sens gulisnadebs almacerad gadmohxedes da ukmexad Ca-
    icines. Sen Seni sakuTari Tavi daiwune da axali meTauris povna moisurve, xo-
    lo amieridan gecodineba, rom udrood dawyebul saqmes Sen TviTon unda ga-
    moeba Tavadac da mklavadac".
    ase emateba arsenas sulier depresiasa da sasowarkveTas Sxamis kidev erTi
    wveTi, ramac saqveyno harmoniaze meocnebe romantikos gmirs ufro metad `mou-
    duna TviTdajereba da rwmena Seuryia". da marabdelis gulSi kidev ufro dam-
    Trgunvelad gaxmianda eWvi: `iqneba marabdeli marTla sasacilo lands daedev-
    na? iqneba marTla `arsaqneli ar iqnebis?" iqneba oZelaSvili marTla lamobdes
    es cxovreba yiramala daayenos, mklavis magivroba Tavs gaawevinos da tvinisa ki
    mklavs daakisros?
    `Tu agrea, marTla sasacilo vinme vyofilvar _ hololo Cem saqmesa". roma-
    nis am da msgavs adgilebs, romlebic udidesi fsiqologiuri ZalmosilebiT ga-
    moxataven arsenas msoflmxedvelobriv daeWvebasa da sasowarkveTas, gansakuT-
    rebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT nawarmoebis umTavresi saTqmelisa da mizandasaxu-
    lobis Sesacnobad.
    arsena marabdelis Tavgadasavali mweralma ganuyofelad daukavSira im um-
    niSvnelovanes socialur da politikur movlenebs, romlebic XIX saukunis 20-
    30-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi xdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am istoriul pro-
    cesebTan arsenas kavSir-urTierToba dokumenturi wyaroebiT, faqtobrivad, arc
    dasturdeba, m. javaxiSvilisaTvis amas srulebiT ar SeuSlia xeli, oZelaSvili
    imJamindel movlenaTa erT-erT centralur pirad eqcia da am gziT maSindeli
    qarTuli yofis amsaxveli mxatvruli matiane Seeqmna.
    ase rom, mxatvruli gamonagonisa da dokumenturi masalis logikurma da
    bunebrivma Serwyma-Sexamebam erTmaneTTan mwerals saSualeba misca Tavisi roma-
    ni garkveuli istoriuli epoqis realisturad amsaxvel mxatvrul dokumentad
    eqcia da fantaziiT SeTxzuli personaJebis gverdiT nawarmoebSi istoriulad
    cnobili mravali pirovnebac gaecocxolebina.
    am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis ambebis aR-
    wera, ruseT-osmaleTis omi, saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis problema da
    a. S. am sakiTxebze msjelobis dros m. javaxiSvili, arapirdapiri gziT, Tavisi
    droindeli saqarTvelos mwvave erovnul problemebsac amxelda da gamoxatavda.
    rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa periodis literaturaTmcodneoba, gasagebi mi-
    zezebis gamo, nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda m. javaxiSvilis romanis erovnul mi-
    zanswrafvas da arsenas, faqtobrivad, mxolod socialuri usamarTlobis wina-
    aRmdeg mebrZol gmirad saxavda. arada, sinamdvileSi, `arsena marabdelis" mxat-
    141
    vruli saxis gaazrebis dros mweralma erovnuli problemebic aranaklebi
    yuradRebis sagnad aqcia. pirvel yovlisa, swored am mizniT daukavSira man Ta-
    visi romanis mTavari personaJi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris cnobil istori-
    ul procesebs da arsena marabdelis sabrZolo programis erT-erT umTavres mi-
    zanswrafvad erovnul problemaze fiqric aqcia.
    nawarmoebSi es yvelaferi umZafresi tragizmiTaa gamoxatuli da litera-
    turuli warmosaxvis sagnad bevri iseTi sakiTxic gvevlineba, romelnic ara
    marto istoriuli aspeqtiT iyo saintereso, aramed Tavad mwerlis droidnel
    saqarTveloSic idga mTeli simwvaviT. m. javaxiSvilis romanSi maTi gansjis
    dros, Sefaruladac da pirdapiri formiTac, imJamindeli ideologiisaTvis sru-
    liad miuRebeli mravali opoziciuri azria gamoTqmuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    mwerals am romanisTvisac da, saerTod, mTeli misi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis-
    Tvisac, araerTgzis dasdes brali nacionalizmSi, `arsena marabdelis" erovnu-
    li opoziciuri ideebi sabWoTa periodis literaturul kritikas TiTqmis
    mTlianad SeumCneveli darCa da maTze Cvenma literaturaTmcodneobam mxolod
    bolo wlebSi gaamaxvila yuradReba.
    m. javaxiSvilis erovnuli TvalTaxedva romanSi yvelaze metad axalcixis
    omisa da 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis aRweriT vlindeba. daviwyoT pirveliT. marabda-
    Si damarcxebuli oZelaSvili axalcixeSi gadavida da iq Seafara Tavi. miuxeda-
    vad imisa, rom axalcixe, saerTod, mTeli mesxeT-javaxeTi, imxanad osmaleTs
    hqonda misakuTrebuli da iq cxovrebis sxva wesebi iyo damkvidrebuli, arsenam
    pirveli dReebidanve dainaxa TvalnaTliv, rom iqaur mcxovrebTa Sorisac mrav-
    lad iyvnen `misi momavali laSqris" wevrebi. amas emateboda isic, rom osmale-
    Tis samflobelod qceuli axalcixisaTvis Tavi Seefarebina deda gurjistani-
    dan `misebr gavardnil, gandevnil da miusafar" glexkacebs. isini zogni mTav-
    robas gamoqceodnen, zogni _ batons, safrTxisagan Tavdasaxsnelad mesxeTs
    Sexizvnodnen da `ucxo qveyanaSi" levdnen TavianT wuTisofels.
    axalcixeSi gadmosuli marabdeli maT Tavkacadac mogvevlina. es is dro
    iyo, roca ruseTi gaafTrebul brZolebs awarmoebda sparseT-osmaleTis winaaR-
    mdeg da sul male saomari bataliebis centrad axalcixec iqca. ori didi dam-
    pyroblis am sisxlian SejaxebaSi saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi, faqtobrivad,
    gayofili aRmoCnda. erT mxareze ruseTi da mis nawilad qceuli didi gurjis-
    tani iyo, meoreze ki TurqeTi da mis mier dapyrobili samuslimano saqarTvelo.
    am sabediswero SejaxebaSi yvelaze metad, pirvel yovlisa, qarTvelebi aqtiu-
    robdnen. ase xdeba orive mxares da qarTvel mebrZolebs, romlebic Tavganwir-
    viT ibrZvian am omSi, arc ki aqvT gacnobierebuli, visTvis da risTvis Rvrian
    sisxls.
    m. javaxiSvilis romanis mTavari personaJi, uneblied am tragikul movlena-
    Ta centrSi moqceuli, gonivrulad sjis da afasebs ori dampyrobi qveynis Tav-
    ganwirul saomar kveTebas da cdilobs miseuli axsna mouZebnos mis realur Se-
    degebs saqarTvelosTvis. `mainc visi gamarjveba urCevnia, rusisa Tu TaTrisa?"
    _ es kiTxva pirveli dReebidanve dadga mTeli simwvaviT marabdelis winaSe. ro-
    manis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isicaa, rom mwerali mas calsaxa pasuxs ar
    scems, Rrmad aanalizebs viTarebas da am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imJamindeli
    ideologiuri politikisadmi sruliad miuRebel Sexedulebebs gamoTqvams. m.
    javaxiSvilis nawarmoebis mTavari personaJis damokidebulebas aRniSnuli mov-
    lenebisadmi, pirvel yovlisa, erovnuli TvalTaxedva gansazRvravs da, am omSi
    Cin-medlebisa da saxel-didebis maZiebeli bevri misi Tanamemamulisagan gansxva-
    vebiT, igi arc erT banaks ar ekedleba brma fanatizmiT.
    arsena xedavda, rom es omi kidev ufro angrevda da apartaxebda orad
    gaxleCil mis samSoblos, romlis erTi nawili mfarvel-patronisa da erTmor-
    wmuneobis niRbiT mosul russ miesakuTrebina, meore ki osmalos. odesRac qar-
    Tuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da kulturis buded qceul mesxeTs istoriuli av-
    bedobis gamo Tavs osmalebis namgala mTvare dahnaToda da qveynis ga-
    darjulebis process saTaveSi dampyroblis samsaxurSi fanatikuri erTgulebiT
    Camdgari naqarTvelari begebi da faSebi Cadgomodnen, romlebic aq `sxvisi xiS-
    142
    tebiT, ori guliT, ori suliT da erTi pirobiT" mosuliyvnen da aRze-
    vebuliyvnen _ `rom isini osmalebze ufro mkacr osmalobas gamoiCenden da qar-
    Tul budisas navlsac ar dastovebdnen".
    erovnuli gadagvarebis am procesis aRwera, rasac romanSi sakmaod didi
    adgili aqvs daTmobili, mxolod Turquli dampyrobluri politikis mxilebiT
    ar Semoifargleba da Sefarulad im mZime viTarebasac gvamcnobs, ganaxlebuli
    rusuli imperia rom amkvidrebda CvenSi erovnuli cnobierebis amosaZirkvad.
    swored am azrs gangvimtkicebs is mkveTrad antirusuli ganwyobileba, ro-
    melic Tavidan bolomde gasdevs romans.
    ruseTi mwerlis mier Sefasebulia borotebis mTesvel `magogad, romelmac
    Tovlian qeds gadmoalaja, erTi fexi Sav zRvas daabija, meore _ baqos, axla ki
    arezsa da noes kidobans eWideba da javaxeTis zeganzedac mobobRavs..."
    ase iZabeba viTareba da erTmaneTs SeWidebuli orive didi dampyroblis
    mxareze yvelaze metad, pirvel yovlisa, qarTvelebi aqtiuroben. dampyrobTa mi-
    er erTmaneTze wasisinebuli TanamoZmeebis am tragikul WidilSi qalebic Tavga-
    metebiT arian CarTulni. `SuriTa da sabrZolveli JiniT aRvsebuli axalcixeli
    qalebi vaJkacobaSi TavianT Zmebsa da qmrebs ejibrebodnen". maT Soris `krazanas
    budis dasangrevad deda-gurjistanidan gamogzavnili" Svidi aTasi meomaric iyo.
    sinamdvileSi ki risTvis da visTvis iRvreba qarTvelTa sisxli? dampyrob-
    Ta interesebis gansamtkiceblad `qosa faSa imitom morboda, rom axalcixeSi
    Sesvla moeswro, iqaurebi moeSveliebina da rusebi maTTan erTad Seemusra. ru-
    sebic imitom morbodnen, rom osmalebi cixeSi ar SeeSvaT da cal-calke daemar-
    cxebinaT". visRa axsovda da afiqrebda am sisxlian doRSi saqarTvelos bedi!.
    erTi mxareca da meorec patriotuli grZnobebis gaRvivebiT uqonavda Tavs
    qarTvelebs, mowinaaRmdegeze aqezebda da Tavganwirvisaken mouwodebda. am mxriv,
    pirvel yovlisa, mainc paskeviCi gamoirCeoda, paskeviCi, romelic rixiani azar-
    tiT Seaxsenebda qarTvel meomrebs istoriuli warsulis `saamayo" magaliTs:
    rogor dauniSna Turme nadir Saxma didi saCuqari im samxedro nawils, vinc
    pirveli avardeboda geraTisa da yandaris galavanze da rogor aravis dauTmo
    am saqmeSi pirveloba ColoyaSvilis saxelovanma aTaseulma.
    vin moTvlis, ramdenma qarTvela kacma dado Tavi ase uazrod Tavisi qvey-
    nis mosisxle mtris Zlierebis gansamtkiceblad. magram, mwerlis naRvliani mi-
    niSnebiT, amiT Cvenma xalxma ara Tu veraferi iswavla, aramed axla, kidev ufro
    meti gaafTrebiT, rusuli interesebis gansamtkiceblad wiravdnen sicocxles
    da paskeviCis patriotuli SeqebiT `uwyalod Tavmoqonili" qarTvelebi `mzad iy-
    vnen Tundac zarbazanSi SemZvraliyvnen gasasrolad, oRond ki erTi jvari ki-
    dev mieRoT da maTi gvari paskeviCs Tavis im `relaciaSi" Caewera, romelsac
    `Cvens saTayvanebel mefes" ugzavnida xolme.
    amgvarad motyuebul qarTvelTa Soris m. javaxiSvili XIX saukunis mraval
    cnobil mamuliSvilsac asaxlebs da maT mkiTxvels gaorebul msoflmxedve-
    lobazec mianiSnebs.
    ai, swored am rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi movlenebis fonze ikveTeba ro-
    manSi arsena marabdelis erovnuli mrwamsi. is, rac politikur orientaciaTa
    urTierTSepirispirebiTa da ori didi dampyroblis sisxliani SejaxebiT dabne-
    ul warCinebul qarTvel mamuliSvilebs naTlad da gonivrulad ara aqvT gac-
    nobierebuli, mweralma siRrmiseulad gaaazrebina romanis mTavar gmirs da ru-
    seT-osmaleTis omis wina xazze moxvedril oZelaSvils am tragikuli movlenis
    aseTi Sefaseba gaakeTebina:
    `arsena uZravad idga kibis Tavze, misianebic kibeze gaxevebuliyvnen. ma-
    rabdeli ferwasuli iyo, erTi warbi mZlavrad uxtoda da TviTonac SeumCnev-
    lad TrToda. misi xeli uneburad awvalebda xanjals da viRac uCinari ezosken
    eweoda. ramdenjerme fexic Seinacvla, magram Tavi Seilagma da alagidan ar da-
    iZra. `vis mivemxro? rad? risTvis? fiqrobda TavisTavis. _ aqeT osmalebi da
    muslimani qarTvelebi arian, iqiT ki rusebi da qristiani qarTvelebi. Cven raRa
    SuaSi varT? eseni erboze gvxrakaven, isini ki zeTze. orTav Sav Wirs wauRia. es
    143
    qarTvelebi ki _ qristianebica da muslimanebic - an RmerTma gaatutuca, an ru-
    sebi da TaTrebi ZaliT aJletineben erTmaneTs".
    `arsena marabdelSi" kidev ufro daixvewa da srulyofili gaxda m. javaxiS-
    vilis stilisa da mwerluri ostatobis ganmsazRvreli literaturuli xerxebi
    da saSualebani. erT-erTi maTgania is didi datvirTva, rasac mwerali perso-
    naJTa metyvelebas sZens maTi pirovnuli individualobis warmoCenis dros. ma-
    namdeli misi SemoqmedebisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebel am mxatvrul xerxs
    beletristi amjeradac mniSvnelovan funqcias akisrebs da araerTi personaJis
    literaturul individualizebas bevrwilad maTi metyvelebiTac axdens.
    m. javaxiSvilis romanis literaturul TviTmyofadobas didad gansaz-
    Rvravs mwerlis mier Txrobis procesSi uxvad CarTuli andazebi, aforizmebi,
    xalxuri frTiani gamoTqmebi. nawarmoebis personaJebi TavianTi Tvalsazrisis
    gansamtkiceblad xSirad iyeneben xolme amgvar xalxur Tu klasikuri litera-
    turuli saganZuridan SeTvisebul sibrZnes.

    * * *
    1936 wels Jurnal `mnaTobSi" m. javaxiSvilis bolo romani `qalis tvirTi"
    gamoqveynda. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebi 1905 wlis revoluciis movlenebs
    asaxavda da aSkarad etyoboda sabWouri ideologiis zewola, samwuxaro tradi-
    cia arc amjerad darRveula da romani literaturuli kritikis mZafri ganqi-
    qebis sagnad iqca. braldebani kvlavac adrindeli iyo _ socialisturi ideo-
    logiisaTvis miuRebeli klasobriv-partiuli da erovnuli ideebis qadageba. av-
    tors brals debdnen bolSevikuri organizaciis rolis dakninebaSi, sinamdvi-
    lis ararealistur asaxvaSi, dokumenturi masalis arasakmaris codnaSi, 1905
    wlis revoluciuri movlenebis araobieqtur aRweraSi, klasobrivi mtrebisadmi
    gamovlenil adamianur TanadgomaSi da a. S.
    marTalia, m. javaxiSvilis es nawarmoebi Tavisi mxatvruli doniT belet-
    ristis sxva qmnilebebs Camouvardeba, rasac Tavad avtoric gulwrfelad aRia-
    rebda, magram, samwuxarod, kritikuli gansjis sagnad `qalis tvirTze" saubris
    dros amjeradac mwerlis `ideologiuri Secdomebi" iyo qceuli da ara litera-
    turuli ostatobis sakiTxebi. am SemTxvevaSi ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es yve-
    laferi 1936-1937 wlebSi xdeboda, im dros, roca m. javaxiSvilis, rogorc `xal-
    xis mtrisa" da `diversantis" winaaRmdeg brZolis kampania zenitSi iyo asuli
    da yvelaferi keTdeboda misi `TvalTmaqcobisa" da `moRalaturi saqmianobis"
    `gamosaaSkaraveblad". mwerlis yovelgvari cda, rogorme Tavi daeRwia amgvari
    sabediswero devnisaTvis, amao gamodga. amitomac iyo, rom `qalis tvirTic",
    miuxedavad misi ramdenadme koniunqturuli xasiaTisa, miuRebeli aRmoCnda
    sabWoTa kritikisTvisac da partiuli xelisuflebisTvisac.
    es naTlad gamoCnda 1937 wels mweralTa kavSirSi mowyobil romanis
    ganxilvaze, sadac araerTi `momakvdinebeli" braldeba wauyenes avtors.
    `qalis tvirTi" sagulisxmo warmodgenas gviqmnis 1905 wlis droindel qar-
    Tul yofa-cxovrebaze. masSi realisturi damajereblobiT aris daxasiaTebuli
    is rTuli politikuri da partiul-socialuri viTareba, rac imJamindel saqar-
    TveloSi sufevda. mwerali ar ifargleba romelime erTi klasis, partiisa Tu
    jgufis interesebis CvenebiT da farTo speqtriT warmoaCens im periodisaTvis
    CvenSi arsebul dapirispirebul ZalTa da SexedulebaTa mravalferovnebas. am
    TvalsazrisiT igi qmnis gansxvavebuli klasobrivi da ideologiuri principebis
    mimdevar pirovnebaTa mxatvruli saxeebis mTel galereas da STambeWdavad gviC-
    venebs partiebad da jgufebad daqsaqsuli qarTuli sazogadoebis imJamindel
    saxes.
    es yvelaferi romanSi, pirvel yovlisa, andro axatnelis ojaxis magaliT-
    zea naCvenebi. Zvel droSi feodaluri saqarTvelos simtkicisa da Zlierebis
    erT-erT myar safuZvlad qceuli axatnelebis warCinebuli ojaxi axali viTa-
    rebis Sedegad datrialebulma socialurma qartexilebma nangrevebad aqcies. an-
    dro axatnelisa da misi Svilebis tragikuli Tavgadasavlis moTxrobiT mwe-
    ralma simboluri ganzogadebulobiT gviCvena Zveli saqarTvelos yofis ngreva
    144
    da sabediswero aRsasruli. qveynad datrialebuli mZafri socialuri qar-
    texilebis msxverplad qceuli axatnelebis ojaxuri tragediis CvenebiT mwera-
    li naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis im rTul movlenebze, romlebic swored sauku-
    nis dasawyisSi iwyebdnen sabediswero aRzevebas CvenSi.
    axatnelebis ubedureba isic aris, rom isini araTu ver grZnoben kars mom-
    dgari socialuri tragediis sabediswero Sedegs, aramed gaucnobiereblad Tava-
    dac uwyoben xels am tragediis aRzevebas. amis naTeli dadasturebaa axatnelTa
    didi ojaxis wevrTa aqtiuri monawileoba im movlenebSi, saukunis dasawyisidan-
    ve Tavdayira rom daayenes Cveni sazogadoebis bevri warmomadgenlis cnobiereba.
    ase brmad da gaucnobiereblad upirispirdebian isini yovelive imas, rasac
    Zveli cxovrebis safuZvlebTan erTad maTi pirovnuli TviTarsebobisa da oja-
    xuri keTildReobis saZirkvelic unda moeSala. bednieri momavlis damkvid-
    rebaze meocnebe axatnelebi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli gzebiT
    miiswrafian TavianTi idealisaken. moxuci andro axatneli saqarTvelos bednie-
    rebas `Cveni uuzenaesi batonisa da uusayvarlesi imperatorisadmi" monur morCi-
    lebaSi xedavs, radganac Rrmad swams, rom mefis winaaRmdeg brZolaze fiqric
    ki daRupavs qveyanas. misi mravalricxovani Svilebi da ZmisSvilebi principu-
    lad ar iziareben moxuci Tavadis am Tvalsazriss da yvela gansxvavebul pozi-
    ciaze dgas. zogi maTgani bolSevikia, zogi menSeviki, zogi federalisti, zogi
    saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaze meocnebe patrioti da a. S. isini, Cveulebriv, sakma-
    od agresiulad icaven xolme TavianT pozicias da cinikuri daundoblobiT
    ebrZvian mowinaaRmdeges. ase erTbaSad ingreva `Svid saukuneze metxans" cxov-
    rebis avanscenaze aRzevebuli axatnelebis warCinebuli fuZe.
    axatnelTa zneobriv-moqalaqeobrivi da erovnul-sazogadoebrivi degrada-
    cia romanSi mravali aspeqtiTaa xazgasmuli. amis naTeli dadasturebaa Tundac
    Semdegi faqtic: andro axatnelis erTi vaJi _ ilia WavWavaZis naTluli _ `lo-
    Ti da saxelganTqmuli avara gamovida da axatnelis ojaxs saqveynod mosWra Ta-
    vi", meore vaJma _ nikom _ niko nikolaZis naTlulma _ `muSuri tanisamosi Caic-
    va, revolucionerebs daukavSirda, sofladac daexeteba da glexebs ajanyebs.
    Tavis sofelSic ki asula da glexebis xeliT sakuTari mamulic ki gautia-
    lebia". mesame Zma _ akaki, akaki wereTlis sexnia da naTluli, `menSeviki gaxda
    da dRes an xval SesaZloa isev cixeSi amohyos Tavi". arc andrias ZmisSvilebi
    gamodgnen ukeTesi bedisani. erTma maTganma, dimitri yifianis naTlulma da
    sexniam, social-federalistoba daiCema. `esec dRevandeli Svilebi! esec Seni
    axali Taoba! - tiroda gulSi andro axatnelis meuRle mariami, _ axla erToba
    andros mosdgomia da saqveynod daaTrevs lafSi. RviZli Svilebi ki ara Tu ar
    esarClebian, TviTonac qva da gundas esvrian".
    nawarmoebis mravalricxovan personaJTagan avtoris yuradRebis centrSi,
    pirvel yovlisa, qeTevan axatnelia moqceuli. romanis saTauric swored mas
    ukavSirdeba. m. javaxiSvilma misi cxovrebiseuli bedi sisxlxorceulad daukav-
    Sira im umniSvnelovanes social-politikur movlenebs, 1905 wels rom aboboq-
    rdnen Cvens qveyanaSi. qeTevan axatneli mweralma Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi, ga-
    orebuli adamianuri bunebis pirovnebad warmosaxa. erTis mxriv, igi mkiTxvelis
    winaSe warmodgeba revoluciuri fanatizmiTa da xalxis bednierebisaTvis Tav-
    ganwiruli brZolis ideiT atacebul romantikos gmirad, meores mxriv ki nebie-
    ri cxovrebiT galaRebul fuqsavat meSCanad. am TvalsazrisiT, qeTevan axatne-
    lis revoluciur idealebsa da cxovrebiseul realobas Soris gadaulaxavi
    ufskruli arsebobs.
    axla oriode sityva marTas Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marTas mxatvru-
    li saxis Seqmnis upirvelesi da umTavresi mizani qeTo axatnelis pirovnuli in-
    dividualobis meti siRrmiseulobiT gamokveTaa. mwerali xazgasmuli kontras-
    tulobiT warmoaCens am ori personaJis erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul
    miswrafebebs da mZafri Sinagani dramatizmiT upirispirebs maT erTmaneTs. ase
    rom, revoluciuri saqmisadmi uRalatobiTa da TavdadebiT, erTguli siyvaru-
    liTa da naTlad gacnobierebuli mizanswrafviT marTa qeTevan axatnelis sru-
    li antipodia. igi Rrmadaa darwmunebuli imaSi, rom `socializmi uzenaesi da
    145
    uspetakesi idealia. kacobriobas misi msgavsi jer araferi mougonia. igi umSve-
    nieresi simarTlea am qveynad. is myinvaris wveramdis aamaRlebs xalxs zneobri-
    vad, fizikurad da gonebrivadac..."
    magram es revoluciuri fanatizmi rom yalbi iluzia gamodga da idealad
    dasaxulma socialisturma yofam, piriqiT, udidesi ubedureba rom moutana qve-
    yanas, amjerad es rodia mTavari; arc is, socialisturi ideebis amgvari roman-
    tikuli gandideba 30-iani wlebis politikuri viTarebiT ganpirobebul iZu-
    lebiT ideologiur kompromisad rom unda CavuTvaloT mwerals. am SemTxvevaSi
    aramc da aramc ar unda dagvaviwydes is garemoebac, rom aseTi rwmenisa da
    msoflmxedvelobis adamianebic sakmaod iyvnen imxanad CvenSi da isini fanatiku-
    ri TavganwirviT ibrZodnen klasobrivi samarTlianobis dasamkvidreblad. eri
    da erovnuloba, maTi rwmeniT, yavlgasuli, dromoWmuli cnebebi iyo da kla-
    sobrivi erTobis Teoria, momavali socialisturi yofa, sul male Zirfesvianad
    aRmofxvrida da miangr-moangrevda yovelgvar erovnul ganTiSulobasa da am
    TvalsazrisiT arsebul barierebs.
    raRa Tqma unda, erovnulobisadmi am nihilisturma midgomam udidesi ubedu-
    reba daatexa Tavs Cvens qveyanas, magram amjerad es ki araa mTavari, aramed is,
    rom meoce saukunis dasawyisidan cxovrebis asparezze swored amgvarad moaz-
    rovne fanatikosebi iwyeben aRzevebas. qveynis marTvis sadaveebsac isini igdeben
    xelSi da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis samomavlo procesis warmmarTvelebic
    isini xdebian.
    amdenad, am rwmenisa da msoflmxedvelobis adamianTa mxatvrul saxeebs sa-
    Tanado adgili unda daemkvidrebinaT literaturaSic. moxda kidec ase da am
    TvalsazrisiT arc m. javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba gamodga gamonaklisi.
    da mainc, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, m. javaxiSvilis romanSi Sefa-
    ruli formiT mwerlis opoziciuri TvalTaxedvis gamovlinebanic SeiZleba dai-
    naxos dakvirvebulma mkiTxvelma. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel yovlisa, nawarmoebis
    is adgilebia saintereso, sadac social-demokratTa zneobriv principebsa da
    erovnul nihilizmzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba.
    erisa da erovnulobisadmi nihilisturad ganwyobili Tavisi drois xeli-
    sufalni, romelnic moRvaweobis umTavres mizanswrafvad socialisturi idea-
    lebis damkvidrebas isaxavdnen, mweralma ilias sityvebiT ase gaafrTxila: `eri
    maradiuli fenomenia, revolucia ki droebiTi qartexili gaxlavT. igi moulod-
    nelad mogvaskdeba, zog rames miangrevs, zog vinmes daazaralebs da gahqreba.
    wyalni wavlen da wamovlen, qviSani darCebiano. dRes Tu xval qariSxali isev
    Cavardeba, eri ki darCeba da Tavis meTaurebs mkacrad mosTxovs angariSs... gul-
    wrfelad unda vaRiaro, rom saiqios samsjavroze metad me saaqao msjavri maSi-
    nebs. am msjavrisagan sikvdilic ki ver gvixsnis. mkacri istorikosi Cven mad-
    lsac da matlsac sasworze dasdebs da piruTvnel ganaCens gamogvitans. zogi-
    erTs, albaT, im ucnobi Soreuli istorikosisa sulac ar eSinian. im vaJbato-
    nebs movaxseneb, rom istorikosi msajuli cocxalia da dauRalavadac muSaobs.
    albaT mkiTxavT, vin aris, sad ariso? is msajuli xalxia, eria da im erSi Cvenc
    vurevivarT".
    vfiqrobT, es brZnuli da mkacrad gamafrTxilebeli Segoneba Cveni didi ma-
    muliSvilisaTvis mwerals mxolod romanSi aRwerili konkretuli movlenebis
    Sesafaseblad ar uTqmevinebia. igi, pirvel yovlisa, im rTuli politikuri viTa-
    rebis Sesafasebladaa naTqvami, ocian da ocdaaTian wlebSi rom sufevda Cvens
    qveyanaSi. amiT m. javaxiSvilma, Sefarulad, Zalauflebis taxtrevanze aRze-
    vebuli Tavisi drois sisxliani xelisufalnic gaafrTxila, meti windaxedu-
    leba da goniereba gamoeCinaT erisa da qveynis winaSe.

    * * *
    rogorc ukve araerTgzis aRiniSna, sabWoTa xelisufleba yvelafers ake-
    Tebda ideologiurad `urCi" mwerlebis dasaTrgunad da `mosaTviniereblad" (a.
    baqraZe). am TvalsazrisiT tragikuli bedi xvda wilad mixeil javaxiSvilsac.
    xelisuflebaca da misi erTguli kritikac mraval braldebas uyenebda mas. mwe-
    146
    rali yvelanairad cdilobda SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis SenarCunebasa da ide-
    ologiuri dogmebis tyveobisagan Tavis daxsnas, risi miRwevac did riskTan da
    moqalaqeobriv gabedulebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis
    SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuTrebiT 30-ian wlebSi daweril zogierT werilSi, ramde-
    nadme igrZnoba imJamindeli ideologiuri politikis gamoZaxili, SeiZleba dabe-
    jiTebiT iTqvas, rom m. javaxiSvilma gmirulad gauZlo am Semotevas da bolom-
    de darCa msoflmxedvelobaSeuryvnel da rwmenagaubzarav mwerlad.
    mas, rogorc pirovnebasa da Semoqmeds, aRmoaCnda didi Sinagani Zala da
    gabeduleba, riTac win aRudga da daupirispirda xelisuflebis mier dakano-
    nebul ideologiur politikas. `mwerlebi, _ werda, magaliTad, igi 1930 wels, _
    `ideologiuri simarTlis Ziebis" sababiT erTmaneTs misdgomian da niCbebiT as-
    xamen cilsa da talaxs. es TviTkritika ki ar aris, aramed urTierTis Wama da
    literaturis gawbilebaa. dee, kritikosi ulmobeli iyos, oRond Sesaferi kilo
    moZebnos, minimaluri pativi dagvdos da Seignos, rom nemsis yunwiviT viwro mi-
    kerZoveba mkiTxvelis gonebasac aviwroebs da Semoqmedebasac aSorebs".
    erT-erTi mTavari braldeba, romelic xelisuflebamac da proletarulma
    kritikamac araerTgzis mwvaved wauyena m. javaxiSvilsac da imJamindeli Cveni
    mwerlobis sxva gamoCenil ostatebsac, `Tanamedrove cxovrebiT maTi dauintere-
    sebloba" iyo. amgvari kritikis mTavari mizanswrafva imaSi mdgomareobda, es
    opozicioneri mwerlebi sabWoTa epoqis panegirikosebad, mexotbeebad eqciaT.
    am viTarebisagan Tavis dasaxsnelad m. javaxiSvilma da k. gamsaxurdiam
    ocian wlebSi wamoayenes da aqtiurad icavdnen e. w. `distanciis Teorias", ri-
    Tac cdilobdnen Tanamedroveobis Tematikisagan gandgomisTvis arapolitikuri
    axsna moeZebnaT. maTi mtkicebiT, uSualod maT Tvalwin mimdinare movlenaTa ar-
    sSi gasarkvevad garkveuli drouli distancia iyo saWiro. cxadia, m. javaxiSvi-
    lica da k. gamsaxurdiac TavianTi `TeoriiT" maT winaaRmdeg daZrul kritikos-
    Ta `laSqris" dacxromas cdilobdnen. sinamdvileSi ki Tavadac rom ar izia-
    rebdnen am Tvalsazriss, es maTive Semoqmedebidanac naTlad Canda, razec aSka-
    rad metyvelebs swored am periodSi Seqmnili maTi araerTi nawarmoebi, rom-
    lebSic Tanadrouli yofis saWirboroto problemebi iyo dasmuli.
    xelisuflebasTan gamarTul am uTanasworo brZolaSi, m. javaxiSvilica da
    k. gamsaxurdiac iZulebulni gaxdnen, nel-nela ukan daexiaT, Tavadve daegmoT
    TavianTi `Teoria" da `gulwrfelad moenaniebiaT daSvebuli Secdomebi". magali-
    Tad, m. javaxiSvili 1932 wels `TviTkritikulad" werda: `Cven gvqonda Secdo-
    mebi, piradad me avtori gaxlavarT `dampatiJes", `givi Saduris" da sxva iseTi
    nawarmoebebis, romlebSic arasworadaa gamosaxuli revolucioneri dRevande-
    lobis sinamdvile.
    me momxre viyavi cnobili `distanciis" Teoriis, romelic gulisxmobda
    mwerlis daSorebis aucileblobas Tanamedroveobis Temebidan. dRes es Teoria
    Semcdarad mimaCnia".
    Tumca, am `TviTmonaniebasTan" erTad, mwerali iqve imasac aRniSnavda gu-
    listkiviliT, rom am SecdomebisaTvis mas xSirad edavebodnen `ara ideurad,
    ara maTi gamosworebis mizniT, aramed administraciuli brZaneblobiT". xolo
    rasac niSnavda 20-30-ian wlebSi xelisuflebis mier vinmesTan `administraciu-
    li brZaneblobiT dava", es dRes yvelasTvis kargad cnobili faqtia da komen-
    tars ar saWiroebs.
    cxadia, Tavisi am TiTqosda uwyinari SeniSvnebiT m. javaxiSvili aSkarad
    upirispirdeboda imJamindel ideologiur politikas da amiT kidev ufro amZaf-
    rebda mis winaaRmdeg karga xnis winaT dawyebul brZolas. am SemTxvevaSi ga-
    saTvaliswinebeli isicaa, rom mwerlis am polemikuri SeniSvnebis sakmao nawili
    30-ian wlebSi daweril werilebSia gamoTqmuli.
    gansxvavebiT sabWoTa epoqaSi moRvawe bevri mwerlisagan, romelTa
    Semoqmedebisadmi interesi drom sagrZnoblad daacxro da gaafermkrTala, m.
    javaxiSvilis literaturuli memkvidreobis roli da mniSvneloba Cveni
    mwerlobis istoriaSi kidev ufro metad gaizarda da meti msaStaburobiT
    warmoCinda.
    147

    niko lorTqifaniZe
    meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis im saxelganTqmul ostatTa Soris, ro-
    melTac pirvelxarisxovani roli Seasrules erovnuli literaturis ga-
    naxlebis saqmeSi, niko lorTqifaniZes gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. qrono-
    logiuri TvalsazrisiT, igi erT-erTi pirveli beletristi iyo, romelmac am
    saukunis dasawyisis qarTul mwerlobaSi gza gauxsna evropul modernizms da
    Cveni sulieri kultura axali sasicocxlo impulsebiT gaamdidra.
    sul male am procesma kidev ufro farTo masStabebi moicva da qarTuli
    literaturis `evropuli radiusiT" (t. tabiZe) gamarTvis saqmeSi aqtiurad Caer-
    Tvnen 1900-iani da aTiani wlebis Cveni mwerlobis iseTi gamoCenili warmomadgen-
    lebi, rogorebic iyvnen: galaktion tabiZe, grigol robaqiZe, tician tabiZe, gi-
    orgi leoniZe, konstantine gamsaxurdia, paolo iaSvili, valerian gafrindaSvi-
    li da sxvebi.
    Tavisi miniaturebiTa da novelebiT niko lorTqifaniZe erovnul litera-
    turaSi safuZvels uyrida Tvisebrivad axal tendenciebs da Tanmimdevrulad am-
    kvidrebda naazrevis mxatvruli gamoxatvis sruliad originalur formebs.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom am siaxleTa masazrdoebeli wyaro, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ev-
    ropuli modernizmidan iRebda saTaves, mwerali aseve sasicocxlo fesvebiT iyo
    dakavSirebuli mSobliur literaturul tradiciebTan. swored amis Sedegia is
    garemoeba, rom SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis arc erT etapze n. lorTqifaniZe
    mowyvetili ar yofila erovnul niadags da Tavisi nawarmoebebis problematiki-
    Tac da friad originaluri mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi principebiTac igi,
    upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli wiaRidan aRmocenebuli Semoqmedia.
    niko lorTqifaniZe daibada 1880 wels wyaltubos raionis sofel CuneSSi.
    mwerlis mama _ merabi Tavisi droisaTvis sakmaod cnobili pirovneba yofila,
    aqtiuri monawile maSindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa. ojaxSi wera-kiTxvis
    Seswavlis Semdeg n. lorTqifaniZe jer quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi swav-
    lobda, Semdgom ki swavla ganagrZo vladikavkazis gimnaziaSi, romlis damTav-
    rebis mere xarkovis universitetSi Sevida. studentobis dros mwerali aqtiur
    monawileobas Rebulobda antisaxelisuflebo gamosvlebSi, ris gamoc ga-
    ricxul iqna universitetidan.
    1901 wels man monawileoba miiRo quTaisSi odesidan Camosuli Teatraluri
    dasis mier sagastrolod Camotanili antiebrauli mspeqtaklis _ `kontrabandis-
    tebis~ winaaRmdeg gamarTul saprotesto demonstaraciaSi, risTvisac daapatim-
    res da ori TviT cixe miusajes.
    sasjelis moxdis Semdeg, 1902 wels, n. lorTqifaniZe swavlis gasagrZe-
    leblad avstriaSi miemgzavreba da Sedis leobenis samTo akademiaSi.
    1912 wels n. lorTqifaniZe sacxovreblad quTaisSi gadadis, sadac 1925
    wlamde rCeba. aq igi Tavdapirvelad saadgilmamulo bankSi muSaobda, Semdeg ki
    germanuls aswavlida jer klasikur gimnaziasa da realur saswavleblebSi, me-
    re ki qalTa gimnaziasa da teqnikumSi. igi aqve daqorwinda 1915 wels. 1928-1937
    wlebSi niko saqarTvelos politeqnikur institutSi muSaobda ucxo enaTa ka-
    Tedris gamged.
    aqtiur literaturul da pedagogiur moRvaweobasTan erTad calke unda
    aRiniSnos n. lorTqifaniZis saredaqtoro-sagamomcemlo saqmianobac. 1910-11
    wlebSi misi redaqtorobiT yovelkvireuli Jurnali `cxovreba da literatu-
    ra" gamodioda, 1917 wels _ gazeTi `samSoblo", 1921 wels ki almanaxi `krebu-
    li".
    am suliT aristokrat da raind pirovnebas gansakuTrebuli siaxlove akav-
    Sirebda `cisferyanwelebTan". Tavis mxriv, `yanwelebic" udidesi pativiscemiT
    iyvnen gamsWvaluli misadmi da mas `dendizmis" _ aristokratizmis am umaRlesi
    148
    safexuris" (kolau nadiraZe) _ ukeTilSobiles warmomadgenlad miiCnevdnen. pao-
    losaTvis igi `moelvare satevari" da `bunebiT batoni" iyo.
    n. lorTqifaniZis sicocxlis bolo 23 weliwadma qarTveli xalxis isto-
    riuli cxovrebis umZimes qartexilebSi ganvlo. samSoblos Tavisuflebaze me-
    ocnebe mweralma am Tavisuflebis saocnebo madlic igema da Tavisuflebis mzis
    Casvenebis simwarec ganicada. igi uzomo wuxiliTa da SeSfoTebiT akvirdeboda,
    rogor tortmanebda codvisa da uzneobis morevi xundebdadebul samSobloSi,
    rogori gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen erTmaneTs zneoba da adamianuri simdable, erov-
    nuli geni da politikuri avantiurizmi. akvirdeboda da Tavadac aqtiurad iyo
    CarTuli am brZolaSi. xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom man am `talaxisa da Wu-
    Wyis Relva-tortmanSi", gansxvavebiT bevri misi Tanamedrovisagan, sikeTisa da
    patiosnebis misTvis kuTvnili tvirTi wmindad da Seurcxvenlad atara si-
    cocxlis bolomde.
    niko lorTqifaniZe gardaicvala 1944 wlis 25 maiss. Tavdapirvelad igi va-
    kis sasaflaoze dakrZales. 1954 wels ki misi neSti didubis mweralTa da sazo-
    gado moRvaweTa panTeonSi gadaasvenes. mis mier ganvlili cxovrebis gza naTe-
    li dadasturebaa adamianuri keTilSobilebisa da erovnuli znekeTilobis im
    maRali Segnebisa, romelic Tavad man amgvarad Camoayaliba erTgan: `me vici, arc
    sasufeveli momelis caTa Sina da arc saxeli, dideba da pativiscema amqveynad,
    magram me Zegli unda damidgan ara imitom, rom mwerlobaSi vmuSaobdi... aramed
    imitom, rom talaxisa da WuWyis Relva-tortmanSi Cemi tvirTi ise gavatare, rom
    arc fexi da arc xeli ar damisvria da ise movitane, rac ki SemeZlo, sam-
    Soblos samsxverploze... Cems saflavs ki Zeglad daedgmeba nisli samSoblosaT-
    vis tanjvisa da sityvakazmuli mwerlobis siyvarulisa".

    * * *
    Tavisi adrindeli nawarmoebebiTve niko lorTqifaniZem mraval literatu-
    rul siaxles daudo saTave 1900-iani da 1910-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaSi. am
    siaxleTagan sagangebod unda gamoiyos mwerlis damsaxureba miniaturuli Jan-
    ris, rogorc naazrevis mxatvruli gamoxatvis specifikuri formis, klasikuri
    srulyofis saqmeSi. marTalia, am formas CvenSi adrec mimarTavdnen xolme, mag-
    ram ase farTod da masStaburad es Janri manamde aravis gamouyenebia.
    n. lorTqifaniZis miniaturebi ZiriTadad lirikuli gmiris ganwyobilebas,
    mis sulier miswrafebebs gamoxataven. maTSi klasikuri prozis struqturuli
    buneba gamdidrebulia poeturi JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiT.
    arcTu iSviaTad, es miniaturebi prozad daweril leqsebs warmoadgenen ara mar-
    to saTqmelis gamoxatvis xasiaTiT, aramed versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiTac.
    am miniaturebis maRalma mxatvrulma donem didad Seuwyo xeli meoce sau-
    kunis aTiani da ociani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaSi lirikuli prozis aRmav-
    loba-ganviTarebas.
    n. lorTqifaniZis mxatvruli inividualobis Camoyalibebaze ganmsazRvreli
    zegavlena moaxdina evropulma literaturulma siaxleebma. am zegavlenis kvali
    gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi, roca aSka-
    rad SeiniSneba impresionizmis gamoZaxili. am garemoebas Tavidanve miaqcia
    yuradReba literaturulma sazogadoebriobam.
    kerZod, Jurnal `meocnebe niamorebis" pirvel nomerSi, 1919 wels gamoq-
    veynebul werilSi, sandro cirekiZem n. lorTqifaniZe qarTuli miniaturis `yve-
    laze ufro popularul" ostatad gamoacxada da aRniSna: `lorTqifaniZe impre-
    sionistia... is aiRebs romelime naWers mTelisas da amoxatavs. mis miniaturebSi
    yovelTvis grZnobT, rom epizodia mTelis".
    cnobilia, rom impresionizmis, rogorc mxatvruli mimdinareobis, arsi Zi-
    riTadad faqtisagan, movlenisagan miRebuli STabeWdilebis emociur gamovlena-
    zea dafuZnebuli. n. lorTqifaniZis adrindel prozaSi es Tviseba arsebiT mwer-
    lur principadaa qceuli. avtori grZnobieri simZafriT gamoxatavs lirikuli
    gmiris sulier ganwyobilebas, mis pirovnul damokidebulebas samyarosTan. mra-
    valferovania am impresionistuli Canaxatebis Tematika. axalgazrda mwerali
    149
    cdilobs Taviseburi axsna mouZebnos im sakiTxebs, romelnic odiTganve awuxeb-
    da kacTa modgmas. ase Semodis mis prozaSi emociuri gaazreba iseTi proble-
    mebisa, rogorebicaa: sicocoxlis azri da mizanswrafva, adamianis roli da da-
    niSnuleba samyaroSi, fiqri sikvdilsa da wuTisoflis warmavlobaze...
    swored es problemuri kiTxvebi gansazRvraven, pirvel rigSi, n. lorTqifa-
    niZis adrindeli prozis ZiriTad Sinaarss.
    zemoT mwerlis Semoqmedebis poeturi buneba iyo naxsenebi da kvlav gvinda
    mivubrundeT am sakiTxs. n. lorTqifaniZis prozauli nawarmoebebis poeturoba,
    gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi, imdenad TvalsaCino
    faqtia, rom misi zogierTi qmnileba mTlianad, anda nawilobriv mainc, TeTri
    leqsis formiTaa dawerili. grafikuli gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT maT SeiZleba
    yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe mivceT ama Tu im versifikaciuli sazomiT Ses-
    rulebuli leqsis saxe. aseT klasikur saleqso sqemebze dafuZnebuli, ritmu-
    lad daxvewili da melodiuri miniaturebi sakmaod gvxvdeba lorTqifaniZis
    beletristikaSi (`uialqnod", `ori gza", `Semoqmedi Zala"...).
    meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTul mwerlobaSi am Janrma, prozad daweril-
    ma leqsma, rogorc Tavad avtorebi uwodeben am formiT Seqmnil TavianT nawar-
    moebebs, farTo gavrceleba hpova. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia W. lomTaTiZis,
    k. gamsaxurdias, S. dadianis, t. tabiZisa da sxvaTa miniaturebi da Canaxatebi. am
    periodSi, aRniSnuli tendenciis damkvidrebis saqmeSi, n. lorTqifaniZis dam-
    saxureba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.
    mwerlis pirvel miniaturebsa da CanaxatebSi umTavresi yuradRebis sagnad
    Tavad avtoris pirovnul miswrafebaTa da romantikul STabeWdilebaTa gamoxat-
    vaa qceuli. maTSi n. lorTqifaniZe ar cdilobs mTeli sigrZe-siganiT gaiazros
    movlena. mas ufro faqtisagan miRebuli emocia ainteresebs, movlenis fsiqolo-
    giuri zemoqmedebis Sedegi. amitomacaa, rom mis adrindel nawerebSi gacilebiT
    meti energia ixarjeba lirikuli gmiris subieqturi miswrafebebisa da STabeW-
    dilebebis gamovlenaze, vidre adamianur urTierTobaTa amsaxveli siuJeturi
    xlarTebis Tanmimdevrul da detalur moTxrobaze.
    klasikuri prozis kanonika, romelsac originalurad Seerwya adrindeli
    nawerebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli poeturoba, mis SemoqmedebaSi cota mogvianebiT
    iCens Tavs. mwerali zogjer saerTodac ki ambobs uars siuJetze da nawarmoebis
    umTavres mizanswrafvad sulieri ganwyobilebis gamoxatvas aqcevs.
    sityvieri lakonizmi da lapidaroba _ ai, kidev erTi arsebiTi niSani n.
    lorTqifaniZis stilisa. rogorc wesi, mwerali yovelgvari mravalsityvaobisa
    da zedmeti detalizaciis gareSe gamoxatavs saTqmels, gamoxatavs naxevarto-
    nebiTa da qveteqsturi miniSnebebiT, naxevrad gaxsnili simboloebiTa da alego-
    riuli saxeebiT. ase rom, misi nawerebis kiTxvis procesi mkiTxvelis gansakuT-
    rebul aqtiurobas gulisxmobs, raTa es wyvetili xazebi gaamTlianos, mraval-
    wertilebis miRma nagulisxmev azrs Cawvdes da Tavis gonebaSi daasrulos av-
    toris mier bolomde gauSifravi Canafiqri.
    n. lorTqifaniZis prozis simbolur-alegoriuli qveteqstis arsSi wvdoma
    mkiTxvels, garkveulwilad, Tanaavtorobis funqciasac akisrebs xolme. ase rom,
    movlenis, situaciis srulyofili gaazreba aucileblad gulisxmobs aqtiur Ca-
    revas Txrobis procesSi.
    am TvalsazrisiT mwerlis stiluri individualobis gasaRebad unda iqnas
    miCneuli Semdegi sityvebi: `mwerlebi, gmiris cxovrebas Tu mihyves xeli, da-
    iwyeben im wamidan, roca pirvelad aaxila Tvali moqmedma pirma, da Cayvebian
    ukanasknel sadgomSi - saflavSi... gaWianurebul sityvaTa frqveva JamiviT Sega-
    Zulebs gmirsac da mis biografiasac.
    me sxvadasxva suraTs mogawvden cxovrebidan. maTi erTmaneTTan SekavSireba
    SenTvis momindvia... me mainc mgonia, rom mkiTxvels meti adgili unda daeTmos
    fantaziisaTvis, SemoqmedebisaTvis... mkiTxvels moswyinda yvelaferi ukve SemuSa-
    vebuli, TavTavis adgilze hpovos.
    150
    mweralma marmarilo, tilo, saerTo azri, CarCo, ori-sami xazi daamzados,
    damTavreba, daboloveba nawarmoebisa mkiTxvelis gemovnebasa da survils mian-
    dos..."
    samyaros amgvari aRqmis principi, arsebiTad ganpirobebuli impresionistu-
    li weris maneriT, is axali stili iyo, romelic Cvens mwerlobaSi Semoitana da
    daamkvidra n. lorTqifaniZem.
    mwerlis nawarmoebTa Sinaarsobrivi mizandasaxulobisa da ganwyobilebis
    Sesacnobad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba originalurad SerCeul saTaurebs. am sa-
    kiTxs sagangebod miaqcia yuradReba simon Ciqovanma. `ganwyobilebis Seqmnas igi
    (n. lorTqifaniZe _ a.n.), _ wers poeti, _ saTauridan iwyebda da mkiTxvels saTa-
    uris TaviseburebiT dasawyisSive imorCilebda. misi saTaurebi namdvili poetu-
    ri striqonebia. TviToeuli maTgani Rrma Sinaarsis matarebeli da STagonebuli
    gonebis SemoqmedebiTi nayofia".
    `sityvis musika" _ n. lorTqifaniZis mier erTgan (`panaSvidi") naxmari es ga-
    moTqma SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT im melodiurobis dasaxasiaTeblad,
    riTac mwerlis proza gamoirCeva. roca n. lorTqifaniZis stiluri individua-
    lobis ganmapirobebel niSan-Tvisebebs varkvevT, uTuod unda mivaqcioT yurad-
    Reba im Tavisebur tonalobasa da musikalur JReradobas, romelsac misi nawar-
    moebebi gamoscemen. da es miRweulia imiT, rom avtori qmnis frazis originalur
    konstruqcias. winadadebaTa agebisa da sityvaTa miseuli ganlagebis wesi gamor-
    Ceul intonacias amkvidrebs n. lorTqifaniZis prozaSi.
    amgvar individualur JReradobas mwerlis nawarmoebebi iZenen winadadebaTa
    originaluri konstruqciis Sedegad. avtori gansakuTrebul fsiqologiur dat-
    virTvasa da gamiznulobas akisrebs yovel sityvas. misi Semoqmedebis dramatuli
    buneba swored aseT sxart da naRverdlebiviT gavarvarebul dausrulebel fra-
    zebSi vlindeba. am nawyvet-nawyvet da fragmentul winadadebebs mwerali maqsima-
    lurad tvirTavs Sinaarsobrivi informaciebiTa da siuJeturi dramatizmiT, rac
    STambeWdavi formiT SegvagrZnobinebs movlenis arss.
    grZel, mravalsityvaobiT daxunZlul winadadebebs n. lorTqifaniZem nervu-
    li, acaxcaxebuli xeliT moxazuli fragmentuli frazebi arCia. mwerali TiT-
    qos sulSegubebuli wers da TiTo-orola sityviT uxsnis gzas personaJis Sina-
    gan dramatizms. es yvelaferi misi prozis Tavisebur grafikaSic aisaxa.
    niko lorTqifaniZis literaturuli ostatobis daxasiaTebis dros SeiZ-
    leba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT Tavad avtoris mierve erT-erTi novelis qvesaTa-
    urad gamoyenebuli sityvebi _ `tragediis natexebi". es gamoTqma zedmiwevniTi
    adekvaturobiT gamoxatavs mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenili adamianuri vne-
    baTa Relvis dramatul bunebasac da am dramatizmis literaturuli xor-
    cSesxmis Tavisebur formasac.
    avtori, rogorc wesi, Tavisi gmirebis cxovrebidan fragmentuli saxiT war-
    moaCens yvelaze arsebiTsa da STambeWdav epizodebs. personaJTa cxovrebiseuli
    biografiidan gacocxlebul swored amgvar siuJetur `namsxvrevebSi" kondensir-
    deba nawarmoebis ZiriTadi saTqmeli da ikveTeba asasaxi epoqis suliskveTeba,
    buneba da xasiaTi.
    am TvalsazrisiT n. lorTqifaniZe ramdenadme uxvevs klasikuri qarTuli
    prozisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli gzidan da sinamdviles danawev-
    rebuli, fragmentuli saxiT aRiqvams.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom beletristis adrindel nawerebSi farTo sazoga-
    doebrivi da filosofiuri rezonansis mqone problemebia wamoWrili (gavixse-
    noT: `guli", `literaturuli saRamo", `saSobao miniaturebi", `dadianis asuli
    da maTxovari", `sanaxavaT"...), am etapze igi ufro metad mainc pirovnebis Sinagani
    sulieri vnebebisa da miswrafebebis fsiqo-filosofiuri analiziTaa gata-
    cebuli da epoqaluri movlenebi mis amdroindel SemoqmedebaSi SedarebiT
    mkrTaladaa gamoxatuli.
    mwerlis pirvel qmnilebebSi aseve naklebi simkveTriTa da masStaburobiT
    iZerweba iseTi monumenturi tipebi da xasiaTebi, romelTa meSveobiTac ganzoga-
    debuli formiT warmoCindeboda maSindeli sinamdvile Tavisi Sinagani drama-
    151
    tizmiTa da mravalferovnebiT. es yvelaferi mTeli ZaliT cota mogvianebiT
    vlindeba n. lorTqifaniZis beletristikaSi, rodesac avtori srulyofilad
    wvdeba mxatvruli sityvis idumal siRrmes da mwerluri warmosaxvis mTavar mi-
    zanswrafvad farTo masStaburobiT gaazrebuli problemebi iqceva. am droidan
    moyolebuli, n. lorTqifaniZis prozaSi gabatonebul adgils iWers novela da
    moTxroba, rogorc miseuli naazrevis gamoxatvis yvelaze srulyofili da efeq-
    turi mxatvruli forma.
    pirveli nawarmoebi, romelSic gansakuTrebuli STambeWdaobiT gamovlinda
    n. lorTqifaniZis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobani, esaa farTod cnobili miniatu-
    ra `guli" (1908 w.). erTxans Tavadac ucxoeTSi nacxovreb mwerals piradadac
    araerTgzis hqonda gancdili samSoblos daSorebiT gamowveuli tkivilis dam-
    Trgunveli grZnoba. `gulSi" romantikuli gznebiT gamoixata mamulis siyva-
    ruls Sewiruli adamianis tragedia.
    n. lorTqifaniZis adrindel prozaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs `sa-
    Sobao miniaturebis" (1910 w.) cikls, romelic sami nawilisagan Sedgeba _ `sare-
    celze", `saqarTvelo iyideba" da `brma TerZi". siuJeturi gaazrebiTa da
    TviTmyofadobiT TiToeuli maTgani faqtobrivad damoukidebel nawarmoebs war-
    moadgens, romelTa gamamTlianebel da erTmaneTTan SemakavSirebel RerZad maT-
    Si RmerTTan saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dakavSirebuli adamianuri nugeSis
    fragmentuli gamoxatvaa gamoyenebuli.
    `iq, sadRac Sors, beTlemSi, cxrameti saukunis winaT, ca moWedil Rames
    mRvimeSi daibada ieso, Ze qalwulis mariamisa, maSvralTa imedi da nugeSi, tan-
    jvis Semamsubuqebeli, sikvdiliTa sikvdilis damTrgunveli...
    aq ki... dRes...,"
    aseTia es fragmenti, romelic `saSobao miniaturebis" prologadac ga-
    moiyena mweralma da epilogadac. nawarmoebSi aRwerili cxovrebiseuli tragiz-
    mi srul kontrastSia im imedian RvTismosaobasTan, romlis mqadagebladac
    qriste moevlina kacobriobas. amiT n. lorTqifaniZem originalurad gausva xazi
    dasabamidan adamianTa modgmisaTvis maradiulad Tanamdev im usasoobasa da ui-
    medobas, risganac kacs dRemde ver dauRwevia Tavi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom es
    sasowarkveTa gansakuTrebuli ZaliT swored qristeSobis dRes iCens Tavs, im
    dRes, roca `maSvralTa imedi da nugeSi, maTi tanjvis Semamsubuqebeli, sikvdi-
    liTa sikvdilisa damTrgunveli" qriste iSva am cxrameti saukunis winaT. as-
    wleulTa uRranebSi gamotarebul am imeds, avtoris azriT, amaod Setrfoda ka-
    ci, radganac cxovrebaSi sasikeTod am xnis manZilze araferi Secvlila da ar
    gamoCenila Zala, uzenaesis saxelTan dakavSirebul am did imeds realobad rom
    aqcevda.
    es uimedoba `saSobao miniaturebis" ciklSi avtorma sami kuTxidan dagva-
    naxa. pirveli es aris gangebis umkacresi ganaCeni pawia, umweo arsebisadmi, rome-
    lic sasikvdilo sarecelze wevs, sanTeliviT qreba, gulSi angelozis qanda-
    kebaCakruls `sunTqva usustdeba da nel-nela axal cxovrebas iwyebs". am minia-
    turis (`sarecelze") qveteqstSi RvTisadmi sayveduric vlindeba imis gamo, rom
    am pawiasaTvis amaoebad qceula uzenaesis saxelTan saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi da-
    kavSirebuli rwmena da imedi ganwirulisadmi Tanadgomisa.
    igive azri igulisxmeba agreTve mesame miniaturaSic (`brma TerZi"), romel-
    Sic konkretuli cxovrebiseuli viTarebis damaRonebeli suraTia moxazuli.
    rac Seexeba `saSobao miniaturebis" meore Canaxats, masSi SemaZrwunebeli
    simZafriTaa gamJRavnebuli erovnuli tkivili (`saqarTvelo iyideba"). aq, am pa-
    tara miniaturaSi, swored Soba dRes, adamianTaTvis Svebisa da imedis momni-
    Webel am wminda dRes, pirovnebis cxovrebiseul bedze cremlian godebas mwe-
    ralma erovnuli TviTSegnebis wiaRSi Sobili mZafri tkivilic dauwyvila.
    am miniaturis yoveli striqoni, yoveli sityva, erovnuli tragediiT sul-
    SeZruli kacis gulis nafleTebiTaa damZimebuli. ra ganapirobebs am tragedias?
    Segneba imisa, rom samSoblos warsuls, awmyosa da momavals aRaravin SemorCe-
    nia Wirisuflad; saqveyno safiqrali piradi interesebis WaobSi amomRrCvala,
    eri gadagvarebis piramde misula da samomavlo mizanswrafva daukargavs.
    152
    swored amis Sedegia is, rom mwerali yvelgan da yvelaferSi usasoobasa
    da uimedobas xedavs. arsad Cans xsnisa da gadarCenis macne samomavlo Suqi. da
    yovelive amas, am Tavzardamcem tkivils, avtori saocari ostatobiTa da eqspre-
    siiT aqcevs sityvaSi.
    am patara miniaturis yoveli winadadeba wina azris ukiduresi gamZafrebisa
    da daZabvis gziT miemarTeba mkiTxvelis gulisaken. yvelaferi iwyeba imis ga-
    mocxadebiT, rom `iyideba saqarTvelo, mindor-veliT, mTa-goriT, tyiT, venaxiT,
    saTesiT; warsulis istoriiT, momavali sve-bediT; mSvenieris eniT; naqargi far-
    Ca-xaverdiT; vaJkacuris xasiaTiT, stumar-moyvarulobiT; didebulis sanaxaobiT,
    wminda haeriT; naamagevi saxliT da kariT; CuqurTmiani monastrebiT da ekle-
    siebiT; mCqefare nakadulebiT; lurji zRviT; mowmendil-mokaSkaSebuli ciT,
    eriT, beriT; Tvalwarmtac banovanTa gundebiT; gonebagaxsnil vaJebiT; malxazi
    bavSvebiT; vercxlisfer TmiT Semosil pativsadeb moxucebiT. iyideba saqarTve-
    lo dediT da mamiT, SviliT da ZiriT, ZmiT, diT, coliT da naTesav-moyvrebiT".
    iqneb qveynad darCa vinme iseTi, vinc am momakvdinebel process win aRudge-
    ba? savalalo is aris, rom aseTi erTi kacic ki ar eguleba mwerals. amitomac
    risxavs mis mier Semokruli am sagangaSo zaris xma yvela gamyidvelsa da moRa-
    lates gansakuTrebuli simkacriT.
    eris gasayid `saasparezo moednad" gadaqceula `quCa da saxli, Teatri da
    sasamarTlo; saswavlebeli, satusaRo, etli, matarebeli, dila da Rame, sicxe
    da sicive, dari da avdari".
    ar darCenila kuTxe, romelic, mwerlis azriT, am Ralatsa da gadagvarebas
    gadarCenodes da raime imeds aCendes avtoris gulSi. am sens moucavs mTeli sa-
    qarTvelo `Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da oseTidan sparseTamde". da es yvela-
    feri: `iyideba nawil-nawil; kaxeTi da imereTi, qarTli, svaneTi, da samegrelo,
    guria da leCxumi, raWa da javaxeTi. iyideba patar-patara naWrebaT, visac ramde-
    ni surs da rogorc unda! nisiaT, ufasod, naRdad, droebiT da samudamod; ban-
    kis saSualebiT da Cvenis daxmarebiT". ase mZafrdeba situacia da ikveTeba erov-
    nuli katastrofis oTxi sagulisxmo momenti: ra iyideba, vin hyidis, sad iyideba
    da rogor iyideba, rasac mosdevs mwerlis sulidan SemaZrwunebel SeZaxilad
    aRmomskdari sasowarkveTili xma: `iyideT barem mTlad, gaweweT da gaglijeT,
    rasac saqarTvelo erqva da rac dRes oxraddarCenili aZRebs yornebs da guls
    uklavs uZlur Wirisufals".
    niko lorTqifaniZis SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenil am erovnul usasoobas Tan-
    daTanobiT cvlis Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavlis Ziebis, brZolisa da
    TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaken mowodebis gamomxatveli suliskveTeba. mwer-
    lis patriotuli ganwyobileba mis bevr mogviano nawarmoebSi mamulis bedis ma-
    Ziebeli kacis optimisturi mizanswrafviTaa STagonebuli. gavixsenoT, magali-
    Tad, `literaturuli saRamo" (1917 w.), romelSic avtori amgvarad gamoxatavs
    samSoblos movla-patronobisaken mowodebas:
    `mTvarian RameSi bagratis taZris nangrevebi, TalxiT mosil Wirisufali-
    viT rom dascqerian quTaiss, uxmod metyveleben: mouareT saqarTvelos!
    zogjer quCaSi win gadameRobeba sulis mesaidumle SoTa da brZanebis ki-
    loTi ambobs:
    mouareT saqarTvelos!
    Ramis wyvdiadSi yurs movkrav mdinareTa galoba-simReras; iwyebs mkvircxli
    rioni; SemosZaxebs giJmaJi Tergi da bans aZlevs dinji mtkvari;
    mouareT saqarTvelos!
    nuTu, batono Cemo, guSinwin rom kokispirulma wvimam daasxa, ar gagigoni-
    aT gauTavebeli, gabmuli Zaxili yoveli wveTis: mouareT saqarTvelos!"
    _ mouareT saqarTvelos! - ai, mwerlis moRvaweobisa da Semoqmedebis umTav-
    resi paTosi.
    ra aris WeSmariti xelovneba, ra Zala badebs mas, ra udevs maradiul sa-
    fuZvlad STagonebas? _ es kiTxvebi filosofiuri siRrmiTaa gaazrebuli niko
    lorTqifaniZis prozaSi. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, `cxovrebis mefe", romlis mTa-
    vari personaJia mefis asulze gamijnurebuli oqromWedeli. siyvarulma oqrom-
    153
    Wedels SeuZlebeli SeaZlebina da yovelgvar tanjva-wamebaze maRla daayena. me-
    fem Seyvarebul Wabuks sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana, magram amanac ver Seak-
    rTo igi: `ras mizams jalaTi? _ ambobs oqromWedeli, _ sikvdilis ukanasknel
    wamamdis savse var xelSeuxebeli siyvaruliT da merme xom verafers vigrZnob?"
    aseT Tavdaviwyebul siyvarulSi poulobs niko lorTqifaniZe im Zalas, ro-
    melmac umaRlesi xelovneba unda Seqmnas da Semoqmedi STagonebis mecxre caze
    atyorcnos. ase gamoaqandaka oqromWedelma oqros samkauli, romelzec `gapobil
    mkerdidan amoRebuli jer kidev mfeTqavi gulia" gamoxatuli. magram moTxrobis
    finalSi mwerali imasac gvamcnobs, rogor Trgunavs axdenili ocneba Semoqmede-
    biT fantaziasa da Ziebis im mZafr grZnobas, ramac xelovans SeuZlebeli unda
    SeaZlebinos.
    mefeTa mefe xuTi wlis Semdeg estumra oqromWedelsa da mefis asuls, ro-
    melTac ocneba ausruldaT, daqorwindnen da axla Cveulebrivi miwieri bednie-
    rebiT tkbebian. ra Seicvala am xuT weliwadSi natvraaxdenili oqromWedlis
    cxovrebaSi? aRsareba, romelsac oqromWedeli eubneba mefeTa mefes, naTlad
    warmoaCens n. lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazriss: `winaT xeloba me gardavqmeni xelov-
    nebaT da axla xelovnebas uneblieT xelobaT vaqcev. siamovnebiT Sevyureb, vinc
    xelovnebas swiravs Tavs, me ki xelovnuri aRar gamomdis xelidan. hgavs, xelov-
    nebas miuwvdomeli survili asuldgmulebs, xeluxlebeli rac gveCveneba. xe-
    lovneba Svilia qariSxlis, SimSilis, siyvarulis pirveli wamis, sikvdilis da
    uTvalavi simdidris".
    oqromWedelma dahkarga es uxilavi saunje da misi adgili yofiTma bednie-
    rebam daikava, magram am bednierebis miRma naTlad Cans SemoqmedebiTi fantazi-
    is dacxromiT mis gulSi gamefebuli sulieri siRatake. Tavad oqromWedeli im-
    denadaa SeboWili miwieri kmayofilebiT, rom am dakargulis fass ukve veRarc
    ki grZnobs. magram xelovanyofilis sulier gaRaribebas kargad xedavs mefeTa
    mefe. `ra mSvenierebi iyvnen, sanam miiswrafvodnen! xelis SeSlac ki menaneboda,
    Tumca aqeTken mqonda mudam guli, _ fiqrobda gzaze mefeTa mefe. _ dakmayofi-
    lebulan da ras hgvanan? nuTu natyorcni isaria mxolod lamazi da ara mi-
    zanSi moxvedrili? mxolod talRaTa Soris mebrZol xomalds aqvs mimzidvelo-
    ba, navTsayudelSi ki ulamazo saxlia. gana kacic, sanam iswrafvis, manamdis aqvs
    Sno, lazaTi da roca aisrulebs sawadels, maSin ekargeba suls Zala?"
    am sityvebSi naTlad vlindeba mwerlis Tvalsazrisi, misi damokidebuleba
    maRal xelovnebasTan, rogorc maradiuli tanjviTa da daucxromeli ZiebiT
    Seqmnil sulier faseulobasTan.
    niko lorTqifaniZisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi paolo iaSvili werda: `TiTqos
    gageRos Sen eklesia codvil sulebis paraklisebiso". da marTlac, n. lorTqi-
    faniZis prozis gacnobis Sedegad mkiTxvelis gulSi Rrmad aRibeWdebian cxov-
    rebisagan dabeCavebul da dasjil adamianTa mravalferovani saxeebi. erTgan,
    erT Tavis moTxrobaSi, mweralma aseT adamians saxelad `patara kaci" daarqva.
    es termini SeiZleba isec vixmaroT, rogorc Taviseburad ganmazogadebeli cneba
    im personaJTa socialuri mdgomareobis dasaxasiaTeblad, romelTa cxovrebis
    aRwerasac did adgils uTmobda n. lorTqifaniZe.
    am adamianTa cxovrebiseul idealad, qveynad gamefebuli zakvisa da boro-
    tebisagan xsnis gzad, daTrgunuli sikeTis aRsadgen Zalad mwerlis adrindel
    nawarmoebebSi RvTaebrivi rwmenaa aRiarebuli. ase rom, n. lorTqifaniZis msof-
    lmxedvelobriv samyaroSi, rogorc es misi Semoqmedebis araerTi nimuSiT das-
    turdeba, wina planze iwevs qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi principebi. qriste, ro-
    gorc tvirTmZimeTa mxsneli da codvaTa mimtevebeli, rogorc Svebis mimcemi da
    sikeTis damamkvidrebeli uzenaesi Zala, rogorc maradiuli nugeSi da mfarveli
    wuTisoflis usamarTlobiT dasjili adamianisa _ ai, rogoraa gaazrebuli
    mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi uflis arseba.
    n. lorTqifaniZis prozaSi didi adgili uWiravs wuTisoflis amaoebisa da
    warmavlobis gancdas. ar arsebobs amqveyniuri bedniereba, romelsac Tan ar
    sdevdes mwuxarebis idumali Savi aCrdili, _ daaskvnis mwerali. gaSlili var-
    dis Tvalwarmtac silamazeSi igi daWknobis sevdasac Wvrets xolme, siyvarulSi
    154
    _ gulgrilobas, simdidreSi _ siRaribes, vaJkacis gulmkerdSi ki uxilavad iq
    dabudebul Wia-Ruas (`sikvdilis wamali").
    maS, raa amqveynad maradiuli da myari? n. lorTqifaniZis pasuxi am kiTxva-
    zec pesimisturia. igi Tvlis, rom `uguloa Zala qveyanasa zeda Seqmnili adamia-
    nisa, romeli eZebs usazRvrosa, samaradisosa da uklebelsa. da ara ars mzisa
    qveSe raime samaradiso, uklebi da usazRvro, siamovnebis wuTi yovlisa arsisa
    gamoisyidebis welTa da saukuneTa tanjva-vaeba-dardiT". am samwuxaro WeSmari-
    tebis aRiarebamde mihyavs mwerlis adrindel SemoqmedebaSi daxatul gmirTa di-
    di nawili mkacr cxovrebiseul sinamdviles.
    `amao ars yovelive" _ imeorebs solomonis bibliur sibrZnes n. lorTqifa-
    niZis erT-erTi personaJi, romelmac SeZlo maradiuli sicocxlis mosapovebeli
    eleqsiris Seqmna. magram am pesimistur sibrZnes SeWidebul mecniers isic swams,
    rom `gonebas ar aqvs sazRvari, radgan igi CvenTan marto ar cxovrobs, igi sau-
    kuneTa gadaecemis" (`sikvdilis wamali").
    Tu yvelaferi amaoa da warmavali, Tu qveyana orpirobisa da gautanlobis
    mRvrie morevia, raRa azri aqvs sicocxles? _ filosofiuri simwvaviT svams n.
    lorTqifaniZe am kiTxvas `sikvdilis wamalSi". sicocxle Tu misgan gandgoma?
    ra ufro didi bednierebaa _ amqveyniuri mzakvrobisa da sevda-wuxilis tyveoba-
    Si yofna Tu sikvdili, xsna yovelive amaTgan?
    moxucma mecnierma rabi maimonma ukvdavebis eleqsiri Seqmna, riTac mkvdris
    gacocxleba SeiZleba. sasaxleSi gabatonebuli intrigis wyalobiT, moxuc swav-
    luls sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes. igi anderZs utovebs Tavis mowafes, misi-
    ve wamliT gaacocxlos sikvdilis Semdeg. marTlac, mowafem moklul rabis uk-
    vdavebis eleqsiri SeuSxapuna da gulisfancqaliT daeloda mkvdris gacocxle-
    bas.
    magram im wuTSi, rodesac maswavlebels gonebac unda dabruneboda, Segir-
    dma moZRvris mokvla gadawyvita. mowafis mier miRebuli am gadawyvetilebis fi-
    losofiuri axsna-ganmarteba naTels hfens niko lorTqifaniZis msoflmxed-
    velobis erT sagulisxmo mxares:
    aris ki gamarTlebuli kacis xelmeored mobruneba mzakvrobiTa da orpiro-
    biT savse am samyaroSi, aqvs ki sicocxles azri? ratom unda gacocxldes moxu-
    ci mecnieri? nuTu imisTvis, rom `kidev igrZnos mTeli is ubedureba, rac dRes
    Tavs daatyda?! _ fiqrobs Segirdi. _ kidev uaresi ra moelis, vin icis? moagon-
    da mowafes Zveli nawerebi maswavleblisa, pesimizmiT gaJRenTili, moagonda
    dRiurSi ukanasknelaT Cawerili sityvebi da gadawyvita Tayvansacem maswavleb-
    lisaTvis udidesi da ukanaskneli pativi eca _ tanjvisagan saukunoT ganesvena".
    magram ukve gviania. mkvdreTiT wamomdgari mecnieri sul sxva TvaliT xe-
    davs amqveyniur oromtrials da sicocxles ganuzomel sitkboebad Tvlis. Se-
    girdis sityvebze _ msurda gadamerCine maradiuli amqveyniuri tanjvisagano _
    maswavlebeli pasuxobs: `sicocxlis Zirmwaras Tavisi gamoucnobi sitkboeba
    aqvs, vinc erTxelve daewafa mis rZes, ver moaSorebs tuCebs, sanam cariel fia-
    las zidavs mTrTolvare xeli. rogorc dabadeba Cvens survilze ar aris damo-
    kidebuli, ise sikvdili nebsiTi SeuZlebelia. msurs kidev vucqiro tanjvas Ce-
    mis erisas, msurs gamovikvlio gza axlaT gamoCenilis varskvlavisa, gamovigo-
    no mxiarulebis malamo".
    rogorc vxedavT, am ori filosofiuri Tvalsazrisis WidilSi niko lor-
    TqifaniZis gmiri aSkarad da araorazrovnad gvevlineba. sicocxlis ganmadideb-
    lis rolSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi `mwuxareba sulis sa-
    unjed" cxaddeba da cxovreba xSirad mzakvrobis budedaa miCneuli, sicocxle
    mainc ganumeorebel bednierebad aris aRiarebuli da masze Segnebulad uaris
    Tqma, avtoris daskvniT, miutevebeli danaSaulia.
    n. lorTqifaniZis adrindel prozaSi mwvaved dgas sikvdil-sicocxlis
    problema. ra aris sikvdili? ra rCeba adamianisagan sikvdilis Semdeg? raSi
    mdgomareobs amqveyniuri arsebobis azri? mwerali xSirad fiqrobs am sakiTxeb-
    ze da cdilobs saTanadod gaerkves maT arsSi.
    155
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `panaSvidi" (1908-1914 ww), sadac
    sikvdili sicocxlis gardasaxvis formad aRiqmeba da ara yovlis dasasrulad.
    ai, mokvda kaci. `gadaiqca leSad, wylad, talaxad, yvelafrad, raTac ki gne-
    bavT..." magram esaa sul adamiani? n. lorTqifaniZe Tvlis, rom es yvelaferi mxo-
    lod warmavali atributebia, romelnic adamianis nivTier saxes gansazRvraven.
    mTavari sul sxva ramaa, am nivTieri mxaris miRma arsebuli. `adamiani azria,
    grZnobaa, siyvaruli da siZulvili, aRtaceba da sulmdabloba, sindisi da una-
    musoba..." swored aq, am sferoSi, Zevs adamianobis idumali da maradiuli arsi,
    romelTanac uZluria sikvdili.
    magram sulis maradiulobisa da ukvdavebis am aRiarebas Tan axlavs adami-
    anTa Soris gamefebuli SuriTa da gautanlobiT gamowveuli skepsisis tragiku-
    li gancdac. es naTlad Cans aqve, amave nawarmoebSi, mwerlis mier gavlebuli
    paralelidan adamianis leSis mkortnel yvavsa da yvav-adamians Soris. maTi ur-
    TierTSepirispirebis Sedegad n. lorTqifaniZe araorazrovnad ayalibebs Tavis
    pozicias: yvavi frTosani bevrad sjobia yvav-adamians, radganac pirveli gar-
    dacvlilis sxeuls kortnis mxolod, meore ki _ suls.
    mwuxare da usixarulo cxovrebas, n. lorTqifaniZis azriT, ufro anaRvli-
    anebs uTanagrZnoboba da umegobroba. adamianTa urTierTobaSi mwerali ufro
    met orpirobasa da siaves xedavs, vidre gatanasa da Tanadgomas. dakrZalvis
    dRes micvalebulisTvis dafrqveuli cremlebi yalbia da flidi. `roca mwuxa-
    reT daiareboda Cven Soris, niSnad TanagrZnobisa, raT ar gahyeviT erTiori na-
    biji da ar ganubnieT mware fiqrebi? raT ar gaarTeT, raT ar SeumsubuqeT `mZi-
    me tvirTi" laRobiT da megobrobiT?
    roca avadmyofi civ oTx kedels Sescqeroda da erTi Tvalis mosatyuebe-
    li, erTi sasiamo suraTi ar axlda irgvliv, sicxiT aRgznebuli ocneba ki
    aTass gabrwyinebuls sanaxaobas uxatavda... guli ufro uskdeboda da sicocxle
    ufro sZulda-uyvarda... ratom maSin erTi patara yvavili mainc ar gaugzavneT
    niSnad siyvarulisa? dastkbeboda, daTvreboda ynosviT da tkivilebi odnav Se-
    umsubuqdeboda.
    roca mosZulda `sulis oblobiT" cxovreba, niSnad aRtacebisa, raT ar Se-
    moexvieT irgvliv?"
    am kiTxvebze n. lorTqifaniZis prozaSi mwuxare da gulisSemaRonebeli pa-
    suxia gacemuli. ase iZerweba mis SemoqmedebaSi sulieri oblobisa da martoo-
    bis naRvliani samyaro, romlis cremlian sivrceebSi Cumi da Rrma sevdiT Sepy-
    robili pirovnebani cxovroben.
    aTiani wlebis qarTul prozaSi n. lorTqifaniZem mwvaved dasva da filo-
    sofiuri siRrmiT gaiazra adamianurobis arsis problema. am TvalsazrisiT yu-
    radRebas iqcevs `dadianis asuli da maTxovari", romelSic legendis formiT
    vlindeba mwerlis damokidebuleba aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi.
    dadianis umSvenieres asulTan stumrad midis ZonZebmosili, koWli da sa-
    pyari maTxovari, raTa asuls madloba moaxsenos imisTvis, rom man, dadianis
    mSvenierma asulma, cxovrebisagan xelnakrav kacs adamianuri siamaye daubruna.
    erTi SexedviT, TiTqos sasaciloc ki Cans am daxeibrebuli da bedisagan gaTe-
    lili maTxovris mier Tavis adamianur Rirsebaze aseTi xazgasmuli siamayiT sa-
    ubari, magram beletristi fsiqologiuri dasabuTebulobiT xsnis personaJis
    sulier ganwyobilebas.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamosarCevia moTxrobis is adgili, sadac
    maTxovari aRsarebisnairi samadlobeli sityvebiT mimarTavs dadianis asuls im
    uneblie sikeTis gamo, romlis gacnobierebulma Sefasebam sapyari kacis dabeCa-
    vebuli suli adamianur siamayes aziara. mtris erT-erTi moulodneli Semosevis
    dros dadianis asulma maTxovari cxenze Semoisva, saxifaTo adgils ganarida
    da sikvdils gadaarCina. swored es faqti xdeba nawarmoebSi fsiqologiuri gan-
    sjis mTavari obieqti, ris Sedegadac mwerali dasabuTebulad gvamcnobs prob-
    lemis arss. wlebis ganmavlobaSi daJinebiT cdilobda maTxovari, aexsna dadia-
    nis asulis sikeTis mizezi: `ra viyavi SenTvis, dadianis qalisaTvis, me, kuziani,
    156
    koWli, ZonZebSi gaxveuli maTxovari? raT gaimete Tavi beberi arsebisaTvis, ro-
    melsac saTxeboSi Zinavs da Roris sazrdos natrulobs?"
    ai kiTxvebi, romlebic mtanjvel gaocebad CaiRvara maTxovris sulSi. maT-
    ze pasuxis Ziebam igi misTvis umniSvnelovanes aRmoCenamde miiyvana: am fasdaude-
    beli sikeTis ganmapirobebel Zalas maTxovari imaSi xedavs, rom isic, miuxeda-
    vad misi mdgomareobisa, adamiania.
    ase iqceva moTxrobis dedaazrad maTxovris mier xazgasmuli siamayiT naT-
    qvami sityvebi: `gamxdar Txas, dakoWlebul cxens, Caxmaxdamtvreul Tofs fasi
    ekargeba; adamians ki erTi da igive fasi aqvs yovelTvis da yvelgan, imereTis
    mefobas argunebs Tu danelias meRoreT gaaCens ufali. dadianis sasaxle aTas
    facxaSi ar gaicvleba; adamiani ki imdenive Rirs, rac mTeli kacobrioba. adamia-
    nis arc gacvla SeiZleba, arc dafaseba, arc gamravleba, arc gamokleba, igi
    ufasoa. igi erTia, mudam erTi.
    adamiani mudam adamiania _ arc meti, arc naklebi". brbos es sityvebi akvir-
    vebda, acinebda da Tan malamod xvdeboda dabeCavebul gulze". dadianis umSveni-
    eresi asulis mier uneburad Cadenili sikeTis wyalobiT cxovrebisagan gaTeli-
    li kacis gulSi gaRvivebuli Tavmoyvareobis Sedegia maTxovris Semdegi saqcie-
    li: dadianis asuli masTan madlobis saTqmelad mosul sapyar mawanwalas iro-
    niulad gaexumra: `moxuco, Sen siyvaruls mixsnio". am uadgilo xumrobiT Seu-
    racxyofilma maTxovarma Tavis mxsnelsac ki ar apatia es ironia da xazgasmuli
    siamayiT mimarTa: `batoniSvilo, Sen Zlier lamazi xar, magram mxolod gansa-
    kuTrebul wamebSi unda iyo Wkviani... miyvarxar; magram ara ise, rogorc Sen fiq-
    rob. gaRmerTeb, magram ara ise, rogorc Cveuli xar... da aq movedi gadamexada
    vali. SemiZlia ar miyvarde, daviviwyo siyvaruli, _ maTxovarma Sors gadaagdo
    mTis yvavilebis Taiguli. _ ar yofilxar amis Rirsi, madlieri mainc unda vi-
    yo... Senis wyalobiT me adamiani gavxdi..."
    ase amsxvrevs mwerali maTxovris fizikuri sigonjisa da sulieri sibeCavis
    xundebs da cxovrebisagan gaTelili es daZabunebuli kaci Sinagani siamayiTa
    da sakuTari adamianuri Rirsebis SegnebiT amaRlebul pirovnebad gamohyavs.
    XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul mwerlobaSi
    gansakuTrebuli simZafriT daisva SimSilis, saarsebo lukmapuris mopovebis-
    aTvis brZolis problema. mxatvruli sityvis ostatebi TiTqos erTmaneTs ejib-
    rebian, vin ufro SemaZrwuneblad warmoaCens SimSiliT sasowarkveTili pirov-
    nebis tragedias. am TvalsazrisiT uxv masalas gvawvdis Sio aragvispirelis,
    daviT kldiaSvilis, egnate ninoSvilis, Wola lomTaTiZis, irodion evdoSvili-
    sa da sxva imdroindel mweralTa Semoqmedeba. aRniSnuli problema mwvaved
    dgas niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSic. amis dasturad aq marto sayovelTaod cno-
    bili novelis `tragedia ugmiroT" (1922 w.) gaxsenebac ikmarebda. nawarmoebSi
    udidesi mwerluri ostatobiTaa gamoZerwili fsiqologiuri portreti saarsebo
    lukmapuris maZiebeli da yovelmxriv umweo mdgomareobiT gzamokveTili tragi-
    kuli pirovnebisa.
    am patara, orgverdian novelaSi monumenturi sisavsiT moixaza umTavresi
    Strixebi im adamianis cxovrebisa, romelic yofiTma tragediam fsiqologiur
    SokSi Caagdo, mxecad aqcia da TviTmkvlelobamde miiyvana.
    magram mwerali amiT ar kmayofildeba da am SemaZrwunebeli tragediis sxva
    mxareebsac aqcevs yuradRebas. TviTmkvlelobaze ufro mkacri sasjeli ra SeiZ-
    leba gamoutanos kacma sakuTar Tavs, magram nawarmoebSi n. lorTqifaniZe iseT
    situacias qmnis, rom mTavari personaJisaTvis TviTmkvleloba sasjeli ki araa,
    aramed tanjvisagan ganTavisuflebisa da Tavdaxsnis erTaderTi gza.
    ase davsvaT kiTxva: hqonda Tu ara novelis gmirs TviTmkvlelobis moralu-
    ri ufleba? es faqti mxolod sakuTari Tavisadmi gamotanili sasjeliT rom
    iyos nakarnaxevi, cxadia, ki, magram aq sxva, ufro mniSvnelovani mxarecaa gasaT-
    valiswinebeli, rac mas TviTmkvlelobis uflebas arTmevs. es aris sakuTari
    Svilebisadmi Ralati. isedac umweo mdgomareobaSi myofi Svilebi, romelTac
    mamis garda axlobeli da TanamgrZnobi qveynad aravin moepovebaT, mamis sikvdi-
    lis Semdeg sruliad sasowarmkveT mdgomareobaSi vardebian.
    157
    amitomacaa, rom am kacis cxovrebidan gaqceva, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari
    Tavisadmi Svelaa da ara TviTdasja. am TviTmkvlelobiT xom misi Svilebi, ro-
    melTac Wirisufali, faqtobrivad, aRaravin hyavT am codvaaduRebul qveyanaSi,
    savsebiT unugeSo mdgomareobaSi vardebian.

    * * *
    `dangreuli budeebi" _ es gamoTqma iseTive simbolur-ganmazogadebeli
    mniSvnelobis gamoTqmad damkvidrda n. lorTqifaniZis prozaSi, rogorc `Semod-
    gomis aznaurebi" d. kldiaSvilTan. `dangreuli budeebis" binadrebad n. lor-
    TqifaniZis SemoqmedebaSi is adamianebi qceulan, romelTac drom, Secvlilma
    socialurma viTarebam, cxovrebis navTsayudeli daungriaT da fuZeebi mouSa-
    laT. axal socialur pirobebSi tragikuli formiT vlindeba maTi ekonomikuri
    umweoba da uperspeqtivoba.
    ase rom, gasuli saukunis dasasrulisa da am saukunis dasawyisis feoda-
    luri aristokratiis socialuri tragediis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT n. lorTqi-
    faniZisa da d. kldiaSvilis personaJebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram am tra-
    gediasTan orive mwerali radikalurad gansxvavebuli mxatvruli gziT midis.
    d. kldiaSvili Tavisi gmirebis naRvlian Tavgadasavals cremliani iumo-
    riT gviambobs da `Semodgomis aznaurTa" socialuri katastrofis aRweras, ga-
    regnuli TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos amsubuqebs komikur-groteskuli situaciebis
    meSveobiT. mis moTxrobebSi saocari ZaliT erwymis erTmaneTs tragikuli da
    komikuri epizodebi. es Serwyma-sinTezi imdenad bunebrivi da organuli proce-
    sia, rom, faqtobrivad, Znelia am or mxares Soris gammijnavi zRvris gavleba.
    rac Seexeba n. lorTqifaniZes, mis nawarmoebebSi `dangreuli budeebis"
    mkvidrTa yofis aRweris dros TiTqmis mTlianadaa uaryofili iumori, moCvene-
    biTi silaRe da am wodebis warmomadgenelTa cxovrebis wesad erT dros dam-
    kvidrebuli dardimanduli uzrunveloba.
    gansxvavebiT d. kldiaSvilis personaJTagan, romelnic xSirad, sxvaTa dasa-
    naxad, gulmodginedac ki cdiloben saimedod SeniRbon sakuTari cxovrebiseuli
    bedis sruli uperspeqtivoba, n. lorTqifaniZis gmirebi tragikuli simwvaviT ga-
    moxataven TavianT socialur ganwirulobas.
    n. lorTqifaniZe ar amsubuqebs situacias. piriqiT, mis prozaSi feodaluri
    aristokratiis cxovrebis aRweris dros kontrastuli ferebi Warbobs da war-
    suli da Tanadrouloba mkveTrad imijneba erTmaneTisagan. mijnis miRma rCeba
    am wodebis sulieri silaRe, romantikuli mogonebani cxovrebiseul bedniereba-
    ze. aqeT ki ekonomikuri gaCanageba, dacema da sasowarkveTamde misuli unugeSo-
    baa.
    magram, miuxedavad zemoT xazgasmuli gansxvavebulobisa, n. lorTqifaniZe-
    sac da d. kldiaSvilsac erTi ram aqvT saerTo _ gulwrfeli adamianuri Tanag-
    rZnoba da sibraluli am tragediaSi Cavardnili TavianTi personaJebisadmi. am
    mizans emsaxureba is moWarbebuli cremli da naRveli, romliTac gaJRenTilia
    orive mwerlis Semoqmedeba.

    * * *
    niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi didi adgili uWiravs istoriul Tematikas.
    warsulis amsaxvel mis nawarmoebebSi naTlad vlindeba avtoris mkafiod gamok-
    veTili individualuri mxatvruli tendenciebi, istoriuli problematikis li-
    teraturuli gaazrebisadmi originaluri midgoma.
    daviwyoT mwerlis enobrivi poziciiT. n. lorTqifaniZe principulad emij-
    neba istoriuli koloritis gamosaxatavad farTod miRebul da gamoyenebul
    iseT xerxs, rogoricaa arqauli leqsikuri formebisa da sintaqsuri
    konstruqciebis gamoyeneba. misi es enobrivi Tvalsazrisi im dros yalibdeboda,
    roca SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis zenitSi imyofeboda qarTuli istoriuli pro-
    zis iseTi aRiarebuli ostati, rogoric vasil barnovia.
    gansxvavebiT v. barnovis amaRlebuli stilisagan, mweralma e. w. `plebeuri
    ena" airCia. n. lorTqifaniZe am stilis erTguli rCeba yovelTvis, maSinac ki,
    158
    roca umaRlesi aristokratiuli fenis warmomadgenelTa _ mefeTa da didebul-
    Ta yofa-cxovrebas xatavs. misi istoriuli moTxrobebis ena, faqtobrivad, ar
    gansxvavdeba danarCeni nawarmoebebis enisagan.
    n. lorTqifaniZis prozisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi niSania istoriuli
    faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi avtoris Tavisufali damokidebuleba. mwerali Ta-
    vis nawarmoebebs xSirad safuZvlad udebs ara romelime konkretul istoriul
    movlenas, aramed sakuTari warmosaxviT Seqmnil koliziebs, romelnic gardasu-
    li drois wiaRSia gaSlili. ase rom, mwerlis Semoqmedebasa da istoriuli wya-
    roebiT cnobil dokumentebs Soris zusti Sesatyvisobani da analogiebi Seda-
    rebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. n. lorTqifaniZe ufro Tavisufali midgomisa da gaaz-
    rebis princips irCevs warsulis poetizirebis dros da misi SemoqmedebiTi fan-
    tazia naklebad iboWeba istoriul movlenaTa zusti aRweriT.
    magram istoriisadmi amgvari Tavisufali midgoma ise ar unda gavigoT,
    TiTqos niko lorTqifaniZe ar icavs gardasul droTa realobas. warsulTan
    damokidebulebis dros misTvis, rogorc mxatvrisaTvis, mTavaria Seulamazebeli
    formiT warmoaCinos ama Tu im istoriuli epoqis marTali suraTi, saukuneTa
    manZilze damkvidrebuli sinamdvile, xalxis zneobrivi saxe.
    n. lorTqifaniZis prozaSi didi ostatis marTali TvaliTaa danaxuli da
    gaazrebuli Cveni erovnuli istoriuli cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi momentebi.
    mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli simZafriT aisaxa avbediTi xana saqar-
    Tvelos Suasaukuneobrivi istoriisa, roca Cveni samSoblo ara marto fizikuri
    ganadgurebis piramde iyo misuli, aramed zneobrivi ganadgurebis ufskrulam-
    dec.
    swored istoriuli faqtebisadmi amgvari Tavisufali midgomis principad
    vlindeba beletristis mier Tavisi ramdenime moTxrobisTvis wamZRvarebuli
    epigrafi `araistoriuli ambavi". am ganmartebiT mwerali, upirveles yovlisa,
    imaze migvaniSnebs, rom misi moTxrobis siuJeti istoriulad cnobil konkre-
    tul faqtze araa dafuZnebuli. mis mier aRwerili ambavi ufro farTo planis
    momcvelia da igi SeiZleba mTel epoqas mivusadagoT.
    eris dacema-ganadgurebis fsiqologia, maRali moraluri normebis lafSi
    amosvra da erovnuli idealebis sanacvlod egoisturi zraxvebis gafetiSeba,
    mankierebani, Cveni xalxis yofaSi istoriuli avbedobis umZimesma periodma er-
    Txans sakmaod farTod rom gaabatona, niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi saocari
    ostatobiTaa gamoxatuli.
    da es yvelaferi erTi didi mizniTaa STagonebuli: Seulamazebuli saxiT
    daanaxos mkiTxvels Cveni erovnuli yofis guSindeli dRe _ vin viyaviT da rani
    viyaviT, ra winaaRmdegobebTan WidilSi iwrToboda da yalibdeboda Cveni erov-
    nuli xasiaTi, Cveni fsiqika, ra davTmeT da ra SevinarCuneT, ra dakninda Cvens
    sulSi da ra gadagvarda, saiT mivdivarT da ra gvelis...
    am urTules problemebze saubris dros niko lorTqifaniZe zedmiwevniT
    ukompromisoa da uSeRavaTo, mkacri mematiane gardasuli droisa, riTac ar-
    sebiTad upirispirdeba istoriuli warsulis asaxvis dros Cveni mwerlobis Zi-
    riTad msoflmxedvelobriv kredod qceul principebs _ warsulis gmirul-hero-
    ikul aRqmas, romantizebasa da idealizebas. kerZod, Tu manamdeli Cveni lite-
    raturis umTavresi mizani TanamedroveebisaTvis zneobrivi siwmindisa da erov-
    nuli Tavdadebis magaliTebis Cveneba iyo, n. lorTqifaniZe gansxvavebul mizan-
    swrafvas sZens Tavis istoriul prozas. igi daundoblad amxels qveynis zneob-
    riv dacemasa da gadagvarebas, urTierTSuRlsa da gautanlobas da am daun-
    dobeli mxilebiT afxizlebs Tanamedroveobas.
    Tumca mweralma isic kargad icis, rom Cveni istoria marto mzakvrobisa da
    zneobrivi dacemis istoria araa. es rom ase yofiliyo, eri borotebisa da da-
    Rupvis ufskrulSi gadaiCexeboda. am cxovrebiseuli winaaRmdegobebis wiaRSi
    mudam Rvioda sikeTisa da simarTlis Tesli. rogor ar ebrZodnen mas, rogor
    ar cdilobdnen am fesvis amoZirkvas, magram mwerlis Semoqmedebis mTavari pa-
    Tosi imis aRiarebaa, rom am fesvis sikvdili ar SeiZleba, radganac masSia Ca-
    marxuli eris suli da guli, misi rwmena da imedi. am WeSmaritebis damadastu-
    159
    rebel magaliTebs, miuxedavad zemoT xazgasmuli sirTuleebisa, mravlad gvaw-
    vdis istoriaca da Tanamedroveobac.
    n. lorTqifaniZisaTvis istoria da Tanamedroveoba erTmaneTisagan gamijnu-
    lad ar arsebobs. isini ganuyofelad Seerwymian erTmaneTs da mwerlis Semoqme-
    debaSi mZafri kritikuli paTosiT gamovlenili uaryofiTi cxovrebiseuli ten-
    denciebi sazogadoebis zneobrivi gajansaRebis mizanswrafviTaa nasazrdoebi.
    pirveli vrceli epikuri tilo, romelic niko lorTqifaniZem saqarTvelos
    istoriuli warsulis Temas miuZRvna, `mrisxane batoni" (1911 w.) iyo. masSi mTeli
    sigrZe-siganiT gamoCnda misi, rogorc didi realistis, mxatvruli ostatobis
    Zala da movlenaTa masStaburi xedvis xelovneba. `mrisxane batoni" mkveTrad ga-
    nirCeva mwerlis manamdeli nawarmoebebisagan xasiaTebis mravalferovnebiTa da
    xatvis ostatobiT. Tu beletristis adrindeli Canaxatebi da miniaturebi didi
    prozis `namsxvrevebs" warmoadgens, aq ukve farTo epikuri planiT iSleba moqme-
    deba da movlenaTa gantotvili, mravalwaxnagovani gaazrebis Sedegad Cvens
    Tvalwin ikveTeba mZafri siuJeturi winaaRmdegobani, erTmaneTs mwvaved ejaxebi-
    an adamianuri vnebebi.
    `mrisxane batoni" erT-erTi ugunuri orTabrZolis (da ara marto or-
    TabrZolis) SemaZrwunebeli istoriaa _ biZisa da RviZli ZmiSvilis daundobeli
    urTierTWidilis samarcxvino matiane. kiTxulob sisxliTa da cremliT dal-
    tobil furclebs da xedav, rogor mieqaneba qveyana katastrofisaken. sadaa ga-
    mosavali? ra ixsnis, ra gadaarCens aseT mdgomareobamde misul ers? am kiTxvaze
    moTxrobaSi mwerali zust pasuxs ar iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi misTvis mTavaria
    mxileba, Cveni istoriuli avbedobis tragikuli epizodebis Cveneba da im ganwyo-
    bilebis Seqmna, ramac yovelive amis gamo unda aRgvaSfoTos da suli agvifori-
    aqos.
    `am wyeul droSi viris amtanobaa saWiro da gvelis moxerxeba"... `xom ici,
    ra droa exla".., `Se dalocvilo, ra dros stumarTmoyvareobaze da ampartav-
    nobazea laparaki, roca warRvnis dro modis"... es da msgavsi sityvebi, rom-
    lebSic cxovrebis usamarTlobaa dagmobili, gansakuTrebiT xSirad ismis n.
    lorTqifaniZis istoriul moTxrobebSi.
    rogorc am nawarmoebebidan Cans, mwerali mraval SemaZrwunebel magaliTs
    warmogvidgens Cveni yofisTvis damaxasiaTebel mankierebaTagan. zneobrivi dace-
    ma, Suri, orpiroba, qvemZromoba, gautanloba, urTierTSuRli, mruSoba _ erTi
    sityviT, yovelgvari adamianuri simdable da sibilwe n. lorTqifaniZes daun-
    dobeli simkacriT aqvs daxatuli Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. istoriuli warsulis
    mxatvruli asaxvis dros qarTvel mweralTagan Zalian cota Tu SeiZleba Seeda-
    ros mas am simkacresa da pirSimTqmelobaSi.
    erTaderTi grZnoba, romelsac emorCileba da cxovrebis umTavres kanonad
    miiCnevs avtoris mier xorcSesxmul personaJTa umetesi nawili, esaa sakuTar
    Tavsa da ojaxze zrunva. es egoisturi biologiuri instinqti xSirad Trgunavs
    erovnul-patriotul interesebsac da amaRlebul zneobriv principebsac. TiT-
    qmis yoveli maTgani imis mixedviT sjis da afasebs movlenebs, piradad ra sar-
    gebels naxavs.
    ase iqceva mefec, Tavadic, aznauric, xucesic, glexic _ erTi sityviT, sa-
    zogadoebis yoveli fenisa Tu klasis warmomageneli. yvela erTxmad, TiTqos pi-
    ri SeukravTo, waramara imas gaiZaxis, `xom ici, ra droa exlao" da amiT TiTqos
    zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan iTavisuflebs Tavs, raRaciT amarTlebs Tavis
    adamianur simdables.
    xolo Tu ra igulisxmeba `am droSi", rogoria misi Seulamazebeli da nam-
    dvili saxe, amis damadasturebeli magaliTebi saZebari rodia istoriuli war-
    sulis Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi. am avbediT xanas, Cveni erovnuli da sazo-
    gadoebrivi cxovrebis am sisxlSi, cremlsa da lafSi moTxvril periods, mwe-
    ralma erTi ganzogadebuli saTauri mouZebna _ `JamTa siave".
    avtori wuxs, rom, qveynis ekonomikur da politikur dacema-gaCanagebasTan
    erTad, daikarga sikeTis rwmena da adamianTa Soris urTierTndoba. `cariel
    sityvebze aRaravin aris sando, _ ambobs `JamTa siavis" erT-erTi gmiri. amaR-
    160
    lebuli zneobrivi principebis adgili mabezRarobas, Surs, orpirobas, fli-
    dobas, aTasgvar sxva adamianur mankierebas daukavebia da qveyanas momakvdinebel
    senad mosdebia.
    `JamTa siavis" personaJTagan erTaderTi kaci, romelic yvelaze saRad da
    gonivrulad afasebs qveyanaSi Seqmnil viTarebas da swor gzas saxavs am mdgo-
    mareobidan Tavdasaxsnelad, moxuci mwignobari otiaa, saqarTvelos istoriisa
    da dRevandelobis uebrod mcodne mematiane. mefis sasaxles CamoSorebuli mwig-
    nobris cxovrebas sxva azri da mizani aRara aqvs, garda imisa, momaval Taobebs
    Semounaxos matiane Tavisi drois aoxrebul-gaCanagebuli saqarTvelosi.
    erTaderTi grZnoba, rac acocxlebs da asuldgmulebs otias, mamulze, uke-
    Tes saqarTveloze fiqri da ocnebaa. am TvalsazrisiT n. lorTqifaniZem moxuci
    swavlulis saxeSi im usaxelo mwignobarTa da mematianeTa saukeTeso niSan-Tvi-
    sebebi ganazogada, romelTac Semogvinaxes da foliantebad akinZes Cveni xalxis
    istoriuli yofis umniSvnelovanesi momentebi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze otias bevri sibilwe da
    gaiZveroba unaxavs, igi Sinaganad mainc darCenila optimist wmindanad. SeiZleba
    iTqvas, rom n. lorTqifaniZis istoriuli moTxrobebis personaJTagan otia yve-
    laze saRad moazrovne gmiria, kaci, romelic `ver gatexa JamTa siavem, verc om-
    Si cali xelis dakargvam, verc siRaribem da wminda ocnebiT gamsWvaluli Tavis
    darCenil xels amoqmedebda, raTa STamomavlobisaTvis `erTobil saqarTvelos"
    sadideblad gadaeca nafiqri da nagrZnobi".
    otias es optimisturi suliskveTeba ara marto am moTxrobis naTel deda-
    azrad da mizandasaxulobad ikiTxeba, aramed n. lorTqifaniZis mTeli Semoqme-
    debis ZiriTad laitmotivad, ZiriTad erovnul saTqmelad yalibdeba.
    istoriul Temaze daweril nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba agreTve cnobili
    moTxroba `raindebi" (1923-24ww.), romliTac mwerali kidev ufro aRrmavebs war-
    sulis mxatvruli warmosaxvis im principebs, romelnic man `mrisxane batoniTa"
    da `JamTa siaviT" daamkvidra Cvens mwerlobaSi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom aqac mwerali Txrobas ar boWavs konkretuli isto-
    riuli faqtebisa da epizodebis aRweriT, nawarmoebSi Taviseburi formiT mainc
    airekla is dokumenturi ambebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba gani-
    sazRvros moTxrobaSi aRwerili dro _ XVIII saukunis meore naxevari.
    am periodis dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime viTarebis warmosaxvas
    mwerali kvlavac erT did mizans uqvemdebarebs _ emociuri simZafriT mog-
    viTxros `areuli istoriis" STambeWdavi epizodebi; warmoaCinos is arsebiTi wi-
    naaRmdegobani, romelTac daSales erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi organizmi da gaa-
    parodiules is rainduli morali, saukuneebis manZilze erovnuli xasiaTis Ta-
    visTavadobis ganmsazRvrel Tvisebad rom iyo damkvidrebuli.

    * * *
    niko lorTqifaniZis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani adgili
    uWiravs `Tavsafrian dedakacs" (1925 w.), romelSic mkafiod da damaxasiaTeblad
    vlindeba mwerlis literaturuli TavisTavadobis ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvi-
    sebebi.
    stiluri lakonurobiTa da lapidarobiT `Tavsafriani dedakaci" erT-erTi
    mkafiod gamorCeuli nawarmoebia qarTul prozaSi. moTxrobis siuJeti imdenad
    SekumSulia, rom xSirad mTeli epizodebic ki mxolod oriode sityviTaa gadmo-
    cemuli. magram Txrobis amgvari fragmentuloba da sityvieri momWirneoba sqema-
    tizmis safrTxes ar qmnis da xels ar uSlis mwerals, movlena, xasiaTi mas-
    Staburad da yovlismomcvelad dagvanaxos.
    am TvalsazrisiT n. lorTqifaniZes qarTul prozaSi uSualo winamorbedi
    ara hyavs. igi mkveTrad gamorCeuli xelweris Semoqmedia, romelmac sruliad ax-
    leburi formiT gamoxata adamianis Sinagani miswrafebani.
    mwerlis dausrulebel, sityvier siuxves moklebul winadadebebSi mZafri
    adamianuri vnebebiT aforiaqebuli pirovnebis suli iZerweba. maTi kiTxvisas
    161
    kacs iseTi gancda geufleba, TiTqos SiSveli fexebiT dgaxar gavarvarebul
    naRverdlebze.
    `Tavsafriani dedakacisTvis" wamZRvarebul epigrafSi avtorma sagangebod
    gaafrTxila mkiTxveli imis Sesaxeb, rom misi moTxrobis mTavari personaJi e. w.
    `did pirovnebaTa" rigs ar miekuTvneba. piriqiT, igi SemTxveviT Sexvedrili qa-
    lia, `SaviT Cacmuli" da mudam garjaSi garTuli, mofusfuse da muxlCauxreli,
    sxvaTagan gamourCeveli adamiani. magram n. lorTqifaniZis am moTxrobis umTav-
    resi Rirseba is aris, rom avtorma swored am rigiTsa da SemTxveviT pirov-
    nebaSi gaanivTa adamianis sulieri sidiade.
    Tavsafriani dedakacis TavgadasavalSi ganzogadebuli formiT irekleba
    bedi qarTveli qalisa. erTi SexedviT, uCveulo da gansakuTrebuli am moTxro-
    baSi araferia da arc Tavsafriani dedakaci ganirCeva sxvaTagan Tavisi Sromis-
    moyvareobiT, ojaxze mzrunvelobiTa da qmar-Svilisadmi siyvaruliT.
    am gamorCeulobasa da monumentur sidiades, romelic zneobrivi gmirobis
    tolfasia, SedarebiT gvian, moTxrobis bolos, iZens nawarmoebis mTavari perso-
    naJi.
    Tavsafriani dedakacis cxovrebis mTavar miznad qmris sikvdilis Semdeg
    Svilebis bedze zrunva iqca. meuRlis dasaflavebasTan erTad man TiTqos samu-
    damod daasamara sakuTari sixaruli da bedniereba. erTaderTi mizanswrafva,
    rac mis sicocxles azrs sZens, Svilebis momavalze fiqria. Tavsafrianma deda-
    kacma warmatebiT moixada es saamqveyno valic. ojaxis siyvaruliT gasalklde-
    vebulma dedam muxlCauxrelad zida wuTisoflis umZimesi Wapani da oflsa da
    cremlSi gamoWeda Svilebis samomavlo bedniereba.
    ukve welSi moxrilma da siberiT daCaCanakebulma qalma Tavisi yvela am-
    qveyniuri movaleoba Seurcxvenlad Seasrula. magram arc amjerad miucia Tavis-
    Tvis gancxromisa da naamagaris momkis ufleba. yavarjnebs dayrdnobili deda
    SeZlebisdagvarad kvlav saqmianobda, Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis gaxarebas
    cdilobda.
    magram wuTisofelma amjerad axali risxva daatexa Tavs Tavsafrian deda-
    kacs, risxva umadurobisa da amagis daufaseblobisa. cxovrebis gzaze welgamar-
    Tulad fexSedgmuli SvilebisTvis deda ukve funqciadakarguli adamiania, zed-
    meti bargia, uvargisi nivTia.
    ra damcireba da Seuracxyofa ar gadaitana man cxovrebasTan WidilSi, ra
    qariSxalma ar gadaiara mis Tavze, yvelafers gauZlo, magram misma amayma sulma
    es damcireba veRar aitana.
    yvelaferi ki TiTqos sruliad SemTxveviT moxda: bebiam SviliSvils win-
    debi mouqsova, magram ar moergo da gadawyvita, meore bavSvisTvis eCuqebina, mas
    ki axlis moqsovas dahpirda. gakerpebulma balRma tirili morTo. am ambiT
    gabrazebulma dedam Tavsafrian dedakacs iseTi sityvebi hkadra, riTac ojaxze
    zrunviTa da ganuzomeli tanjva-wamebiT ilajgawyvetil moxucs mTeli amagi
    wyalSi Cauyara, Tavmoyvareoba Seulaxa da manamde ganucdeli tkivili miayena.
    `ra, deda, Segenana gana erTi winda?! ginda meore Svili moimadliero?! nu-
    Tu amis saRiral pativs ar gcemT!" _ am sityvebma Tavzari dasces wuTisofe-
    lTan WidilSi dauZlurebul dedas, romlis daZabunebul gulSi erTbaSad
    ifeTqa umadurobis wiaRidan amozrdilma tkivilmac da pirovnuli siamayis di-
    adma grZnobamac.
    yovelgvari zedmetsityvaobis gareSe gamoxatavs mwerali Tavsafriani deda-
    kacis sulis moZraobas misi cxovrebis am yvelaze mwvave da rTul situaciaSi:
    `windebi xelT gavarda. sityva ar amouRia. Seiswora Tavsafari..."
    esaa sul, magram am mokle da uzustesi miniSnebiT siRrmiseulad vlindeba
    dedis gulSi datrialebuli tragedia. Tavsafriani dedakacis mkacri goneba
    uSeRavaTo Sefasebas aZlevs viTarebas. daundobelia da ulmobeli mraval-
    tanjuli dedis mier sakuTari TavisTvis gamotanili ganaCeni:
    `aRaravisTvis var saWiro, sruliad aravisTvis: var sruliad zedmeti... di-
    di xania Cem kacTan unda wavsuliyavi..."
    162
    da gaixada, moixsna, moagrova, erTad zandukSi Caalaga yovelive xelsadebi,
    fasiani, gamosadegi da konkebSi gaxveuli, TiTqmis sacvlebis amara CumaT gamo-
    vida naWirnaxulev qoxidan".
    aseTia Svilebze Tavgadadebuli zrunvis sanacvlod miRebuli `jildo",
    `jildo" umadurobisa. magram Tavsafriani dedakacis sulis sidiades mxolod
    aqamde gavlili gzis siwminde rodi gansazRvravs.
    swored am momentSi dedis sulSi misi xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli erTi uaRre-
    sad mniSvnelovani axali Tvisebac Cndeba: codvaTa mimtevebloba.
    daumsaxurebeli tkiviliT uzomod Seuracxyofil dedas TiTqos warTmeu-
    li aqvs SurisZiebis ufleba. amitomacaa, rom igi morCilad Seurigda beds da
    ojaxs sabolood gaecala. Sinidan wamosulma qalma `TiTqos SemTxveviT Cauara
    qmris saflavs, balaxSi mimalul qvas xeli gadausva da mkacraT uTxra: _ `ho,
    moval, moval... moval, Cemo filipe".
    davakvirdeT, ra zusti da saocari gonebamaxvilobiT mignebuli sityviTaa
    gaxsnili Tavsafriani dedakacis xasiaTi: `mkacraT uTxra..." sxvagvarad mas ar
    SeuZlia Tqvas da moiqces. es araa SurismaZiebeli adamianis simkacre. cxovrebam
    gadaaCvia Tavsafriani dedakaci sinazesa da sisaTuTes. amitomac iqceva es sim-
    kacre da Seuvaloba misi bunebis, misi xasiaTis gamomvlen yvelaze bunebriv
    formad.
    magram, rogorc iTqva, Tavsafriani dedakaci SurismaZiebeli pirovneba ro-
    dia. misi adamianuri buneba ufro Semndobia da mpatiebeli. Sinidan gadaxvewili
    deda mainc Svilebis Tavmoyvareobaze fiqrobda, maTs sazogadoebriv Rirsebasa
    da saxels ufrTxildeboda. aman ukarnaxa mas, sakuTari Seuracxyofisa da uma-
    durobis mtanjveli zRurblisTvis erTxel kidev gadaebijebina da TviTgvemis
    gziT gaeTavisuflebina Svilebi im movaleobisagan, rasac maT ukve TiTqosda
    funqciadakarguli da davrdomili dedis movla akisrebdaT.
    `dedas gulma ugrZno: `Svilebi dameCagreba, saxeli gautydebaT" da Ca-
    moTxovili fuliT dazRveuli, misi nakarnaxevi, sxvisi dawerili, baraTi gag-
    zavna:
    `sayvarelo Svilebo, nu miwyenT, salocavaT wavedi... nu meZebT... SviliSvi-
    lebi damikocneT, Cemze nu swuxarT, mSvidobiT samudamoT".
    es iyo Tavsafriani dedakacis erTi iSviaTi sicrueTaganio, _ gulistkivi-
    liT SeniSnavs mwerali. ase qmnis deda Svilebis gammarTlebel `dokuments", ri-
    Tac erTxel kidev samagaliTo gakveTilad warmoCindeba misi sulgrZeloba da
    mimtevebluri adamianuri znekeTiloba.
    `didebuli adamianebi uZeglod ikargebiano", _ svams bolo wertils n.
    lorTqifaniZe da am noveliT Tavad udgams samaradiso Zegls Tavsafriani deda-
    kacis TalxiT mosil aCrdils.
    vin moTvlis, ramdeni aseTi adamiani gamqrala amqveynidan ukvalod da uZeg-
    lod. swored maTi ukvdavi suli sZens n. lorTqifaniZis moTxrobas sasi-
    cocxlo Zalasa da energias.

    * * *
    niko lorTqifaniZis eseistikaSi mkafiod irekleba gasuli saukunis dasa-
    wyisis Cveni erovnuli yofis urTulesi problemebi da sazogadoebrivi ganwyo-
    bilebani. mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi pirdapir gagrZelebas pouloben erovnuli pub-
    licistikis is tendenciebi, romelTac CvenSi `Tergdaleulebma" daudes saTave.
    roca n. lorTqifaniZis eseebis literaturul da msoflmxedvelobriv Rir-
    sebebze vsaubrobT, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom xSir SemTxveva-
    Si, faqtobrivad, mkveTri zRvris gavleba mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa da publi-
    cistikas Soris TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
    mwerlis publicisturi werilebis mxatvrul-gamomxatvelobiTi mxare ume-
    teswilad imdenad daxvewilia da srulyofili, rom Tavisuflad SeiZleba visa-
    ubroT mxatvruli eseistikis im axal formebsa da Janrul saxeobebze, romleb-
    sac n. lorTqifaniZe amkvidrebs meoce saukunis aTiani da ociani wlebis qar-
    Tul mwerlobaSi. faqtebisa da movlenebis originaluri gansja-Sefasebis
    163
    mZlavr mizanswrafvas mwerlis publicistikaSi organulad erwymis naazrevis
    gamoxatva mZafri emociuri ZalisxmeviTa da mxatvruli STamagoneblobiT.
    ar gadavaWarbebT Tu vityviT, rom mwerlis publicistikaSi am Tvalsazri-
    siT, upirveles yovlisa, uSualod swored is mxatvrul-msoflmxedvelobrivi
    tendenciebi vlindeba da Rrmavdeba, riTac mkafiod xasiaTdebian sayovelTaod
    cnobili misive iseTi nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa: `saSobao miniaturebi", `lite-
    raturuli saRamo", `qriste", `dagvianebuli yvavilebi" da sxv.
    faqtebisa da movlenebis azrobriv gansja-Sefasebas avtoris publicistika-
    Si organulad erwymis saTqmelis emociuri STambeWdaobiT gamoxatva. amiTaa
    ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom n. lorTqifaniZis eseebis mkiTxveli ixibleba
    ara marto problemaTa TavisTavadi gaazrebiTa da siRrmiseuli analizisken da-
    uokebeli swrafviT, aramed naazrevis warmosaxvis mxatvrul formaTa mravalfe-
    rovnebiTa da efeqturobiT.
    n. lorTqifaniZis mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa da publicistur werilebs, maTi
    didi istoriuli mniSvnelobis xazgasmasTan erTad, dRevandelobis poziciebi-
    danac unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, vinaidan mwerlis mier dasmuli bevri
    problema dResac aqtualuria da mwvaved dgas Cveni qveynis winaSe.
    164
    grigol robaqiZe
    grigol robaqiZe meoce saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli mwerlobis yvelaze
    didi warmomadgenelia. igi samwerlo asparezze 900-iani wlebis bolos gamovida
    da am droidan moyolebuli gardacvalebamde, saqarTveloSi cxovrebis wlebSic
    da emigraciaSi yofnis drosac, aqtiur da mravalmxriv literaturul moRva-
    weobas eweoda. man, rogorc Cveni mwerlobis erT-erTma metad saintereso da ni-
    Wierma warmomadgenelma, didi SemoqmedebiTi aRiareba jer kidev saqarTveloSive
    moipova da, Tavisi drois sxva cnobil ostatebTan erTad, qarTul mwerlobaSi
    bevr literaturul siaxles gaukvala gza.
    gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis Sefasebis dros xazgasmiT unda aRi-
    niSnos is faqti, rom igi meoce saukunis qarTul literaturaSi modernistul-
    avangardistul tendenciaTa erT-erTi pirvelSemomtani da damamkvidrebeli mwe-
    ralia, siaxleTa gabedulad maZiebeli Semoqmedi, romelmac Cveni mwerlobis is-
    toriaSi erTma pirvelTaganma daudo saTave evropeizaciis axali etapis dadgo-
    mas.
    saqarTveloSi esoden warmatebiT dawyebuli SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba 1931
    wlidan mweralma emigraciaSi gaagrZela. germaniasa da SveicariaSi cxovrebis
    manZilze igi intensiur literaturul saqmianobas eweoda da aqtiurad Tanam-
    Sromlobda rogorc ucxour (upirateswilad, germanul), ise qarTul emigran-
    tul presaSi. ucxoeTSi cxovrebis wlebSi Seqmnili misi mxatvruli da publi-
    cistur-eseisturi qmnilebebi literaturuli sazogadoebriobis cxoveli inte-
    resis sagnad iqca da maT Sesaxeb didZali masala daibeWda.
    samwuxarod, gr. robaqiZis cxovrebiseuli bedis gamo misi literaturuli
    memkvidreoba, rogorc emigrantuli periodisa, ise saqarTveloSi Seqmnili,
    sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi mTlianad ignorirebuli iyo da mwerlis Semoq-
    medebaze saubars umkacresad hqonda tabu dadebuli. sabednierod, 80-iani wle-
    bis bolodan viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala da gr. robaqiZis mwerluri Rvawlis
    Seswavla Cveni literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan da aqtualur
    problemad iqca.
    grigol robaqiZe daibada 1880 wels zestafonis raionis sofel svirSi, de-
    dis ojaxSi. mwerlis mama _ tite, sofel Cxaris mkvidri, mRvdeli yofila. 1890-
    95 wlebSi grigoli quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlobda, Semdgom ki
    swavla quTaisis sasuliero seminariaSi ganagrZo. 1901 wels gr. robaqiZe tar-
    tus (yofili iurievis) universitetSi Sevida iuridiul fakultetze, magram
    usaxsrobis gamo iZulebuli gaxda ramdenime TveSi swavlisTvis Tavi dae-
    nebebina.
    1902 wels k. abaSiZis, n. nikolaZisa da g. maiaSvilis (g. zdaneviCis) aqtiuri
    daxmarebiT mwerals WiaTuris Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWos stipendia daeniSna
    da saswavleblad gaigzavna germaniaSi, qalaq laifcigis universitetSi, rome-
    lic 1906 wels daamTavra. 1907 wels gr. robaqiZe safrangeTSi miemgzavreba da
    iqaur universitetebSi ismens leqciebs.
    1908 wels mwerali samSobloSi brundeba da aqtiurad ebmeba SemoqmedebiT
    da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. sxvadasxva dros, garda sakuTari gvar-saxelisa,
    presaSi misi nawerebi Semdegi fsevdonimebiTa da kriptonimebiT qveyndeboda:
    grigol kavkasieli, givi goldeni, Un Comarade, i. l...…
    1910 wels gr. robaqiZe kvlav ubrundeba tartus universitets da swavlas
    ganagrZobs iuridiul fakultetze, romelsac 1914 wels amTavrebs. magram dip-
    lomis asaRebad saxelmwifo gamocdebs abarebs ara iqve, aramed yazanis univer-
    sitetSi. rogorc g. maiaSvilisadmi gagzavnili misi weriliT irkveva (`ganTia-
    di", 1991 w. #3. gv. 190), amis mizezi is uTanxmoeba yofila, romelic mwerals zo-
    gierT iqaur profesorTan hqonia.
    samSobloSi dabrunebulma grigolma colad SeirTo nino domenskaia, ro-
    melTanac ori Svili SeeZina. samwuxarod, meuRlis daudevrobis gamo, mwerals
    orive Svili erTdroulad daeRupa, ris gamoc igi cols gaeyara. ramdenime
    165
    wlis Semdgom ki lena fialkinaze daqorwinda, romelTanac Svili aRar SesZeni-
    a.
    1931 wels gr. robaqiZem germaniaSi SemoqmedbiTi mivlinebiT wasvlis uf-
    leba miiRo. magram ucxoeTSi wasuli mwerali samudamod darCa emigraciaSi da
    amis Semdeg samSobloSi aRar dabrunebela. 1945 wlamde is germaniaSi cxov-
    robda, Semdgom ki SveicariaSi, JenevaSi gadasaxlda.
    emigraciaSi myofi mwerali aqtiur literaturul moRvaweobas eweoda. ker-
    Zod, 1932 wels man gamoaqveyna romani ,,megi qarTveli asuli", 1933 wels _ ,,Cak-
    luli suli", 1934 wels _ romani ,,qalRmerTis Zaxili", 1937 wels - romani ,,wmin-
    da graalis mcvelni" da ,,kavkasiuri novelebi". amaT garda, evropul presaSi
    sistematurad ibeWdeboda misi novelebi, leqsebi, literaturuli da filosofi-
    uri werilebi.
    gr. robaqiZe gardaicvala SveicariaSi, q. JenevaSi, 1962 wlis 1 noembers. mis-
    ma sikvdilma Zalze daamwuxra sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mimofantuli qarTveli emig-
    rantebi. swored maT uWirisufles gr. robaqiZes da jer JenevaSi dakrZales,
    1976 wlis 22 oqtombers ki kalistrate da nino saliebis TaosnobiT safrangeT-
    Si, levilis qarTul sasaflaoze, gadaasvenes.
    rogorc iTqva, grigol robaqiZem didi roli Seasrula meoce saukunis da-
    sawyisis qarTuli mwerlobis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis saqmeSi. n. lorTqifaniZes-
    Tan, g. tabiZesTan, m. javaxiSvilTan, k. gamsaxurdiasTan, ,,cisferyanwelebTan" da
    aTian wlebSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamosul zogierT sxva mweralTan erTad
    man mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli erovnuli literaturuli azrovnebis ,,evropei-
    zacias" da mis wiaRSi axali esTetikuri tendenciebis damkvidrebas.
    Tavisi poeziiT, ufro metad ki prozauli da dramatuli nawarmoebebiT, gr.
    robaqiZe uaRresad gamorCeuli xelweris mweralia aTiani da ociani wlebis
    Cvens literaturaSi. am gamorCeulobas arsebiTad gansazRvravs frazis indivi-
    dualuri musikaluri JReradoba da ukiduresi sityvieri lakonizmi. misi sti-
    luri TavisTavadobis safuZvels warmoadgens agreTve enobrivi artistizmi da
    aristokratizmi. avtori ukiduresad dawnexili da SekumSuli formiT ga-
    moxatavs saTqmels, maqsimalurad gaurbis rTul sintaqsur konstruqciebs da
    ufro xSirad martiv, uSemasmenlo winadadebebs iyenebs xolme.
    saZebari araa imis SemTxvevebic, roca mTeli epizodi sul ramdenime
    sityviTaa gadmocemuli. es mokle-mokle, azriTaa da gancdiT maqsimalurad
    dayursuli winadadebebi aisbergebs gvanan, romlebic didi vnebebisa da mZafri
    situaciebis mxolod yvelaze arsebiT waxnagebs warmoaCenen. maTi bolomde ga-
    Sinaarseba da gacnobiereba bevrwiladaa damokidebuli mkiTxvelis aqtivobaze.
    am TvalsazrisiT gr. robaqiZe, SeiZleba iTqvas, sruliad axali movlenaa Cvens
    mwerlobaSi, Tvisebrivad axali stiluri principebis damamkvidrebeli Semoqme-
    di.
    gr. robaqiZis mTeli Semoqmedeba, maT Soris misi werilebic, mkveTrad ga-
    moxatul ritmul-musikalur principebs efuZneba. nawarmoebis ritmul-musikalu-
    ri mxaris amgvari daxvewilobisa da originaluri xmierebis miRweva yovelTvis
    rCeba mwerlis gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad. miuxedavad imisa, rom es tenden-
    cia sxva qarTvel beletristTa SemoqmedebaSic mniSvnelovan adgils iWers (v.
    barnovi, W. lomTaTiZe, k. gamsaxurdia, n. lorTqifaniZe...), gr. robaqiZis sityvie-
    ri musika maTgan mkveTrad gamorCeuli JReradobiT xasiaTdeba. yovelive zemoT-
    qmulTan dakavSirebiT, aq, albaT, Tavad avtoris Sefasebis gaxsenebac saintere-
    so iqneba. `yovels nawarmoebs Cemsa, wers igi erTgan, axasiaTebs musikaluri
    JReradoba Sinaganio" da simagaliTod asaxelebs `lamaras", romelic `pirveli
    striqoniTgan ukanasknelamde xsenebuli principiTaa gamarTuli. vukol beriZem
    mas `simfonia" uwoda" (gr. robaqiZe, dasaxelebuli krebuli, 1996 w. gv. 182).
    nawarmoebis ritmul-musikaluri JReradobis srulyofaze zrunva mwerlis
    literaturuli individualobis ganmsazRvrel niSanTa sistemaSi imdenad did
    adgilsac ki iWers, rom romen rolanis azriT, gr. robaqiZis xelovneba `Cven
    did musikosebs ufro uaxlovdeba, vidre poetebis xelovnebas" (`bedi qarTli-
    sa", #47, gv. 16).
    166
    sagangebo enaTmecnierul Seswavlas saWiroebs gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebis
    enobrivi mxare. am TvalsazrisiTac igi erT-erTi mkafiod gamorCeuli Semoqme-
    dia, romelmac mravali axali leqsikuri erTeuliT gaamdidra Cveni ena.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom winadadebaTa miseul konstruqciasa da orTografias Si-
    gadaSig mwignobrulobis kvalic aSkarad etyoba da ucxour enaTa zegavlenac,
    igi siRrmiseulad wvdeba mSobliuri enis qvecnobier wiaRs da misi umdidresi
    saunjis bevr axal waxnags warmoaCens maRalostaturi sityvieri xelovnebiT.
    gr. robaqiZis nawarmoebebis kiTxvis dros naTlad SevigrZnobT misi stilis
    mkveTrad gansxvavebul bunebas _ originalur frazeologias, winadadebaTa age-
    bulebis individualizebul konstruqcias, sityvier artistulobasa da Teatra-
    lizebas. mis mwerlur TavisTavadobas, upirveles yovlisa, swored es niSan-Tvi-
    sebebi ganapirobeben umeteswilad.
    gr. robaqiZis nawarmoebebSi mxolod sanaxevrod mJRavndeba saTqmeli. mwer-
    lis mier Seqmnil simbolur-alegoriul saxeTa Secnoba, mis mier warmosaxuli
    mxatvruli samyaros gacnobierebuli aRqma da gaazreba sakmao gonebriv daZabva-
    sac moiTxovs da saTanado inteleqtualur ganswavlasac. ase rom, misi nawe-
    rebis kiTxvis procesi, esTetikuri siamovnebis miRebasTan erTad, sakmao go-
    nebriv daZabulobasTanacaa dakavSirebuli.
    rogorc iTqva, gr. robaqiZe qarTuli modernizmis erT-erTi pirveldamam-
    kvidrebelia meoce saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi li-
    teraturuli individualobis gamsazRvreli bevri niSan-Tviseba simbolizmTanaa
    dakavSirebuli, igi mxolod am mimarTulebis esTetikuri principebiT Semosaz-
    Rvruli mwerali ar aris da mis SemoqmedebaSi sxva mimdinareobaTaTvis niSan-
    doblivad damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli tendeciebic vlindeba Taviseburi formiT
    (romantizmi, eqspresionizmi, impresionizmi). am garemoebas Tavad mweralic ara-
    erTgzis usvams xazs. misi TqmiT, `xelovneba ar ifargleba marto simbolizmiT".
    da mainc, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis pe-
    riodSi gr. robaqiZes SemoqmedebiTadac da pirovnuladac yvelaze meti siaxlo-
    ve `cisferyanwelebTan" hqonda. `yanwelTaTvis" igi udidesi literaturuli av-
    toritetis mqone is pirovneba iyo, visac isini Tavis maswavleblad da Teoreti-
    kosad aRiarebdnen. amgvar krZalvasa da mowiwebas, pirvel yovlisa, is garemoeba
    ganapirobebda, rom `cisferyanwelebis" azriT, grigoli qarTul mwerlobaSi
    simbolizmis erT-erTi pirvelSemomtani da aRiarebuli warmomadgeneli iyo. ma-
    galiTad, t. tabiZis SefasebiT, `simbolizmi CvenSi gr. robaqiZem Semoitana"
    (`cisferi yanwebi". 1916 w. #1 gv.29). misi SefasebiT, `igi dajerebuli simbolis-
    tia" (Jurn. `Svildosani", 1920 w, #1, gv. 14).
    magram zemoTqmuli srulebiT ar niSnavs, TiTqos gr. robaqiZe `cisferyan-
    welTa" literaturuli ordenis wevri iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom grigolis
    literaturul Sexedulebebsa da qarTveli simbolistebis esTetikur naazrevs
    Soris bevri ramaa saerTo, gr. robaqiZe `cisferyanwelTa" jgufis warmomadgene-
    li ar yofila da, rogorc ukve iTqva, misi literaturuli principebis Ca-
    moyalibebaze impresionizmmac da eqspresionizmmac moaxdines garkveuli zegav-
    lena. ase rom, gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba, maT Soris misi farTod gaxmaurebuli
    `gvelis perangic", rogorc Stefan cvaigi ambobs, `araCveulebrivi, vera romel
    kategoriaSi mosaqcevi wignia" (`bedi qarTlisa", 1964 w. #47. gv. 20).

    * * *
    aTiani da ociani wlebis qarTul periodikaSi sistematurad ibeWdeboda gr.
    robaqiZis leqsebi. am leqsebs imdroindeli literaturuli sazogadoeba, gansa-
    kuTrebiT ki `cisferyanwelebi", umaRles Sefasebas aZlevdnen da qarTuli poe-
    ziis umniSvnelovanes monapovrad Tvlidnen. dRes, garkveuli drouli dis-
    tanciis Semdeg, gr. robaqiZis poetur nawarmoebebs, miuxedavad maTi litera-
    turuli Rirsebebisa, aseT maRal Sefasebas ver mivcemT. obieqturoba moiTxovs
    aRiniSnos, rom es leqsebi xSirad mwignobruli ganwyobilebebiTaa nasazrdoebi
    da ukve istoriis kuTvnilebad qceuli literaturuli procesis Sesaswavlad
    da gasacnobiereblad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mxatvruli srulyofilebiT.
    167
    gr. robaqiZis poeziaze msjelobis dros aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswi-
    noT is dadebiTi roli, romelic am periodis sxva mwerlebTan erTad poetma
    Cvens literaturaSi modernistuli poeturi tendenciebis Semotanisa da dam-
    kvidrebis TvalsazrisiT Seasrula. masSi mZafrad igrZnoba Sablonuri mxat-
    vrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi formebisa da saSualebebis msxvrevisa da ganaxlebis
    suliskveTeba. gr. robaqiZe gabedulad cdilobs poeturi azrovneba gamoiyvanos
    trafaretuli sqemebis tyveobidan da mas safuZvlad daudos Tvisebrivad axali
    esTetikuri principebi.
    ase Semodis mis leqsebSi sityvieri artistizmi da aristokratizmi, Cnde-
    bian axali esTetikuri faseulobani, gza exsneba mSvenierebis originalur,
    aratradiciul gagebasa da evropuli modernistuli xelovnebis tendenciebs.
    obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis es procesi SedarebiT
    iSviaTad aRwevs mxatvrul srulyofas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, drom sagrZnoblad
    gaanela poetis leqsebisadmi interesi da maTSi bevri ram dResdReobiT wminda
    istoriuli TvalsazrisiT ufroa sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovani.
    gr. robaqiZis poeziaSi naTlad Cans farTo filosofiuri ganaTlebisa da
    Zlieri inteleqtis Semoqmedi. mis SemoqmedebaSi damkvidrebuli literaturuli
    siaxleni xSirad kargad gacnobierebul mwerlur ZiebaTa nayofi ufroa, poeti-
    kis kanonebSi Rrmad ganswavlis Sedegi, vidre sityvieri jadoqrobis idumali
    da qvecnobieri gamovlineba. TviT ubralo stiluri niuansic ki gr. robaqiZis
    SemoqmedebaSi Rrma Teoriul-poetikuri ganswavlis Sedegia. ragind paradoqsu-
    ladac ar unda mogveCvenos, mwerlis SemoqmedebisaTvis esoden farTod da-
    maxasiaTebeli `Warbi inteleqtualizmi, azrobrivi da ara grZnobadi esTetizmi"
    sagrZnoblad boWavs misi lirikis poetur silaResa da uSualobas (a. gomarTe-
    li, qarTuli simbolisturi proza, 1997 w. gv.160).
    rogorc iTqva, Tavisi drois sxva poetebTan erTad, gr. robaqiZe aqtiurad
    cdilobda qarTul poeziaSi farTod daemkvidrebina e. w. axali poeturi esTe-
    tika da kidev ufro gaefarTovebina sinamdvilis mxatvruli warmosaxvis mas-
    Stabebi. pirvel yovlisa, swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom misi poe-
    turi STagonebis obieqtad zogjer iseTi sakiTxebicaa qceuli, romelnic kla-
    sikuri literaturuli principebis erTgulebis Sedegad Seqmnil poeziaSi SeiZ-
    leba mxatvrul anaqronizmadac iqnes miCneuli. aseTi leqsia, magaliTad, 1919
    wels dawerili soneti `vasaka" (`meocnebe niamorebi", 1919 w. #3, gv. 1).
    gr. robaqiZe iSviaTad mimarTavs verlibrs da saTqmelis gamosaxatavad uf-
    ro metad klasikur saleqso formebs irCevs. poets didi wvlili miuZRvis Cvens
    poeziaSi sonetis damkvidrebis saqmeSi. es saleqso forma misTvis sulieri
    aristokratizmis gamovlenis erT-erT yvelaze misaReb saSualebadaa qceuli.
    rogorc v. gafrindaSvili aRniSnavs, man `Seqmna axali forma sonetis, romel-
    Sic yoveli striqoni wertiliT mTavrdeba. yoveli striqoni srul qandakebas
    warmoadgens da arsad kavSiri `da" sonetSi ar ixmareba. amas garda, qarTul
    sonetisTvis is savaldebulod xdis ToTxmetmarcvlian leqss da qalur-vaJur
    riTmebis morigeobas" (`meocnebe niamorebi", 1919, #1, gv.12.). ase rom, qarTul po-
    eziaSi sonetis saleqso formis damkvidrebisa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli spe-
    cifikuri niSan-Tvisebebis gamokveTis saqmeSi, im dros moRvawe sxva qarTvel po-
    etebTan erTad, gr. robaqiZis Rvawlic uTuod sagulisxmoa da mniSvnelovani.
    gr. robaqiZis poeziaze saubris dros aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is
    faqtic, rom man Cvens mwerlobaSi erT-erTma pirvelma gamoxata urbanistuli pe-
    izaJebi da teqnikuri progresis Sedegad gaucxoebuli pirovnebis tragedia. misi
    leqsebis lirikuli gmiri tragikulad ganicdis miwis wiaRis masazrdoebeli
    fesvebidan mowyvetas, ris Sedegadac irRveva pirovnebis sulieri harmonia
    da mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi farTod mkvidrdeba adamianuri martoobis tkiviliani
    gancda.
    mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi calke unda gamoiyos qristianizmis kulti. qristia-
    nuli rwmena, upirveles yovlisa, wminda ninos saxelTan dakavSirebuli da va-
    zis jvriT ganmtkicebuli, gr. robaqiZis poeturi STagonebisaTvis impulsis mim-
    cemi uzenaesi Zalaa, Zala, romelmac gadagvarebisagan ixsna da gadaarCina Cveni
    168
    xalxi. uwinaresad swored am msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedviT afasebs gr.
    robaqiZe qristianuli sarwmunoebis erovnul misias. am rwmenis simbolur gan-
    saxebad mis SemoqmedebaSi umeteswilad qceulia mociqulTa swori wminda nino,
    romelmac vazis jvriT Sehkra da gaamTliana saqarTvelo.
    qristianobis istoriuli rolis am erovnul-patriotul Sefasebas emateba
    da sarwmunoebriv rwmenas kidev ufro ganamtkicebs TviTSegneba imisa, rom jvar-
    cmuli macxovari sasowarkveTilebidan pirovnebis damxsneli da sasicocxlo
    energiis momniWebeli uzenaesi Zalaa. es yvelaferi gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi
    Rrma filosofiuri TvalTaxedviTaa gansjili da gaazrebuli.
    gr. robaqiZe tropuli azrovnebis TviTmyofadobiT mkveTrad gamorCeuli
    poetia. samyaros poeturi aRqmis avtoriseul originalobas am SemTxvevaSi mniS-
    vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs movlenaTa xedvisa da warmosaxvis aratradiciuli
    manera, arsebiTad ganpirobebuli modernistuli xelovnebisaTvis niSandobli-
    vad damaxasiaTebeli specifikiT. mravalmxrivi ganswavluloba da farTo erudi-
    cia, sisxlxorceulad Serwymuli samyaros poeturi aRqmis originalur struq-
    turasTan da tradiciuli literaturuli azrovnebis modernizebul formebTan
    da principebTan. ai, gr. robaqiZis lirikuli poeziis TviTmyofadobisa da Ta-
    visTavadobis ganmsazRvreli mkvidri safuZveli.
    aseve mniSvnelovania gr. robaqiZis roli qarTul poeziaSi arastandartu-
    li da akustikurad gamorCeuli riTmebis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiTac. mwer-
    lis poetur damsaxurebaze saubris dros usaTuod unda aRiniSnos is faqti,
    rom igi originaluri konstruqciis mqone araerTi axali sariTmo wyvilis pir-
    velmimkvlevica da gamomyenebelicaa CvenSi. ase rom, misi poeturi teqnika am
    mxrivac sakmaod daxvewilia da rafinirebuli. es gansakuTrebiT mainc mis poe-
    ziaSi farTod gamoyenebul asonansebsa da disonansebze unda iTqvas, romelnic
    mkveTri JReradobiT gamorCeuli bgerweriT xasiaTdebian.
    rogorc ukve iTqva, gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi mxatvruli gamoxatvis
    TvalsazrisiT sadReisod bevri ram pirvandel poetur efeqts moklebulia; mag-
    ram, amisda miuxedavad, Tavisi nakliTac da RirsebiTac misi poezia meoce sau-
    kunis aTiani da ociani wlebis qarTuli modernistuli literaturis RviZli
    nawilia, romelic garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis imJamindel Cvens mwerlobaSi
    gamovlenil SemoqmedebiT siaxleebze.

    * * *
    gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebis emigraciamdeli periodis warmatebebi mniSvne-
    lovawilad aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli dramaturgiaSi mopovebul miRwevebTan.
    ocian wlebSi qarTuli presis furclebze gamoqveynebulma misma piesebma: `lon-
    dam", `lamaram", `udegam", `malStremma" da `kardum" literaturuli da Teatra-
    luri sazogadoebriobis maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. am piesebma udidesi roli
    Seasrules im periodis qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
    am TvalsazrisiT, upirveles yovlisa, mainc `lamara" unda gamoiyos, romlis
    mixedviT Seqmnilma speqtaklma saerTaSoriso rezonansi SeiZina.
    gr. robaqiZis pirveli piesa _ `londa" 1917-19 wlebSi daiwera da mTliani
    saxiT gamoqveynda `kavkasionSi" (1924 w. #3-4). mweralma nawarmoebi miuZRvna tra-
    gikulad daRupuli Svilis _ alkas xsovnas. pirvelad igi 1920 wels, rusuli
    Teatris scenaze, daidga. qarTulad ki misi dadgma kote marjaniSvilis reJiso-
    robiT 1923 wlis TebervalSi ganxorcielda. qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis
    es didi reformatori gansakuTrebul dainteresebas iCenda gr. robaqiZis drama-
    turgiiT da maRal Sefasebas aZlevda mas.
    `londasadmi" k. marjaniSvilis aseTi interesi, rogorc es misi werili-
    danac (`Svilebi mzisa da misi qurumi") naTlad Cans, upirveles yovlisa, im
    Rrmaazrovani simboluri CanafiqriT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic piesis umTav-
    res SemoqmedebiT mizandasaxulobas warmoadgens. misi SefasebiT, `londa" aris
    namdvili dabruneba mzesTan. yvelaferi masSi aris mzisgan, sicocxle da
    sixaruli, sicocxle da sikvdili. es aris namdvili misteria mzisa".
    169
    msgavsad gr. robaqiZis sxva nawarmoebebisa, `londa" mxatvruli TavisTava-
    dobiTa da literaturuli siaxleebiT gamorCeuli piesaa, aSkarad aRbeWdili
    evropuli modernistul-avangardistuli SemoqmedebiTi mimdinareobebisaTvis ni-
    Sandoblivad damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebiTa da specifikuri niSan-TvisebebiT.
    am TvalsazrisiT gr. robaqiZe im periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi bevri litera-
    turuli siaxlis erT-erTi pirvelSemomtanisa da pirveldamamkvidreblis rol-
    Sic gvevlineba xolme, rasac uTuod hqonda didi mniSvneloba istoriuli
    TvalsazrisiT.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba Cveni lite-
    raturis istoriaSi dResac uaRresad faseuli sulieri memkvidreobaa, Tanamed-
    rove mkiTxveli albaT bolomde ver miiRebs da gaiziarebs im usazRvro aRta-
    cebasa da aRfrTovanebas, rasac aTian da ocian wlebSi mwerlis bevri Tanamed-
    rove iCenda misi Semoqmedebis mimarT. cxadia, es `londasac" Seexeba.
    `londa" Tumca sakmaod mZafri da dramatuli, magram martivad
    sworxazobrivi siuJetis mqone piesaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori Tavidanve
    sagangebod akonkretebs moqmedebis drosa da adgils (warmarTobis xana, Zveli
    kolxeTi), nawarmoebis saazrovno sivrce amgvari konkretuli masStabebiT nak-
    lebad iboWeba. ase rom, piesis samoqmedo droca da geografiac, faqtobrivad,
    metad pirobiTia da arsebiT mniSvnelobas moklebuli.
    nawarmoebis mxatvrul specifikas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs is gare-
    moeba, rom masSi organulad erwymis erTmaneTs klasikuri dramaturgiisa da mo-
    dernistul-avangardistuli xelovnebis specifikuri elementebi. gansakuTrebul
    yuradRebas iqcevs piesis ritmul-musikaluri mxare. miuxedavad imisa, rom garda
    calkeuli poeturi fragmentebisa, `londa" prozauli formiT dawerili nawar-
    moebia, rogorc Tavad avtoric usvams xazs, mis `Senebas" `orkestris" principi
    udevs mkvidr safuZvlad. ase rom, ritmul-musikaluri mxaris daxvewiloba da
    sityvieri akustika kvlavindeburad rCeba gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiTi individu-
    alobis ganmapirobebel erT-erT umTavres faqtorad.
    gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi farTod gamovlenili siaxleni da stiluri in-
    dividualobani, rogorc iTqva, bevri ramiTaa dakavSirebuli evropul modernis-
    tul-avangardistul xelovnebasTan. mwerlis Semoqmedebis `evropeizaciis" es
    procesi zogjer ise did masStabebsac ki iZens da misi zogierTi qmnileba imde-
    nadac kia mowyvetili konkretul qarTul realobas, rom naTargmni nawarmoebis
    STabeWdilebasac tovebs.
    gr. robaqiZis dramatul nawarmoebTagan yvelaze didi warmateba `lamaras"
    (1924 w.) xvda wilad. am piesis mixedviT dadgmuli speqtakli qarTuli Teatra-
    luri xelovnebis istoriaSi saetapo mniSvnelobis movlenad iqca, romelmac
    ara marto saqarTveloSi moipova farTo aRiareba, aramed mis farglebs gare-
    Tac.
    `lamaras" premiera Teatris scenaze 1926 wlis 29 ianvars Sedga. Tavdapir-
    velad mis reJisuraze erTdroulad muSaobdnen k. marjaniSvili da s. axmeteli,
    magram k. marjaniSvilis avadmyofobis gamo speqtaklis dasruleba s. axmetels
    mouxda. speqtaklSi imJamindeli qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis bevri Tval-
    saCino warmomadgeneli iyo dakavebuli.
    speqtakls uCveulo warmateba mohyva. Tavad grigol robaqiZis TqmiT, `saxe-
    li `lamara" mTels saqarTvelos moefina. daarqves igi sadoRe cxenebs, daarqves
    erT restoransac TbilisSi". gamoqveynda uamravi recenzia, romelTa avtorebi
    saqebar sityvebs ar iSurebdnen spektaklis gansadideblad.
    `lamaras" warmatebaze saubris dros aqve is didi aRiarebac usaTuod un-
    da gavixsenoT, romelic man 1930 wels moskovis sakavSiro Teatralur festi-
    valze moipova. sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa saTeatro olimpiadaze, romelzec qvey-
    nis yvela mowinave Teatri iyo warmodgenili, rusTavelis Teatrma sami spektak-
    li aCvena. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mowoneba xvda ,,lamaras", romelsac Teat-
    rmcodneebma ,,fantastikuri" warmodgena uwodes.
    rogorc iTqva, emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdgom gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebisadmi
    damokidebuleba radikalurad Seicvala. es damokidebuleba Taviseburi formiT
    170
    ,,lamarasac" Seexo. marTalia, misi roli da mniSvneloba Cveni Teatraluri
    xelovnebis istoriaSi dakninebiT aravis daukninebia, magram moxda piesis avto-
    ris rolis ignorireba. kerZod, spektaklis literaturuli nawilis avtorad va-
    Ja-fSavela iqna gamocxadebuli.
    mkiTxvelisaTvis Zneli ar iqneba imis gageba, ratom gaxda es aucilebeli.
    ,,lamaras" avtorad vaJa-fSavelas dasaxelebiT xom spektaklze saubars tabu ex-
    sneboda.
    am garemoebam gr. robaqiZes udidesi gulistkena miayena, ris Taobazec igi
    xSirad wers rogorc presaSi dastambul werilebSi, ise saqarTveloSi me-
    gobrebisaTvis gamogzavnil pirad baraTebSic. magaliTad, 1962 wels ir. abaSiZi-
    sadmi moweril werilSi mwerali gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda: ,,aseTi gayalbeba
    faqtisa araTu qarTul, mTels msoflio literaturaSi ar moiZebneba. ,,lamara"
    vaJasia? maS, me, avtori ,,lamarasi", literaturuli qurdi vyofilvar. da ra
    yofila qarTveli xalxi, rom es `qurdoba" aTeul welTa manZilze ver SeumCne-
    viaT?!"
    amasTan dakavSirebuli yovelgvari eWvis gasafantad, gr. robaqiZem detalu-
    rad Seudara erTmaneTs `lamara" da mis literaturul pirvelwyarod miCneuli
    vaJas `gvelis mWameli", riTac naTlad da araorazrovnad warmoaCina am or na-
    warmoebs Soris arsebuli didi gansxvaveba. igi ara Tu am ori nawarmoebis er-
    TmaneTTan gaigivebas Tvlis udides absurdad, aramed a. vasaZis mier gamoTqmul
    im mosazrebasac miiCnevs yovlad usafuZvlod, romlis mixedviTac `lamara"
    `vaJa-fSavelas mixedviT gasceniurebul piesad" cxaddeba.
    gr. robaqiZis TqmiT, es ori nawarmoebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTi-
    sagan Sinaarsobrivadac da `Sig Tavsis" mxrivac. erTaderTi, rac maT erTimeo-
    resTan akavSirebs, is aris, rom orive maTgani xalxuri Tqmulebis Zirebzea aR-
    mocenebuli.
    garda zemoT dasaxelebuli umTavresi mizezisa, `gvelis mWamelisa" da
    `lamaras" erTmaneTTan gaigivebas im garemoebamac Seuwyo xeli, rom vaJa-fSave-
    las mindia da gr. robaqiZis mindia grZneuli adamianebi arian da erTnairad
    esmiT bunebis idumali ena. marTalia, es garemoeba arsebiTad gansazRvravs sa-
    zogadoebasTan maT uCveulo da aratradiciul damokidebulebas, magram, am
    msgavsebis miuxedavad, es ori pirovneba TavianTi cxovrebiseuli gziT radika-
    lurad gansxvavdebian erTimeorisagan. ase rom, rogorc Tavad gr. robaqiZe Se-
    niSnavs marTebulad, `lamara" siuJetur sul sxva mimarTulebiT viTardeba,
    vidre `gvelis mWameli". sxvadasxvaoba es bolos ufskruladac iqceva. `gvelis
    mWamelis" mindia Tavs iklavs, `lamaraSi" ki Tavs swiravs (gr. robaqiZe, CemTvis
    simarTle yvelaferia, krebuli, 1996 w. gv. 18).
    `lamara" `rainduli romantizmis" (s. axmeteli) suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalu-
    li piesaa, gr. robaqiZis sxva nawarmoebTa msgavsad, mwerlisave sityvebiT rom
    vTqvaT, `Sinagani musikaluri aRnagobiT" mkveTrad gamorCeuli da `pirveli
    striqoniTgan ukanasknelamde xsenebuli principiT gamarTuli" qmnileba, romel-
    Sic `yoveli momqmedi piri, mTavari Tu Tanmyoli, isea Sesuli, rogorc romeli-
    me instrumenti orkestrSi".
    oriode sityva piesis enobriv mxarezec unda iTqvas. rogorc Tavad avtori
    aRniSnavs, `lamaras" `sityvieri gaSlisaTvis" mas qarTuli enis `fSav-xevsuru-
    li fSani" aqvs gamoyenebuli. esaa `erT-erTi ZvelTa-Zveli fena qarTulisa, miu-
    val mTebSi gadarCenili da dRemde cocxali" da ara ubralo dialeqti (gr.
    robaqiZe, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 193). am TvalsazrisiT `lamaras" avtoris po-
    zicia imave enobriv principebs emyareba, romliTac `vaJas yoveli Sairi Tu poe-
    maa gamarTuli". ase rom, fSav-xevsurul dialeqtSi cocxlad SemorCenil arqa-
    ul enobriv formaTa mizanswrafuli xmareba mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs
    `lamaras" stilur individualobasa da TavisTavadobas.
    sxva piesebis msgavsad, `lamaraSic" siuJetis ganviTarebis umTavres war-
    mmarTvel Zalad mZafri dramatizmiT gamorCeuli siyvarulia qceuli. nawar-
    moebis uTuo literaturul Rirsebad, pirvel yovlisa, is garemoeba unda miviC-
    nioT, rom mweralma SeZlo yoveli drois yoveli WeSmariti mwerlis Semoqme-
    171
    debis uZiriTades Temad damkvidrebuli am maradiuli grZnobis gaazrebisaTvis
    axali waxnagebi moiZebna da kidev erTxel gamoevlinebina udidesi emociuri
    STambeWdaobiT misi magiuri buneba da zneobrivi Zala.
    nawarmoebSi Tavidanve ikveTeba siyvarulis safuZvelze warmoqmnili mwvave
    konfliqturi dapirispireba xevsur mindiasa da TorRvais Soris. mindia da
    TorRvai naxevarZmebi arian, erTi mamis Svilebi, Tumca erT fesvze amozrdilni,
    magram TavianTi adamianuri bunebiT erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebul-
    ni. kerZod, mindia xalxSi misnobiTa da grZneulebiT gamorCeuli vaJkacia, bune-
    bis idumali enis mcodne kaci, romelsac garesamyarosTan sxvaTaTvis Seucnobi
    da miuwvdomeli siyvaruli akavSirebs. marTalia, am TvalsazrisiT igi vaJa-fSa-
    velas `gvelis mWamelis" mTavari gmiris msgavsi pirovnebaa, magram sxva mxriv
    am ori personaJis cxovrebis gzaca da mizanswrafvac radikalurad gansxvavdeba
    erTmaneTisagan.
    Tavisi adamianuri bunebiT mindiasagan mkveTrad ganirCeva misi naxevarZma
    TorRvai, mTaSi vaJkacobiTa da daundoblobiT cnobili meTavise kaci, romelic
    yovelTvis pirovnuli interesebis karnaxiT moqmedebs. Zmebs TavdaviwyebiT
    SeuyvardaT umSvenieresi qisti qali lamara. miuxedavad imisa, rom am siyvarul-
    ma ise sulian-xorciana SeZra mindia, rom mas lamis RvTiT boZebuli grZneu-
    lebis unaric ki daukarga, igi TavSekavebis zRvars mainc ar gadadis da es
    siyvaruli misTvis adamianuri keTilSobilebisa da humanizmis STamagonebel ma-
    giur Zaladaa qceuli.
    rac Seexeba TorRvais, am siyvarulma igi Sleg da gaborotebul adamianad
    aqcia. misTvis es siyvaruli `xmalze alokili sisxlia". amitomac mzadaa miznis
    misaRwevad uyoymanod gawiros yvela da yvelaferi.
    ase iqca igi sakuTari mijnuris Zmis mkvlelad da qal-vaJis siyvaruli sis-
    xlis ufskruliT gaiTiSa. lamarasTan momakvdavi Zmis gamoTxovebis scenas mwe-
    rali Rrmaazrovani qveteqstis mqone aseTi simboluri epizodiT agvirgvinebs:
    momakvdavma murTazma lamaras Tmebi sakuTar sisxlSi amoavlo da das aseTi an-
    derZi dautova: `Seni Tmebi! Cemi sisxli! axsovdes Sen Tmebs Cemi sisxli!".
    murTazis sikvdilma kidev erTxel gaaRviva xevsurebsa da qistebs Soris
    tradiciulad arsebuli mtroba. murTazis mama, iCo, da misi TanamoZmeebi Suris-
    ZiebisaTvis emzadebian. magram xevsurebi gadawyveten, mowinaaRmdeges daaswron
    da qistebis Temi daarbion. gansakuTrebiT TorRvai aqtiurobs.
    ukiduresad daZabul am tragikul situaciaSi mindiam orive mxares
    zneobrivi gmirobis uCveulo magaliTi misca, riTac sisxliani mtroba moyvasi-
    sadmi siyvarulisa da humanizmis amaRlebul grZnobad gardaqmna. es didi Sina-
    gani Zala ki mas lamarasadmi siyvarulma misca. moulodnelad mindia sakuTari
    nebiT eaxla iCos, Tavi TorRvaid gaasaRa (Zmebi gaWrili vaSliviT hgavdnen er-
    TmaneTs) da mzadyofna gamoTqva, sicocxlis fasad gamoesyida TiTqosda mis mi-
    er Cadenili danaSauli. amiT mas surda SurisZiebis vnebiT atanili qistebis
    risxvac daecxro, TanamoZmenic daexsna sisxliani Setakebisagan da lamarasTvi-
    sac Taviseburad Seemsubuqebina satanjveli.
    mindias amgvarma moqmedebam orive mxares gaunaTa amRvreuli goneba da Su-
    risZiebis azvirTebuli grZnoba moyvasisadmi siyvarulis romantikul grZnobad
    gardaqmna. nawarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `rainduli romantizmis" kulmina-
    ciuri gamovlineba finalur scenaSi xdeba da am funqcias ara marto mindias
    gmiruli Tavganwirva asrulebs, aramed momakvdavi lamaras qmedebac. mindiasa da
    TorRvais Soris arsebuli mtruli dapirispireba sikvdilis win man kvlav did
    da naTel siyvarulad aqcia.

    * * *
    ociani wlebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze nayofieri
    da warmatebuli periodia. miuxedavad imisa, rom romanis, rogorc Janrobrivi
    saxeobis, Camoyalibebis gzaze manamdel Cvens mwerlobas ukve hqonda mopo-
    vebuli garkveuli miRwevebi, am Janris klasikuri formiT damkvidreba faq-
    tobrivad swored am droisaTvis gaxda SesaZlebeli. ocian wlebSi Seqmnili Ta-
    172
    vianTi romanebiT m. javaxiSvilma, k. gamsaxurdiam, gr. robaqiZem, d. Sengelaiam,
    S. dadianma, v. barnovma, l. qiaCelma da imJamindeli Cveni mwerlobis sxva warmo-
    madgenlebma srulqmnilebiTa da mravalsaxovnebiT gamoavlines is didi lite-
    raturuli SesaZleblobebi, romlebic am JanrisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
    gr. robaqiZis damsaxureba, am TvalsazrisiT, gamorCeulad mniSvnelovania.
    Tavisi `gvelis perangiT" (1925 w.), k. gamsaxurdiasTan da d. SengelaiasTan er-
    Tad, man erT-erTma pirvelma Seuqmna myari literaturuli tradicia CvenSi mo-
    dernistul-avangardistuli tipis romanis damkvidrebas.
    `gvelis perangi" rTuli saxe-simboloebiTa da azrobrivi qveteqstebiT
    datvirTuli filosofiuri romania. avtoriseuli mrwamsisa da mizanswrafvis
    bolomde Secnoba am simboloebisa da qveteqstur miniSnebaTa gauSifrav-gauc-
    nobiereblad SeuZlebelia. amis gakeTeba ki metad saZnelo saqmea da mkiTxveli-
    sagan farTo ganswavlulobasa da romanis arsSi safuZvlian CaRrmavebas mo-
    iTxovs. ase rom, `gvelis perangis" literaturul-msoflmxedvelobrivi samyaros
    siRrmiseuli Secnoba da safuZvliani gaazreba mkiTxvelisagan udides Zalisxme-
    vas moiTxovs da amis miRweva mxolodRa maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, garkveul-
    wilad Tuki mkiTxvelic iqceva avtoriseuli SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis Tavi-
    sebur Tanamonawiled Tu TanaSemoqmedad.
    mwerluri azrovnebis amgvari gziT warmarTvam gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi
    zogierTi arasasurveli tendenciis damkvidrebasac Seuwyo xeli. mxedvelobaSi
    gvaqvs stilis metismeti maneruloba da dekoratiuloba, bunebriobis samanebs
    gadamcdari enobrivi artistizmi, mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa er-
    Tgvari xelovnuroba da Txrobis xazgasmulad paTetikur-Teatralizebuli
    forma.
    es niSan-Tvisebebi sagrZnoblad boWaven gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiT sila-
    Res da garkveul bariers qmnian misi mwerluri samyaros srulyofilad Sec-
    nobisa da bolomde gaTavisebis saqmeSi. magram aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom es
    garemoeba arc avtoris droindel kritikas darCenia SeumCneveli da jer kidev
    ocian wlebSive SeniSnes mas mwignobruli nakadiT metismeti gataceba. kerZod,
    zogierTi oponentis azriT, gr. robaqiZe `literaturiT gakeTebuli" mwerali
    iyo, `cocxali citata", mwignobruli ideebiTa da saxeebiT moazrovne Semoqmedi.
    `gvelis perangi" Tavdapirvelad `mnaTobSi" daistamba, 1926 wels ki calke
    wignad gamoica. gr. robaqiZe imxanad mTel saqarTveloSi farTod popularuli
    pirovneba iyo. literaturuli sazogadoeba did dainteresebas iCenda Janrobri-
    vad mravalferovani misi Semoqmedebisadmi. gansakuTrebul mowonebas im-
    saxurebda mwerlis dramatuli nawarmoebebi da literaturuli werilebi. maT-
    gan gansxvavebiT, ` gvelis perangma" Tavdapirvelad mainca da mainc didi inte-
    resi ver gamoiwvia. piriqiT, literaturuli kritikis araerTma warmomadgenelma
    romani negatiurad Seafasa. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen e. w.
    proletaruli kritikosebi. magaliTad, 1927 wels yaribis fsevdonimiT gamoq-
    veynebul p. geleiSvilis werilSi (`mnaTobi", #7) gr. robaqiZis nawarmoebi `ca-
    rieli sityvebis raxaruxad" Sefasda, romlis wakiTxva kritikosma `qvis kodvaze
    ufro Znel saqmed" miiCnia.
    proletaruli kritikis araerTma warmomadgenelma `gvelis perangis", saer-
    Tod, gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebis umTavres naklad mwerlis simbolistoba gamo-
    acxada. magaliTad, gr. muSiSvilma Tavis wignSi `gvelis perangosani" (1934 w.),
    romelSic gr. robaqiZis romania ganxiluli, simbolizms CvenSi `kontrabandu-
    lad SemoWrili" burJuaziuli dekadenturi xelovnebis klasikuri nimuSi uwo-
    da, gr. robaqiZe ki saqarTveloSi mis `virtuoz da mTavar kontrabandistad"
    aRiara.
    rogoc iTqva, `gvelis perangi" qarTuli sulis ganmadidebeli romania. ar-
    Cibald mekeSis CaRrmaveba istoriis wiaRSi da sakuTari erovnuli Zirebis Sec-
    nobisaken misi dauokebeli swrafva imavdroulad mistikuri formiT moTxrobi-
    li qarTuli sulis Tavgadasavalicaa. am TavgadasavalSi erTmaneTs erwymis sa-
    ukuneTa Soreuli siRrmeebidan uwyvet nakadad momdinare qarTuli sisxlis uk-
    173
    vdaveba, miTebad da legendebad gardaqmnili istoriuli sinamdvile, genetiku-
    ri uZleveloba da sicocxlis unarianoba.
    gr. robaqiZis stilur individualobas arsebiTad gansazRvravs weris ori-
    ginaluri manera. am originalobas avtoriseul xelweras ara marto qarTuli
    sityvis wiaRSi CaRrmaveba sZens, aramed ucxouri enobrivi formebis mo-
    Warbebuli gamoyenebac. aseTia, magaliTad, qarTuli enis bunebisaTvis principu-
    lad miuRebeli iseTi leqsikuri formebis xmareba, rogorebicaa: saxelobiT
    brunvaSi sityvebisaTvis brunvis niSnis daurTveloba, sityvaSi ormagi Tanxmov-
    nis gamoyeneba, zogjer winadadebaTa Sedgenis arabunebrivi wesi da a. S.
    gr. robaqiZe aseve xSirad iyenebs uSemasmenlo winadadebebs. yovelive es ki
    mis stils mkveTrad gamorCeul JReradobas sZens. misi araTu mxatvruli nawar-
    moebebi, aramed werilebic ki sxvaTagan mkafiod gansxvavebuli ritmulobiT
    xasiaTdebian. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom qarTul mwerlobaSi gr.
    robaqiZem mkveTrad originaluri sityvieri musika daamkvidra. ritmul-versifi-
    kaciuli daxvewilobiTa da mowesrigebulobiT, bgeriTi evfoniiTaa da enobrivi
    mxatvrobiT misi Semoqmedeba axali tendeciebiT amdidrebs Cvens literaturas.
    `gvelis perangis" mxatvrul TavisTavadobas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is ga-
    remoebac, rom misi calkeuli fragmentebi leqsadaa dawerili. saerTod, gr.
    robaqiZis romani poetizebuli beletristikis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi nimuSia.
    proza da poezia am SemTxvevaSi ise sisxlxorceulad erwymis erTmaneTs, rom
    faqtobrivad SeuZlebelicaa maT Soris zRvardamdebi mijnis povna.
    rogorc iTqva, `gvelis perangi" Rrma azrobrivi qveteqstebiTa da simbo-
    loebiT datvirTuli romania. magaliTad, swored aseT simbolur Sinaarsobriv
    datvirTvas sZens mwerali aqlem bexanis sikvdilis ambavs. iranSi myofi ar-
    Cibaldi aqlemTa qaravans gadaeyara. gr. robaqiZe waruSleli sityvieri fera-
    debiT aRwers iranul peizaJebs, aqauri udabnoebis koloritul suraTebs, spar-
    suli yofis specifikur mxareebs. TiTqos erTbaSad preistoriul warsulSi
    xvdebi.
    da ai, aseT garemoSi moxvedrili arCibaldi moulodnelad aqlemTa qara-
    vans gadaeyara. uzarmazar muxluxad Tu gvelad qceuli qaravani zoziniT miiz-
    lazneba `preistoriuli mamontis datexili ferdebis" msgavs cxel, gatit-
    vlebul kideebSi. uceb qaravans erT-erTi aqlemi gamoeyo. cxovelTan umalve mi-
    sulma patronma qaravans CamorCenili aqlemis TvalebSi sikvdilis sevda dai-
    naxa. miuxedavad yovelgvari mcdelobisa, momakvdavs araferi eSvela da patroni
    iZulebuli gaxda sasikvdilod ganwiruli aqlemi martodmarto mietovebina
    udabnoSi. mwerlis mier sulisSemZvreli fsiqologizmiT moTxrobili es epizo-
    di ise waruSlelad aRibeWdeba Cvens xsovnaSi, rom cxadad gvesmis sasikvdilod
    ganwiruli cxovelis sasowarkveTili bRavilis xma.
    TavisTavad udidesi mxatvruli Rirebulebis mqone am epizods mweralma,
    rogorc iTqva, Rrmaazrovani simboluri Sinaarsic SesZina. jer erTi, amiT man
    udidesi emociuri eqspresiiT kidev erTxel gangvacdevina sikvdilis tragedia
    da arsi im samwuxaro WeSmaritebisa, rom `samyaro asea mowyobili: erTi rCeba
    davardnili. meore midis. magram ra qnas darCenilma?! daikargos?! gahqres?!"
    momakvdavi bexanis sasowarkveTili bRavilis xma da cremliani mzera Tavi-
    dan bolomde gasdevs romans da mis simbolur azrobriv laitmotivadaa qceu-
    li. Tavisi cxovrebiseuli xvedriT arCibald mekeSic TiTqos qaravans CamorCe-
    nil ganwirul bexans hgavs, romlis cxovreba kvlav Zvel qaravanTan, Tavis
    RviZl fesvebTan damabrunebeli idumali Zalis daukoebeli Ziebaa. bexanisagan
    gansxvavebiT, man SeZlo am Zalis mopoveba da mSobliur wiaRTan mibrunebiT im
    `erTi peSvi sicocxlis" madls ziareba, rasac amaod eltvoda udabnoSi mar-
    todmarto mitovebuli momakvdavi aqlemi.
    arCibald mekeSis cxovrebiseuli Tavgadasavali mweralma sisxlxorceu-
    lad daukavSira aTiani wlebis meore naxevris umniSvnelovanes socialur da
    politikur movlenebs. magram romanSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagnad ruse-
    Tis imperiaSi azvirTebuli revolucia da samoqalaqo omia qceuli. miuxedavad
    imisa, rom `gvelis perangis" umTavresi mizanswrafva am movlenaTa globaluri
    174
    mxatvruli warmosaxva ar aris, gr. robaqiZe mainc gangvacdevinebs im socialur-
    politikuri Tu zneobrivi anarqiis dramatizms, romelic revoluciam da misma
    Semdgomdroindelma procesebma gaabatones mTels imperiaSi. mwerali Tumca epi-
    zodurad, magram metad Rrmaazrovnad da STambeWdavad aRwers, rogor angrevs
    CrdiloeTidan movardnili revoluciuri qariSxali ruseTis imperias. am qar-
    texils imdenad didi masStabebi SeuZenia, rom misi `wiTuri Wixvini" iranis pla-
    tosac miswvdomia.
    am ambebis mosaTxrobad gr. robaqiZe e. w. depeSur stils iyenebs. igi uki-
    duresi sityvieri lakonizmiTa da dausrulebeli frazeologiuri miniSnebebiT
    gvawvdis informacias qveyanaSi Seqmnili umZimesi viTarebis Sesaxeb. weris amgva-
    ri stiliT mwerali emociuri simZafriT SegvagrZnobinebs im daZabulobasa da
    stresul mdgomareobas, romelic revoluciasa da oms gaubatonebina sazoga-
    doebaSi. am movlenaTa Sedegad adamianebisTvis Tavdatexili ubedureba romanSi
    erTgan asea aRwerili: `sisxli, Jleta, SimSili, moWrili fexebi calke dasaf-
    lavebuli, tirili moWrili fexebis, roca meqanikur fexebs akeTeben. sevda uka-
    nasknelTa. Tan Cayolebuli damarxul fexebTan. sikvdili nayofis. ZuZuebis ati-
    reba dedebis. enis dakargva.mamis daRupva. megobris gaqroba. gamoTxoveba meom-
    rebis sangrebTan. cali Tvalis dafseba da meoris cremli daoblebulis.
    dabrmavebulis dabruneba sacolesTan Soreuli kvnesa sadgurze saca baraTebs
    elian. moklulTa sia. daWrilTa sia"...
    msgavsi dramatuli epizodebi nawarmoebSi sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba. maTi
    meSveobiT mwerali naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis qveynad gabatonebul qaossa da
    anarqiaze. omma da revoluciam zneobrivi saxe daukarga adamians. revoluciuri
    samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis niRbiT CrdiloeTidan movardnil am war-
    Rvnas ara marto ruseTis imperia waulekavs, armed iranis calkeuli provin-
    ciebic. iranSi myofi arCibald mekeSi fexis yovel nabijze xvdeba Tofian
    jariskacTa mwkrivebs. mSobliur keras iZulebiT mowyvetil am gaborotebul
    adamianebs, romelTac `CrdiloeTSi miwa, saxli, coli, Svili, naTesavi ucdiT",
    `TvalebSi Suri da boRma" CadgomiaT. `zog alags kacis cxedaricaa TxrilSi
    gadagdebuli. yovelTvis jariskacis. sparseTis malariisagan Tu paratifisagan
    SaSxiviT damWknari da yviTlad gadaqsuebuli. albaT Sori gza ver aitana. ase
    kvdeba naciebi qaTami frTebaburZgvnili da TvalebCafuSutuli sadme naliis
    kuTxesTan. mkvdar jariskacs kidev amCnevia naRveli mSobel miwis xilvis. mxo-
    lod tuCebze sikvdilis raRac ironiuli frTa gadausvams. gulze mikerebuli
    aqvs patara boRCa. boRCaSi fuli aRar aris (gamvlels fuli unda: sxva arafe-
    ri). darCenilan mxolod wviriani naglejebi werilebi. aq xSiradaa sityva `de-
    da", xandaxan `colic". ufro xSirad `xvna" da `sivka". arc nugeSi, arc Sendoba.
    simartove da araraoba".
    aseTia im qaosisa da anarqiis fragmentul-mozaikuri suraTi, romelic omi-
    sa da revoluciis pirdapiri Sedegia. miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc iTqva, ro-
    manis umTavresi mizanswrafva qveyanaSi azvirTebul social-politikur movlena-
    Ta farTo masStabebiT warmosaxva ar aris, nawarmoebSi mainc gamZafrebiT ismis
    CrdiloeTidan moxeTqili `ucxo gugunis" xma; `vnebaatexili ruseTi Zvel samya-
    ros warRvnas uqadis".
    romanis erT-erTi metad saintereso personaJis olga balaSovas magaliTze
    gr. robaqiZem mZafrad SegvagrZnobina tragedia im adamianisa, romelic revolu-
    ciuri Zaladobisa da ganukiTxaobis msxverpli xdeba. mwerlis TqmiT, olga im
    `axali rassis qalwulia", romlis `samSobloSi Zvelad skviTebi mteris Tavis
    qalisagan Tass akeTebinebda da am ucnauri xapiT svamden ucxo Rvinos". misi
    samSoblos` Tvaluwvden stepebze wiTuri WixviniT" moTareSe revoluciisa da
    samoqalaqo omis `atexilma urakvicma" zneobrivi sayrdeni gamoacala da pi-
    rutyvuli vnebebi gauRviZa adamianebs. peterburgidan saqarTveloSi mimavali
    olgasa da vamexis matarebeli ruseTis erT-erT sadgurSi gaaCeres. kacma ar
    icis, imJamad vin iyvnen am sadguris patronni - `wiTlebi" Tu `TeTrebi". vago-
    nebs miseuli jariskacebisagan Tavis daxsnas mgzavrebi gaqceviT cdiloben.
    175
    moZaladeebma olga da vamexi Seipyres. razmis ufrosma sasikvdilo ganaCe-
    nisagan vamexis ganTavisuflebis safasurad olgasTan erTi RamiT gaarSiyeba
    moiTxova. ase aRmoCnda qali sabediswero arCevanis winaSe: an ZmasaviT sayvare-
    li adamianis daxvreta, anda qalwuluri umankoebis msxverplad gaReba. umZimesi
    sulieri tanjvis fasad olgam bolo arCevani gaakeTa. am koSmaruli sinamdvi-
    lisagan Tavdaxsnili qali SemdgomSi ase ixsenebda `droidan gamovardnil am
    wyeul Rames": `xelSexeba: TiTqo asfexas Sexeba. loSna: TiTqo gombeSos lor-
    wi".
    amaod cdilobda qali, `wyeuli Ramis" mtanjveli nakvalevi dros xsovni-
    dan waerecxa da Seryvnili Tavmoyvareoba aRedgina. olgas am mcdelobas gadau-
    laxav barierad win mis arsebaSi CarCenili Zaladobis `balRamiani" nayofic
    eRobeba. wonasworobadakarguli qali, romelsac sawuxari veravisTvis gauzia-
    rebia, Svebis saZebnelad qaSueTis taZarSi Sedis da RvTismSobels evedreba Sve-
    las, magram sulis gadarCenis gzas verc iq poulobs da sabolood TviTmkvele-
    lobiT amTavrebs sicocxles.
    `gvelis perangi" erovnul fesvebs mowyvetili adamianis tragediis ga-
    momxatveli romania. swored aseT pirovnebas warmoadgens nawarmoebis mTavari
    gmiri arCibald mekeSi, romelic cxovrebis ukuRmarTobam mSobliur Zirebs
    mowyvita da ucxoeTis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi moxetiale ufesvo da uwarsulo ka-
    cad aqcia. miuxedavad imisa, rom arCibaldis am tragediis ganmapirobebeli faq-
    torebi mravalgvaria, maTgan mweralma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mainc ruse-
    Tis imperiaSi momxdar oqtombris revoluciasa da mis Sedegad qveynad gaCa-
    Rebul oms miaqcia. arCibald mekeSis aburduli cxovreba arsebiTadaa dakavSi-
    rebuli da gansazRvruli am social-politikuri movlenebiT.
    magram romanis msoflmxedvelobriv mizanswrafvas, upirveles yovlisa, ma-
    inc erovnuli istoriis wiaRSi arCibaldis CaRrmaveba da mSobliuri fesvebisa-
    ken misi dauokebeli swrafva warmoadgens. gr. robaqiZem uRrmesi fsiqologiz-
    miT gaiazra is dramatuli gza, romelsac nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri arCibald
    mekeSobamde da mekeSobidan kvlav mayaSvilad qcevamde gaivlis. romanis umTav-
    resi saTqmelis arsi swored am gzis Cvenebaa, motivirebuli warmosaxva im ur-
    Tulesi fsiqologiuri gardasaxvisa, ramac gaevropelebuli arCibald mekeSi
    mSobliur fesvebs daubruna da arCil mayaSvilad aqcia.
    rogorc cnobilia, erovnul Zirebs mowyvetili adamianis tragikuli xved-
    ris Cveneba ociani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis erT-erT umTavres problemad iq-
    ca. am TvalsazrisiT, uwinares yovlisa, k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedeba unda ga-
    vixsenoT. arCibald mekeSis cxovrebiseuli bedi bevri ramiT hgavs konstantine
    savarsamiZis biografias. am ori literaturuli personaJis saxe TiTqmis erTsa
    da imave dros iqmneboda. magram, am msgavsebis miuxedavad, TavianTi samomavlo
    perspeqtiviT isini mainc principulad gansxvavebuli pirovnebani arian.
    kerZod, rogorc viciT, konstantine savarsamiZe avtorma zedmeti adamianis
    ganzogadebul tipad miiCnia, romelic ara marto pirovnuladaa ganwiruli da-
    saRupavad, aramed genetikuradac. erT dros brwyinvale warsulis mqone am war-
    Cinebuli gvaris ukanasknel naSiers aRarc awmyo gaaCnia da aRarc momavali. igi
    ufesvod da umemkvidreod amoZirkva revoluciurma sinamdvilem wuTisoflidan.
    rac Seexeba arCil mayaSvilad gardasaxul arCibald mekeSs, misi cxov-
    rebiseuli perspeqtiva mweralma sul sxvagvarad gaiazra. savarsamiZisagan
    gansxvavebiT, igi ara marto Tavis erovnul fesvebs da warsuls ubrundeba, ara-
    med awmyosac da, rogorc mama, xvalindeli saqarTvelos fuZis ganmamtkicebel
    kacadac gvevlineba. am SemTxvevaSi man moaxerxa Tavisi aburduli cxovrebis
    daxSuli sivrcidan im gamosavlis moZebna, romelic mis amqveyniur arsebobas
    naTel mizanswrafvas sZens. am mizanswrafvis safuZvlad arCil mayaSvilisaTvis
    erovnul fesvebTan mibruneba iqca. swored mSobliur wiaRTan dabrunebam mis-
    ca mas samomavlo cxovrebis genetikuri gagrZelebis is didi perspeqtiva, rac
    mis memkvidreTa amqveyniur movlinebas daukavSira mweralma.
    arCibald mekeSi da konstantine savarsamiZe mamebTan, saerTod, winaprebTan
    damokidebulebiTac arsebiTad ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan. gansxvavebiT savarsa-
    176
    miZisagan, romelsac faruli Tu aSkarad gamovlenili mudmivi konfliqti aqvs
    mamasTan, arCibald mekeSi, pirvel yovlisa, swored mamaSi xedavs im magiur Za-
    las, romelmac mis cxovrebas fuZe unda gaumagros da mSobliur wiaRs mowyve-
    tili yaribi kvlav am wiaRs daubrunos.
    `gvelis perangSi" zogadi da konkretuli iseTi ZaliT erwymis erTmaneTs,
    rom maTi gammijvneli zRvris gavleba xSir SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad SeuZ-
    lebelicaa. ase iTqmis es rogorc calkeul personaJTa mxatvrul saxeebze, ise
    romanis mTlian mxatvrul-msoflmxedvelobriv koncefciaze. amdenad, nawar-
    moebSi aRwerili dro da sivrce erTdroulad zogadicaa da konkretulic. is-
    toriasa da dRevandelobas, warsulsa da awmyos mwerali erT organul mTlia-
    nobad iazrebs da drouli lokaliT ar SemosazRvravs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    romanis realuri samoqmedo dro sakmaod SezRudulia (moqmedeba 1917 wlis ga-
    zafxulSi iwyeba da arsebiTad 1918 wlis gazafxulSi mTavrdeba), nawarmoebs sa-
    ukuneTa momcveli simboluri samoqmedo droca da sivrcec moepoveba. ase rom,
    arCibald mekeSis cnobierebisa da pirovnuli individualobis formirebis pro-
    cesi mweralma misi miwieri cxovrebis masStabebiT ki ar SemosazRvra, aramed
    drois usasrulo sivrceSi gaiazra da amiT nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri im pirov-
    nebis simbolur saxed warmosaxa, romelic warsulsa da Tanamedroveobas erT
    organul mTlianobad gardaqmnis.
    `gvelis perangis" siuJetur struqturas sakuTari Tavis Secnobisaken mTava-
    ri personaJis dauokebeli swrafva gansazRvravs. esaa Rrmaazrovani simboloebi-
    Ta da miTologiuri qveteqstebiT datvirTuli asociaciuri romani, romlis
    siuJeturi ganviTarebis safuZvlad mTavari gmiris mier gardasul movlenaTa
    idumal arsSi gacnobierebis aqtiuri mcdelobaa qceuli. arCibald mekeSis
    cnobiereba, upirveles yovlisa, swored sakuTari Tavisa da fesvebis TviTSec-
    nobisakenaa mimarTuli. esaa TviTCaRrmaveba rogorc sakuTar TavSi, ise misi
    warmomSobi erovnuli istoriis miRmur wiaRSi. ase iqca arCibaldis cxovrebis
    upirveles mizanswrafvad ara marto sakuTari Tavis, aramed misive warmomSobi
    fesvebisa da samSoblos Zieba.
    `gvelis perangi" retrospeqtul-asociaciuri romania, romlis magistralur
    siuJetur RerZad nawarmoebis mTavari gmiris mier sakuTari Tavis Ziebisa da
    TviTSecnobis gzaze xsovnis burusidan gamomzianebuli mogonebania qceuli.
    SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom am xsovnis qronologiuri masStabebi erTi
    pirovnebis cxovrebiseuli xvedriT ar Semoifargleba da arCibald mekeSis pi-
    rovnuli individualobis warmomqmneli fesvebi istoriis wiaRSi ikargeba. igi,
    rogorc pirovneba, pirvel yovlisa, swored am wiaRma dabada. arCibaldi am wia-
    Ris RviZli nawilia, im genis personificirebuli saxe, romelic saukuneTa man-
    Zilze Cveni erovnuli TviTarsebobis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT umtkices sayrde-
    nad iyo damkvidrebuli. miuxedavad aTasgvvari gansacdelisa da faTerakisa, igi
    mainc gadarCa da amjerad arCil mayaSvilis pirovnul saxeSia xorcSesxmuli.
    robaqiZeTa gvaris Tavgadasavlisa da am gvaris rCeul SvilTa cxovrebiseuli
    epizodebis moTxrobiT mwerali am genis TviTganmeorebad da marad ganaxlebad
    istoriasac gviambobs STambeWdavad.
    arCil mayaSvilad gardaqmnili arCibald mekeSis cxovreba am istoriis
    mxolodRa erTi epizodia, imavdroulad didi samomavlo perspeqtivis gamomxat-
    veli metad STambeWdavi da mZafri dramatizmiT savse epizodi. romanis
    msoflmxedvelobriv mizanswrafvas mkvidr safuZvlad udevs xazgasma imisa, rom
    Soreuli istoriis wiaRSi saTave dadebuli robaqiZeTa gvari aramc da aramc
    ar unda iqces warsulad, kvlavindeburad Zlierobdes da saqarTvelos erovnu-
    li simtkicis erT-erT mTavar mecixovnes warmoadgendes. arCil mayaSvilis mem-
    kvidreTa gaCena, pirvel yovlisa, swored am simboluri mrwamsis Rrmaazrovani
    gamoxatulebaa.

    * * *
    177
    1933 wels germaniaSi, q. ienaSi, gr. robaqiZem axali romani `Cakluli suli"
    gamoaqveyna. es nawarmoebi mweralma emigraciaSi yofnis dros Seqmna, 1932 wels,
    da avtors didi SemoqmedebiTi aRiareba moutana ara marto germanulenovan
    samyaroSi, aramed evropis sxva qveynebSic.
    gr. robaqiZis romani erT-erTi pirveli nawarmoebia, romelSic siRrmiseu-
    lad, mravalsaxovnad da masStaburadaa gansjil-daxasiaTebuli bolSevizmisa
    da sabWouri sinamdvilis namdvili arsi. Tavad mwerlis SefasebiT, mis romanSi
    `molekulurad aris ganxiluli, Tu ra emarTeba adamians bolSevistur areSi,
    sul erTia, aris igi bolSeviki Tu ara bolSeviki". sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovrebis
    ganmavlobaSi gr. robaqiZem piradadac iwvnia Tavis Tavze sabWouri cxovrebis
    xiluli Tu uxilavi saSinelebani da es yvelaferi uRrmesi fsiqologizmiTa da
    mxatvruli ganzogadebulobiT aRwera Tavis romanSi.
    ir. abaSiZisadmi 1962 wels gamogzavnil werilSi gr. robaqiZem `Cakluli
    suli" mdinaris `uxilav mesame napirze" mdgari pirovnebis mier daweril nawar-
    moebad miiCnia. miuxedavad avtoris dabejiTebiTi mtkicebisa, rom igi politiko-
    si ar aris, es romani, upirveles yovlisa, mainc sabWouri epoqaluri sinamdvi-
    lisTvis farTod damaxasiaTebel mankierebaTa siRrmiseulad da ganzoga-
    debulad mamxilebeli mwvave politikuri satiraa.
    mravlismTqmelia is faqtic, rom Tavisi romaniT gr. robaqiZe erTgvarad
    winaswarmetyvelis rolSic mogvevlina da is tragikuli movlenebi, romlebic
    sisxliani politikuri represiebis saxiT 30-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi daatyda
    Tavs qveyanas, man ramdenime wliT adre TiTqmis Seumcdari sizustiT ganWvrita.
    ase rom, `Cakluli suli" ara marto mxatvruli sityvis SesaniSnavi nimuSia, ara-
    med epoqaluri sinamdvilis ZirisZiramde warmomCeni da imJamindel mankierebaTa
    ganzogadebulad mamxilebeli literaturuli dokumentic, romelsac wminda is-
    toriuli TvalsazrisiTac fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs.
    samwuxarod, evropaSi esoden aRiarebuli nawarmoebi qarTveli mkiTxveli-
    saTvis didi xnis dagvianebiT, mxolod 1989 wels, gaxda xelmisawvdomi Targma-
    nis saxiT (mTargmneli al. kartozia).
    rogorc iTqva, `Cakluli suli" politikuri romania. nawarmoebis politi-
    kur suliskveTebas mniSvnelovanwilad zrdis masSi publicisturi epizodebis
    simravle. amgvari publicisturi CanarTebiT avtoriseuli Tvalsazrisis ga-
    moxatva ufro met masStaburobasa da gansjiT suliskveTebas iZens. isini az-
    robrivi pirdapirobiTa da simkveTriT avlenen mwerlis kritikul TvalTaxed-
    vas.
    `Caklul sulSi" sworxazobrivad Rrmavdeba mwerlis manamdeli Semoqme-
    debisaTvis specifikurad damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime sagulisxmo tendencia. mag-
    ram, 20-ian wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebTagan gansxvavebiT, sagrZnoblad mcirdeba
    modernistul-avangardistul ZiebaTa xvedriTi wili. poeturi warmosaxva ufro
    naTeli da gamWvirvale xdeba, stili aramaneruli da naklebad Teatrali-
    zebuli, qveteqsturi azrovneba SedarebiT advilad Sesacnobi da misawvdomi.
    ase rom, `Caklul sulSi" avtoriseuli individualobis gamovlineba ufro me-
    tad klasikur literaturul tradiciebTan daaxloebis gziT warimarTa.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `Cakluli suli" sabWour reJims iZulebiT gaqceuli
    emigranti mwerlis mieraa Seqmnili, igi adamianuri TanagrZnobiT, SiSiTa da wu-
    xiliT savse wigni ufroa, vidre SiSveli tendenciurobiT aRbeWdili nawar-
    moebi. magaliTad, romanis mTavari gmiri Tamaz enguri, miuxedavad imisa, rom is
    arc komunistia da arc revolucioneri, revoluciis mteric arasodes yofila,
    vinaidan `grZnobda, rom revoluciis biZgebs mainc hqonda raRac azri". marTa-
    lia, Tamazi mis irgvliv mimdinare politikuri movlenebisagan Cveulebriv gan-
    ze dgomas arCevda xolme, rac `zogierTs anawyenebda" kidec, magram `es ganze
    dgoma mas did codvad mainc ar eTvleboda, radgan aSkara mtroba ar iyo".
    Tamaz enguris cxovrebiseuli bedis aRweriT mweralma uRrmesi fsiqolo-
    gizmiT warmoaCina sabWouri cxovrebis wesis namdvili arsi da buneba. gr.
    robaqiZem erT-erTma pirvelma daanaxa kacobriobas revoluciis Sedegad dam-
    kvidrebuli sinamdvilis niRabaxdili saxe. did mwerlur niWTan da movlenaTa
    178
    ganzogadebul aRqma-Sefasebis RvTiT boZebul unarTan erTad es garemoeba ar-
    sebiTad imanac gansazRvra, rom igi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavadac iyo am sa-
    zogadoebis RviZli wevri da uSualod Tavis Tavzec gamoscada am sinamdvilis
    damTrgunveli Zala. emigraciaSi wasvlam mwerals SesaZlebloba misca mTlia-
    nad ganTavisuflebuliyo im ideologiuri xundebisagan, riTac sabWoTa kavSir-
    Si mcxovrebi yoveli adamiani iyo SeboWili da uSualod nanaxi da gancdili
    movlenebis ganmsjel-Semfaseblis rolSi mogvvlineboda.
    `Cakluli suli" sabWouri cxovrebis wesis globalurad da ganzoga-
    debulad warmomCeni romania, romelSic sisxlxorceulad erwymis erTmaneTs
    movlenaTa warmosaxvis didi mwerluri niWi da politikur gansja-SefasebaTa
    maxvili unari. avtori naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis im umTavres ideologiur
    principebsa da masobrivi brZolis formebze, romelTa meSveobiTac xelisuf-
    leba axali sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis aSenebasa da damkvidrebas cdilobda. am
    brZolis erT-erT umTavres mimarTulebas, mwerlis azriT, `samyarodan RmerTis
    gandevna" warmoadgens.
    gr. robaqiZe uRrmesi fsiqologizmiT xatavs RvTisgan zurgnaqcevi adamia-
    nebis gaborotebul saxeebs. xelisufleba Tavisi saqmianobis erT-erT uZiriTa-
    des miznad RvTaebrivi rwmenis sikvdils isaxavda, maT sanacvlod ki sazoga-
    doebas partiuli beladebisa da revoluciuri ideebis gafetiSebas sTavazobda.
    RvTisadmi ridsa da krZalvas, rac saukuneTa manZilze adamianisaTvis zneobrivi
    orientirebis idumal magiur Zalad iyo damkvidrebuli, xelisuflebis mier So-
    kirebul sazogadoebaSi yvelafrisadmi undobloba da panikuri SiSi cvlida.
    revoluciurma epoqam imdenad daTrguna adamiani, rom mas fiqrSic ki hqonda
    warTmeuli pirovnuli Tavisufleba da mudam uxilavi ZaliT SeboWils uwevda
    cxovreba.
    `Cakululi suli" literaturuli tipaJiT gamorCeuli romania. marTalia,
    moqmedebis ganviTarebis centrSi, upirveles yovlisa, Tamaz enguri dgas, magram
    masTan erTad mweralma misgan radikalurad gansxvavebul pirovnebaTa STambeW-
    davi saxeebic Seqmna. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi adamianuri bunebisa da moqala-
    qeobrivi mizanswrafvis warmoCenis dros avtoris tendenciuri midgomac aSka-
    rad Cans, `Cakluli sulis" personaJTa zneobriv-moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi ideo-
    logiuri sworxazovnebiT mainc araa gaazrebuli da zogjer Sinagani winaaRmde-
    gobriobiTac xasiaTdeba xolme.
    es ara marto nawarmoebis mTavar moqmed gmirze iTqmis, aramed sxva perso-
    naJebzec. Tumca gr. robaqiZis romani, upirveles yovlisa, `bolSevizmis
    gamxrwneli Zalis" samxileblad dawerili wignia, igi meoce saukunis msoflio-
    Si mimdinare globaluri procesebis SefasebebiTac iqcevs did yuradRebas.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT Sefasebebs nawarmoebSi xSirad calkeuli perso-
    naJebi axdenen da maT ukan uSualod avtori kacma SeiZleba arc igulisxmo, al-
    baT ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom es msjelobani uwinaresad mainc uSualod
    mwerliseuli mrwamsis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. ase rom, Tamaz engurisa da
    romanis sxva personaJTa moqalaqeobrivi TvalTaxedvis bevri aspeqti Tavad gr.
    robaqiZis msoflmxedvelobrivi rwmenis gamoxatulebadac unda miviCnioT.
    `Cakluli suli" calkeul siuJetur epizodebad gantotvili romania. am
    fragmentul siuJetur epizodebSi, romlebic mTlianobaSi erT daunawevrebel
    mxatvrul sivrces qmnis, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, farTo ganzogadebulobiT war-
    moCindeba sabWouri cxovrebis wesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSan-
    Tvisebebi.
    mwerali emociuri simwvaviT SegvagrZnobinebs bolSevizmis damTrgunveli
    Zalis Sedegad Tavisuflebadakarguli adamianis tragikul yofas, SiSisa da un-
    doblobis im atmosferos, romelsac sazogadoebis yoveli wevri moucavs. ase
    rom, gr. robaqiZis `Cakluli suli" faqtobrivad sabWoTa epoqis literaturu-
    li rendgenogramaa. Tamaz engurisa da sxva personaJTa moqalaqeobrivi Tval-
    Taxedvis CvenebiT, stalinisa da revoluciis sxva beladTa ideologiuri mrwam-
    sis daxasiaTebiTa da qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis aRweriT gr. robaqiZem
    179
    mxatvruli ganzogadebulobiT warmoaCina namdvili da Seulamazebeli saxe epo-
    qaluri sinamdvilisa.
    `Cakluli sulis" siuJeturi modeli, Tavad mwerlisave SefasebiT, Zveli
    SuamdinareTis miTologiidan kargad cnobili Tamuzisa da iSTaris miTis axle-
    buri variantia. kerZod, sikeTisa da borotebis maradiuli Widilis msxverplad
    qceuli am miTiuri personaJebis tragikuli siyvaruli gr. robaqiZem Tavi-
    seburad gardasaxa Tamazisa da natas satrfialo urTierTobaSi. Tamazisadmi
    natas siyvaruliT Zvel babilonel gmirTa siyvarulma da borotebis winaaRmdeg
    Tavganwirulma brZolam TiTqos ganaxlebuli ZaliT iCina Tavi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebis bevr personaJs kargad aqvs gaazrebul-
    gacnobierebuli bolSevizmis namdvili arsi, gabatonebul reJimTan maTi Sinaga-
    ni dapirispireba faqtobrivad farulad da SeniRbulad gamovlenili protestis
    farglebs ver cildeba. ase rom, isini msxverplad Sewiruli adamianebi arian
    da ara am borotebis dasamxobad aqtiurad mebrZoli gmirebi.
    am TvalsazrisiT romanis personaJTagan yvelaze met yuradRebas, upirve-
    les yovlisa, Tamaz enguri iqcevs, qveynad damkvidrebul reJimTan aqtiurad da-
    pirispirebuli pirovneba. magram mis am dapirispirebas Sedegad is mosdevs, rom
    Tamazs iWeren, gpu-s cixeSi svamen da araaadamianuri wamebis Sedegad iZu-
    lebuls xdian ara marto ideologiur kompromisze wavides, aramed zneobrivze-
    dac: rogorc cnobilia, misma naTqvamma damsmenma sityvam sabediswerod daasru-
    la uaxloesi megobris sicocxle.
    es ambavi umZimes zneobriv satanjvelad iqca TamazisaTvis. amis Semdeg mar-
    Talia is cixidan ki gaaTavisufles, magram pirovnulad ukve imdenadaa daTrgu-
    nuli, rom TiTqmis mTlianad aqvs dakarguli samomavlo perspeqtiva.
    miuxedavad Tamazisa da romanis sxva personaJTa cxovrebiseuli xvedris
    uperspeqtivobisa, `Caklul sulSi" Tumca metad sustad, magram mainc, imis rwme-
    nac vlindeba, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis geni sabolood rom ar daiTrguneba da
    imas, rac mamebma ver SeZles, Svilebi gaakeTeben. swored am imedsa da sinaTles
    aCens nawarmoebis bolos Tamazis memkvidris gaCenaze saubari. marTalia, Tama-
    zis arsebaSi `sikvdilma ukve gaiara, xrwnis kvali datova da misi sxeuli gva-
    mis suliT iyo gaJRenTili", magram mweralma igi `samaridan aRmdgar lazares"
    Seadara, qristes daWrili neknebidan gadmoRvrili sisxlis wveTs naziareb im
    adamians, romelic Tavis TavSi eZebs da Sinaganad poulobs kidec sulieri ga-
    naxlebis Zalasa da energias. `Tamazma Sublze sios Sexeba igrZno. is Tamazi
    aRar iyo. igi sxva iyo, iqneb aRarc iyo adamiani, mis win didi Zlieri sinaTle
    gamoCnda".
    aseTi erTgvarad moulodneli finaliT daamTavra gr. robaqiZem Tavisi ro-
    mani. Tamazis amgvari sulieri optimizmi, erTi SexedviT, moulodnelic Cans da
    TiTqos arc ki Seesabameba romanis paTossa da suliskveTebas, magram, rogorc
    avtoriseuli mizanswrafvis safuZvliani gansjiT iolad vxvdebiT, es garemoeba
    sulac araa SemTxveviTi movlena. jer erTi, amiT mweralma kidev erTxel dag-
    varwmuna, rom pirovnebis zneobrivi ganwmendis, ganaxlebisa da RvTaebriv sinaT-
    lesTan ziarebis miRweva mxolodRa sakuTari Tavis TviTgansjiTa da monaniebiT
    miiRweva. da meorec, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, sikeTesTan WidilSi boroteba
    sabolood mainc dasamarcxebladaa ganwiruli. am maradiul brZolaSi ka-
    cobriobis gamarjvebis umTavres pirobad ki gr. robaqiZes, upirveles yovlisa,
    RvTis rwmena miaCnia.
    mokled, aseTia `Cakluli sulis" problematikis arsebiTi waxnagebi. ro-
    gorc am fragmentuli mimoxilviTac dainaxavs mkiTxveli, gr. robaqiZis romani
    20-30-iani wlebis sabWouri yofis maRalostaturad amsaxveli literaturuli
    teqstia.

    * * *
    garda romanebisa, emigraciaSi yofnis dros Seqmnil mxatvrul nawarmoebTa-
    gan gr. robaqiZes gansakuTrebuli popularoba `kavkasiurma novelebmac" mouta-
    na. am popularobis dadasturebaa is faqti, rom es novelebi mwerlis gardacva-
    180
    lebis Semdegac daistamba calke wignad germaniaSi, calkeuli nimuSebi ki evro-
    pis sxvadasxva enazec gamoqveynda da radioTic gadaica.
    amgvari popularobis safuZveli, garda sityvieri ostatobis maRali doni-
    sa, imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom maTSi romantikuli gznebiTa da mZafri emo-
    ciuri STambeWdaobiT iyo asaxuli kavkasiis mkvidrTa egzotikuri cxovreba, ma-
    Ti gansxvavebuli eTnografiuli da yofiTi wes-Cveulebani, adaT-tradiciebi,
    cecxlovani trfialebis ambavi, daucxromeli swrafva pirovnuli Tu erovnuli
    Tavisuflebisaken. ase rom, gr. robaqiZis `kavksiuri novelebi" Taviseburi nos-
    talgia iyo im egzotikur-romantikuli samyarosi, romelic evropeli mkiTxve-
    lisaTvis mxolodRa ocnebiseuli warmosaxvis obieqti Tu SeiZleboda yofi-
    liyo.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis dasturad Tundac `imam Samili" gavixsenoT. mwera-
    li romantizebuli formiT mogviTxrobs Samilis xelmZRvanelobiT kavkasiel
    xalxTa Tavganwiruli brZolis ambavs erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis. 18 wlis
    ganmavlobaSi Zlevamosili Samili Tavis TanamoZmeebTan erTad gmirulad ebrZo-
    da rus jariskacebs. `mamacurad icavdnen Tavisufalni Svilni kavkasiisa mSobe-
    li miwis yovel gojs". magram gadioda wlebi, oms ki dasasruli aRar uCanda.
    naibTa erT nawils gamarjvebis rwmena gaebzara. isini mterTan dazavebas miiCne-
    ven mizanSewonilad, Tumca meTaurs amis Tqmas veravin ubedavs.
    bolos Samilis dedasTan mividnen TxovniT da mas daavales SvilTan moci-
    quloba. `neli, daTuTquli xmiT gadasca" dedam Samils naibTa gulnadebi. wo-
    nasworoba daakargvina am `uxamsma azrma" mTielTa belads. `damZimda fiqri me-
    omaris. egeb marTla aRar Seswevs Zala TemT, aRar yofniT Jini, nacadi si-
    marjvT gaumklavdnen garsmoxveul mters?" mas fiqrSic ki ver warmoudgenia,
    `es qedmaRali da mrevi xalxi ruseTis mefes rom daemorCilos". es azri naibe-
    bis saqcieliT sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnil Samils kidev erTxel ganumtkic-
    da ferdobze moTamaSe bavSvebTan gasaubrebiT. man piradad moismina, rogori si-
    amayiT ocnebobdnen misi pawia Tanamemamuleni, momavalSi maTac Samiliseburi
    gulovnebiT rom ebrZolaT mtris winaaRmdeg. maT bavSvur warmosaxvaSi Samilze
    didi gmiri qveynad aravin arsebobda.
    am ambavma gmir belads sabolood gaufanta yovelgvari eWvi da sasowarkve-
    Ta. mis arsebaSi TiTqos meore Samili iSva, `mrevi yvelasi", romelsac veranairi
    jebiri veRar Seakavebda. `aRar iyo siRrue, aRar iyo gaoreba, mrTel iqmna Sa-
    mil, gahqra is tkivilic, sruliad". rwmenagasalkldevebulma beladma, pirvel
    yovlisa, misgiTs miaSura da mxolod locviT RvTiur madls naziarebi warsdga
    xalxis winaSe. gasudruli dumiliT elodnen moZmeni imamis ganaCens. `da moes-
    maT mogrovilT saSineli sityvebi, TiTqo nakverCxlebad datexilni: asjer sax-
    re mas vinc pirvelma gauwya zavis Camogdebis ganzraxva," _ Seuvali mrisxanebiT
    brZana beladma da myivana xmiT dasmul SekiTxvaze, Tu vin iyo igi, `mtkiced
    aRimarTa deda Samilisa", romelmac `neli, mtkice xmiT ganacxada", rom Tavad
    gaxldaT es adamiani. am ambis Semtyobma Samilma uecrad Coxa moixia, mxar-beWi
    gaiSiSvla da magari xmiT gasZaxa: `me Svili var amisa. igi moxucia. 95-jer me
    saxre, 5-jer dedas! Seudeq, asselder!"
    imamis am gmirulma saqcielma erT sul da erT xorc Sekra mTeli xalxi.
    `ar gvinda zavi!" `brZola bolomde!" - erTxmad gaiZaxoda yvela. `imami idga uZ-
    ravi: fiTri scildeboda. Rvivdeboda. saxe exsneboda". ra SiSi SeakrTobs am
    xalxs? romel ufskruls SeuSindebian? ra jebiri SeaCerebT?" _ mravalmniSvne-
    lovnad svams novelis bolos mwerali ritorikul kiTxvebs da maTze Sinaganad
    imTaviTve nagulisxmevi pasuxiT romantikul himns umReris xalxis brZolas
    erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebSi moTxrobili
    ambavi XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebis istoriul movlenaTa legendaruli anarek-
    lia, mis umTavres azrobriv mizanswrafvad, upirveles yovlisa, sabWoTa imperi-
    is tyveobaSi myofi xalxebis cnobierebaSi msgavsi sabrZolo SemarTebis gaRvi-
    vebis survili unda iqnes miCneuli.
    `kavkasiur novelaTa" ciklis meore nimuSi `engadi" xevsurTa egzotikuri
    yofisa da adaT-tradiciebis ambavs mogviTxrobs, romantikulad anaqronuls ci-
    181
    vilizebuli samyarosTvis. aqac, msgavsad avtoris manamdeli sxva nawar-
    moebebisa, mwerluri interesis umTavres sagnad erovnuli fesvebisa da xalxis
    individualur zne-CveulebaTa ganmapirobebeli wiaRis fsiqo-filosofiuri Zie-
    baa qceuli.

    * * *
    gr. robaqiZis, rogorc mxatvruli sityvis aRiarebuli ostatis, Sesaxeb
    didZali masalaa dastambuli ociani wlebis Cvens periodikaSi. am masalis ume-
    tesoba `cisferyanwelebs" ekuTvnis. maTSi, mcire nawilis gamoklebiT, udidesi
    Sefaseba eZleva mwerlis literaturul damsaxurebas. avtorTa azriT, gr.
    robaqiZis Semoqmedeba Tvisebrivad axali movlenaa Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi
    da erovnul literaturul tradiciaTa gagrZelebas warmoadgens. gr. robaqiZe,
    maTi SefasebiT, saTaves udebs sruliad axali etapis dawyebas qarTul litera-
    turaSi, ris Sedegadac daimsxvra Sablonuri mxatvruli azrovnebis CarCoebi da
    mxatvrulma sityvam axali elferi SeiZina.
    magram amgvari saqebari werilebis gverdiT ociani wlebis qarTul presaSi
    iseTi masalebic ibeWdeboda, romlebSic gr. robaqiZe, msgavsad imdroindeli
    Cveni mwerlobis sxva gamoCenili warmomadgenlebisa, mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli
    da axali epoqis ideologiur mowinaaRmdeged miCneuli. mas akritikebdnen
    msoflmxedvelobrivi `reaqcionerobis" gamoc da mxatvruli `umweobisTvisac".
    am kritikosTa umetesoba proletarul mweralTa asociaciis warmomadgeneli
    iyo. maTi mtkicebiT, gr. robaqiZe ar iyo Cveni droisa da epoqisaTvis saWiro Se-
    moqmedi, rom mis `reaqcionerul da burJuaziul ideebs" araferi hqonodaT sa-
    erTo axal sinamdvilesTan.
    gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedebas gansakuTrebiT maRal Sefasebas aZleven saz-
    RvargareTeli literatorebi _ qarTveli emigrantebica da ucxoelebic. 30-iani
    wlebidan moyolebuli, mwerlis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze ucxour presaSi
    didZali masala gamoqveynda. TiTqmis erTsulovnad aRiareben gr. robaqiZes meo-
    ce saukunis msoflio literaturis erT-erT gansakuTrebul movlenad.
    ucxoel avtorTa saxotbo guluxvoba imdenad maRal donezec ki adis, rom
    gr. robaqiZis saxels yovelgvari TavSekavebis gareSe ixsenieben goeTes, rilkes,
    manis... saxelebis gverdiT, uwodeben mas geniossa da germanuli, ufro metic,
    msoflio literaturis klasikoss. da amas akeTeben ara qarTveli literato-
    rebi, aramed TviT germanelebi, farTod cnobili mwerlebi, poetebi da kritiko-
    sebi.
    es saxotbo werilebi ZiriTadad 30-ian wlebSi iwereboda da qveyndeboda
    araqarTvel avtorTa mier. 1945 wlidan ki gr. robaqiZisadmi evropuli litera-
    turuli sazogadoebis damokidebuleba, samwuxarod, radikalurad icvleba. a.
    baqraZis sityvebiT Tu vityviT, am droidan moyolebuli igi TandaTanobiT `ga-
    riya evropulma kulturulma cxovrebam. meore msoflio omis Semdgomdroinde-
    li evropuli sinamdvilisaTvis ucxo da miuRebeli gamodga mwerlis Semoqme-
    deba. misi saxeli TandaTanobiT daviwyebas eZleva". didi mcdelobis miuxedavad,
    mweralma verafriT SeZlo mis mimarT damkvidrebuli amgvari gulcivi damoki-
    debulebis Zireuli Secvla. imave a. baqraZis SefasebiT, am droidan moyolebu-
    li, gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba ukve `aRar ainteresebdaT. germanulenovan
    samyaroSi igi TandaTanobiT aviwydeboda publikums. amis mizezi marto is ar
    yofila, rom grigol robaqiZe avtori iyo `adolf hitlerisa" da `musolinisa";
    _ ufro rTuli da arsebiTi mizezic arsebobda. grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedeba
    ekuTvnoda sityvakazmuli mwerlobis im saxeobas, romelsac germanelebi... miwisa
    da sisxlis literaturas uwodeben.
    meore msoflio omis Semdeg am saxeobis literatura saerTod mieca da-
    viwyebas. miwa, sisxli, rasa, jiSi mkiTxvels nacizmsa da faSizms axsenebda. yve-
    las SiSiT acaxcaxebda da maTi gagoneba aRar undoda. Sexedulebani nel-nela
    icvlebodnen da kosmopolitur xasiaTs iRebdnen". samwuxarod, rogorc mwera-
    li, gr. robaqiZe am procesis msxverplad iqca, ramac omisSemdgom wlebSi igi
    182
    aqtiuri literaturuli cxovrebidan gariya da faqtobrivad `sazogadoebriv
    izolaciaSi" moaqcia.
    miuxedavad ucxoeTSi xangrZlivi droiT cxovrebisa, grigol robaqiZe
    erovnul fesvebs arasodes mowyvetila da qarTveli xalxis warsulsa da Tana-
    medroveobaze fiqri bolomde darCa mwerlis STagonebis upirveles masaz-
    rdoebel wyarod. marTalia, misi nawarmoebis erTi nawili germanul enazea da-
    werili, magram Tavisi Semoqmedebis problematikiTac da literaturuli bunebi-
    Tac igi uwinaresad mainc qarTveli mwerali da moazrovnea.

    * * *
    JenevaSi, Sveicariis ucxo miwaze, naTesavebs, axloblebsa da TvistomT mok-
    lebuli mwerali samSobloze fiqriT ibrunebda suls. martoobasa da usa-
    soobaSi gadioda wuTisofeli. Sors iyvnen megobrebic. meuRle didi tanjvisa
    da wamebis Semdeg ukve saflavSi iwva. gavlili iyo didi gza, gza mwerluri di-
    debisken mimavali, magram samSoblosgan ganSorebiT gamowveuli tkiviliTa da
    cremlebiT savse.
    samSoblo iyo is umaRlesi da uwmindesi ocnebis sagani, am usasoobis Jams
    imeds rom sZenda, tanjul cxovrebas gamarTlebas aZlevda da sasikeTo saqmeTa
    sakeTeblad ganawyobda; samSoblo, masze gamwyrali da auxdenel natvrad qceu-
    li.
    da mainc Rrmad swamda da sjerda, rom sabolood yovelgvari burusi gai-
    fanteboda, nebsiT Tu uneblieT daSvebul Secdomebsac Seundobdnen da ucxo
    miwaSi Cayinul mis Zvlebs bolos mainc qarTuli miwa Caikravda gulSi, ga-
    aTbobda da misi wiaRis RviZl nawilad aqcevda.
    am siTbos, am nugeSis Zieba iyo grigol robaqiZis maradiuli natvra da
    ocneba. swored am tkiviliT gulSeRonebulma dautova man Tavis samSoblos is
    mokrZalebuli anderZic, romliTac sveticxovlis taZarSi misi codvili su-
    lis gasaTbobad erTi oboli sanTlis danTebas Txovda xvalis saqarTvelos...
    183
    leo qiaCeli
    leo qiaCelis mxatvruli prozis problematika da tipaJi, upirveles yov-
    lisa, im umniSvnelovanesma socialurma da politikurma movlenebma gansaz-
    Rvres, romlebmac arsebiTad Secvales da gardaqmnes meoce saukunis pirveli
    naxevris Cveni qveynis cxovrebis yoveli sfero.
    am movlenebTan sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebul mwerals sxva masala Semoq-
    medebisaTvis, faqtobrivad, arc uZebnia. ufro metic, leo qiaCeli Tavisi drois
    umniSvnelovanes qartexilebTan marto literaturulad dakavSirebuli Semoqme-
    di ki ar iyo, aramed mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiTac da aqtiuri moRvaweobiTac. ase
    rom, rogorc mxatvruli sityvis ostati, moRvawe da moazrovne, igi, pirvel yov-
    lisa, swored am movlenebma dabades da Camoayalibes.
    leo qiaCelis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis dawyeba meoce saukunis ga-
    riJraJze Cvens qveyanaSi farTod azvirTebul saxalxo moZraobas daemTxva. igi,
    rogorc profesionali revolucioneri, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli am moZraobaSi
    da TavdadebiT ibrZoda xalxis bednieri momavlis dasamkvidreblad.
    qarTvel mweralTagan, albaT, Zalze cotas Tu eqneba ise dramatuli da
    faTerakiani biografia, rogorc leo qiaCels. am dramatizmsa da Tavganwirvas
    pirovnuli zraxvebi rodi edo safuZvlad. piriqiT, mwerlis cxovrebis yoveli
    sagulisxmo epizodi esaa samagaliTo nimuSi xalxisa da qveynisaTvis uangaro
    Tavdadebisa. esaa biografia mamuliSvilisa, romelsac jer kidev Tavisi Semoq-
    medebis pirvel, saetapo mniSvnelobis nawarmoebSi ase aqvs gansazRvruli da Ca-
    moyalibebuli sazogado saqmisaTvis Tavganwirvis Segneba: `sazogado saqme uan-
    garod unda keTdebodes, kerZo interesi - siyvarulic rom iyos igi, Sig ar un-
    da erios". am sityvebiT tariel golua moZRvravs Svils da, msgavsad tarieli-
    sa, leo qiaCelmac, rainduli keTilSobilebiT savse mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiTa
    da moRvaweobiT, daueWveblad moipova am sityvebis xmamaRla warmoTqmisa da
    sxvaTaTvis qadagebis zneobrivi da moqalaqeobrivi ufleba.
    leon Sengelaia _ literaturis istoriaSi leo qiaCelis fsevdonimiT cno-
    bili mwerali da sazogado moRvawe _ 1884 wels daibada zugdidis mazris (dRe-
    vandeli walenjixis raionis) sofel obujSi, aznauris ojaxSi. mamamisi _ mixe-
    il Sengelaia Tavisi droisaTvis friad ganswavluli pirovneba iyo. aseve wigni-
    eri adamiani yofila mwerlis dedac _ marTa xvitia. qmris naadrevi gardacva-
    lebis Semdeg (1902 w.) man Rirseulad uwinamZRra Svilebis swavlisa da aRzrdis
    saqmes.
    1895-1904 wlebSi leo qiaCeli quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi swavlobda.
    garda swavliT aqtiuri dainteresebisa, aq igi axlo megobrul kavSir-urTier-
    Tobas amyarebs, misive sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, `romantikuli patriotizmiT gata-
    cebul" axalgazrdebTan da, maTTan erTad, energiulad ebmeba erovnuli da so-
    cialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saxalxo moZraobaSi, romelmac
    gansakuTrebiT farTo masStabebi SeiZina 1903 wlidan. leo qiaCeli gimnaziaSi
    farulad daarsebuli moswavleTa revoluciuri wris aqtiuri wevri xdeba da
    praqtikul monawileobas Rebulobs xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg gaCaRebul arale-
    galur muSaobaSi. sul male igi social-demokratiul partiaSi Sedis da, ro-
    gorc profesionali revolucioneri, didi gatacebiT erTveba imxanad farTod
    aRzevebul revoluciur moZraobaSi.
    1904 wels, gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg, leo qiaCeli xarkovSi miemgzav-
    reba da swavlas agrZelebs universitetSi iuridiul fakultetze. magram mom-
    devno wels revoluciuri moZraobis gaZlierebiT dabneulma mTavrobam mdgoma-
    reobis Semdgomi garTulebis Tavidan asacileblad droebiT daxura gansakuT-
    rebiT saSiSi saswavlo dawesebulebani, maT Soris, xarkovis universitetic, ris
    gamoc leo qiaCeli iZulebuli gaxda samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo. igi mSobli-
    ur kuTxes ewvia da TanamoazreebTan erTad saTaveSi Caudga samegreloSi, ker-
    Zod ki zugdidSi, azvirTebul saxalxo moZraobas. 1906 wlis zamTarSi xeli-
    suflebam sastikad daamarcxa meamboxeebi da mkacrad gausworda maT Tavkacebs.
    mTavrobis risxvas verc leo qiaCeli gadaurCa. rogorc zugdidis SeiaraRebuli
    184
    ajanyebis meTauri da organizatori, 1906 wlis agvistoSi is daapatimres da qu-
    Taisis sagubernio cixeSi moaTavses.
    1907 wels social-demokratiulma organizaciam quTaisis cixeSi saidumlo
    gvirabis Seyvanis gziT patimrobidan gaaTavisufla politikur patimarTa didi
    jgufi, maT Soris, leo qiaCelic. patimrobidan Tavdaxsnili mwerali sxvisi pas-
    portiT moskovs miemgzavreba, sadac 1912 wlamde rCeba. aq igi Tavisufal msmene-
    lad Sedis komerciul institutSi. aqve Seudga leo qiaCeli aqtiur literatu-
    rul saqmianobas da qarTuli presis furclebze ukve gamoCnda misi mxatvruli
    nawarmoebebi.
    mwerlis pirveli moTxroba _ `warsuli awmyoSi" 1909 wlis 7 maiss gamoq-
    veynda gazeT `Cvens azrSi" l. mixaZis fsevdonimiT. am droidan moyolebuli, l.
    qiaCeli intensiur literaturul moRvaweobas eweoda da misi nawarmoebebi sis-
    tematurad ibeWdeboda qarTul presaSi.
    1909 wlidanve man Tavis mudmiv literaturul fsevdonimad qiaCeli airCia.
    mwerlis es fsevdonimi dakavSirebulia mTels samegreloSi uZvelesi droidanve
    sayovelTao Tayvaniscemisa da locva-kurTxevis sagnad qceul qiaCis xatTan,
    romelic mwerlis mSobliuri soflis _ obujis monasterSi yofila dasve-
    nebuli da garkveuli periodis manZilze misi Soreuli winaprebis kuTvni-
    lebasac ki warmoadgenda.
    1912 wels leo qiaCeli SveicariaSi miemgzavreba da swavlas agrZelebs
    Jenevis universitetSi. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi literaturiT daintere-
    sebul wreebSi misi saxeli ukve iyo gaxmaurebuli, rasac Sedegad is mohyva,
    rom mas qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam sagan-
    gebo stipendia dauniSna. es xelmokle studentisaTvis didi materialuri da
    moraluri mxardaWera iyo.
    JenevaSi leo qiaCeli 1916 wlamde rCeba. swored aq yofnis periodSi, 1914-15
    wlebSi, wers igi Tavis pirvel romans _ `tariel goluas", romelic 1916 wels
    daibeWda gazeT `saxalxo furcelSi" da mTels saqarTveloSi farTod gaaxmau-
    ra avtoris saxeli.
    1916 wels leo qiaCeli samSobloSi dabrunda da sabolood damkvidrda aq.
    emigraciaSi yofnis periodSi mwerali, faqtobrivad, CamoSorebuli iyo aqtiur
    partiul-politikur saqmianobas da ZiriTadad mwerlobiTa da swavliT iyo ga-
    tacebuli. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdgom ki, 1918-21 wlebSi, saqarTvelos
    saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis xanaSi, igi kvlav didi gatacebiT
    erTveba farTo sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi.
    1918-21 wlebSi leo qiaCeli muSaobda zugdidis erobis Tavmjdomared da
    social-demokratiuli partiis samazro organizaciis xelmZRvanelad. am droi-
    saTvis igi imdenad gaitaca sazogadoebrivma saqmianobam, rom TiTqmis mTlianad
    CamoSorda literaturul moRvaweobas da mTel Tavis Zalas, energiasa da ga-
    mocdilebas damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mSeneblobas axmarda. mi-
    si aqtiuri mcdelobis Sedegad, zugdidis mazraSi bevri sasikeTo saqme gakeTda:
    gaixsna istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi, qarTuli gimnazia, skolebi, saa-
    vadmyofo da sxv.
    1921 wlis Teberval-martis movlenebis dros, roca saqarTvelos damouki-
    debeli respublika bolSevikuri ruseTis mier iqna aneqsirebuli, leo qiaCeli
    kvlav Tavis Zvel Tanamdebobas asrulebda da aqtiurad ibrZoda `wiTeli saf-
    rTxis" Tavidan asacileblad. sabolood, yoveli qarTveli mamuliSvilis msgav-
    sad, manac gaiziara sabediswero damarcxebis simware da baTumidan samudamo
    emigraciaSi piradad gaacila noe Jordania da misi mTavroba, Tavad ki, mosa-
    lodneli saSiSroebis miuxedavad, mainc samSobloSi darCena arCia.
    axali xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma leo qiaCeli Seipyres da zugdidis
    cixeSi Casves, magram ramdenime dRis Semdeg, saqarTvelos revkomis mier ga-
    mocxadebuli amnistiis safuZvelze, mwerali patimrobidan gaaTavisufles.
    amis mere leo qiaCeli sabolood CamoSorda partiul saqmianobas da mTe-
    li Zala da energia literaturul da kulturul-sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas
    Sealia; Tumca axal xelisuflebasTan mwvave Sinagani uTanxmoeba mwerals did-
    185
    xans gahyva da Tavisi es protestantuli ganwyobileba araorazrovnad gamoxata
    kidec ocian wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi, pirvel yovlisa ki romanSi `sis-
    xli".
    1921 wels leo qiaCelma, sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi opoziciurad ganwyo-
    bil mwerlebTan erTad, daarsa akademiur mweralTa asociacia, romlis wevrebi
    TavianTi naTlad Camoyalibebuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi principebiTa da
    mrwamsiT radikalurad emijnebodnen da upirispirdebodnen bolSevikur erov-
    nul nihilizms da samomavlo idealad saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas
    isxavdnen.
    magram amgvari SemoqmedebiTi da msoflmxedvelobrivi Tavisufleba didxans
    ar gagrZelebula da sul male, 1924 wlis agvistos saxalxo ajanyebis sisxlSi
    CaxSobis Semdeg, xelisufleba yvela saSualebas xmarobda qveyanaSi ideologiu-
    ri diqtaturis dasamyareblad.
    sxvadasxva dros leo qiaCeli iyo `lomisis" saredaqcio kolegiis Tav-
    mjdomare, redaqtori gazeTebisa `iveria" da `qarTuli sityva", `arifionis" li-
    teraturuli dajgufebis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, qarTvel mweralTa yrilobe-
    bis delegati da mweralTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneli organoebis wevri, 1932-47
    wlebSi Tavkacobda prozis seqcias.
    nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis mwerals mi-
    niWebuli hqonda araerTi jildo, ordeni da premia.
    leo qiaCeli gardaicvala 1963 wels. dakarZalulia mTawmindis panTeonSi.

    * * *

    leo qiaCelis moTxrobebi qarTuli presis furclebze 1909 wlidan ibeWde-


    ba. am qmnilebebiT, saerTod, ociani wlebis Sua xanebamde gamoqveynebuli nawar-
    moebebiT, leo qiaCelis SemoqmedebaSi mkafiod ikveTeba ori, erTmaneTisagan ar-
    sebiTad gansxvavebuli, tendencia: erTi nakadi mwerlis prozaSi safuZvels uy-
    ris misi beletristikis magistralur mimarTulebas _ movlenaTa realisturi
    TvalTaxedviT aRqmas. am kuTxiT leo qiaCelis adrindeli Semoqmedebis yvelaze
    gamokveTil nimuSs farTod gaxmaurebuli romani _ `tariel golua" warmoad-
    gens.
    meore nakads ki is moTxrobebi qmnian, romelnic mwerlis prozaSi Tavise-
    buri formiT avlenen imJamindeli modernistuli literaturuli mimdinareobe-
    biT avtoris gansakuTrebul gatacebasa da dainteresebas. Tu beletristis rea-
    listuri nawarmoebebi TavianTi tipaJiTac, problematikiTac da mxatvrul-gamom-
    saxvelobiTi saSualebebiTac organulad erwymodnen da efuZnebodnen erovnuli
    mwerlobis tradiciebs, maT paralelurad Seqmnili modernistuli moTxrobebiT
    leo qiaCelis SemoqmedebaSi Taviseburi kuTxiT poulobs gamovlenas evropuli
    modernistuli xelovnebisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli formebi
    da principebi.
    am ori nakadis Tanaarseboba mwerlis beletristikaSi, met-naklebi Tanafar-
    dobiT, TiTqmis ociani wlebis Sua xanebamde grZeldeba da literaturuli sti-
    lisa da azrovnebis e. w. modernizaciis procesis gamovlinebas sabolood ise-
    Ti nawarmoebebis SeqmniT daesva wertili, rogorebicaa: `sisxli" (1927 w.), `Tava-
    dis qali maia" (1927 w.), `almasgir kibulan" (1928 w.) da `haki aZba" (1933 w.). am
    qmnilebebiT leo qiaCelma araTu sabolood aRadgina `tariel goluas" Sedegad
    mis prozaSi damkvidrebuli realisturi stili, aramed mTeli ZalmosilebiTa
    da TviTmyofadobiT gamokveTa Tavisi Semoqmedebis mxatvruli individualoba,
    romelic SemdgomSi sakuTari mwerluri bunebis gamovlinebis umTavres mimarTu-
    lebad iqca.
    samecniero literaturaSi leo qiaCelis e. w. ararealisturi moTxrobebis
    daxasiaTebis dros azrTa garkveuli sxvadasxvaoba Tu gaoreba SeiniSna. erTni
    maTSi simbolisturi tendenciebis gamomxatvel niSan-Tvisebebs xedaven da, amde-
    nad, mwerals Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiT, esTetikiTa da msoflgancdiT sim-
    bolizmTan dakavSirebul beletristad miiCneven, meoreni ki Tvlian, rom leo
    186
    qiaCelis literaturul ZiebaTa es nakadi, upirveles yovlisa, impresionizmiTaa
    nasazrdoebi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom simbolizmi da impresionizmi erTmaneTisagan gansxva-
    vebuli literaturuli mimdinareobebia, leo qiaCelis SemoqmedebaSi isini
    mkveTrad ar arian urTierTisagan gamijnuli da mwerlis moTxrobebSi maTTvis
    damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi Taviseburi formiT erwymis da exameba erTma-
    neTs.
    ase rom, leo qiaCelis ararealistur moTxrobebSi, erTsa da imave dros,
    mkiTxvelma simbolizmis elementebic SeiZleba ipovos da impresionizmisac.
    mwerlis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobaSi arc erTi da arc meore literaturuli mim-
    dinareoba, faqtobrivad, im masStabebiTa da TavisTavadobiT ar gamovlenila,
    rac mkvidr safuZvels mogvcemda saimisod, leo qiaCeli an tipur simbolistad
    migveCnia, an impresionistad.
    evropuli literaturuli siaxleebis kargad mcodne mwerali Tavis Semoq-
    medebaSi, garkveulwilad, kars uRebs da originaluri formiT amkvidrebs am
    mimdinareobebisaTvis niSandobliv tendenciebs da amiT cdilobs naazrevis ga-
    moxatvis miseuli gzis moZebnas.
    vinaidan simbolizmica da impresionizmic _ XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da
    XX saukunis dasawyisis evropul xelovnebaSi esoden farTod damkvidrebuli
    mimdinareobani _ specialur literaturaSi xSirad erTi saerTo saxeliTac _
    modernizmiTac moixsenieba xolme, albaT, swori iqneba, leo qiaCelis e. w. ara-
    realistur nawarmoebebs modernistuli moTxrobebi davarqvaT pirobiT saxe-
    lad, riTac ufro zustad gamovxatavT maT mxatvrul specifikas.
    miuxedavad imisa, romel literaturul mimarTulebasac ar unda miakuT-
    vnos isini mkvlevarma, maTi analizis dros, erTi ram yvelasTvis saerTo da
    ukamaTo iqneba: rogori daJinebiT cdilobs axalgazrda mwerali gabedulad
    eZebos axali mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebani da originaluri tipaJi-
    Ta da problemebiT gaamdidros Cveni literatura.
    leo qiaCelma mkiTxvelis yuradReba Tavisi sadebiuto nawarmoebiTve miiq-
    cia. es iyo moTxroba `warsuli awmyoSi" (1909 w.), romelSic gardasuli droebis
    gaxunebuli da TanamedroveobisaTvis ukve anaqronizmad qceuli suraTebia rea-
    listuri damajereblobiT aRwerili. moTxrobis mTavari personaJebi, feodalu-
    ri saqarTvelos naSTebad rom SerCenian mwerlisdroindel sazogadoebas, gar-
    dasul saukuneTa ukanasknel mohikanebs warmoadgenen da TavianTi garegnulad
    brwyinvale cxovrebiT, moCvenebiTi yofiTi aristokratizmiTa da rainduli dar-
    dimandobiT yvelafers akeTeben im iluziis Sesaqmnelad, TiTqos istoriis ul-
    mobeli ganaCeni maT yofas arc Sexebodes da erT dros marTlac warCinebul da
    qveynis baton-patronobas SeCveul batoniSvilTa es uflebaayrili STamomavalni
    axlac namdvili mTavrebi da samefo karis STamomavalni iyon. araTu sxvebs, isi-
    ni sakuTar Tavsac ki ar utydebodnen, rom maTi `didebuli gvaris mTavruli
    varskvlavi didi xania Camqraliyo" da istoriis bedisweras maTTvisac gamoetana
    umkacresi ganaCeni.
    es yvelaferi mweralma mZafri Sinagani ironiiT gaJRenTili tkivilis sa-
    xiT gamoxata. batoniSvilTa cxovrebiseul aristokratizmsa da moCvenebiTad
    raindul-dardimandul qcevebSi, rac maTi yofiTi yoveldRiurobis yalbad Te-
    atralizebul pozadaa qceuli, naTlad igrZnoba feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos
    romantikuli didebis Soreuli anarekli. iumorSi gajerebuli ironia met emo-
    ciur STambeWdaobas sZens avtoriseul saTqmels da originaluri formiT gamo-
    xatavs axal drosa da viTarebaSi socialurad funqciadakarguli batoniSvile-
    bis wodebriv ampartavnobasa da moCvenebiT warCinebulobas.
    naazrevis realisturi formiT gadmocemis tendencia kidev ufro Rrmavdeba
    `mama oqropirSi" (1912 w.), romelic Taviseburi gamoxmaurebaa imdroindeli soci-
    aluri movlenebisa. novela garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis reaqciis periodis
    Cveni yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur winaaRmdegobebze da mkafiod gamov-
    lenili tendenciurobiT gamoxatavs axalgazrda mwerlis klasobriv pozicias.
    187
    nawarmoebis mTavari personaJebi _ mama oqropiri da aznauri solomoni, Se-
    iZleba iTqvas, im wodebaTa tipuri warmomadgenlebi arian, romlebic sxvaTa
    yvlefisa da Cagvra-Seviwroebis gziT ipoveben saarsebo saxsars. am Tvalsazri-
    siT Tu qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi TavadaznaurTa wridan gamosuli mra-
    vali personaJia daxatuli, sasuliero pirTa msgavsi xasiaTis mxatvruli saxee-
    bi SedarebiT iSviaTia Cvens mwerlobaSi.
    mama oqropiris literaturuli tipis SeqmniT leo qiaCelma, pirvel yovli-
    sa, swored es momenti wamowia wina planze da Tavisi novelis mTavar personaJs
    erTianad CamoaSora mrevlisaTvis Tavdadebuli da uangarod mzrunveli moZR-
    vris is wminda Saravandedi, riTac, Cveulebriv, qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSia
    xolme garemosili sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa idealizebuli saxeebi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom leo qiaCelis adrindel novelaTa erTi nawili, ro-
    gorc ukve aRiniSna, aSkaradaa aRbeWdili modernistuli literaturuli ten-
    denciebiT, mwerali mTlianad mainc ar wydeba realizmis fesvebs da misi es na-
    warmoebebic modernizmisa da realizmis elementebis Taviseburi sinTezis Sede-
    gadaa Seqmnili. axali esTetikuri principebisa da mxatvruli individualobis
    aqtiurad maZiebeli avtori cdilobs literaturuli asaxvis sagnad aqcios ire-
    aluri samyaro. xdeba movlenaTa aratradiciuli gaazreba. axalgazrda mwerali
    eswrafvis, Cawvdes realuri sinamdvilis miRma arsebul idumalebas, Seicnos da
    gamoxatos Cveulebrivi TvalisTvis miuwvdomeli da SeumCneveli samyaro.
    swored aseTi miswrafebiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom leo qiaCe-
    lis e. w. modernistuli novelebis gmirebad xSirad is adamianebi gvevlinebian,
    romlebic yofiTi yoveldRiurobis fonze uCveulod gamoiyurebian. eseni arian
    suliT daavadebulebi, bnediT Sepyrobilebi, fizikurad arasrulfasovani pi-
    rovnebani. mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvels daanaxos maTi TvaliT aRqmuli samyaro,
    SegvagrZnobinos damTrgunveli Zala bediswerisa, romelic boWavs da Tavis ar-
    taxebSi aqcevs adamianis cxovrebas.
    magram, rogorc iTqva, leo qiaCelis mier movlenaTa modernistuli Tval-
    TaxedviT aRqmasa da warmosaxvas imavdroulad meore mxarec axlavs xolme Tan
    ganuyofelad _ samyaros realisturi xedvac. swored aseTi originaluri for-
    miT erwymis mwerlis adrindeli moTxrobebis erT nawilSi erTmaneTs realizmi-
    sa da modernizmis niSan-Tvisebebi da elementebi.
    erT-erTi pirveli moTxroba, romelSic naazrevis gamoxatvis amgvarma spe-
    cifikam iCina Tavi, es aris 1910 wels dawerili nawarmoebi `codvis Svilebi".
    gansxvavebiT Tavisi sadebiuto novelisagan (`warsuli awmyoSi"), am moTxrobis
    mTavari personaJebi, codvis Svilebad Seracxuli jvebe da beko, TavianTi gan-
    vlili cxovrebiT, yoveldRiuri yofiT, fizikuri da gonebrivi mdgomareobiT,
    sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebiT, pirovnuli mizanswrafviT pirvel yovlisa
    swored e. w. modernistuli xelovnebis principebiT Seqmnili literaturuli
    personaJebi arian. bedisweris gardauvali, idumali da Seucnobi Zala Trgunavs
    da sasowarkveTilebiT avsebs maT ususur cxovrebas. jvebesa da bekos tragiku-
    li aRsasrulis CvenebiT mweralma SemaZrwunebeli formiT dagvanaxa fataliz-
    mis umweo monadqceuli adamianis zneobrivi dacemisa da fizikuri daRupvis
    garduvaloba da amiT naTlad gamokveTa nawarmoebis umTavresi saTqmeli: Cveni
    da Cveni winaprebis mier Cadenili codvebis sazRvevad bediswera iseT sasjels
    mouvlens xolme adamians, romlisganac Tavis daxsna aravis SeuZlia.
    leo qiaCelis modernistuli moTxrobebis personaJebi, rogorc iTqva, Tavi-
    anTi fizikuri da sulieri mdgomareobiT xSirad Cveulebrivi adamianebisagan
    mkveTrad gamorCeuli pirovnebani arian, romelTa cxovrebas brmad warmarTavs
    bedisweris idumali da Seucnobi Zala. am adamianTa arsebaSi TiTqos raRac
    uxilavi da eSmakTan wilnayari grZneuli Zalaa Casaxlebuli, romelic ara mar-
    to maT imonebs da imorCilebs, aramed SemaZrwuneblad zemoqmedebs garSemo myo-
    febzec.
    aviRoT, magaliTad, menaxire tagu, novela `jadosanis" (1912 w.) mTavari per-
    sonaJi, Tavisi mwvane Tvalebis grZneulebiT mTel sofelSi gamorCeuli da sa-
    SiSi kaci. mzeraSi jadoCagubebul tagus yvela gaurboda, radganac masSi xedav-
    188
    dnen im Zalas, romlis nebasac ara marto sulieri arsebani, usulo sagnebic ki
    emorCilebodnen.
    ra sZens adamians am Zalas, sadaa am grZneulebis saTave, ra gansazRvravs
    mis idumal bunebas?.. ai, kiTxvebi, romlebic leo qiaCelis am e. w. modernistu-
    li moTxrobebis kiTxvis dros aRgveZvreba xolme da originaluri formiT war-
    moaCens bedisweris msxverplad qceuli adamianebis sulier da fizikur uZlure-
    bas.
    im nawarmoebTagan, romlebic yvelaze metad avlens leo qiaCelis adrinde-
    li SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel modernistul tendenciebs, upirveles yov-
    lisa, unda gamoiyos 1916 wels dawerili cnobili novela `ESKALADE" (novelis
    saTauri franguli sityvaa da qarTulad raimeze acocebas, asvlas niSnavs). na-
    warmoebis umTavresi saTqmeli imis aRiarebaa, rom amqveynad maradiuli da WeS-
    mariti ideali ar arsebobs, rom yovelgvari mizanswrafva mxolod niRabi, war-
    modgena, cru iluzia, moCveneba da Tavis motyuebaa. is, rasac adamiani SeiZleba
    mieltvodes da uTanagrZnobdes, mwerlis azriT, martooden warmosaxvis nayofia
    da ara WeSmaritad arsebuli realoba.
    ase rom, leo qiaCelis sityvebiT Tu vityviT, `yoveli sinamdvile warmodge-
    naa da yoveli wamodgena sinamdvile". yvelaze maRali idealebic ki, romelTa
    dasamkvidreblad da misaRwevad SeiZleba ibrZodnen adamianebi, bolos da bo-
    los, mxolodRa miraJia, ararsebulisaken swrafvaa, ararealuri da moCvenebiTi
    warmosaxvis cru nayofi.
    swored fantastikur-alegoriuli siuJetiT naTelyofili es azri warmoad-
    gens nawarmoebis mTavar saTqmels, axalgazrda mwerlis imJamindeli skeptikuri
    Tvalsazrisis mZafr gamovlinebas, riTac marto aRniSnuli novela rodi xasi-
    aTdeba.
    sayovelTao dResaswaulis Jams, Jenevis erT-erTi kafedan, romelic niRbo-
    sani xalxiTaa savse, novelis vaJi personaJi erTma niRbianma ucnobma qalma qu-
    CaSi gaiyvana. mwerali ise aRwers viTarebas, rom mistika da realoba erTmaneT-
    Sia areuli. moulodnelad niRbiani qali vaJs gverdidan mowyda da `tanis uceb
    maRla SesroliT xeze moeqca". xalxSi am ambavma erTi CoCqoli da aliaqoTi ga-
    moiwvia. yvela xeze acocebas cdilobda qalis Camosayvanad, maT Soris, vaJic.
    igi pirveli aZvra xeze da qals dasaWerad gamoedevna, magram ver miwvda da is-
    is iyo, imedgacruebuli ukan dabrunebas apirebda, rom yurSi moulodnelad qa-
    lis idumali xma Caesma. vaJma naTlad dainaxa, rom is, riskenac aseTi Tavdavi-
    wyebiT miiswrafodnen igic da sxvebic, mxolod xis totebs SerCenili qalis ca-
    rieli niRabi iyo, Tavad qali ki, uCinrad qmnili da xalxisTvis SeumCnev-
    ladqceuli, vaJis gverdiT idga da mas yurSi aseT ucnaur `sibrZnes" CasCurCu-
    lebda: `rogor mogwons Cemi idea? ar gagonebs gana es suraTi TviT kacobrio-
    bas, mis brZolas, mis cxovrebas? ra kargia! gana ase tyvila ar ibrZvis kacobri-
    oba? gana ase TavdaviwyebiT ar epotineba raRac ideals, romelic bolos da bo-
    los iseTive sisulelea, rogorc xeze Camokidebuli Cemi niRabi da wiTel-yvi-
    Teli mosasxami!".
    magram novelaSi moTxrobili ambavi amiT ar dasrulebula. imedgacruebisa
    da uidealobis samwuxaro WeSmaritebis mqadagebeli es mistikuri qali, rome-
    lic yovelive zemoTqmuls `saSinlad damcinavi" xmiT mouTxrobda vaJs, sul ma-
    le Tavadve iqceva mis mier dacinvis sagnad qceuli brbos usaxur da uferul
    nawilad. ase rom, rogorc novelis finalidan xdeba cxadi, es qalic, faqtobri-
    vad, `igivea, rac misi niRabi xeze", `aTasnair Winkebsa da kudianebSi gareuli"
    individualobadakarguli arseba, iseTive usicocxlo da carieli, rogorc xis
    totebSi gaxlarTuli misi Savi niRabi da wiTel-yviTeli mosasxami.
    aseTi sevdiani finaliT asrulebs mwerali `beberi evropis" SuagulSi na-
    ziarebi am `mistikuri WeSmaritebis" iluziur sibrZnesa da filosofiur arsze
    saubars.
    im nawarmoebTa Soris, romelnic pirvel rigSi gansazRvraven leo qiaCelis
    gamorCeul Rvawls Cveni literaturis istoriaSi, specialistebi erTsulovnad
    asaxeleben farTod gaxmaurebul novelebs: `Tavadis qal maias" (1927 w.), `almas-
    189
    gir kibulansa" (1928 w.) da `haki aZbas" (1933 w.). am nawarmoebebma sruliad axali
    SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebi warmoaCines mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi da erTxel kidev
    daumtkices literaturul sazogadoebas, rom maTi avtoris saxiT qarTul mwer-
    lobas mkveTrad gamorCeuli mxatvruli individualobis mqone sityvis WeSmari-
    ti didostati Semoemata.
    `Tavadis qali maia" gasaocari fsiqologiuri siRrmiT warmoaCens novelis
    mTavari personaJis adamianur bunebas, Tumca fragmentulad da epizodurad, mag-
    ram, imavdroulad, farTo ganzogadebulobiT gviCvenebs mTel mis cxovrebasa da
    pirovnul mizanswrafvas. maias adamianuri bunebis, misi sulieri tragizmis ga-
    movlena moTxrobaSi ZiriTadad ori umTavresi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT xde-
    ba: drois ulmobeli dinebis winaSe adamianis umweobis TviTgancdis Sedegad ga-
    Cenili gaborotebiTa da revoluciis sabediswero roliT mis pirovnul cxov-
    rebaSi.
    Tu pirvelma faqtorma erTianad daaWkno da warxoca erT dros saqveynod
    ganTqmuli Tavadis qalis Tvalwarmtaci mSveniereba da vnebis asparezi dauxSo
    mudam saalersod SemarTul mis dauokebel xorciel miswrafebebs, meorem su-
    lieri da materialuri dasayrdeni gamoacala qalis cxovrebas da ganxcromasa
    da fufunebaSi wuTisofelgatarebuli maia ekonkomikuri siduxWiris piramde
    miiyvana.
    pirovnuli da socialuri ganwirulobis tragikulma TviTSegnebam maia
    qveynierebaze, yvelasa da yvelaferze gaborotebul, SurismaZiebel adamianad aq-
    cia; Tumca borotebad gardaqmnili avxorci vneba manamdel mis cxovrebasac ax-
    lda Tan mudmiv Tanamgzavrad da man ara erTi marTali adamianis sicocxle Se-
    iwira. tyuila ki ar ambobda xalxi, maias kvalze sikvdili daiarebao.
    Tavadis qalis sisxliani cxovrebis es SemaZrwunebeli da codviT damZi-
    mebuli istoria mTeli saSinelebiT gadaiSleba mkiTxvelis Tvalwin novelis
    finalSi maias mier dafinosaTvis gamJRavnebuli aRsarebis Sedegad.
    rogorc cnobilia, Tavis adamianur da socialur ganwirulobas maiam Ta-
    vadve gamoutana umkacresi ganaCeni _ man TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle.
    nawarmoebis es epizodi _ gasaocari mwerluri ostatobiT Sesrulebuli da
    adamianuri bunebis uRrmesi Sreebis gansacvifrebeli fsiqologizmiT warmomCe-
    ni, _ imavdroulad, maias mTeli ganvlili cxovrebis Tavisebur Sejamebadac iq-
    ca. zRvisTvis saTiTaod Sewirul Zvirfas reliqviebTan dakavSirebuli Tavgada-
    savlebis moTxrobiT TandaTanobiT exsneba idumalebis saburveli Tavadis qa-
    lis sisxlian warsuls.
    dafinosTan gamarTuli misi sikvdiliswina saubari, romelSic Sinaganad
    codvaTa monaniebis yru gamoZaxilic ismis, TiTqos codvaTagan gansawmendel
    aRsarebadacaa qceuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom am monaTxrobiT saburvelaxdili
    ambebi gvaZrwuneben da Tavzars gvcemen sisastikiTa da saSinelebiT, udidesi
    fsiqologiuri ZalmosilebiT dawerili es epizodi erTgvari TanagrZnobiTac
    gangvawyobs am ulmobeli da gulqva pirovnebis tragikuli cxovrebiseuli bedi-
    sadmi.
    maias TviTmkvleloba fsiqologiuradac da msoflmxedvelobrivadac kar-
    gad motivirebuli aqtia, romelic logikurad agvirgvinebs nawarmoebSi moTxro-
    bil ambavs.
    `haki aZba" (1933 w.), zneobriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT, mraval-
    planiani nawarmoebia, romelSic mwerali movlenebs gansxvavebuli TvalTaxed-
    viT, sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobrivi da zneobrivi poziciebidan warmoaCens. vi-
    naidan sakuTriv avtoris damokidebuleba moTxrobaSi dasmuli sakiTxebisadmi,
    erTi SexedviT, mkafiod gamokveTili tendenciurobiT ar vlindeba, savsebiT
    bunebrivad iqmneba saimiso safuZveli, nawarmoebis problematika da umTavresi
    mizandasaxuloba gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviT iqnes aRqmuli da Sefasebuli.
    nawarmoebis siuJetur safuZvlad soxumSi 1918 wlis TebervalSi bolSevi-
    kebis kreiseris _ `Smidtis" Semosvlisa da misi erT-erTi mebrZolis uneblie
    mokvlis ambavia qceuli. es is dro iyo, roca afxazeTi, saerTod, mTeli saqar-
    Tvelo, ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi ukve aRar Sedioda, Tavad ruseTSi ki
    190
    samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebda oqtombris revoluciis Sedegad xelisuflebis sa-
    TaveSi mosul bolSevikebsa da TeTrgvardielebs Soris. bolSevikebi umowya-
    lod uswordebodnen maT klasobriv mowinaaRmdegeebs.
    swored am mizans emsaxureboda kreiseri `Smidtic", romelsac Tavisi sisas-
    tikiT saqveynod ganTqmuli kapitani, mrisxaned wodebuli Zveli mezRvauri da
    revolucioneri kuzma kilga meTaurobda, nakatorRali da aTasgvar xifaTSi ga-
    movlili kaci, kontrrevolucionerebis dauZinebeli mteri. ganvlil cxovrebas
    waruSleli kvali daemCnia kuzmas saxisaTvisac, _ mtrisagan miRebul umZimes
    Wrilobas orad gaeyo misi pirisaxe da misTvis Semzaravi gamometyveleba mieca.
    kuzmas garegnuli saxis, misi portretis, aRwera-daxasiaTebiT mwerali na-
    Tel warmodgenas gviqmnis, erTis mxriv, revoluciuri brZolebis sisastikeze,
    meores mxriv ki garkveulad migvaniSnebs am fanatikosi revolucioneris mier
    ganvlil mZime cxovrebiseul gzaze, ris Sedegadac Camoyalibda da gamoiWeda
    misi xasiaTis sisastike da daundobloba.
    kuzmas cnobiereba, misi revoluciur-klasobrivi TvalTaxedva, pirdapiri
    Sedegia misive cxovrebisa. mas sxva mizanswrafva, sxva msoflmxedveloba, garda
    revoluciuri ideebisadmi fanatikuri msaxurebisa, faqtobrivad, arca aqvs da
    arc SeiZleba hqondes. kuzmasTvis revolucia sicocxlis azrad da umTavres mi-
    zandasaxulobad iqca, risi ara Tu Ralati, aramed misi principebis WeSmari-
    tebaSi odnavi daeWvebac ki misTvis, albaT, faqtobrivi TviTmkvleloba da
    cxovrebiseuli idealebis ulmobeli gawbileba iqneba.
    kuzma kilga klasobrivi cnobierebis monad qceuli adamiania. es fanatiko-
    si revolucioneri orjer moixseniebs am saxeliT haki aZbas. erTxel maSin, ro-
    ca kreiserze darCenil hakis am sityvebiT mimarTavs: `Sen xar mona, afxazo. kre-
    iser `Smidtis" saxeliT ganiWeb Tavisuflebas. wadi da daiviwye Seni batonio".
    meored ki maSin, roca ujuSis sikvdiliT dasjiT SeZrwunebulma ZiZiSvilma
    zRvas misca Tavi da TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. `sul erTia, es mona
    adamianad mainc ar gamodgebodao", - warmoTqva am faqtiT danaRvlianebulma
    kuzmam da, rogorc vxedavT, mis cnobierebaSi hakis saxe samudamod darCa monis
    gansaxierebad. mas imis odnavi gafiqrebac ki ar SeeZlo, rom sinamdvileSi `Tvi-
    Tonac mona iyo, oRond haki aZbasagan gansxvavebiT, klasobrivi egoizmiT go-
    nebadabnelebuli mona" (a. baqraZe).
    rogorc iTqva, `haki aZba" mravalganzomilebiani moTxrobaa da igi
    calmxrivi tendenciurobiT ar iazrebs movlenebs. amaze naTlad metyvelebs po-
    ziciaTa is mkveTri gansxvavebuloba, romliTac nawarmoebSi aRwerili ambisadmi
    sxva personaJTa zneobriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi midgoma xasiaTdeba.
    `haki aZba" 1918 wlis TebervalSi realurad momxdar masalaze dayrdnobiT
    Seqmnili nawarmoebia. magram mwerals sinamdvileSi momxdari ambavi arsebiTad
    gadaumuSavebia, imJamindeli viTarebisTvis miusadagebia, farTod ganuzogadebia
    da konkretulad momxdari faqtisaTvis am gziT maradiuli literaturuli si-
    cocxle miuniWebia.

    * * *
    pirveli nawarmoebi, romliTac leo qiaCelma, rogorc niWierma mweralma,
    erTbaSad miipyro literaturuli sazogadoebis yuradReba da sayovelTao aRia-
    rebac moipova, romani `tariel golua" iyo, nawarmoebi, romelic man 1914-15
    wlebSi dawera JenevaSi emigraciis dros. megobrebis rCeviTa da SegulianebiT,
    romanis xelnaweri man saqarTveloSi fostiT gamougzavna gazeT `saxalxo fur-
    clis" redaqcias, romelmac araTu dauyovnebliv dastamba nawarmoebi, aramed
    mas sarekomendacio-sareklamo anotaciac warumZRvara da axalgazrda mwerlis
    qmnileba Tavisi mxatvruli doniTa da mniSvnelobiT aleqsandre yazbegis moTx-
    robebs Seadara (gaz. `saxalxo furceli", 1916 w. #529). aseve maRali Sefaseba
    misces romans sxva periodulma organoebmac.
    ase rom, 1916 wlis zafxulSi emigraciidan samSobloSi dabrunebul leo
    qiaCels aq ukve elodeboda farTo literaturuli aRiareba da pativiscema.
    191
    `tariel goluaTi" amgvari daintereseba mravali faqtoriT iyo ganpirobe-
    buli. jer erTi, reaqciis aRzevebis Jams cecxliTa da maxviliT daTrgunuli
    xalxis cnobierebaSi igi romantikuli gznebiT acocxlebda 1905 wlis revolu-
    ciuri amboxebis imedian samomavlo perspeqtivebs. da meorec, rac mTavaria, es
    yvelaferi daxvewili literaturuli ostatobiTa da maRalmxatvrulobiT iyo
    xorcSesxmuli da mitanili mkiTxvelamde. nawarmoebis cxovrebiseul simarTle-
    sa da damajereblobas didad gansazRvravda is garemoebac, rom romanSi aRweri-
    li movlenebi, bevrwilad, avtobiografiuli TviTgancdis nayofic iyo, Tavad
    mwerlis mier piradad naxuli da nagrZnobi.
    rogorc cnobilia, sabWouri ideologiuri dogmebis msxvrevam da Zveli
    msoflmxedvelobrivi principebis gaufasurebam bevri ram Secvala da gadaafa-
    sa Cvens cnobierebaSi. es procesi, savsebiT bunebrivad, mwerlobasac Seexo da
    socialisturi ideologiis poziciebidan danaxuli da gafetiSebuli mravali
    qmnileba, dRes ukve yavlgasuli da funqciadakarguli, sul sxva TvalTaxedviT
    unda davinaxoT da gaviazroT. es, pirvel yovlisa, revoluciuri movlenebis am-
    saxvel nawarmoebebze iTqmis.
    magram, amisda miuxedavad, arc isaa sadavo, rom SexedulebaTa amgvari
    mkveTri gadafaseba aramc da aramc ar niSnavs yovelive `revoluciuris" xela-
    RebiT, ganurCevlad uaryofas. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobidan isic ar unda ga-
    mogvrCes, rom aTeuli wlebis manZilze ideologiuri gafetiSebis sagnad qceu-
    li es revoluciuri movlenebica da maT Sedegad damkvidrebuli social-poli-
    tikuri idealebic, rasac aTasobiT fanatikosis sicocxle Seewira, Cveni warsu-
    li cxovrebis realoba iyo da bevr adamians swamda gulwrfelad maTi sikeTe
    da garduvaloba. vin moTvlis, ramdeni pirovneba wavida am qveynidan imis uRa-
    lato rwmeniT, rom am idealebis damkvidrebisaTvis Tavganwiruli brZoliT igi
    qveynisa da xalxisTvis sasikeTo saqmes akeTebda.
    ase rom, revoluciis iseTi gageba, am moZraobis aTasobiT mimdevari fanati-
    kosis gulwrfel cxovrebiseul mrwamss rom warmoadgenda revoluciuri brZo-
    lebis aRzevebis pirvel wlebSi, arsebiTad unda gavmijnoT am cnebis gayalbe-
    buli da damaxinjebuli Sinaarsisagan, sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi rom Sei-
    Zina man.
    yovelive amis xazgasma leo qiaCelis SemoqmedebasTan, kerZod ki `tariel
    goluasTan" dakavSirebiT, imitomacaa aucilebeli, rom mwerlis es romani Sors
    dgas amgvari ideologiuri siyalbisagan. igi im dros daiwera, roca revoluci-
    is aseTi yalbi gageba da msoflmxedvelobrivi iluzia jer kidev ar iyo qceu-
    li saxelmwifoebriv politikad da mwerlis mier naqadagevi revoluciuri idee-
    bi imxanad Tavad misive gulwrfeli rwmenisa da msoflmxedvelobis uSualo ga-
    moZaxili iyo, imJamindeli saerTo-saxalxo ganwyobilebisa da miswrafebebis ga-
    movlena-gamoxatuleba da maT mxolod viwro partiul-koniunqturuli da poli-
    tikuri miswrafebebiT ver SemovfarglavT.
    ase rom, `tariel goluas", rogorc meoce saukunis cxraasiani da aTiani
    wlebis cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis realisturad amsaxvel mxatvrul doku-
    ments, SexedulebaTa da ideologiur principTa yovelgvari gadafasebis miuxe-
    davad, kvlavac didi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT Cveni literaturis istoriaSi.
    leo qiaCelis romani romantizebuli formiT acocxlebs 1905 wlis saxal-
    xo moZraobis dramatul dReebs da STambeWdavad gviCvenebs amboxebuli glexo-
    bis brZolas socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. tariel golua _ romanis
    mTavari personaJi da `erTobis" saxeliT monaTluli am moZraobis Tavkaci, _
    mwerlis sityvebiT, `idealizebuli literaturuli saxea". leo qiaCelma cda da
    mondomeba ar daaklo, Tavisi literaturuli gmiris mxatvruli saxis personi-
    ficirebis dros xazgasmulad is adamianuri niSan-Tvisebebi wamoewia wina plan-
    ze, romlebic tarielis pirovnebas monumentur TavisTavadobasa da gamorCeulo-
    bas sZenen. am TvalsazrisiT, mis adamianur bunebaSi mweralma harmoniulad Se-
    urwya erTmaneTs sibrZnec, sidinjec, gonierebac, windaxedulebac, auCqareblo-
    bac, movlenaTa winaswarmetyveluri gansjisa da ganWvretis unaric, TanamoZmeTa
    192
    Soris gamorCeuli avtoritetic, garegnuli momxibvlelobac _ erTi sityviT,
    yvelaferi is, rac pirovnebas amaRlebs da akeTilSobilebs.
    tariel goluas mxatvrul saxeSi leo qiaCelma ganzogadebuli formiT ga-
    nasxeula Cvens cnobierebaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli maRalzneobriobisa
    da adamianuri keTilSobilebis idealizebuli niSan-Tvisebani. magram yvelaferi
    es ise bunebrivad da Zaldautaneblad xdeba, rom imTaviTvea daZleuli yovel-
    gvari sqematizmi da Cvens warmosaxvaSi Rrmad aRibeWdeba Rrmadmetyveli da per-
    sonificirebuli saxe amaRlebuli adamianuri idealebisTvis uangarod mebrZo-
    li pirovnebisa.
    rogorc iTqva, `tariel golua" uaRresad iRbliani nawarmoebi gamodga
    mwerlisaTvis. igi imTaviTve gamorCeul qmnilebad miiCnia Cvenma literaturul-
    ma sazogadoebam da romans siyvaruli da interesi arasodes moklebia.
    ase damkvidrda `tariel golua" meoce saukunis qarTuli prozis saukeTeso
    nimuSebis gverdiT, rogorc erovnuli SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebis Rirseulad
    gamgrZelebeli nawarmoebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom romanSi aRwerili revoluciu-
    ri movlenebisadmi Cveni Tanamedroveobis damokidebuleba, rogorc zemoT aRi-
    niSna, mkveTrad Seicvala da gadafasda, `tariel golua" Tavisi maRali mxat-
    vruli doniTa da problematikiT kvlavac rCeba meoce saukunis qarTuli be-
    letristikis erT-erT sagulisxmo nimuSad.
    1927 wels leo qiaCelma Jurnal `mnaTobSi" meore romani _ `sisxli" gamoaq-
    veyna. amave welsaa agreTve dawerili cnobili moTxroba `Tavadis qali maia". am
    nawarmoebis SeqmniT leo qiaCelis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi axali, didmniSvne-
    lovani etapi daiwyo.
    marTalia, romans imTaviTve farTod gamoexmaura saliteraturo kritika,
    magram igi avtoris Semoqmedebis arcTu ise mniSvnelovan qmnilebad iqna miCneu-
    li. mwerals gansakuTrebiT ekamaTebodnen imis gamo, rom man damaxinjebulad,
    ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, calmxrivad warmosaxa reaqciis periodis saqarTveloSi
    damkvidrebuli sinamdvile.
    `sisxli" mTeli mravalferovnebiT acocxlebs im rTul socialur-politi-
    kur viTarebas, romelic 1905 wlis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdgom damkvidrda
    Cvens qveyanaSi. am viTarebis mxatvruli warmosaxvis dros mweralma yuradReba,
    upirveles yovlisa, gansxvavebuli partiuli Sexedulebebis mqone pirovnebaTa
    literaturuli saxeebis Seqmnaze gaamaxvila. ganzogadebul tipebad Cafiqrebu-
    li es pirovnebani siRrmiseulad warmoaCenen TavianTi partiebisa Tu fraqcie-
    bis umTavres principebs da naTlad SegvagrZnobineben im mZafr urTierTWidil-
    sa da dapirispirebas, rac maT Soris arsebobda im droisaTvis.
    magram yovelive zemoTqmuli ise aramc da aramc ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos
    `sisxli" mSrali politikuri deklaracia da epoqis usicocxlo istoriuli
    dokumenti iyos. rasakvirvelia, ara. reaqciis wlebis rTuli sazogadoebrivi
    da politikuri viTareba romanSi cocxal mxatvrul saxeebadaa individualize-
    buli da bunebrivad Serwymul-Sesisxlxorcebuli personaJebis pirovnul cxov-
    rebasTan, maT adamianur bunebasTan.
    aqve yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebasac, rom `sisxli" leo qaiCelis
    SemoqmedebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani is nawarmoebia, romelSic gansakuTrebuli
    gansjisa da gaanalizebis sagnad aris qceuli erovnuli problema. marTalia,
    mwerali am sakiTxze sxva nawarmoebebSic amaxvilebs yuradRebas (magaliTad,
    `xeTianis saidumloeba"), magram erovnul problemaze fiqrs iseTi farTo mas-
    Stabebi, siRrme da simwvave arsad SeuZenia, rogorc `sisxlSi".
    aTeuli wlebis manZilze Cvens samecniero literaturaSi nawarmoebis es
    mxare, faqtobrivad, uyuradRebod iyo mitovebuli da romani, arsebiTad, mxo-
    lod erTi kuTxiT _ partiul-socialuri kuTxiT _ fasdeboda. arada, rogorc
    nawarmoebidan aSkarad Cans, avtoriseuli msoflmxedvelobis Sesacnobad da ga-
    saazreblad aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs masSi mTeli simwvaviT dasmul erov-
    nul problemasac.
    am SemTxvevaSi mravalmxriv mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom Tavisi roma-
    niT leo qiaCeli garkveulwilad imdenadac ki daupirispirda sabWoTa kavSirSi
    193
    imxanad damkvidrebul partiul principebs, rom faqtobrivad antibolSevikuri
    Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvel mwerladac mogvelina. miuxedavad imisa, rom `sis-
    xli" 1924 wlis sisxliani tragediis Semdgom daiwera da Cvens qveyanaSi imxanad
    ukve damkvidrebuli ideologiuri diqtatura mkacrad zRudavda erovnul prob-
    lemasTan dakavSirebuli `saxifaTo" da antikomunisturi azrebis gamoTqmas,
    leo qiaCeli mainc ar ixevs ukan da sakmao gabedulebiT warmoaCens Tavis Tval-
    sazriss am problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
    marTalia, erovnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb `sisxlSi" gamarTuli msjeloba,
    erTis mxriv, sabWoTa epoqamdel xanaSi mimdinareobs, meores mxriv ki gansxvave-
    buli politikuri da partiuli Sexedulebebis matarebel pirovnebaTa paeqro-
    bis formiT vlindeba, magram es problemis Tanadroul JReradobas simwvaves ar
    ukargavs da mkiTxvels im periodis erovnul saWirboroto movlenebzec afiq-
    rebs, roca nawarmoebi daiwera.
    am problemis dasmisa da gaazrebis xasiaTze mniSvnelovani zegavlena moax-
    dina leo qiaCelis `partiulma" warsulmac. am SemTxvevaSi, upirveles yovlisa,
    mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT mwerlis moRvaweobis e. w. `menSevikuri" periodi,
    kerZod, misi aqtiuri erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba 1918-21 wlebis damo-
    ukidebel saqarTveloSi.
    romanis mTavari personaJebi ZiriTadad social-demokratebi arian. nawarmo-
    ebSi maRali mxatvruli ostatobiTaa warmoCenili reaqciis periodis Cveni sa-
    zogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sirTuleni da winaaR-
    mdegobani. magram `sisxli" viwro partiuli interesebiT SeboWili wigni araa.
    piriqiT, rogorc iTqva, masSi bevri ram aris iseTi, romelic Sinaganad ewinaaR-
    mdegeba imJamad CvenSi damkvidrebul ideologiur principebs. avtoris opozici-
    uri Tvalsazrisis swored erT-erT aseT gamovlinebad unda miviCnioT `naciona-
    list" Salva ramaZis is sityvebi, romlebSic kargadaa mxilebuli qarTveli so-
    cialistebis antierovnuli moRvaweoba da partiuli sibrmave: `Seni partiuli
    amxanagebi, _ mimarTavs Salva arCils erTgan, _ saqarTvelosTvis rom aseve Tav-
    ganwirviT ibrZodnen da maTi energia gadaSenebisa da gadagvarebis gzaze mdgar
    ersa da mis sasicocxlo interesebs rom xmardebodes, gana Cveni erovnuli yofa
    aseTi autaneli iqneboda?!" leo qiaCels es sityvebi arc SemTxveviT dauweria
    da arc mxolod reaqciis periodis socialistebis erovnuli nihilizmis samxi-
    leblad. maTSi gamoTqmuli gulistkivili im drois qarTvel bolSevik kondo-
    tierTa antierovnuli politikis mxilebiTac iyo gansazRvruli, roca mwerlis
    es romani daiwera.
    romanis saTaurs mravalmxrivi simbolur-alegoriuli datvirTva aqvs SeZe-
    nili. erTis mxriv, es aris xazgasma imisa, rom piradadamianuri bednierebis mo-
    sapoveblad zogjer sisxlisRvramde misuli marTali SurisZiebis gzis gavla-
    caa aucilebeli. meores mxriv, esaa socialuri samarTlianobisa da harmoniis
    dasamyareblad danTxeuli sisxlis gandideba, mesame mxriv ki, rogorc es nawar-
    moebidan aseve mkafiod ikveTeba, Cveni qveynis erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis is-
    toriulad daRvrili da momavalSic dasaRvreli sisxlis siwmindisTvis xazgas-
    ma.
    erTgan, romanis bolo nawilSi, sadac Salva ramaZisa da arCil dadiSianis
    uaRresad mniSvnelovani msjelobaa mocemuli saqarTvelos warsulsa da moma-
    valze, aseTi ramec aris naTqvami: `es grZeli gza, romelic Cven gamoviareT, Cve-
    ni axali istoriis gzac aris, romelic ukanasknelma bagrationebma gvianderZes
    am asi wlis winaT, igi CvenTvis SemTxveviTi ar aris. am gzas axlandeli saqar-
    Tveloc ver Selevia social-demokratebis wyalobiT". is samwuxaro faqti, rom
    saqarTvelom mainc ver hpova sakuTari damoukidebeli istoriisaken savali gza,
    Salva ramaZis azriT, sisxlis naklulobis bralia. `sisxli ar gveyo, Cemo Zmao,
    sisxli damoukidebeli istoriisaTviso", _ mimarTavs igi arCils da am sityve-
    biT mwerali Cveni eris `nacionalisturad" ganwyobili im nawilis suliskveTe-
    bas gamoxatavs, romelic saqarTvelos samomavlo ganviTarebis gzis mosaZebnad
    politikuri orientaciis ucilobel cvalebadobas moiTxovda.
    194
    romanSi leo qiaCelma, garkveulwilad, amis Sesaxebac migvaniSna. nawarmoe-
    bis mTavari gmiri, msoflmxedvelobrivad gardaqmnili da erovnul cnobiereba-
    gaRviZebuli, ruseTidan evropaSi miemgzavreba, raTa iq ipovos Tavisi xvalinde-
    li cxovrebisTvis safuZvlis damdebi rwmena. es gza ukve aRaraa eris interese-
    bisagan mowyvetili da gamijnuli. piriqiT, igi saqarTveloze fiqriT, ocnebiTa
    da tkiviliT savse samomavlo gzaa, misTvis sisxlis daRvrisa da Tavganwirvis
    uwmindesi gza.
    leo qiaCelis Semoqmedebaze saubris dros ramdenime sityva “gvadi
    bigvazec” minda vTqva. xsenebuli romaniT mweralma romantikuli paTosiT dagvi-
    xata sakolmeurneo mSeneblobis pirveli wlebis qarTul sofelSi arsebuli
    rTuli socialur-politikuri viTareba da imJamindeli sazogadoebis
    damokidebuleba am movlenisadmi. obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom
    imdroindeli sinamdvile man pirvel yovlisa im kacis TvaliT dainaxa, visac
    gulwrfelad swamda xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli maSindeli reformis didi
    mniSvneloba qveynis saxvalio ganviTarebisaTvis.
    avtoriseuli poziciis aseT SefasebaSi gadaWarbebuli rom araferia, amis
    dasturad aq am romanTan dakavSirebiT Tavad mwerlis mier 1960 wels
    gamoTqmuli Semdegi mosazrebac minda gavixseno: `1932-33 wlebSi - gacxovelebu-
    li sakolmeurneo moZraobis periodSi - me da cnobil kinoreJisor nikoloz
    Sengelaias SemogvTavazes, dagvewera scenari am didi saxalxo moZraobis Tema-
    ze. Cven SemoviareT rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqos
    yvela raioni da didZali masala davagroveT. ase iSva mxatvruli kinofilmi
    `narinjis veli", romelmac warmatebiT Semoiara mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris ekrane-
    bi. magram filmSi mTlianad ar gamogviyenebia is mdidari masala, romelic me
    da reJisorma SevkribeT. amitom gadavwyvite Segrovili axali masalisa da revo-
    luciamdeli soflis cxovrebis codnis safuZvelze axali nawarmoebi damewera.
    ase Seiqmna romani `gvadi bigva".
    rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebSi xelisuflebis mier
    totalurad gatarebuli am kardinaluri reformisaTvis Tanamdevi sirTuleebi-
    caa sakmaod mravlad naCvenebi, Tavad mwerali, nawarmoebis Seqmnidan sakmao
    drois gasvlis Semdegac ki, araorazrovnad usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom misi
    gadawyvetileba yofila, Seeqmna `gacxovelebuli sakolmeurneo mSeneblobis _
    am didi saxalxo moZraobis" (misi sityvebia) _ amsaxveli qmnileba.
    1948 wels leo qiaCelma Tavisi ukanaskneli epikuri nawarmoebi `mTiskaci"
    gamoaqveyna. qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi es iyo erT-erTi pirveli romani,
    romelic samamulo omis Temas mieZRvna, diax, samamulo omis Temas. miuxedavad
    imisa, rom bolo xans am saxelwodebamac da misma Sinaarsmac, savsebiT bunebri-
    vad da gamarTlebulad, arsebiTi cvlileba ganicada da mis nacvlad meore
    msoflio omi ixmareba xolme, Tu imJamindeli Cveni Tanamemamuleebis (gamonak-
    lisebis garda) TvalTaxedviT ganvsjiT da SevafasebT, es omi maTTvis marTlac
    samamulo iyo, radganac Rrmad da gulwrfelad iyvnen darwmunebuli imaSi, rom
    sabWoTa kavSiris dasacavad maTi Tavganwiruli brZola `diadi samSoblos" dac-
    vas niSnavda.
    amitomac araa SemTxveviTi is faqti, rom am omSi aTasobiT qarTvelma mamu-
    liSvilma gawira Tavi gmirulad. maTi es Tavdadebuli brZola saTanadod aisa-
    xa Cvens literaturaSi da am Temaze imxanad daweril nawarmoebebSi Zalze iSvi-
    aTad Tu daeWvebula vinme am omis xasiaTisa da mniSvnelobis maSindel Sefase-
    baTa sisworeSi.
    ra Tqma unda, aseTi gancxadebis gakeTeba aramc da aramc ar niSnavs imas,
    yovelive zemoTqmulis Sedegad xelaRebiT ugulvebelyoT faSizmis saerTaSo-
    riso safrTxe da saTanadod ar SevafasoT misi gamanadgurebeli roli kacobri-
    obis istoriaSi; arc imas, rom nebsiT Tu uneblieT, SeuracxvyoT da Crdili mi-
    vayenoT am omSi gmirulad daRupuli aTasobiT qarTveli vaJkacis naTel xsov-
    nas. rasakvirvelia, ara. isini xom imis uRalato rwmeniT wavidnen am qveynidan,
    TavianTi samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da keTildReobisTvis rom wiravdnen si-
    cocxles.
    195
    yovelive es ase xazgasmiT aq kidev erTxel imitomac unda aRiniSnos, rom
    leo qiaCelis mTels Semoqmedebas, konkretulad ki `mTiskacs", aSkarad azis im-
    Jamindeli ideologiis waruxoceli daRi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom meore msoflio omis Temaze qarTul mwerlobaSi mra-
    vali nawarmoebia Seqmnili, maT Soris cotaa iseTi, romelic uSualod saqar-
    TveloSi mimdinare saomar bataliebs aRwerdes. es garemoeba uwinaresad imiTaa
    ganpirobebuli, rom am omis grigalma sakuTriv qarTul miwas gverdiT Cauqro-
    la da mxolod mis zogierT regionSi Tu agizgizda brZolis xanZari.
    leo qiaCelis romanis mxatvrul Rirsebebs didad gansazRvravs is garemoe-
    ba, rom mwerali mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi am omis marTlacda samamulo xasiaTs
    warmoaCens da emociuri STambeWdaobiT aRwers im saomar bataliebs, uSualod
    qarTuli miwis dasacavad rom imarTeboda. kavkasionis miuval mTebSi SeyuJuli
    erTi patara soflis - sous magaliTze mwerali mxatvruli damajereblobiT
    gviCvenebs am barbarosuli omis saSinelebas. im faqtma, rom mterma kavkasionis
    uReltexili gadmolaxa da uSualod qarTul miwazec Semodga fexi, kidev
    ufro meti simZafre SesZina qarTveli kacis sabrZolo suliskveTebas.
    l. qiaCeli didi fsiqologiuri simarTliTa da damajereblobiT gviCvenebs
    im udrek sulier Zalasa da nebisyofas, romelmac erT muStad Sekra mTeli so-
    feli saSiSi da veragi mtris winaaRmdeg gamarTul am uTanasworo brZolaSi.
    `mTiskacis" mxatvrul Zalmosilebasa da cxovrebiseul simarTles didad
    gansazRvravs is garemoebac, rom romanSi bevri ram avtobiografiuli TviTgan-
    cdis nayoficaa. am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel yovlisa, mkiTxvels is tragedia minda
    Sevaxseno, romelic Tavad leo qiaCels daatyda Tavs meore msoflio omis Sede-
    gad. rogorc cnobilia, misi erTaderTi vaJi gmirulad daiRupa am omSi da es
    sabediswero faqti maradiul satanjvelad iqca mwerlisaTvis. romanSi SemTxve-
    viT araa wamoweuli wina planze is faqizi Sinagani siTbo da siyvaruli, rom-
    liTac mTiskacia gamsWvaluli Tavisi erTaderTi Svilisadmi. am siyvarulis
    qvecnobieri siRrmeebi da saTuTi buneba nawarmoebSi saocari fsiqologiuri
    simZafriTaa gamoxatuli.
    romanis ZiriTadi paTosi da suliskveTeba, pirvel rigSi ki mTavari perso-
    naJis monumenturi mxatvruli saxe da saqveyno saqmeTaTvis misi uangaro Tavgan-
    wirva, `mTiskacs" genetikurad anaTesavebs `tariel goluasTan". ase rom, leo
    qiaCelis es nawarmoebi, rogorc ukve SeniSnulia kritikul literaturaSi, mra-
    vali arsebiTi niSnis mixedviT exmaureba mwerlis pirveli romanis saTqmelsa
    da suliskveTebas. aqac, `tariel goluas" msgavsad, mweralma xazgasmulad, yo-
    velgvari yalbi ideologiuri deklarirebisa da propagandizmis gareSe, wamowia
    wina planze saqveyno saqmisadmi uangaro Tavdadebis idea da damajereblad gviC-
    vena srul urTierTgagebasa da SexedulebaTa harmoniul urTierTmimarTebaze
    dafuZnebuli is damokidebuleba, romelic mTiskacisa da misi Svilebis Taobebs
    Soris arsebobs. amiT leo qiaCelma kidev ufro gaaRrmava mis SemoqmedebaSi
    farTod damkvidrebuli mamaSvilobis motivi da STambeWdavi formiT gviCvena
    TaobaTa msoflmxedvelobrivi mTlianobisa da harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis idea-
    lizebuli magaliTebi.
    aseTia umTavresi Strixebi leo qiaCelis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa.
    miuxedavad ideologiurad tendenciuri im damokidebulebisa, rasac mwerali
    sabWoTa periodis cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis mxatvruli warmosaxvis dros
    iCens, maRali sityvieri xelovnebiT aRbeWdili misi proza mainc rCeba meoce
    saukunis qarTuli literaturis sagulisxmo Senakadad.
    196
    ioseb griSaSvili
    samwerlo asparezze gamosvlisTanave XX saukunis mweralTagan iSviTad
    Tu rgebia vinmes iseTi gamorCeuli yuradReba, rogoric ioseb griSaSvils. misi
    Semoqmedeba Tavidanve iqca cxoveli interesis sagnad. literaturuli sazoga-
    doebis didi nawili aRtacebiT adevnebda Tval-yurs axalgazrda poetis Semoq-
    medebiT saqmianobas, ewyoboda misi poeziis saRamoebi, romlebSic qarTuli
    sityvis pirvelxarisxovani ostatebic Rebulobdnen monawileobas (magaliTad,
    akaki da vaJa). saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi i. griSaSvilis poetur miRwe-
    vebze gamoCenili kritikosebi da literaturaTmcodneebi gamodiodnen leqcia-
    moxsenebebiT.
    da mainc, miuxedavad sayovelTao aRiarebisa, i. griSaSvilis Semoqme-
    debisamdi amgvar damokidebulebas Tan sdevda sawinaaRmdego talRac. iyvnen ise-
    Tebic, romlebic poetis mxatvrul monagars kritikuli TvaliT Sescqerodnen
    da uaryofiTad afasebdnen. amgvari kritikuli damokidebuleba TiTo-orola av-
    toriT ar Semoifargleboda. es Tvalsazrisic wlebis manZilze mkvidrdeboda
    da iyo dro, roca igi TiTqmis mTlianad axSobda im jansaR literaturul
    azrs, ioseb griSaSvils Cveni mwerlobis erT-erT ubrwyinvales warmomadgenlad
    rom miiCnevda.
    poetis Semoqmedebisadmi literaturuli kritikis damokidebulebaSi pi-
    robiTad SeiZleba sami umTavresi etapi gamoiyos: pirveli _ 1921 wlamde. amdro-
    indeli kritikis SefasebiT, i. griSaSvili TvalsaCino poeturi Zalaa. mis Semoq-
    medebiT miRwevebze aRtacebiT saubroben kita abaSiZe, paolo iaSvili, xomleli
    (r. fancxava) da sxvebi.
    magram aqve, amis gverdiT, saZebari araa uaryofiTi xasiaTis werilebic. ma-
    Ti avtorebi i. griSaSvils miiCneven kameruli ganwyobilebisa da Tematikis poe-
    tad, romlis Semoqmedeba verc mxatvruli ostatobiT iqcevs yuradRebas. am
    Sexedulebas gamoTqvamen W. lomTaTiZe, l. naTaZe, ia ekalaZe, d. kasraZe da sxve-
    bi.
    magaliTad, ai, rogor Seufasebia gazeT `saxalxo saqmes" axalgazrda poe-
    tis Semoqmedebis mimarT gaCenili es gaorebuli pozicia 1913 wels: `uaxloes
    mwerlobaSi yvelaze ucnauri fenomeni griSaSvilia... qarTuli sazogadoeba or
    banakad aris gayofili. erTs moswons igi da gundruks ukmevs, meore uaryofi-
    Tad xvdeba... aseTi Sedaveba TavisTavad poetis niWis maCvenebelia, gverds mxo-
    lod uniWos uvlian. griSaSvili rom friad niWieria, es yvelasaTvis unda iyos
    cnobili. griSaSvilis muza kekluci qalwulia, romlis mziuri kiskisi xali-
    sian riTmebad ifrqveva".
    magram, miuxedavad amgvari kritikisa, yvelaze mkacri Semfaseblebic ki ver
    faravdnen imas, rom i. griSaSvilis poeturma niWma didi zegavlena moaxdina im-
    droindel literaturul cxovrebaze.
    igi, jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda, aRiares maestrod da leqsis ubadlo
    ostatad. Tavad poetis mowinaaRmdegenic iZulebulni iyvnen ganecxadebinaT, rom
    `griSaSvilma lamis aris Tavisi Skola Seqmnas lirikul poeziaSi. Cveni axal-
    gazrda poetebi mis gamosrolil sityvebs itaceben, imeoreben da aTasis ga-
    dasxvaferebiT awvdian sazogadoebas. misi dafnis gvirgvini, etyoba, Zils uf-
    rTxobs axalgazrda poetebs".
    rogorc vxedavT, literaturuli kritikis damokidebuleba i. griSaSvilis
    Semoqmedebisadmi pirvel periodSi aSkarad gaorebulia. erTni poets mxatvruli
    sityvis aRiarebul ostatad da virtuozad Tvlian, meoreni _ kameruli Temati-
    kiT Semofarglul moleqsed. Tumca am dapirispirebis dros naTlad vlindeba
    pirveli Tvalsazrisis upiratesoba, rac, garda avtoris SemoqmedebiTi miRwe-
    vebisadmi miZRvnili werilebisa, mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebSi misi poeziis farTo
    popularobiTac dasturdeba (warmatebuli monawileoba literaturul saRa-
    moebSi, misi Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnili leqcia-moxsenebebi da a. S.).
    ociani wlebis damdegidan, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyare-
    bis pirvelive wlebidan, ki iwyeba meore periodi i. griSaSvilis Semoqmedebisad-
    197
    mi literaturuli kritikis (aq, pirvel rigSi, e. w. `rappuli kritika" gvaqvs
    mxedvelobaSi) damokidebulebisa.
    ociani wlebidan moyolebuli 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde i. griSaSvilis
    winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kriticizmis talRa literaturuli presis furclebze
    ise mZafrad azvirTda, rom TiTqmis mTlianad waleka dadebiTi Sexeduleba poe-
    tis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
    amis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom am periodSi gamoqveynebul mraval we-
    rilSi xelaRebiTaa ganqiqebuli i. griSaSvilis poeturi monapovari. erotizmi,
    pornografiuloba, politikuri sibece, nacionalizmi _ ai, nawili im bral-
    debebisa, romelTac wamdauwum ayvedridnen poets.
    am werilebis avtorebi imdroindeli qarTuli saliteraturo kritikis ga-
    moCenili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, isini, romelTac arcTu ise didi drois gas-
    vlis Semdeg diametralurad Secvales TavianTi pozicia poetis mimarT.
    i. griSaSvilis Semoqmedebis irgvliv Seqmnili es tendenciuri aurzauri
    imdenad Zlieri da erTsulovani iyo, poetis yovel sityvas imdeni qiliki da
    qirdva xvdeboda win, rom misi mxatvruli Semoqmedeba sagrZnoblad gaRaribda
    ocian wlebSi.
    imis naTelsayofad, rogori xasiaTisa iyo imdroindeli literaturuli
    kritikis toni da ganwyobileba i. griSaSvilisadmi, warmogidgenT ramdenime amo-
    nawers Jurnal `mnaTobSi" dastambuli werilebidan:
    benito buaCiZe: `dRes griSaSvili, rogorc poeti savsebiT amowuruli da
    dasrulebulia. mas metis mocema aRar SeuZlia. misi lirika dRevandel mwer-
    lobaSi mokvda, moispo. misi poezia sabWoTa mwerlobisaTvis anaqronizmia. gri-
    SaSvils darCenia mxolod uWirisuflos Tavis leqsebs da maTi yofili `di-
    debis" sxivebSi modunebuli Zvlebi gaiTbos...
    griSaSvili Tavidanve mesCanobis da obivatelobis mesaidumle iyo. is revo-
    luciamdec qalis kabiT Semofargluli poeti iyo...
    griSaSvili sabWoTa mwerlobisaTvis ar arsebobs da arc aravin apirebs
    mis gamowvevas daviwyebis samyarodan... socialisturi mSeneblobis poeziisaTvis
    griSaSvili saWiro aRar aris. zagess misi leqsebi srulebiT ar sWiria" (`mna-
    Tobi", 1930, #1, gv. 171-172).
    Salva radiani: `griSaSvili gamovida poeziaSi, rogorc wvrili burJuazi-
    is, mesCanobis gulis mesaidumle. man sruliad gandevna poeziidan samoqalaqo
    motivebi. xelovneba griSaSvilma TviTmiznad gaxada. man TviTmizani xelovnebis
    gamoxata erotizmSi, fuqsavatur siyvarulSi. mTeli misi poezia _ es aris `oq-
    ros fexi" da `kocna"...
    saerTod griSaSvilis poeziis da msoflmxedvelobis primitiul-reaqcionu-
    ri saxe dRes metad naTelia. rogorc mxatvruli sityvis ostatic, igi amoiwu-
    ra" (`mnaTobi", 1931, #1-2, gv. 223-224).
    g-li: `Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. griSaSvili Tanamedrove poeziaSi
    arafers warmoadgens. is mokvda rogorc poeti. i. griSaSvils ukve gauvarda
    xelidan kalami... mtkiceba araa, griSaSvili `CamorCa cxovrebas". misi Semoqme-
    deba gaiyina, gaSra, traRikulad gardaicvala... i. griSaSvilis poezia ar daRu-
    pula vaJkacur brZolaSi. is `daiRupa", rogorc iRupeba zamTris wiwila qoris
    mZlavri SemoqrolviT. axal cxovrebis sxivebi SemoiWra da i. griSaSvilis poe-
    ziac dadna.
    rasakvirvelia, es SemTxveviTi movlena rodia. Tanamedroveoba axal sityvas
    moiTxovs, axal hangebs. koxta fexebis poezia unda Seicvalos kunTebaT qceul
    mklavebis prozaT... griSaSvilma esec ar isurva da kidevac daeca gangmiruli
    aristokratiul erotikis samsxverploze" (`mnaTobi", 1928, #7, gv. 242-243).
    i. griSaSvilis Semoqmedebisadmi aseT damokidebulebas drom gasca sakad-
    risi pasuxi. magram dRes Tu mainc mivaqcieT yuradReba am garemoebas, mxolod
    imisTvis, rom vaCvenoT is rTuli winaaRmdegobani, romelnic win uZRoda poetis
    SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis obieqtur Sefasebas.
    198
    30-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi Tanmimdevru-
    li simtkiciTa da damajereblobiT mkvidrdeba azri i. griSaSvilis didmniSvne-
    lovani poeturi damsaxurebis Sesaxeb.
    poetis Semoqmedebis swored amgvari Sefaseba gansazRvravs literaturul-
    kritikuli damokidebulebis mesame etaps, romelic dRemde grZeldeba. i. griSaS-
    vilis, rogorc poetis, popularobam farTo rezonansi SeiZina. am TvalsazrisiT
    gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 50-60-iani wlebi, roca yvelaze metad vlindeba
    literaturuli kritikisa da mkiTxvelTa xazgasmulad pativismcemluri damoki-
    debuleba poetisadmi.

    * * *
    ioseb griSaSvili (mamulaSvili) daibada 1889 wlis 11 (axali stiliT 23) ap-
    rils Tbilisis erT-erT uZveles uban xarfuxSi, xelosnis ojaxSi. misi winap-
    rebi guriis mkvidrni yofilan. poetis papa _ daTa batons gamoqcevia da orTa-
    WalaSi mebaRed dauwyia muSaoba.
    mwerlis mama - grigoli (griSa) xelosani iyo, deda _ ekaterine _ gaqarTve-
    lebuli somexi. griSaSvilis bavSvobis wlebi sakmaod mZime da usixarulo
    yofila. amis Taobaze poeti saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis Tavis leqsebsa da we-
    rilebSi.
    1897 wels i. griSaSvili miabares Tbilisis qarTul saTavadaznauro gimna-
    ziaSi, sadac aswavlidnen cnobili mwerlebi kote mayaSvili da lalioni (arsen
    mamulaiSvili), direqtori iyo eqvTime TayaiSvili. magram ojaxurma viTarebam
    igi aiZula maleve daenebebina Tavi swavlisaTvis. 1904 wels poets gardaecvala
    mama, dedam ki oblebi datova da meored gaTxovda. am faqts poeti ase aRwers
    axalgazrda mwerlebisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi:
    ra iyo Cemi siWabuke Zvel saTvalavSi?
    deda sxvas gahyva, mama ukve iwva saflavSi...
    da vizrdebodi daCagruli yasbis morebTan,
    da muxambazebs Cemi guli imeorebda.
    miuxedavad mZime ojaxuri pirobebisa, momaval poets wignisTvis zurgi ar
    Seuqcevia da igi mTeli arsebiT daewafa TviTganviTarebas. `miyvarda kiTxva da
    am kiTxvam gadamarCinao", _ wers igi erTgan. mas, rogorc `wignis kacs", ase ic-
    nobdnen Tavis ubanSi da axalgazrdobidanve did pativs scemdnen. `meduqneebi, _
    igonebs is, _ pativsa mcemdnen, rogorc `wignis kacs" da mec xSirad mTeli saa-
    TobiT mikiTxavs maTTvis `yaramaniani", `qalvaJiani", `CardavriSiani" da saamod
    sasmeneli sxvadasxva ambebi Tu zRaprebi".
    i. griSaSvilis mwerluri niWisa da interesebis upirvelesi masazrdoebeli
    wyaro Zveli Tbilisis folklori iyo, ubralo adamianebis cxovrebis wiaRi,
    romelic momavali mwerlisTvis gimnaziadac iqca da universitetadac. `me var
    TviTganviTarebuli poeti, Tbilisis folklorze aRzrdilio", - werda mwerali.
    1905-1906 wlebidan igi imdenad gaitaca Teatralurma xelovnebam, rom sce-
    nismoyvareTa jgufi Camoayaliba da warmodgenebs marTavda xarfuxsa da Tbili-
    sis sxva ubnebSi. ganusazRvreli iyo am dasSi griSaSvilis funqciebi. is yofi-
    la piesebis avtoric, reJisorica da msaxiobic. ase daiwera da daidga misi pir-
    veli sanaxaobiTi scenebi: `timoTes leRvi", `boikoti", `loTebi orTaWalaSi" da
    sxvebi. originaluri da gadmoqarTulebuli am gasarTobi piesebis Seqmnis sa-
    fuZveli Zveli qalaquri folklori iyo, im adamianTa yofa-cxovreba, romelTa
    Sorisac trialebda is bavSvobisa da siWabukis Jams.
    1907 wlidan i. griSaSvili qarTuli Teatris TanamSromeli xdeba. Tavis mo-
    gonebebSi poeti iq gatarebul wlebs gansakuTrebiT maRal Sefasebas aZlevs da
    wers: `qarTuli Teatri Cemi ganviTarebis kera iyo. rac skolam damaklo, is
    TviTganviTarebiT Sevisrule. Tu Cemi gulis SinasknelSi raime kargi sufevs, es
    Cveni korifeebis siaxlovis nayofia".
    es Tvalsazrisi i. griSaSvils sxvaganac araerTgzis gamouTqvams, rogorc
    didi samadlobeli qarTuli Teatrisagan miRebuli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli
    199
    gamocdilebisa. qarTul Teatrs _ Tavisi `balRobis am universitets" _ i. gri-
    SaSvili 1913 wlamde SerCa.
    es wlebi sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiTac, rom am periodSive xdeba misi ga-
    mosvla samwerlo asparezze. 1906 wels gamoica i. griSaSvilis leqsebis pirve-
    li patara krebuli _ `vardis kona, anu sxvadasxva leqsebi da simRerebi, Sedge-
    nili ioseb mamulaSvilis mier", 1907 wels _ `fantazia", 1908 wels _ `zurna",
    1909 wels _ `ar Segcivdes, baraSkajan", 1911 wels _ `ocnebis kocna". es poeturi
    krebulebi iyo mosamzadebeli xana did mwerlobaSi Sesasvlelad. maTSi jer ki-
    dev sustad Canda i. griSaSvilis mxatvruli SesaZleblobani.
    1914 wels gamovida axalgazrda poetis leqsebis pirveli tomi, romelic
    ukve seriozuli ganacxadia imdroindel qarTul poeziaSi. miuxedavad litera-
    turuli kritikis zogierTi warmomadgenlis winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebulebi-
    sa, Cvenma sazogadoebam i. griSaSvili erovnuli lirikis TvalsaCino warmomad-
    genlad aRiara.
    i. griSaSvilis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo 1918
    wels gamocemuli monografia _ `saiaTnova" da 1922 wels dastambuli leqsebis
    meore tomi, sadac 1914-20 wlebSi dawerili nawarmoebebia Tavmoyrili.
    i. griSaSvili 1913 wlidan, rac TeatrSi muSaobas daaneba Tavi, meti inten-
    siurobiT Seudga literaturul moRvaweobas. misi leqsebi da werilebi sistema-
    turad ibeWdeboda periodul presaSi.
    poetis SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqti-
    urda saqarTvelos saxelmwfioebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis wlebSi. igi ga-
    naxlebuli energiiT Cadga monobisgan Tavdaxsnili samSoblos samsaxurSi. mag-
    ram poeti imasac kargad xedavda, Sinauri Tu gareSe mtrebi rogori mondo-
    mebiTac emzadebodnen Cveni qveynis axali dapyrobisTvis da SeSfoTebuli wyev-
    lida yvelas, `vinc CrdiloeTis velur yaCaRebs gauRo kari Tergdaleul dari-
    alisa" (`avlabari". 1920 w.). advili warmosadgenia, aseTi mamuliSviluri mrwam-
    sis mqone pirovneba ra Sefasebasac miscemda 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelo-
    Si datrialebul tragikul movlenebs. am sabediswero faqts i. griSaSvili erT-
    erTi pirveli gamoexmaura im dReebSive dawerili leqsiT _ `axal xelisuf-
    lebas" (meorenairad leqss `rusuli Ceqmac" hqvia), romelSic Semdegnairad gamo-
    xata Tavisi antibolSevikuri da antirusuli suliskveTeba:
    marTalia, dRes es leqsi bevr komunists gaajavrebs,
    magram mainc Tamam sityvas movaxseneb axal mTavrebs:
    Tqven ambobdiT: saqarTvelom, rac gind bevri gaibrZolos,
    did ruseTis komunistad gadiqceva mainc bolos!
    ha, aRsrulda! Tqven moxvediT, Cvenc migiReT cremliT cxeliT,
    magram xalxi ar SegindobT, rom sxvis xiStiT SemoxvediT!
    sxva antibolSevikur braldebebTan erTad, i. griSaSvili am leqsis daweri-
    saTvis 1922 wels daupatimrebiaT da cixidan misi ganTavisufleba mxolod mwe-
    ralTa kavSiris samdivnos TavdebobiT gamxdara SesaZelebeli.
    amgvari devnisa da represirebis gamo, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis
    pirvel wlebSi poeti TiTqmis mTlianad CamoSorda poezias da ZiriTad
    saqmianobad mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba gaixada. 1922 wlidan 1939 wlamde i. griSaS-
    vilma mxolod ori poeturi krebuli gamosca: 1930 wels _ `eqvsi leqsi" da 1939
    wels _ `axali leqsebi". 30-iani wlebis meore naxevridan ki, roca diametralu-
    rad icvleba xelisuflebisa da literaturuli kritikis pozicia mwerlis mi-
    marT, manac gaaaqtiura poeturi moRvaweoba.
    Tumca arc ociani wlebi daukargavs poets uqmad. swored am droisaTvis
    Seqmna man mravali saintereso literaturaTmcodneobiTi naSromi, romelTagan
    unda gamoiyos 1927 wels dastambuli monografia _ `Zveli tfilisis literatu-
    ruli bohema". misi redaqtorobiT momzadda da daibeWda agreTve a. wereTlis,
    al. WavWavaZis, S. mRvimelis, a. cagarelis, gr. rCeuliSvilis, s. gugunavasa da
    sxva mweralTa Txzulebani.
    i. griSaSvils miniWebuli hqonda xelovnebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis wo-
    deba. 1946 wels is airCies saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil wevrad.
    200
    1959 wels, dabadebidan 70-e wlisTavze, miekuTvna saqarTvelos saxalo poetis
    sapatio tituli.
    i. griSaSvili gardaicvala 1965 wlis 3 agvistos. dakrZalulia mTawmindis
    mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
    i. griSaSvilis mwerluri SesaZleblobani mTeli ZaliT, upirveles yovli-
    sa, lirikaSi vlindeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoris msoflmxedvelobaca da
    stiluri individualobac sagrZnob cvalebadobas ganicdida wlebis ganmav-
    lobaSi, mis poetur samyaros mkafiod axasiaTebs ramdenime aSkarad gamovleni-
    li iseTi niSani, romelnic saerToa mTeli misi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobisaTvis.
    am niSanTagan upirvelesad mZlavrad gamovlenili mgrZnobeloba SeiZleba
    miviCnioT. poetis STagonebis mTavari dasayrdeni faqizi emociurobiT aRbeWdi-
    li sulieri ganwyobilebaa.
    i. griSaSvils, rogorc poets, mkafiod gamoxatuli individualoba axasia-
    Tebs. am individualobas avtori erovnul poetur fesvebTan mZlavri genetikuri
    kavSiris Sedegad aRwevs. es kavSiri zogjer imdenad xelSesaxebadaa gamovleni-
    li, rom misi dadgena Zalze iolia. aseTi memkvidreobiTi siaxlove SeimCneva, ma-
    galiTad, XVIII da XIX saukuneebis iseT poetebTan, rogorebic arian: besiki, sai-
    aTnova, al. WavWavaZe da gr. orbeliani.
    da kidev qalaquri folklori. pirvel yovlisa, swored es poeturi tradi-
    ciebi unda iqnes miCneuli im umTavres sulier sazrdod, romelic i. griSaSvi-
    lis mxatvrul individualobas kvebavs da asazrdoebs.
    i. griSaSvilis bevri leqsi musikalurad metad natifia da melodiuri.
    `Cems sicocxleSi zambaxze mZime ar warmomiTqvams sityva da leqsio", _ Tavadve
    SeniSna kidec poetma erTgan, riTac zustad gansazRvra misi poeziis uaRresad
    daxvewili evfoniuri buneba. musikaluri melodiurobis misaRwevad igi gamorCe-
    ulad zrunavs riTmebis keTilxmovanebasa da ritmuli intonaciebis amRe-
    rebulobaze. SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom didi wili avtoris leq-
    sebisa sasimRero ritmikas efuZneba. i. griSaSvilis lirikis versifikacia xSi-
    rad iseT saleqso sazomebs eyrdnoba, romelTa struqturaSi musikaluri melo-
    diis xvedriTi wili wamyvan adgils iWers.
    aqve unda gaesvas xazi im mravalferovnebasac, riTac es poeturi intona-
    ciebi xasiaTdeba. poetis ritmuli samyaro mdidaria da harmoniuli. griSaSvi-
    lis leqsSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, saTqmeli zedapirze Zevs. misi lirika gvxiblavs
    grZnobaTa axleburi gamoxatvis iSviaTi unariT. poets exerxeba nacnob azrs
    axali emociuri datvirTva mianiWos. amitomacaa, rom tradiciuli Temebi da mo-
    tivebi mis poeziaSi axal emociur STambeWdaobas iZenen. swored aq unda veZeboT
    im efeqturi zemoqmedebis saidumlo, riTac i. griSaSvilis Semoqmedebis popu-
    larobaa ganpirobebuli.
    rogorc iTqva, i. griSaSvilma samwerlo asparezze gamosvlis pirveli
    wlebidanve moipova farTo aRiareba. amis dasturad mravali faqtis gaxseneba
    SeiZleba, romelTagan aq gamovyofT akakis damokidebulebas axalgazrda poeti-
    sadmi.
    marTalia, a. wereTels i. griSaSvilis poeziaze raime Canaweri ar dauto-
    vebia, magram TanamedroveTa mogonebebidan cnobilia, Tu ra maRali azrisa
    yofila igi axalbeda avtorze. axalgazrda poetebs Soris quxso, _ ambobda
    Turme akaki. xolo erT-erT literaturul saRamoze, 1914 wlis 23 aprils, mgo-
    sans qarTul poeziaSi siyvarulis Temaze dawerili oTxi leqsi gamoucalke-
    vebia da waukiTxavs: `al. WavWavaZis `siyvarulo, Zalsa Sensa", n. baraTaSvilis
    `sayure", Tavisi `Tvalad-tanad" da i. griSaSvilis `Sen xar RvTaeba". oTxive
    leqsis akakiseuli xelnaweri daculia a. wereTlis arqivSi. es faqti, romlis
    Taobazec siyvaruliT gviambobs i. griSaSvili (t. V, gv. 254-257), naTlad metyve-
    lebs, ra Sexedulebisac yofila didi mgosani damwyebi poetis mxatvrul SesaZ-
    leblobebze.
    aseve interesmoklebuli ar iqneba imis aRniSvnac, rom g. tabiZis zogierT
    adrindel (1914 wlamde daweril) leqsSi Taviseburi formiT griSaSvilis poe-
    turi musikis gamoZaxilic ismis. imxanad galaktionis didi siyvaruli da pati-
    201
    viscema iosebisadmi imiTac vlindeba, rom man 1911 wels megobar poets sami leq-
    si miuZRvna: `Semodgoma", `megobars" da `gazafxulis Rame". galaktions xSirad
    miuRia monawileoba griSaSvilis poeziis saRamoebSic. igi Tavis Tavs iosebis
    `niWis Tayvanismcemlad" (g. tabiZis sityvebia) Tvlida.
    garda zemoT dasaxelebuli poetebisa, i. griSaSvilis pirvel leqsebze
    qarTuli klasikuri poeziis iseTma warmomadgenlebmac iqonies sakmaod Zlieri
    zegavlena, rogorebic arian: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli da irodion evdoS-
    vili. magaliTad, i. griSaSvilis erT-erTi pirveli leqsi `brZola" mkafiodaa
    aRbeWdili akakisa da ir. evdoSvilis poeturi intonaciebiT. amgvari siaxlove
    Cans rogorc enobriv-frazeologiur da ritmul-intonaciur msgavsebaSi, ise Ca-
    nafiqris gamovlenis TvalsazrisiTac:
    ras dagvaklebs Cven mtarvali,
    Tu gveqneba erTi piri.
    SevasruloT Cveni vali,
    rom ar vnaxoT gasaWiri.
    SevabrunoT qveynis Carxi,
    win wavideT sabrZolvelad,
    an davixsnaT Cveni xalxi,
    anu gavwydeT brZolis velad...
    ... mainc medgrad gaswiT wina,
    ar SeukrTeT Sxam-samsalas,
    Zirs jalaTi - mtarvalT bina,
    - gaumarjos muSis Zalas!
    qarTul klasikur poeziasTan Tavis aseT naTesaur kavSirs i. griSaSvili
    zogjer sagangebodac ki usvamda xazs. iliasadmi miZRvnil leqss (`ilia WavWava-
    Ze mohkles") man, magaliTad, Tavadve waawera misive leqsis mibaZviTo, xolo `mu-
    Sis simReras" sxvanairad `akakiseburi" uwoda; am da msgavs leqsebSi mkafiod is-
    mis qarTveli `samocianelebis" poeturi intonaciebi, xelSesaxebad vlindeba
    saTqmelis alegoriul-metaforuli gamoxatvis maTeuli poeturi xerxebi da sa-
    Sualebani.
    rogorc erTxmadaa aRiarebuli, i. griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi ganmsazRvre-
    li adgili aqvs daTmobili intimur-satrfialo Tematikas. pirveli leqsi, rome-
    lic am motivis mxatvruli gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva, esaa `gareubne-
    li biWis simRerebidan" (1907 w.). leqsis amRerebuli intonacia, intimuri vnebis
    simZafre, qalis garegnuli mSvenebiT Tavdaviwyebuli mijnuris xorciel grZno-
    baTa SeuboWveli gamovlena da erotizmi nawarmoebis efeqturi zemoqmedebis Zi-
    riTadi niSnebia. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom leqsis enobriv mxares specifi-
    kur JReradobas sZens qalaquri Jargonidan motanili frazeologizmebis mizan-
    mimarTuli gamoyeneba...
    ra kargia, kaklis xis qveS
    vqeifobdeT, wvimac scrides,
    me gavixdi, Sen Cagacmev,
    bakakajan, ar Segcivdes...
    ... da ros movkvde, yurbanolum,
    gTxov, miyavi es sikeTe,
    Sen rom gZinavs _ im taxtidan
    ficris kubo gamikeTe.
    es qamari gamiyideT
    da ganayid groSebiTa
    wamasveneT gorxanebzed
    Cemi amqris droSebiTa.
    iqeifeT zurniT, magram
    cremli arvis Camoscvivdes
    da mimRereT es masrafi:
    `bakakajan, ar Segcivdes!"
    zemoT xazgasmuli intimur-satrfialo motivi i. griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
    gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iwevs wina planze 1900-iani wlebis dasasrulidan. Se-
    sabamisad icvleba poeturi STagonebis ganmsazRvreli miswrafebanic. Tu adre
    202
    poetis lirikaSi gamoxatuli sevda da naRveli imJamindeli socialuri viTa-
    rebis Sedegi iyo, sul male misi poeziis naRvlian kilos sxva safuZvelic ga-
    uCnda _ intimuri gancdis wiaRSi Sobili tkivili, siyvarulSi xelmocarva,
    imedgacrueba, Ralati, orpiroba, qalis cbiereba, satrfos gulcivobiT gaCeni-
    li kaeSani da a. S.
    aTiani wlebidan moyolebuli, poetis SemoqmedebaSi swored es Tematika im-
    kvidrebs mniSvnelovan adgils. iqmneba leqsebi, romlebSic xan xorcieli vnebe-
    biTa da erotikiT aforiaqebuli pirovnebis gancdebia gamoxatuli, xanac _ li-
    rikuli gmiris sulis sinazed gardaqmnili trfobis romantikuli buneba.
    aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom i. griSaSvilis poeziisaTvis am droisTvisac da
    sazogadodac SedarebiT ucxoa cxovrebiseul movlenaTa filosofiuri gansjis
    Sedegad Sobili sevda da `aRuvsebeli sawyaulis" tragizmi, rac samyaros TviT-
    Semecnebis Jams pirovnebis sulSi martoobisa da adamianuri umweobis grZnobas
    badebs xolme. rogorc cnobilia, es motivi aTiani wlebis qarTul poeziaSi Cve-
    ni mwerlobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gansjis sagnadaa qceuli (g. tabiZe, n.
    lorTqifaniZe, g. leoniZe, k. gamsaxurdia, t. tabiZe...). dasaxelebuli avtorebisa-
    gan gansxvavebiT, i. griSaSvili konkretuli gancdiT Semofargluli Semoqmedia.
    mis lirikas, upirveles yovlisa, konkretuli tkivili da sixaruli asazrdoebs.
    farTo masStabebis momcveli filosofiuri problematika, sawuTrosa da adamia-
    nis bedze e. w. `hamleturi" dafiqrebac SedarebiT ucxoa misi SemoqmedebisaTvis.
    i. griSaSvili, pirvel yovlisa, konkretuli emociebiT Semofargluli poe-
    tia, romelic situaciuri STabeWdilebis impresionistuli gamovleniT qmnis na-
    warmoebs. swored amis Sedegia is faqti, rom mis lirikaSi saZebari araa grZno-
    baTa radikaluri gaorebis magaliTebi da siyvaruliT bednierebis mecxre caze
    afrenili pirovnebis aRtacebas yvelaferze xelCaqneuli kacis sasowarkveTa
    cvlis. es rom namdvilad asea, amas Tavad poetic adasturebs. `ar SemiZlian we-
    ra xangrZlivi. ar SemiZlian fiqri xangrZlivad! amuris kalmiT, kalmiT saTu-
    TiT, Seqmnil-SeTxzuli Cemi naweri am Cems gulidan aris erT wuTiT amonaxeT-
    qi... amonaWeri".
    rogorc damowmebuli fragmentiTac dasturdeba, poetis satrfialo leq-
    sebSi gamoxatuli emociebi xSirad droebiTi Tavdaviwyebisa da gatacebis nayo-
    fi ufro iyo, vidre xangrZlivi sulieri gvemisa da tanjvis Sedegi. wuTis sia-
    movneba Tu tkivili, konkretul viTarebaSi Sobili gancdebis poezia _ asec Se-
    iZleba gaviazroT i. griSaSvilis mravali satrfialo leqsi.
    intimuri TematikiT poetis gatacebas Tavis droze mravali mowinaaRmdegec
    gamouCnda. erT-erTi maTgani yofila kritikosi levan naTaZe, romelmac 1915
    wels gazeT `Tanamedrove azrSi" dabeWdil werilSi kritikulad Seafasa i. gri-
    SaSvilis lirika. statiis tendenciur tons, etyoba, metismetad gauRizianebia
    mwerali da, imxanad kislovodskSi myofma, aseTi Sinaarsis baraTi gamougzavna
    Tavis megobars _ arCil jajanaSvils:
    `waikiTxavdi `Tanamedrove azrSi" dabeWdil kritikas... ucnauria RmerTmani...
    ra davaSave iseTi, rom ase mlanZRavs? Cems axalgazrda siyvaruls, Cems
    cecxlovan grZnobas, raRac `sadizms" da `mazoxizms" awers... marTalia maqvs zo-
    gierTi `SiSveli leqsi", magram nuTu im TiToorola leqsiT unda ixelmZRvane-
    los sindisierma da ara SurRvarZliT gaJRenTilma kritikosma da mkvlevarma.
    axalgazrdobaSi vis ar hqonia zogierTi `SiSveli leqsi". vinc piradad micnobs,
    daaxloebiT, is daamtkicebs, rom me xorcs nakleb Tayvansa vcem, mxolod miy-
    vars alersi, Wvreta da Sefrfinva lamazi qalisa...
    ... rasakvirvelia, gadamlaSebuli sqesobrioba mavnebelia. vin ukmevs gun-
    druks?... ubralo mkiTxvels marTali egoneba, TiTqos mTeli Cemi mwerloba qve-
    nuri grZnoba iyos" (srulad ix. i. lorTqifaniZis wignSi `ioseb griSaSvili".
    1984 w. gv. 92-96). rogorc citirebuli fragmentebidanac naTlad Cans, mwerali
    dabejiTebiT uaryofs misi lirikis gadaWarbebul `sqesobriobas".
    i. griSaSvilis aTiani wlebis lirikaSi gabatonebuli adgili daikava ori-
    ginaluri Sinagani melodiiT aRbeWdilma maRali Sairis saleqso sazomma. manam-
    del mis leqsebSi ki ritmul-versifikaciuli Ziebani ufro mravalferovani iyo.
    203
    rac Seexeba riTmebsa da maT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols poetis lirika-
    Si, amis Taobaze misi erT-erTi leqsidan moSveliebuli es striqonebic naTlad
    metyveleben: `riTmebisgan leqsi davwan, riTmad leqsi gamovCarxe da ocneba
    uxilavi Sig Cavmarxe... Sig Cavmarxe..."
    `usamkaulod leqsi ver ileqsebso", _ werda poeti erTgan. marTlac, misi
    leqsi faqizadaa Semkobil-damSvenebuli sxvadasxvagvari mxatvruli samkau-
    lebiT. am samkaulTa struqturuli buneba mkafiod avlens avtoris individua-
    lur xelweras. musikaluri melodiurobis principiT Seqmnili misi poezia ada-
    mianis sulis unazesi TrTolviT sunTqavs, yoveli striqoni ostatis natifi da
    faqizi xeliTaa Camoqnili.
    aTiani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi i. griSaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi
    mizanswrafvis umTavres sagans intimur-satrfialo grZnobaTa gamoxatva
    warmoadgens. poetis amdroindel lirikaSi mxolod SigadaSig, TiTo-orola ma-
    galiTis saxiT, Tu gaielveben farTo sazogadoebrivi movlenebiT STagonebuli
    leqsebi.
    imJamindeli qarTuli kritika mkacrad sayvedurobda poets amis gamo da Se-
    niSnavda, rom mis poeziaSi ar Canda Cveni erovnuli cxovrebis problemebi. i.
    griSaSvils upasuxod ar dautovebia es SeniSnva da igi sagangebod dawerili
    leqsiT (`oRond macaleT", 1915 w.) ase gamoexmaura Tavis kritikosebs:
    vis SeuZlian cili damwamos,
    vis SeuZlian miTxras arTqmuli:
    rom ar miyvardes Cemi samSoblo,
    Cemi eri da Cemi mamuli.
    aTiani wlebis Sua xanebidan viTareba mniSvnelovanwilad icvleba da i.
    griSaSvilis poeziaSi sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba erovnul-moqalaqeobrivi tenden-
    ciebi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 1917 wels dawerili leqsebi.
    mkiTxveli aSkara mowme xdeba kameruli artaxebidan poetis Semoqmedebis Tav-
    daRwevisa.
    magram manamdel leqsebSic rom sabolood ar iyo Camkvdari erovnul-pat-
    riotuli sawuxari, amis dasturad 1912 wels dawerili `samSoblos nangre-
    vebSic" ikmarebda. leqss saqarTveloze, mis warsulze, Tanamedroveobasa da mo-
    mavalze fiqri udevs safuZvlad. misi umTavresi mizanswrafva erovnuli
    TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisken mowodebaa. nawarmoebis erovnuli suliskveTeba
    Sinaganad exmaureba niko lorTqifaniZis cnobil miniaturebs: `saqarTvelo iyi-
    deba" (1910 w.) da `literaturuli saRamo" (1917 w.).
    sisxlis zRvaSi mobanave samSoblos xilva, qaris frTebze dafleTili
    droSis friali, mamulisaTvis mkerdgapobili mebrZoli gmirebis saxeebi, Cveni
    warsuli didebis utyuari macneni _ Zveli monastrebi da winaparTa akldamebi _
    es yvelaferi, Tu erTis mxriv poetis gulSi erovnuli siamayis grZnobas ba-
    debda, meores mxriv imis tragikul gancdasac amZafrebda, rom yovelive ise dam-
    Wknara da dakninebula, `rom sxvas miaqvs Cveni sulis siamaye, wmidaT wmida..."
    swored aq, warsulisa da sinamdvilis aseT SeusabamobaSi, Cndeba sabrZolo
    suliskveTeba, romelic Zveli didebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis aRdgenis
    romantikuli paTosiTaa ganpirobebuli. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom am heroikuli
    ocnebis masazrdoebeli wyaro erTgan al. sumbaTaSvilis cnobili piesa `Rala-
    ti" gamxdara. poeti emociuri mgznebarebiT gamoxatavs mzadyofnas, maxviliT
    xelSi dadges eris istoriuli TavisTavadobis gadasarCenad:
    ... xolo roca saqarTvelos, isec damwvar-datanjulsa,
    uyidian miwa-wyalsa, ugineben enas, rjulsa, -
    maSin myisve magondeba anania Tavis ficiT
    da msurs mec vTqva: xanjlis dakvra qarTvelebma gulSi viciT.
    es motivi, qarTvelobis Cawixvlisa da dakninebis winaaRmdeg Tavganwiruli
    brZolisa da samSoblos damoukideblobis aRdgenis es idea, i. griSaSvilis
    aTiani wlebis poeziis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Temaa: `ar SevdrkebiT, ragind
    mteri Cvens winaRmdeg bades qsovdes: unda aRsdges saqarTvelo _ exla, anda
    arasodes!"
    204
    i. griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi didi gamoZaxili hpova 1917 wlis revoluci-
    urma movlenebma, romelTac poetma samSoblos Tavisuflebasa da xalxis bednie-
    rebaze ocnebis aRsrulebis SesaZlebloba daukavSira. am TvalsazrisiT uaRre-
    sad saintereso leqsia `1917 weli", romelsac avtorma axali `marseliozas" han-
    gze dawerili simRera uwoda. poeti frTaSesxmuli aRniSnavs, rom mefis ruse-
    Tis `orTaviani bilwi arwivi" daemxo, rom `aRsdga, azavTda tanjuli eri" da
    axal, Tavisufal cxovrebas daedo saTave, rom `ferxT ganvibertyeT monobis
    mtveri". misi azriT, es revolucia (igulisxmeba Tebervlis revolucia), romel-
    mac `milew-molewa kerpTa bomoni", qveynad samarTlianobas daamyarebs:
    da ha, moispo, rac mosaspobi iyo winaTve, adre Tu male!..
    da Sen, maSvralo, sxva raRa ginda? gaswordi welSi, gamoicvale.
    movxedoT mamuls gapartaxebuls...
    rogorc vxedavT, i. griSaSvilis `1917 weli" naTlad avlens im did ime-
    debsa da erovnul mizanswrafvas, rasac Cveni xalxi mefis xelisuflebis damxo-
    bas ukavSirebda imxanad.
    mwerali aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis
    aRdgenas. 1918 wels daweril leqsSi `simRera" is mowodebiT mimarTavda xalxs,
    TavdadebiT ebrZolaT mtris winaaRmdeg. TurqTa Semotevisagan mamulis daxsnis
    idea, ramac imdroindel qarTul poeziaSi mZafri gamoxatuleba hpova (gavixse-
    noT t. tabiZisa da p. iaSvilis leqsebi), i. griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSic sakmao
    simwvaviT daisva:
    gairRva SuqeTi! awiTlda cxovlada!
    Camodna sxivebi vardisfer Tovlada!
    mebrZolni gamoCndnen! droSebiT dganan!
    mec vyivi Wabukno! ras ucdiT!
    maxviliT maxvilsa! SeerTdiT... dajgufdiT...
    Tamaris samSoblo ar giyvarT gana?..
    mivbaZoT mTielebs: fSavelsa, xevsursa!
    mohqrian! mRerian simReras zevsursa -
    davixsnaT samSoblo! davixsnaT mamuli!
    1917 weli mniSvnelovani TariRia poetis SemoqmedebaSi ara marto im Tval-
    sazrisiT, rom am droidan meti siTamamiT imsxvreva Tematuri erTferovnebis
    SemboWveli artaxebi, aramed imiTac, rom ganaxlebuli ZaliT iwyeba swrafva po-
    eturi formebis gamravalferovnebiskenac. avtori xSirad mimarTavs sonets,
    trioletsa da sxva saleqso sazomebs. Tu adre ufro gabatonebuli adgili mis
    poeziaSi Sairs ekava, axla SedarebiT farTod mkvidrdeba aT da ToTxmetmar-
    cvliani saleqso sazomebi.
    aTiani wlebis SuaxanebSi i. griSaSvili gatacebiT muSaobda monografiaze
    _ `saiaTnova". warsulis foliantebSi CaRrmavebuli poeti TandaTanobiT gaita-
    ca `siZvelisadmi grZnobam, pativma" da Zveli Tbilisis yofis romantizebuli
    formiT warmosaxva misi lirikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tema xdeba. `me Semiyvarda
    Zvel wignebis nesti da Jangio,” _ wers erTgan igi da es sityebi kargad ga-
    moxatavs im axali tendenciis arss, romelic am wlebidan moyolebuli, ganmsaz-
    Rvrel adgils ikavebs mis poeziaSi.
    ase TandaTanobiT mravldeba i. griSaSvilis poeziaSi leqsebi, romelTac
    warsulze andamaturi fiqri asazrdoebT. ramdenadac didia da romantikuli si-
    amayiT savse am gauxunar mogonebebze ocneba, imdenad amouwuravi naRveliTaa
    gaJRenTili Segneba imisa, rom Tanadrouli sinamdvile warsuli didebis
    mxolodRa usicocxlo aCrdilia. ai, rogor xmas gamoscems es tkivili vaxtang
    meeqvsisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi:
    ... dRes ki Sens `darbazs", simarTlisTvis aRnag-anagebs,
    sxvis `sajinibod" gadaqceuls mteri ganagebs.
    da... sapasuxod aRar gvyofnis sityva da mklavi.

    * * *
    im tendenciurma damokidebulebam, romelsac 20-30-iani wlebis literaturu-
    li kritika iCenda i. griSaSvilis Semoqmedebisadmi, Taviseburi zegavlena iqo-
    205
    nia poetis msoflmxedvelobaze. mogvianebiT igi ukve ideologiuri TvalTaxed-
    viT xsnida da axasiaTebda mis mier ganvlil poetur gzas. am TvalsazrisiT
    gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mwerlis mier sakuTari Semoqmedebis periodizacia.
    ai, ras werda igi amasTan dakavSirebiT 1944 wels giorgi jiblaZisadmi gagzav-
    nil werilSi:
    `am krebulSi (igulisxmeba poetis erTtomeuli, gamocemuli 1944 wels, li-
    teraturuli moRvaweobis ormoc wlisTavze _ a. n.) warmodgenilia mTeli Cemi
    SemoqmedebiTi gza. mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs or nakads Cems lirikaSi. pirve-
    li nakadi - intimur-satrfialo lirikisa iwyeba 1905 wlidan da Tavdeba 1920
    wels, xolo meore sazogadoebriv-moqalaqeobrivi motivebis nakadi, romlis Ca-
    nasaxebi Cems pirvel tomSiac gamokrTis, iwyeba 1921 wels da grZeldeba dRemde,
    rogorc gaZlierebuli, gabatonebuli da damoukidebeli mdinareba Cems Semoqme-
    debaSi.
    ... Seadarebs ra erTmaneTs am ori periodis leqsebs, mkiTxveli naTlad da-
    inaxavs, Tu ramdenad gaizarda ideurad ara marto avtori, aramed misi mkiTxve-
    lic...
    es wigni uambobs mkiTxvels. rom oqtombris didi revoluciis gamarjveba
    Cems samSoblo saqarTveloSi iyo agreTve Cemi ideuri da poeturi davaJkacebis
    dasawyisi..." (werilis sruli teqsti ix: g. jiblaZe, kritikuli etiudebi, III, gv.
    185).
    rogorc mkiTxveli damowmebuli fragmentiTac advilad SeamCnevs, citi-
    rebul werilSi i. griSaSvilis mier sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi gzis Sefaseba
    metad tendenciuria da bolomde ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. kerZod, avtoris
    mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, TiTqos ocian wlebamde daweril mis
    leqsebSi sazogadoebriv-moqalaqeobrivi Tematika mxolod Canasaxovani formiT
    vlindeboda da erTaderT ganmsazRvrel nakads intimur-satrfialo motivebi Se-
    adgenda, aSkarad mcdaria da miuRebeli.
    iseTi leqsebis avtori, rogorebicaa: `aSpaSxanisken", `trioletebi Sei-
    TanbazarSi", `1917 weli", `aleqsandre sumbaTaSvils", `samSoblos nangrevebSi",
    `tusaRis simRera"... mxolod kameruli ganwyobilebiT SemosazRvrul poetad ve-
    raviTar SemTxvevaSi ver CaiTvleba.
    i. griSaSvilis mier sakuTari poeziis ase calmxrivi Sefaseba arsebiTad
    ganapirobes im daJinebulma braldebebma, romelTac sabWoTa periodis litera-
    turuli kritika uyenebda mas. bevri kritikosis mier i. griSaSvilis lirika
    erotikad, uideo Semoqmedebad da sazogadoebriv-moqalaqeobrivi movlenebisagan
    gariyul mxatvrul nacodvilarad iyo miCneuli. am garemoebam arsebiTad ga-
    nsazRvra is mZafrad kritikuli pozicia, rasac i. griSaSvili Tavisi revolu-
    ciamdeli nawarmoebebis Sefasebis dros iCenda.
    rac Seexeba mtkicebas, TiTqos 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, poetis Semoq-
    medebaSi gabatonebul adgils sazogadoebriv-moqalaqeobrivi motivebi iWeren,
    Tematikis TvalsazrisiT es Tumca sworia, magram aqve isic unda iTqvas, ocdaa-
    Tiani wlebis Sua xanebidan i. griSaSvilis poeziaSi poeturi energiis mxatvru-
    li xarisxis TandaTanobiTi damdablebac rom aSkarad sagrZnobi xdeba. cxreba
    mxatvruli warmosaxvis simZafre, iSriteba SemoqmedebiTi fantazia, empiriuli
    da informaciuli nakadi zomaze metad iWreba leqsebSi, matulobs trafaretul-
    i da gacveTili poeturi gamosaxvis xerxebi.
    amdenad, sabWoTa periodis qarTul kritikaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba, TiT-
    qos i. griSaSvilis poeturma niWma srulyofili gamovlena mxolod am epoqaSi
    hpova, simarTles ar Seesabameba.
    rogorc wesi, i. griSaSvilis Semoqmedebaze daweril naSromebSi xazgasmu-
    ladaa wina planze wamoweuli poetis gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli Tbilisisadmi.
    marTlac, Znelia davasaxeloT sxva poeti, romelic misebr sisxlxorceulad
    iyos Sezrdili Tbilisis koloritTan, mis siZvelesTan da TanamedroveobasTan.
    `me Tbilisi miyvars, _ wers poeti erTgan, _ es poeziis Zveli akvani, es
    dardimanduli bohema, es saqarTvelos mTrTolvare guli, es... dasawyisi da da-
    sasruli Cemi arsobisa..." marTlac rom, `Tbilisi iyo misi leqsis maswavlebe-
    206
    li", masazrdoebeli wyaro da macocxlebeli Zala, ufro zustad, Zveli Tbili-
    sis yofa.
    marTalia, 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, i. griSaSvilma mTeli cikli Seq-
    mna Tbilisis aRmSeneblobis gamomxatveli leqsebisa, magram am nawarmoebebs
    naklebad modgams is Zala, simZafre da poeturi xilvis TviTmyofadoba, rac Zve-
    li Tbilisisadmi miZRvnil leqsebSi vlindeba. Cveni dedaqalaqis ganaxlebis sa-
    qebrad Seqmnili nawarmoebebi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT sustia, vid-
    re warsulis gaxunebuli landebiT nasazrdoebi leqsebi.
    `gamoTxoveba Zvel TbilisTan anu dudukis saari qars aRar moaqvs", `trio-
    loetebi SeiTan-bazarSi, `aSpaSxanisken", `geniosebis bedi Tbilisis bazarze..."
    sulieri dramatizmiT savse am leqsebSi, romelTac Cveni dedaqalaqis sauku-
    neebiT naqandakevi yofiTi koloriti kvebavs, gacilebiT meti poeturi energia
    vlindeba, vidre Tbilisis aRmSeneblobis gamomxatvel iseT nawarmoebebSi, ro-
    gorebicaa: `salami nariyaladan", `Tbilisi RamiT", `axali Tbilisi", `kirovis
    baRSi", `grigol orbeliani komkavSiris xeivanSi" da a. S. sabWoTa epoqis Sro-
    miT miRwevaTa amsaxvel am leqsebSi gamoxatuli paTetika iseT mxatvrul Zlie-
    rebasa da ganumeoreblobas ver iZens, rogorsac Zveli Tbilisisadmi miZRvnil
    nawarmoebebSi.
    amitomacaa, rom poeziis WeSmariti damfaseblisaTvis mxatvrul-esTetikuri
    TvalsazrisiT swored is leqsebia, upirveles yovlisa, faseuli, romelnic poe-
    tis dramatul sulier biografias gamoxataven. es yvelaferi avtoris si-
    cocxlis azri da mizanswrafva iyo, misi tkivili da sixaruli, misi poeturi
    STagonebis Ziri da fesvi.
    amitomac gaxda ase tragikulad mwvave ZvelTan gamoTxovebisa da axlis mi-
    Rebis procesi misTvis. am dakargulis, am iZulebiT daTmobilis Sedegad gulSi
    gaCenili tkivili gacilebiT ufro mZafri aRmoCnda, vidre axlis damkvidrebas-
    Tan dakavSirebuli sixaruli. poetis mier ocian wlebSi am siZvelisagan gan-
    dgoma da axalTan misvla ufro iZulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji iyo, vidre rwme-
    nis mowodebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
    erT-erTi pirveli leqsi, romelic Zveli Tbilisis yofiTaa nasazrdoebi,
    aris 1918 wels dawerili `trioletebi SeiTan-bazarSi". masSi poeturi ganumeo-
    reblobiT gamoixata mravali damaxasiaTebeli Strixi gardasuli cxovrebisa.
    swored aq, warsulis am Caumqral naRverdlebSi, mJRavndeba pirvelad yvelaze
    mZafri formiT siZvelisadmi erTgulebis fici:
    miyvars Tbilisi! irakliviT mudam mSfoTvari!
    da msurs aq movkvde, rom misi mze swvavdes Cems kubos,
    an msurs mtkvris talRam orTaWalis xrams damagubos
    (miyvars Tbilisi!.. irakliviT mudam mSfoTvari!).
    da me ar minda sxva anderZi araviTari:
    axliCeT mwvadi... aJRereT Tari...
    rom saiqios saiaTnova ar wameCxubos!
    miyvars Tbilisi!.. irakliviT mudam mSfoTvari
    da msurs aq movkvde, rom misi mze swvavdes Cems kubos.
    Zveli Tbilisisadmi gamJRavnebuli erTgulebis es grZnoba kidev ufro gam-
    Zafrda ori wlis Semdeg daweril leqsSi `aSpaSxanisken"; oRond im gansxva-
    vebiT, rom masSi ukve mwvavedaa gancdili Zvel wes-CveulebaTa gaqroba-gadagva-
    rebis tragedia.
    aSpaSxanisken, kldis qimidan javriT mziral nariyalasTan, gzadCavlili
    poetis gulSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba gardasuli cxovrebis romantika da gau-
    kuRmarTebuli sinamdvile. yaraCoxelis adgili kintos dauWeria Tavisi yalbi
    grZnobebiT. am dapirispirebis Sedegad Cndeba nostalgia, romelic amgvar naR-
    vlian xmas gamoscems:
    moqeifeno! Zvelma Tbilisma
    mec CamomarTva uZarRvo xeli, -
    magram sad aris Zveli Rvinis sma?
    sad aris Zveli yaraCoReli?
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    207
    gavtexav Wiqas, rom vaTqmevino:
    axlebSi ar myavs Zma-moyvaruli,
    da avtirdebi, rogorc es Rvino,
    kintos perangze CamoRvaruli.
    imis naTelsayofad, Tu ra sisxlxorceulad iyo poeti dakavSirebuli Zve-
    li Tbilisis yofiT tradiciebTan, usaTuod unda gavixsenoT farTod cnobili
    poeturi Sedevri _ `gamoTxoveba Zvel TbilisTan, anu dudukis saari qars aRar
    moaqvs" (1925 w.), leqsi, romelic poeturi gamoTxovebaa Zveli Tbilisis yavlaga-
    sul yofiT tradiciebTan.
    nawarmoebis siuJetur dramatizms ori diametralurad dapirispirebuli
    mxare gansazRvravs: warsulis gaqrobiT gaCenili usazRvro sevda da is axali
    sinamdvile, rasac am samudamod gamqrali romantikis adgili dauWeria. poeti
    fanatikuri mowiwebiT ixsenebs warsuli droebis saTuT suraTebs da erTbaSad
    xsnis fardas im saidumlos, rac mas ase TavdaviwyvebiT izidavs am siZveleSi.
    gardasul JamTa siRrmidan amozidul am naRvlian aRsarebas simZafres sZens ko-
    lorituli STambeWdaobiT gamoZerwili Strixebi uZvelesi yofisa.
    leqsi iwyeba mkiTxvelisaTvis imis SexsenebiT, Tu `ra suraTebi moqarga
    uwin" Zvelma Tbilisma. am siZveleTa avtoriseuli daxasiaTebis dros yurad-
    Rebis centrSi, uwinares yovlisa, Zveli Tbilisis bohemuri yofis STambeWdavi
    da kolorituli suraTebis gaxseneba eqceva. magaliTad:
    Tu Cagivlia siraCxanisken,
    dahkvirvebixar am quCebs kargad -
    gagaocebda rumbebis sisqe
    da Wianurze dakruli Carga.
    Zveli Tbilisis am kolorituli siZveleebis dacvisaTvis aqtiuri zrunva
    poets Tavis patriotul moqalaqeobriv movaleobad miaCnia. igi naTlad xedavs,
    rom drom, axalma viTarebam, mkveTrad da radikalurad Secvala Zveli cxov-
    rebis wesi da safuZveli gamoacala warsuliT romantikul gatacebas. amitoma-
    caa, rom igi Tanadgomas upirveles yovlisa mxolod im adamianebisagan elo-
    deba, romelTac jer kidev SemorCeniaT siZvelisadmi siyvaruli da pativiscema:
    siZvelisadmi grZnoba, pativi,
    Tu SenSi odnav mainc elvarebs -
    mixvdebi, ase andamativiT
    risTvis vdarajob Tbilisis karebs.
    mixvdebi, ratom ar daerida
    Cemi leqsebi poetTa kilvas
    da ratom vcdilob amieridan
    ase Tamamad warsulis xilvas.
    leqsis nostalgiur ganwyobilebas warsuli droebisTvis niSandoblivad
    damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebiseuli wesis Seclva-gadasxvafereba gansazRvravs. poe-
    tisaTvis gulisSemZvreli sinanulis sagnad qceula is faqti, rom axali yofi-
    Ti sinamdvile arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Zvelisgan:
    ai, seiri jer arnaxuli!
    sadRaa eSxi da silamaze!
    ar sCans urmebi moCardaxuli
    RamismTevlebiT bolnisis gzaze.
    Rvinos saflavze arvin migitans,
    Camoixia baRdadis foCi, -
    ex, sadRa naxav elam mikitans
    Tavis duqanTan mibmuli yoCiT!
    krivi, amqari, cekva, arTurma,
    es adaTebi ZvelTagan Zveli
    gadaiviwya sityvam qarTulma
    da damrCa... sevda waubaZveli.
    poeti ar malavs, rom Zveli Tbilisis kolorituli yofiTi sinamdvilis
    amgvari arsebiTi Secvla-gadasxvafereba, rac misi `waubaZveli sevdis" warmoq-
    mnis safuZveli xdeba, axali epoqaluri sinamdvilis Sedegia. Tu gaviTvaliswi-
    nebT imas, rom leqsi 1925 welsaa dawerili, advilad mivxvdebiT, romel epoqa-
    208
    sac gulisxmobs igi. Tumca obieqturoba moiTxovs aqve isic usaTuod iTqvas,
    rom yofiTi garemos aseTi mkveTri Secvla cxovrebis urbnistuli wesis gabato-
    nebamac arsebiTad ganapiroba da aq mxolod sabWoTa xelisufleba rodia damna-
    Save. Tavisi Tvalsazrisis naTelsayofad poeti mkveTrad gamovlenili kontras-
    tulobiT upirispirebs erTmaneTs warsulsa da awmyos:
    dudukis nacvlad _ qarxnis sayviri,
    dumbo da zili daaxSo rkinam.
    bulbuls _ yafaza, grZnobas _ aRviri,
    aRarc duduki... aRarc yiJina.
    da me ar vici viRas vemono,
    aseT yofaSi TiTqos movberdi...
    vrCebi otelo udezdemonod
    me, sxva cxovrebis winamorbedi.
    miuxedavad Zveli Tbilisisadmi amgvari `gauxunari" siyvarulisa, sul sxva
    yofasa da cxovrebaze meocnebe poeti iZulebuli xdeba, realur sinamdviles
    Tvali gausworos, Zvel dros samudamod gamoeTxovos da arsebiTad `Secvalos
    gzebi":
    Zvelo Tbiliso! Cemi miznebi
    aRar maqvs, gulSi rom ginaxavdi...
    gadawyda, unda Sevcvalo gzebi _
    Zvelo Tbiliso... gtoveb... naxvamdis...
    mkiTxveli advilad xvdeba, rom Zvel TbilisTan poetis gamoTxoveba iZu-
    lebis Sedegia, mkacri cxovrebiseuli realobiT ganpirobebuli aucilebloba
    da ara ganaxlebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsiT nakarnaxevi gadawyvetileba.
    leqsis emociuri zemoqmedebis efeqts arsebiTad gansazRvravs poeturi os-
    tatobis maRali done. im mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTagan, romelnic
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul rols asruleben, uwinares yovlisa, bgeriT-
    musikaluri keTilxmovanebiT gamorCeuli riTmebi unda movixsenioT. rogorc
    citirebul magaliTebSi gamoyenebuli riTmebiTac advilad mivxvdebiT, leqsis
    saSemsruleblo kulturis maRal dones mniSvnelovanwilad poetis mier maxvil-
    gonivrulad mignebuli swored amgvari keTilxmovani riTmebi gansazRvraven.
    i. griSaSvilis poeturi samyaros dasaxasiaTeblad aseve uaRresad sainte-
    reso leqsia `majama" (1920 w), romelSic poeturi formiTaa gamovlenili ro-
    gorc avtoris SemoqmedebiTi individualobis mxatvruli specifika, ise meoce
    saukunis pirveli ocwleulis Cveni literaturuli cxovrebis zogierTi tenden-
    cia.
    aq, pirvel yovlisa, akakis mier damkvidrebuli tradiciebisadmi avtoris
    damokidebuleba unda gamoiyos. rogorc cnobilia, akaki wereTelma, XIX sauku-
    nis sxva klasikosebTan erTad, ganmsazRvreli zegavlena moaxdina qarTuli poe-
    ziis ganviTarebis samomavlo gzebze. 1890-ian wlebSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamo-
    suli revoluciur-demokratiuli Taobis poetebma ver SeZles qarTuli poeturi
    kulturis Tvisebrivad axal safexurze ayvana da bevri ram maT SemoqmedebaSi
    qarTvel `samocianelTa" (upirveles yovlisa, akakis) literaturuli tradi-
    ciebiTaa gansazRvruli. uTuod es hqonda mxedvelobaSi i. griSaSvils, roca a.
    wereTlis misamarTiT aseTi mosazreba gamoTqva:
    Tumc akaki bevrs Cxubobda, daobda _
    magram mainc Zveli sityva daobda.
    daviRaleT Zveli droSis dacviTa,
    erTferobam gulis kovzi dacviTa.
    aq, ra Tqma unda, sakuTriv akakis poeturi Rvawlis moZveleba da gaufasu-
    reba ar igulisxmeba. avtors, rogorc Cans, mxedvelobaSi hyavda mimbaZvelTa is
    sakmaod mravalricxovani jgufi, romlis xelSic akakis leqsis sinatife da la-
    zaTi gacvda, daiSrita, primitivad gardaiqmna.
    im dros, roca i. griSaSvilis `majama" iwereboda, qarTul poeziaSi Tvi-
    sebrivi Zvrebi mimdinareobda da am ganaxlebis erT-erTi Ronieri warmomadgene-
    li am leqsis avtoric iyo.
    209
    nawarmoebis meore nawilSi poetma cada, sakuTari literaturuli profi-
    lis Sefasebac moeca im SemoqmedebiT ZiebebTan mimarTebiT, riTac aTiani wle-
    bis Cveni mwerloba xasiaTdeba. am TviTSefasebis amosavali debuleba amgvaradaa
    formulirebuli: `me evropam saxlSi ar Semiwvia..." am poetur aRiarebaSi pirda-
    piraa miTiTebuli im arsebiT Taviseburebaze, riTac aRmosavluri literaturu-
    li tendenciebiT nasazrdoebi i. griSaSvilis poezia xasiaTdeba.
    `majamaSi" gamovlenili es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro gaRrmavda 1922 wels
    Seqmnil leqsSi `me da evropa", romelSic Semdegnairad dakonkretda avtoris
    Sexeduleba evropul da aRmosavlur literaturul tradiciebTan misi damoki-
    debulebis Sesaxeb.
    miyvars leqsis sicxare, _ Tema aRmosavluri,
    magram mudam maRelvebs me evropa swavluli.
    CemSi ori grZnobaa, ori daudevroba:
    sinaze da sitlanqe, tfilisi da evropa.
    `majamaSi" kategoriuli formiT gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi _ `me evropam
    saxlSi ar Semiwviao" _ aq, rogorc vxedavT, erTgvarad Seicvala. amjerad poet-
    ma sakuTari Semoqmedeba am ori nakadis _ aRmosavlurisa da evropulis _ sinTe-
    zad miiCnia. aqve erT garemoebasac unda gaesvas xazi: evropasTan dasapirispi-
    reblad aRmosavluris, aziuris mniSvnelobiT avtori qalaq Tbilissa da masTan
    dakavSirebul tradiciebs asaxelebs. am ori nakadis urTierTSerwymis dros, po-
    etis azriT, ganmsazRvreli roli mainc aRmosavluri cxovrebisa da azrovnebis
    wess eniWeba. es kargad vlindeba Zveli Tbilisisadmi miZRvnili leqsebiT, saer-
    Tod, poetis mTeli SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT.
    rogorc zemoT ukve vnaxeT, sabWoTa epoqam mravali sirTule wamoWra mwer-
    lis winaSe. literaturuli kritikis araobieqturma da tendenciurma damoki-
    debulebam sakmaod gaaRariba poetis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba ocian wlebSi. am
    droisaTvis man, faqtobrivad, TiTqmis mTlianad aqcia zurgi lirikas da mecni-
    erulma kvleva-Ziebam gaitaca. am garemoebas Tavad poetic aRniSnavs xazgasmiT
    1931 wels daweril erT-erT leqsSi:
    Zmao poeto! es werili leqsi ar aris,
    Senc kargad ici, leqsebisTvis ara mcalian.
    me CaviZire Zvelmanebis sqel niJarebSi,
    sadac Zvirfasi margalitis madani budobs
    da martooden saqarTvelos warsuliT vsunTqav...
    ase TandaTanobiT gaRvivda da gamoikveTa poetis gansakuTrebuli siyvaru-
    li Zveli xelnawerebisa da wignebisadmi. amitomac advili warmosadgenia, sanam-
    de mividoda misi aRSfoTeba da gulistkivili, roca xedavda, bazrebsa da sa-
    vaWroebSi SesafuT qaRaldebad rogor uRvTod nadgurdeboda erovnuli sagan-
    Zuris didi nawili.
    da iwereba am aRSfoTebis gamomxatveli leqsi _ `geniosebis bedi Tbilisis
    bazarze", romelic tragikuli ironiiT gamsWvaluli toniT gamoxatavs am mkre-
    xelobiT gamowveul gulistkivils: `ai, sad hyria Cveni dideba! lamis sircxvi-
    liT amewvas loya! ai, qarTlis xma sad iyideba, _ javaxiSvilo da ingoroyva!!".
    ocian wlebSi mis winaSe wamoWrili mwvave msoflmxedvelobrivi proble-
    mebi i. griSaSvilma dramatuli formiT gaiazra vrcel leqsSi `saubari aso-
    TamwyobTan Cemi wignis dabeWdvis dros".
    es nawarmoebi, msgavsad am wlebSi dawerili sxva leqsebisa, Taviseburi ga-
    moZaxilia maSindeli literaturuli kritikis tendenciuri poziciisa mis mi-
    marT. kerZod, asoTamwyobis mier poetis Semoqmedebaze gamoTqmul Sexedu-
    lebebSi Serbilebuli formiT meordeba is braldebani, romelTa gamoc imJamin-
    deli kritika avtors Tanadroulobisagan gandgomas ukiJinebda. `unda SeigrZno
    axali xana, unda umRero rkinas da foladso", _ mimarTavs mas asoTamwyobi. amas
    mosdevs Sefaseba mwerlis mecnieruli moRvaweobisa:
    rad gvinda Seni daarqiveba,
    gayviTlebuli kabadonebi,
    aRar arian dRes batonebi
    da arc RmerTi sCans caSi sxivebad!
    210
    Sen ki masalas warsulSi xvetav,
    ar gwams miRweva uzarmazari...
    am SefasebebSi TiTqmis zustad meordeba sabWoTa kritikis mier poetis mi-
    samarTiT 20-30-ian wlebSi gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi. i. griSaSvilma scada ramde-
    nadme mainc uareyo asoTamwyobis amgvari nihilisturi pozicia da mkiTxveli-
    saTvis garkveuli warmodgena Seeqmna imJamindeli epoqaluri movlenebisadmi mis
    damokidebulebaze. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi igi ufro metad Tavs icavs waye-
    nebul braldebaTagan, magram am Tavdacvis dros misi gaorebuli poziciac aSka-
    rad vlindeba da leqsidan jer kidev ar Cans naTlad da erTmniSvnelovnad, av-
    torma sabolood gadalaxa Tu ara meryeobisa da msoflmxedvelobrivi yoymanis
    rTuli fsiqologiuri barieri.
    me SeiZleba ver vwerde ise,
    rogorc Sehferis axal droebas...
    amisTvis unda mCxvletdeT sadgisebs
    da `Tanamgzavrebs" kudSi moveba?!
    ... kargi! vsTqvaT, leqsi ver mogiZRveniT,
    nuTu amitom mteri var Tqveni?..
    aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom maSindelma kritikam principulad ar miiRo poe-
    tis es TviTkritikuli poziciac ki da mas mkveTrad uaryofiTi Sefaseba misca.
    ai, ras werda, magaliTad, am leqsTan dakavSirebiT cnobili proletaruli kri-
    tikosi benito buaCiZe: `vin gTxovaT, moqalaqe poeto, leqsis moZRvna? vin ras
    gerCiT imis gulisaTvis, rom axal droebisTvis Sesaferis leqss ver swerT;
    mxolod Seuferebelsac Tu aRar daswerT, es sul ukeTesi iqneba... aba Tqven
    TviTon sTqviT, viRas scalia exla _ `kocnis uzalTunebis" poeti SaravandediT
    Semosos. didebuli saqme dagiwyiaT:
    `vmuSaob CemTvis Cumad da yuCad.
    veZeb arxivSi yviTel citatebs,
    o, nu aigdebT Cems niWs abuCad,
    rom dRes leqsebi aRar mitacebs..."
    mSvenieria. kargia. saukeTeso gamosavalia Tqveni mdgomareobidan. arxivi da
    yviTeli citatebi _ `droTa sazRvarze SemoRamebis Jams" _ ukeTesi ra iqneba.
    Tqvenze nu vilaparakebT... (`mnaTobi", 1930, #1, gv. 172). kritikosis tendenciuri
    pozicia aq imdenad naTelia, rom komentari albaT zedmetia.
    ocdaaTiani wlebis meore naxevridan, rogorc ukve iTqva, pozitiurad ic-
    vleba literaturuli kritikis damokidebuleba i. griSaSvilis Semoqmedebisad-
    mi. Sesabamisad, poetmac sabolood gadalaxa axal epoqasTan damakavSirebel
    gzaze arsebuli fsiqologiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi barieri da am droidan mo-
    yolebuli misi leqsebis mTavari Tema Tanamedroveobis suliskveTebis gmirul-
    heroikuli warmosaxva gaxda.
    Tavisi sicocxlis bolo aTwleulSi ioseb griSaSvils ar Seuqmnia iseTi
    mxatvruli Zalis nawarmoebebi, romelnic poetis SemoqmedebiT biografias axal
    fersa da elvarebas Sematebdnen. es qronologiuri monakveTi raodenobriobis
    TvalsazrisiTac araa xelxvaviani. am periodSi Seqmnili leqsebis wamkiTxveli
    naTlad igrZnobs, rom avtoris poetur fantazias ukve daukecia axal-axal siv-
    rceTa dapyrobisa da daumcxrali Ziebis frTebi. SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena sag-
    rZnoblad dundeba da cxreba.
    poetis bolodroindel leqsebSi gafermkTalebuli saxiT warmoCinda misi-
    ve poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi niSnebi, rogorebicaa: mkafio individua-
    lobiTa da emociuri simZafriT aRbeWdili xatovani saxeebi; evfoniurad mdida-
    ri, originaluri riTmebi, aliteraciebi... es SemoqmedebiTi krizisi poetis jan-
    mrTelobis seriozulma gauaresebamac ganapiroba. bolo sami-oTxi wlis ganmav-
    lobaSi i. griSaSvils TiTqmis araferi dauweria, arc erTi poeturi striqoni
    aRar Seuqmnia.
    Tavisive sicocxleSi gamocemuli xuTtomeulis meore tomSi, i. griSaSvil-
    ma Tavi mouyara im nawarmoebebs, romlebic man sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyare-
    bis periodSi Seqmna. es leqsebi avtorma Tematuri principiT SearCia da daala-
    ga. mkiTxveli Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac naTlad dainaxavs, Tu riT iyo poeti
    211
    imJamad gatacebuli, ra afiqrebda da aRelvebda mas Tavisi cxovrebis am oTxi
    aTwleulis manZilze.
    am leqsebisaTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi mTavari niSani publi-
    cisturi aqtualoba da mkafiod gamovlenili moqalaqeobrivi JReradobaa. mar-
    Talia, es tendencia poetis adrindel SemoqmedebaSic mniSvnelovanwilad iyo
    gamoxatuli, magram SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore etapze misi momZlavreba
    aSkaraa. Tumca aqve isic kvlav unda gavimeoro, rom es aqtualoba mxolod iSvi-
    aTad Tu iZens sasurvel mxatvrul Zalmosilebas. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, poe-
    tis lirikaSi SemoWrili informaciuli nakadi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT saTa-
    nadod xorcSesxmuli veraa.
    i. griSaSvilis lirikaSi xSirad vxvdebiT leqsebs, romlebic cnobili is-
    toriuli pirovnebebisadmia miZRvnili (cikli `armaRanebi"). am ciklis bevri
    leqsi poetis sxva nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT aSka-
    rad sustia. pirovnebis Rvawlis Sefaseba aq arsebiTad zedapiruli qeba-di-
    debiTa da ubralo informaciuli aRweriT Semoifargleba. avtori iSviaTad
    axerxebs moZebnos is gadasaxedi, saidanac misTvis Cveuli originalobiT gamoC-
    ndeba pirovnebis saqveyno Rvawli.
    i. griSaSvilis bolo wlebis leqsebSi kvlav mniSvnelovan adgils iWers
    intimuri nakadi. maTSi raime niSnis mixedviT Semodian da mkvidrdebian liriku-
    li gmirisTvis maxlobeli is adamianebi, romelnic poetis suls sasiamovno mo-
    gonebebad Seezardnen. avtoris gulidan amomzeurebuli es intimuri gancdebi
    gansakuTrebul zemoqmedebas axdenen mkiTxvelze. `ra vqna, siyvaruls Sevwire
    yvela saaqaoc da saiqioca", - es sityvebi erTgvarad ajamebs sicocxlis gasaTa-
    varSi gasuli Semoqmedis cxovrebis Sinaarss.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom i. griSaSvili bolomde darCa siyvaruliT gulaRtki-
    nebul mgosnad, am intimur nakads bolo wlebSi organulad gadaexlarTa gaf-
    renil welTa simravliT mogvrili sevda. poetis lirikaSi mkvidrdeba saxe `mo-
    xuci satrfosi", romlis Tvalwarmtaci silamaze wlebs gahyva. satrfos axal-
    gazrdobisdroindeli mSvenierebisa da moxucobisdroindeli portretis erTma-
    neTTan kontrastuli Sepirispirebis Sedegad Cndeba naRvliani elegiuri ganwyo-
    bileba:
    gulSi sevdam daivana, - Zveleburad aRar brwyinav;
    welnazi da Tvalsxivana, Sen aseTi iyav winaT.
    ... gixile da davrCi saxtad, sTqvi, sad gaqra igi xana,
    mtkvris napiras anCisxatTan gamarTuli arifana?
    i. griSaSvilma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana sabavSvo poeziaSic. misi
    sabavSvo leqsebi gvxiblavs sisadaviTa da ubraloebiT, bavSvuri gulubryvi-
    lobiTa da miamitobiT, azrobrivi gonebamaxvilobiTa da sityvafrTianobiT. di-
    daqtikur-damrigeblobiTi toni, romelic poetis sabavSvo nawarmoebTa Tanmxle-
    bi elementia, Sinagani bunebriobiT xasiaTdeba, damajerebelia da mizanmimarTu-
    li.
    Tavad elvare SemoqmedebiTi niWis poeti mravali usaxelo da daviwyebuli
    avtoris Wirisufladac mogvevlina. ecnobi i. griSaSvilis literaturul weri-
    lebs da aSkarad grZnob, rogori gatacebiT ikvlevda da swavlobda is uCinar
    SemoqmedTa damsaxurebasac. ramdeni mtverwayrili faqti gaacocxla man maTi mi-
    viwyebuli cxovrebidan, ramdeni sxivufinari xelnaweri da dokumenti gamoamzeu-
    ra da Semoitana samecniero mimoqcevaSi, ramdeni minacruli saxeli Semata
    erovnuli kulturis istorias! am mxrivac misi Rvawli ganuzomlad didia da
    xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi.
    kiTxulob mwerlis statiebs da ar SeiZleba ar gadmogedos is gatacebuli
    siyvaruli, riTac es werilebi iwereboda. am uCinar adamianTa cxovrebiseuli
    bed-iRbali i. griSaSvilisaTvis iseve saintereso da Zvirfasi iyo, rogorc
    mxatvruli sityvis meufeTa Rvawli.
    es Tviseba _ Tavdadebuli gataceba mecnieruli kvleva-ZiebiT _ misi Semoq-
    medebiTi bunebis iseve ganmsazRvreli niSani iyo, rogorc poeturi STagoneba.
    vin icis, am mimarTulebiT daxarjulma energiam ramdeni dauwereli poeturi
    212
    striqoni Seiwira. magram i. griSaSvilis es werilebica da gamokvlevebic misi
    literaturuli Rvawlis bunebriv nawiladaa qceuli.
    i. griSaSvilis bolo wlebis lirikaSi mkafiod gamovlinda sakuTari Se-
    moqmedebiTi Rvawlis TviTkritikuli Sefasebis tendencia. poeti mokrZalebul
    Sefasebas aZlevs Tavis monagars da gulwrfeli daeWvebiT kiTxulobs:
    wignebs Taroze vin momiTavsebs?
    vin momigonebs cremlTa TqeSiTa?
    Cems Sesandobars vin dalevs savse
    mamapapeul azarfeSidan?
    vis unda darCes amdeni leqsi?
    Cemi gogona visi iqneba?
    ai, kiTxvebi ugulwrfelesi,
    ai, ra mtanjavs da mefiqreba!
    sakuTari poeturi namoRvawarisadmi aseTi kritikuli midgoma im didi pa-
    suxismgeblobis maCvenebelia, romelic, sazogadod, axasiaTebs i. griSaSvils,
    rogorc mwerals. `Tu Cemi leqsebis javari erTs mainc emaxsovreba, vityvi: uq-
    mad ar gavlie Cemi patara cxovreba", _ werda igi erT Tavis leqsSi (`epitafia").
    siyvaruli, rasac qarTveli mkiTxveli iCens ioseb griSaSvilis lirikisad-
    mi, imis utyuari dasturia, rom poetis leqsis javari erovnuli mwerlobis
    WeSmaritad saintereso monapovaria, romelic fergauxunar lazaTs matebs qar-
    Tuli poeziis mravalferovan samyaros.

    galaktion tabiZe
    qarTul lirikul poezias arc erTi poetis SemoqmedebaSi ar miuRwevia ise-
    Ti poeturi simaRlisa da srulqmnilebisaTvis, rogorc galaktion tabiZesTan.
    dRes, albaT, aravis dasWirdeba argumentirebuli mtkiceba imisa, rom galaktio-
    ni yoveli droisa da epoqis erT-erTi yvelaze didi qarTveli lirikosia, swo-
    rupovari da ubadlo ostati qarTuli lirikuli poeziisa.
    galaktion tabiZe daibada 1891 wlis 17 (Zv. stiliT 5) noembers vanis raio-
    nis sofel WyviSSi. poetis winaprebi _ giorgi tabiZe da misi Zmebi aq 1804 wels
    dasaxlebulan. rogorc imereTis mefis _ solomon meoris mier 1803 wels gace-
    muli `wyalobis wigniT" irkveva, WyviSSi isini xonidan gadasaxlebulan materia-
    luri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad.
    poetis mama _ vasili 1891 wels, galaktionis dabadebamde rva TviT adre,
    gardaicvala. 1892 wels, mis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTi `iveria"
    (#62) iuwyeboda: `sikvdilma gamoacala am sofels erTi axalgazrda maswav-
    lebeli v. tabiZe. gansvenebuli iyo adgilobrivi mRvdlis Svili, quTaisis sasu-
    liero saswavlebelSi kursSesrulebuli. amas hqonda am sofelSi Tavisi xar-
    jiT gamarTuli skola da didis gulmodginebiT eweoda maswavleblis uRels...
    misi moRvaweoba samaswavleblo asparezzed yovlad uangaro iyo... is iyo aRvsi-
    li mxolod erTis azriT: Tavisi wvlili Seetana glex-kacis ganaTlebis saqme-
    Si".
    galaktionis deda _ makrine adeiSvili mezobeli soflis _ sapaiWaos
    (yumuris) mkvidri iyo, kargi meojaxe da Svilebze gadamkvdari deda. naadrevad
    daqvrivebulma makrinem Rirseulad uwinamZRvra Svilebs da keTilsindisierad
    moixada Tavisi deduri vali.
    1899 wels galaktioni dedam quTaisSi Caiyvana da saswavleblad dekanoz
    nestor yubaneiSvilis saxlSi gaxsnil kerZo erTklasian mosamzadebel skola-
    Si miabara. 1900 wels igi aqve sasuliero saswavlebelSi Cairicxa, sadac 1908
    wlamde swavlobda.
    sasuliero saswavlebeli bagratis taZris gverdiT, arqielis goraze, iyo
    moTavsebuli. g. tabiZis poeturi biografia quTaisSi mowafeobis wlebSi daiwyo.
    213
    aq daiwera da gamoqveynda misi pirveli leqsebi, mogvianebiT ki, 1914 wels, aqve
    gamoica poetis pirveli wignic.
    1908 wels, sasuliero saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, g. tabiZem swavla
    Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi ganagrZo, sadac kidev ufro gamoikveTa misi
    poeturi interesebi. am droidan moyolebuli galaktionis leqsebi sistematu-
    rad ibeWdeba presaSi.
    1908 welsve galaktioni iwyebs xelnaweri Jurnalis _ `Suqis" gamoSvebas.
    Jurnalis irgvliv Semokrebil seminarielTagan, upirveles yovlisa, unda dava-
    saxeloT demonis fsevdonimiT cnobili niWieri axalgazrda mwerali quCu qav-
    TaraZe, romelmac 1910 wels TviTmkvlelobiT daamTavra sicocxle. galaktioni
    SeZra uaxloesi megobris TviTmkvlelobam da sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnilma
    sabolood miatova seminaria.
    miuxedavad im didi SemoqmedebiTi warmatebisa, romelic g. tabiZem seminari-
    aSi swavlis wlebSi moipova, imdroindeli misi cxovreba savsea mZafri Sinagani
    winaaRmdegobebiTa da sirTuleebiT. umegobrobiTa da martoobiT SeZrwunebuli
    poeti sulieri oblobis mtanjveli grZnobiTaa Sepyrobili. SemTxveviTi ar
    aris is garemoeba, rom imdroindeli misi leqsebis mTavar Temad swored am tki-
    vilis gamoxatvaa qceuli.
    sulieri oblobisa da cxovrebis amaoebis tragikuli gancda galaktionis
    adrindel leqsebSive filosofiuri TvalTaxedviTaa gaazrebuli. maTSi mZaf-
    rad igrZnoba literaturul tradiciaTa, upirveles yovlisa ki n. baraTaSvi-
    lis poeziis gamoZaxili. yovelive amas pirad cxovrebaSi TavCenili winaaRmde-
    gobanic emateba. am winaaRmdegobebma imdenad gatexa yrma poeti, rom 1909 wels
    TviTmkvlelobis mizniT man Tavic moiwamla, magram, sabednierod, droze mius-
    wres da gadaarCines. TviTmkvlelobis es mcdeloba, samwuxarod, sulac ar
    yofila SemTxveviTi movlena da aseTi cdebi momavalSic araerTgzis ganmeorda,
    rac sabolood, rogorc cnobilia, tragikuli SedegiT dasrulda.
    1910 wels g. tabiZem seminariaSi swavlas Tavi daaneba da xaragaulis raio-
    nis sof. farcxnalis samrevlo skolis maswavleblad daiwyo muSaoba. aq igi
    1911 wlis ivnisamde rCeba.
    1911 wlis ivnisSi g. tabiZem maswavleblobas Tavi daaneba da sacxovreblad
    quTaisSi gadavida, sadac xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi aq gamomavali gaze-
    Tebis - `kolxidis", `mnaTobisa" da `Tanamedrove azris" redaqciebSi muSaobda.
    quTaisSi damkvidrebuli poeti aqtiur SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas eweva. misi na-
    warmoebebi sistematurad ibeWdeba presaSi. literaturuli sazogadoebrioba aR-
    tacebulia mwerlis poeturi warmatebebiT, risi dadasturebacaa is Sefasebebi,
    romelTac mis leqsebs aZleven: a. wereTeli, k. abaSiZe, i. griSaSvili, i. gomar-
    Teli, t. tabiZe, a. papava, i. imedaSvili, a. abaSeli, r. fancxava (xomleli)...
    1912 wels g. tabiZem monawileoba miiRo gazeT `Temis" literaturul kon-
    kursSi, sadac misma leqsma _ `uxilavi" mesame premia daimsaxura.
    1914 wels, didi xnis mcdelobis Semdeg, gamodis galaktionis leqsebis pir-
    veli wigni, 1919 wels ki meore poeturi krebuli _ `Tavis qala artistuli yva-
    vilebiT".
    1918 wels g. tabiZem daamTavra moskovis scenismoyvareTa eqvsTviani sa-
    reJisoro kursebi. amave wlis zafxulSi igi samSobloSi brundeba da aqtiurad
    ebmeba axlad saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobamopovebuli qveynis yoveldRiur
    cxovrebaSi.
    1922-23 wlebSi poeti sakuTar literaturul organosac scemda
    saxelwodebiT _ `galaktion tabiZis Jurnali", romelic ociani wlebis erT-er-
    Ti saukeTeso perioduli gamocemaa.
    1924 wels Jurnal `mnaTobis" mexuTe nomerSi daibeWda g. tabiZis poema `mo-
    gonebebi im dReebisa, roca ielva", romelic mwvave poeturi gamoZaxilia im tra-
    gediisa, 1921-24 wlebSi rom daatyda Tavs saqarTvelos. am faqts Sedegad is moh-
    yva, rom Jurnalis aRniSnuli nomeri gaanadgures (gadarCa mxolod ramdenime
    cali), galaktioni ki xanmokle droiT daapatimres da metexis cixeSi moaTavses.
    214
    1927 wels gamovida g. tabiZis leqsebis erTtomeuli, romelmac literatu-
    ruli sazogadoebriobis udidesi yuradReba daimsaxura. am wigniT kidev ufro
    cxadad da Tvalxilulad warmoCinda galaktionis udidesi Rvawli qarTuli
    poeziis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis saqmeSi.
    1927 wels, rogorc cnobilia, qarTvel mweralTa erTma nawilma Ca-
    moayaliba axali literaturuli dajgufeba `arifionis" saxelwodebiT. `arifi-
    onelTa" saprogramo manifests sxvebTan erTad galaktionic awerda xels. manam-
    de igi akademiur mweralTa asociaciis warmomadgenelTa Sorisac moixsenieba.
    magram, erT SemTxvevaSic da meoreSic, poeti am literaturul asociaciaTa wev-
    rad mxolod formalurad Tu CaiTvleba, vinaidan maT saqmianobaSi aqtiuri
    praqtikuli monawileoba mas arasodes miuRia.
    ociani wlebis bolodan g. tabiZis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi iZulebiTi
    ideologiuri gardatexis etapi dgeba da misi poeziis erT-erTi mTavari Tema
    epoqalur movlenaTa gandideba xdeba. es iyo samwuxaro Sedegi im damTrgunveli
    ideologiuri politikisa, romelic axalma xelisuflebam gaabatona qveyanaSi.
    ideologizaciis es procesi poetis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebiT farTo
    masStabebs ociani wlebis bolosa da ocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi iZens, ro-
    ca iwereba poeturi ciklebi: `epoqa", `pacifizmi", `revolucionur saqarTvelos".
    xelisufleba yvelanairad cdilobda Tavis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina poeti da igi
    epoqalur dakveTaTa gziT etarebina. swored am mizniT igzavneba is 1928 wels
    moskovSi komunisturi internacionalis VI kongresis muSaobaSi monawileobis
    misaRebad da sabWoTa kavSiris samrewvelo qalaqebSi samogzaurod, 1929 wels
    ki somxeTSi.
    1932 wels, saqarTvelos ssr cakis dadgenilebiT, samwerlo asparezze ga-
    mosvlis 25-e wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad, g. tabiZes saxalxo poetis wodeba da le-
    ninis ordeni miekuTvna. 1935 wels mweralma monawileoba miiRo kulturis dac-
    vis parizis msoflio kongresis muSaobaSi.
    magram, am faqtebis gverdiT, aqve, imave periodSi, xelisuflebisganac da
    mweralTaganac arc mtruli damokidebulebis magaliTebia saZebari: 1929-32
    wlebSi meuRlis gadasaxleba uzbekeTSi politikuri braldebiT, 1937 wels co-
    lis xelmeored dapatimreba da samudamo gadasaxleba, oficialur literatu-
    rul RonisZiebaTagan TiTqmis sruli ignorireba... samwuxarod, aseTi sirTu-
    leebi da winaaRmdegobani mudmivad sdevda Tan poetis pirovnul cxovrebas.
    1944 wels g. tabiZe saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil wevrad
    airCies.
    1959 wels poetma TviTmkvlelobiT daamTavra sicocxle. igi dasafla-
    vebulia mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa mTawmindis panTeonSi.

    * * *
    galaktion tabiZis poeturi biografia 1908 wlidan iwyeba `Cvens kvalsa" da
    `amiranSi" gamoqveynebuli pirveli leqsebiT. es dRe poets Tavisi cxovrebis
    `yvelaze ukeTes da bednier dRed" miaCnda. misi SefasebiT, am movlenis Sedegad
    igi TiTqos `viwro da bneli saknidan Tavisufal asparezze amovida da yvelgan,
    sadac Tvali gaswvdeboda, iyo mze, moZraoba da sinaTle".
    am droidan moyolebuli, g. tabiZis leqsebi sistematurad ibeWdeba perio-
    dul presaSi da literaturuli sazogadoebriobis cxoveli yuradRebis cen-
    trSi eqceva. swored amis dadasturebaa is didi interesi, romelsac qarTuli
    mwerlobis cnobili warmomadgenlebi iCenen axalgazrda poetis Semoqmedebisad-
    mi. miuxedavad imisa, rom galaktionis adrindeli leqsebis erTi nawili poetur
    srulyofilebasac iyo moklebuli da XIX saukunis literaturul tradicaTa
    aSkara zegavlenasac ganicdida, mxatvruli warmosaxvis ostatobiTac da Tvi-
    sebrivi bunebiTac isini mainc mkafiod Candnen imJamindeli literaturuli pro-
    cesis fonze.
    poeturi individualobis Ziebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis es etapi g. tabiZis
    poeziaSi aTiani wlebis Sua xanebamde grZeldeba. 1914-15 wlebamde daweril leq-
    sebSi, mermindel mis poetur qmnilebebTan SedarebiT, naklebad vlindeba mkveT-
    215
    ri TavisTavadobiT aRbeWdili mxatvruli xatwera. axalgazrda poetis araerT
    leqsSi aSkarad igrZnoba XIX saukunis poeturi inercia. aqtiurad ar mimdina-
    reobs axal versifikaciul da ritmul-musikalur formaTa Ziebis procesi. riT-
    maTa evfoniur struqturaSi jer kidev araa momxdari Tvisebrivi gardatexa. sak-
    maod gvxvdeba gasul saukuneTa frazeologizmebisa da specifikuri leqsikuri
    erTeulebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi. poeturi ena naklebadaa aRbeWdili sityvi-
    er mimoqcevaTa im magiuri idumalebiT, romelic sul male galaktionis Semoq-
    medebis erT-erT umTavres saocrebad iqca.
    winamorbed poetTagan yvelaze met sulier siaxloves g. tabiZe n. baraTaS-
    vilTan avlens. galaktionis adrindel poeziaSi TiTqmis xelmeored, axali emo-
    ciuri ZalmosilebiTaa gancdil-gaazrebuli sulieri oblobisa da cxovrebise-
    uli amaoebis is problemuri sakiTxebi, romlebic baraTaSvilis lirikis umTav-
    resi gansjis sagnadaa qceuli. winapari poetis SemoqmedebasTan sulieri
    siaxlovis dasturad aseve unda aRiniSnos cxovrebiseuli realobis aRqma-gaaz-
    rebis msoflmxedvelobriv principTa msgavsebani, mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT sa-
    SualebaTa mizanswrafuli Tanxvdomis calkeuli SemTxvevebi da a. S.
    aseve calke, sagangebod, unda aRiniSnos is memkvidreobiTi Sinagani kavSi-
    ri, romelic a. wereTlisa da g. tabiZis Semoqmedebas Soris arsebobs.
    1914 wels, samwliani aqtiuri mcdelobis Semdeg, quTaisSi galaktionma SeZ-
    lo pirveli wignis gamocema. saamiso samzadiss igi 1912 wlidan Sedgomia da
    xelismomwerTa Segrovebac ucdia, magram, poetisave TqmiT, misi es ganzraxva
    `warmoudgeneli katastrofiT Tavdeba: wigns winaswar mxolod 15 kacma moawera
    xeli". aseve `sruli fiaskoTi damTavrda" poeturi krebulis gamocemis mcde-
    loba 1913 welsac. ocnebis asruleba poetma mxolod 1914 wels SeZlo _ bolos
    da bolos, didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, man moaxerxa mkiTxvelTa samsjavroze ga-
    moetana, rogorc Tavadve ambobs, Tavisi `mwuxare wigni", romelSic Tavmoyrili
    leqsebiT qarTul poeziaSi sruliad axal etaps eZleoda dasabami.
    literaturuli sazogadoebrioba wigns udidesi interesiT Sexvda, risi da-
    dasturebacaa masze gamoqveynebuli araerTi recenzia da gamoxmaureba. g. tabi-
    Zis saxeli kidev ufro farTod gaxmianda mwerlur samyaroSic da mkiTxvelTa
    farTo wreebSic. yvela erTsulovnad aRiarebda, rom galaktionis saxiT qar-
    Tul poezias udidesi perspeqtivebis mqone Semoqmedi Semoemata. axalgazrda po-
    etis leqsebi miCneuli iyo poetur tradiciaTa Rirseul gagrZelebad. kritikos-
    SemfasebelTa azriT, galaktioni `msoflio sevdis" gamomxatveli poeti iyo,
    `uxvad dajildoebuli RvTiuris cecxliT", `martoobis ordenis kavaleri", idu-
    mali jados mflobeli Semoqmedi... ase Seafasa aTiani wlebis literaturulma
    sazogadoebriobam g. tabiZis pirveli wigni. es Semfasebelni ki ra did mwerlur
    avtoritetebsac warmoadgendnen, amaze maTi saxelebis gaxsenebac ikmarebda _ a.
    wereTeli, i. gomarTeli, k. abaSiZe, i. imedaSvili, a. abaSeli, t. tabiZe...
    g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi Tavidanve ikveTeba is maRali adamianuri idealebi,
    romlebic avtoris dauokebeli mizanswrafvis sagnad iyo qceuli da umTavres
    cxovrebiseul orientirebad dasaxuli. am idealTagan upirveles adgils erov-
    nuli da pirovnuli Tavisuflebisaken swrafva iWers. saqarTvelos samomavlo
    bednierebis umTavres pirobad poets monobis borkilebis msxvreva miaCnia.. axal-
    gazrda poets guls uklavs Segneba imisa, rom bunebaSi gamefebuli sanatreli
    Tavisuflebis sapirispirod qveynad `tyvedqmnili" sinamdvile damkvidrebula:
    `Tavisufleba aRara gvaqvs, Tavisufleba! itireT, Zmebo! cremli dagvrCa manuge-
    Seblad". ase mZafria da unapiro tanjvis momgvreli axalgazrda poetisaTvis
    Tavisuflebis dakargvis gacnobierebiT gaCenili mwuxarebis pirovnuli gancda.
    g. tabiZis adrindel lirikaSi sulieri oblobis grZnobas sxva arsebiTi
    faqtorebic ganapirobebda. erTis mxriv, es iyo bavSvobisdroindel iluziebTan
    da ocnebebTan gamoTxovebis samwuxaro nayofi. r. TvaraZis sityvebiT Tu vity-
    viT, `bavSvobisdroindeli harmoniis rRvevisa" da `pirovnebis mier sakuTari ar-
    sebis Ziebis", `TavisTavSi CaRrmavebisa da meobis Secnobis" Sedegad gaCenili
    adamianuri martoobis tragikuli gancda. meores mxriv, `garkveuli (gardamava-
    li) asakis fsiqikur da fiziologiur cvlilebaTa" safuZvelze aRmocenebuli
    216
    sulieri oblobis es sevda, `Semecnebis procesiT verdaZleuli, maSasadame _
    azrovnebiT dadasturebuli martoobiT, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi faqti-
    Tac", iyo ganpirobebuli.
    garda dasaxelebuli mizezebisa, poetis SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuTrebiT aTia-
    ni wlebis lirikaSi, umTavres mimarTulebad damkvidrebul am grZnobas sxva
    faqtorebic ganapirobeben: literaturul tradiciaTa Taviseburi zegavlena da
    gamoZaxili, qveynad damkvidrebuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba, Tavad
    poetis pirovnul-fsiqikuri buneba da adamianebTan misi damokidebulebis Sinaga-
    nad rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi...
    sulieri oblobisa da ganwirulobis tragikul gancdas poetis warmosaxva-
    Si kidev ufro amwvavebs cxovrebis gzaze av bediswerad adevnebuli Savi yorani
    _ n. baraTaSvilis poeziidan kargad cnobili borotebis xorcSesxmuli saxe-
    simbolo, romelic amave azrobriv alegoriad aris gamoyenebuli g. tabiZis cno-
    bil leqsSic `Savi yorani" (1911 w.). Savi yorani poetma im demonur Zalad war-
    mogvidgina, romelic mas sinaTlisaken saval gzas uxSobs da rwmenas umsxvrevs.
    galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi esodeni simZafriT gamovlenili sulieri oblo-
    bisa da imedgacruebis tragikuli TviTgancda msoflmxedvelobrivi gansja-gaaz-
    rebis nayofi rom aris, naTlad Cans misi araerTi poeturi nawarmoebidan. axal-
    gazrda mwerlisaTvis Tavzardamcemi iyo gacnobiereba imisa, `rom sabolood
    moxda gaTiSva sinamdviles da ocnebas Soris".
    amas emateboda isic, rom adamianuri yofis arsze filosofiurad dafiq-
    rebul axalgazrda galaktions ufro da ufro umtkicdeboda cxovrebis warma-
    vlobis rwmena. amqveyniuri yofis amaoebiT Tavzardacemul poets sasowarkveTa
    xandaxan imdenadac Seipyrobda, rom yvelaferze xelCaqneuli sicocxles uaz-
    robad Tvlida. aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi, igi baraTaSviliseburi fiqrianobiT
    cdilobda adamianuri arsebobis azrisa da daniSnulebis gacnobierebas. `rad
    vcxovrob, risTviso?" _ kiTxulobda, magaliTad, is erTgan, magram amqveyniuri
    yofis es filosofiuri mizanswrafva miuwvdomel saidumlod esaxeboda:
    vwuxvar, veZaxi cxovrebis mizans,
    magram aravin iZleva pasuxs.
    sulieri oblobisa da martoobis es koSmaruli gancda g. tabiZis mxolod
    adrindeli poeziis Tanamdevi movlena ar aris da igi Tavidan bolomde gasdevs
    mTel mis Semoqmedebas.
    lirikuli gmiris sulieri oblobisa da martoobis galaktioniseuli ga-
    moxatva gansakuTrebul masStabebs mainc `me da RameSi" iZens. poeturi osta-
    tobis natifi da daxvewili kulturiT, lirikuli gancdis saocari gulwrfe-
    lobiTa da uSualobiT, saTqmelis gaazrebis ganzogadebulobiT `me da Rame" g.
    tabiZis adrineli lirikis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi nimuSia. imis gamo, rom es
    leqsi, aTiani wlebis Sua xanebamde Seqmnil ramdenime lirikul SedevrTan er-
    Tad, yvelaze metad gamoxatavs galaktionis msoflmxedvelobriv TvalTaxedva-
    sac da poeturi ostatobis TviTmyofadobasac, igi yovelTvis iyo literaturu-
    li kritikis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagnad qceuli.
    sabWoTa periodis bevri kritikosi ideologiuri tendenciurobiT ganmar-
    tavda nawarmoebis mizandasaxulobas da `me da RameSi" gamoxatuli pirovnuli
    martoobisa da pesimizmis gancdas, uwinares yovlisa, im mZime viTarebiT xsnida,
    romelmac reaqciis wlebSi, pirveli revoluciis damarcxebis Semdgom periodSi,
    moicva sazogadoeba. meoreni leqsis Sinaarss romantikul-simbolisturi lite-
    raturuli principnebiT poetis gatacebas ukavSirebdnen.
    magram am mosazrebaTa avtorebi nawarmoebis ideur-msoflmxedvelobrivi
    arsis gaazrebis dros calmxrivobas iCendnen da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, aSkarad
    uvlidnen gverds im mTavarsa da arsebiTs, rac sinamdvileSia leqsSi gamoxatu-
    li da romlis axsnac metad saintereso da damajerebeli argumentebis safuZ-
    velze mogvca r. TvaraZem.
    mkvlevaris marTebuli dakvirvebiT, `me da Rame" `es iyo martoobis, suliT
    oblobis Temaze Seqmnili pirveli nawarmoebi, romliTac galaktion tabiZe gae-
    mijna rogorc asakismier bundovan gancdas, ise winaparTa gavlenas da martosu-
    217
    loba sakuTar msoflmxvedvelobriv faqtad aqcia. aq dasrulda mecxramete sau-
    kunis xelwera da Seiqmna axali epoqis `suli oboli", romelmac Semdgom da
    Semdgom, Tavis mxriv, sul sxva sadinarebs gaukvala gza Tavad galaktion tabi-
    Zis (agreTve sxva poetebis) lirikaSi".
    g. tabiZis poeziaSi Tavidanve daimkvidra didi adgili sicocxlis sazrisis
    Ziebisa da cxovrebis miusafrobidan Tavdasaxsnel gzaTa mignebis problemam.
    sawuTro poetis winaSe mraval umwvaves kiTxvas svamda, romlebzec pasuxis ga-
    cema da samomavlo orientirebis dasaxva urTules saqmed qceuliyo. metad mniS-
    vnelovania is faqti, rom sicocxlis sazrisis maZiebeli galaktionis cnobie-
    rebaSi xvalindeli dRis perspeqtivaze fiqri ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba saqveyno
    movaleobis TviTSegnebas (`sad?" 1913 w.).
    saiT mivyevar Cems mowyenil gzas,
    sad vpoveb Svebas miusafari?
    ras momcems iseTs me saqarTvelo,
    da an ras miscems mas Cemi qnari?
    poetis mwuxarebas arsebiTad gansazRvravda is garemoeba, rom arsad Canda
    cxovrebis miusafrobidan Tavdasaxsneli es gza. umizno dReebis tyveobaSi moq-
    ceuli mwerali amaod eZebda sasowarmkveTi mdgomareobidan gamosavals: `mar-
    todmarto var... visac ocneba edemis ciur xatebad sTvlida, visac siyrmiTve me
    Tayvans vscemdi, yvela momcilda, yvela wavida. auxdenel fiqrs vin ar igonebs,
    Zvel ocnebebze romeli ar swuxs? vwuxvar, veZaxi Cems siymawviles, magram ara-
    vin iZleva pasuxs!"
    aseT tragikul mdgomareobaSi moaqcia poeti mkacrma cxovrebiseulma rea-
    lobam. miuxedavad imisa, rom sicocxlis umiznobasa da uperspeqtivobaze avto-
    ris es naRvliani godeba mowyvetili ar aris konkretul yofiT-epoqalur sinam-
    dviles, igi, uwinares yovlisa, mainc cxovrebiseuli amaoebisa da adamianis
    sulieri oblobis ganzogadebuli filosofiuri gansja-gaazrebis nayofia, yove-
    li droisa da epoqis didi pirovnebisaTvis maradiulad Tanamdevi Sinagani da-
    eWveba, idealad warmosaxul sinamdvilesa da yofiT yoveldRiurobas Soris ar-
    sebuli dauZleveli ufskrulis tragikuli TviTgancdis poeturi Sedegi.
    cxovrebis amaoebisa da warmavlobis gancdas g. tabiZis adrindel lirika-
    Si filosofiuri Sinaarsi aqvs SeZenili. romantikuli grZnobebiT Sepyrobili
    axalgazrda meocnebe poeti uRrmesi mwuxarebiT aRwers, rogor erTianad am-
    sxvrevs mkacri cxovrebiseuli realoba amaRlebul idealebs. misTvis Tavzar-
    damcemia gacnobiereba imisa, rom adamiani uZluria win aRudges kacTa Soris ga-
    mefebul gulqvaobasa da yovlis warmavlobas, rom namdvili da WeSmariti siyva-
    ruli mxolod iluziaa.
    galaktionis adrindel lirikaSi am TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi saukeTeso na-
    warmoebia `mesaflave" (1912 w.), romlis umTavres Rirsebas problemis origina-
    luri dasma-gaazreba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed sayovelTaod cnobili cxov-
    rebiseuli WeSmaritebis poeturi eqspresiiT gamoxatva. nawarmoebis Seqmnis um-
    Tavresi mizandasaxuloba imis gacnobierebuli gaazrebaa, rom `samudamod asama-
    rebs kacTa xsovnas samaris qva". am Tavzardamcemi WeSmaritebis Secnobamde leq-
    sis lirikuli gmiri ulmobelma cxovrebiseulma realobam miiyvana.
    `mesaflave" ori, erTmaneTisagan diametralurad gansxvavebuli, msoflmxed-
    velobrivi mrwamsis urTierTdapirispirebis maCvenebeli nawarmoebia. erTi maTga-
    nis gamomxatvelia Tavad poeti _ romantikuli ocnebebiTa da idealebiT gulan-
    Tebuli axalgazrda kaci, romelsac daueWveblad swams siyvarulis simtkice
    da maradiuloba, meorisa ki cxovrebis aTasgvar WirSi gamovlili mesaflave,
    romelic didma gamocdilebam Rrmad daarwmuna imaSi, rom cxovreba TvalTma-
    qcobaa, WeSmariti amaRlebuli adamianuri grZnobebi ki mxolod moCveneba.
    sulieri oblobisa da sevdis gamomxatveli leqsebis gverdiT g. tabiZis
    adrindel poeziaSi sakmao adgils iWers avtoris buntaruli ganwyobilebis ga-
    momvleni nawarmoebebic. cxovrebiseul usamarTlobasa da mkacr bedisweras maT-
    Si avtoris sabrZolo suliskveTeba upirispirdeba. galaktionis didi Sinagani
    218
    energia am leqsebSi qveynad samarTlianobisa da harmoniis dasamkvidreblad meb-
    rZol aqtiur Zalad gardaiqmneba.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom axalgazrda poetis es buntaruli sulieri SemarTeba
    amaRlebuli adamianuri idealebis realobad qcevis romantikuli mizanswrafvi-
    Taa ganpirobebuli da Tavisi arsiT imave ltolvis wiaRSi iRebs saTaves, rac n.
    baraTaSvilis `meranis" umTavres suliskveTebas gansazRvravs, aqve isic xazgas-
    miT unda aRiniSnos, rom g. tabiZis es meamboxe ganwyobileba erovnul-socialu-
    ri da politikuri movlenebiTac mniSvnelovanwiladaa ganpirobebuli. am movle-
    nebisagan galaktionis Semoqmedebis mowyveta, miuxedavad SexedulebaTa yovel-
    gvari gadafasebisa, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba.
    pirveli wignis gamocemis Semdeg, 1914-1915 wlebidan, g. tabiZis SemoqmedebiT
    biografiaSi mkveTri gardatexis sruliad axali etapi dgeba. am droidan moyo-
    lebuli qarTul presaSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT qveyndeba poetis lirikuli Se-
    devrebi, romlebic mxatvruli warmosaxvis struqturuli bunebiTac, Sinagani
    emociuri muxtiTac, ritmul-versifikaciuli arqiteqtonikiTac da poeturi xel-
    weriTac arsebiTad emijnebia klasikur literaturul tradiciebs.
    aTiani wlebis Sua xanebidan galaktionis poeziaSi gamovlenili es poetu-
    ri siaxleni farTod da yovlismomcvelad warmoCinda 1919 wels gamocemul wig-
    nSi _ `Tavis qala artistuli yvavilebiT". Tavad poetisave ganmartebiT, `wignis
    saxelwodeba ironiulia... igulisxmeba Tavis qala (sikvdili), artistuli yvavi-
    lebi (xelovneba), e. i. sikvdili da xelovneba". romelma unda gaimarjvos? _
    svams iqve kiTxvas galaktioni da Tavadve upasuxebs _ ra Tqma unda, xelovnebam!
    wignis saxelwodeba, garda masSi nagulisxmevi Rrmaazrovani simbolur-ale-
    goriuli Sinaarsisa da filosofiuri datvirTvisa, imiTac aris mniSvnelovani,
    rom igi im umTavres mxatvrul Taviseburebazec migvaniSnebs aqcentirebulad,
    romelic galaktionis ara marto am poeturi krebulis, aramed, saerTod, mTeli
    misi Semoqmedebis struqturul bunebas gansazRvravs. arsebiTad, esaa sityvieri
    artistizmisa da daxvewilobis umaRlesi gamovlineba. am TvalsazrisiT `artis-
    tuli yvavilebi", iseve, rogorc poetis mTeli Semdgomdroindeli poezia, poe-
    turi xelovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze srulqmnili nimuSia qarTuli literaturis
    istoriaSi.
    g. tabiZis meore wignma imTaviTve miipyro literaturuli sazoga-
    doebriobis yuradReba da igi Cveni sulieri cxovrebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
    lovan movlenad iqna miCneuli. amisi dadasturebaa presaSi dastambuli weri-
    lebi, romelTa avtorebic arian xomleli (r. fancxava), i. gomarTeli, i. imedaS-
    vili da sxvebi.
    `artistuli yvavilebis" saetapod fuZemdebluri roli meoce saukunis qar-
    Tuli poeturi xelovnebis ganaxlebis saqmeSi kidev ufro meti sicxadiTa da
    masStaburobiT warmoaCina ganvlilma drom. galaktionis es krebuli gadau-
    Warbeblad unda iqnes miCneuli literaturul siaxleTa pirvelwarmomCen da da-
    mamkvidrebel yvelaze did poetur wignad meoce saukunis qarTul poeziaSi.
    literaturuli sazogadoebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili im romantikuli
    siyvarulis ambavi, riTac galaktioni da olia okujava iyvnen erTmaneTTan da-
    kavSirebulni. isini 1912 wlidan dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs da am droidan moyo-
    lebuli sikvdilamde wmindad da saTuTad uyvardaT erTmaneTi. maTi romantiku-
    li siyvaruli didi emociuri STambeWdaobiT Semogvinaxes maTma piradma weri-
    lebma da dRiurebma. am siyvarulis gamoZaxili mZlavrad ismis g. tabiZis poezi-
    aSic. bevri misi leqsi, romelic siyvarulis amaRlebuli grZnobiTaa STago-
    nebuli, pirvel yovlisa, swored olia okujavasadmi trfobis romantikuli ga-
    moZaxilia.
    am siyvarulis romantikas tragikul simZafres sZenda is mZime cxovrebiseu-
    li xvedri, romelic sabWoTa epoqam arguna wilad olia okujavas. ragind para-
    doqsuladac ar unda Candes, revoluciisa da axali droebis samsaxurSi fana-
    tikuri erTgulebiT Camdgari okujavebis ojaxi qveyanaSi datrialebul sisxli-
    an represiaTa msxverpli gaxda da am ojaxis bevrma wevrma tragikulad daamTav-
    ra sicocxle, maT Soris oliamac, romelic pirvelad 1929-32 wlebSi iyo gada-
    219
    saxlebuli Sua aziaSi, meored ki 1937-43 wlebSi da vladimiris sapatimroSi
    daasrula cxovreba.
    meuRlis aseTma tragikulma bedma (isini 1916 wels daqorwindnen) sulierad
    SeZra da SeaZrwuna galaktioni, rasac mZafrad vgrZnobT misi leqsebiTac da ga-
    dasaxlebaSi myofi oliasadmi gagzavnili piradi werilebiTac. sxva umniSvne-
    lovanes faqtorebTan erTad, am sisxlianma represiam da usamarTlo Zaladobam
    safuZveli Seuryia g. tabiZis revoluciur rwmenas, mis moqalaqeobriv enTuziaz-
    msa da epoqalur paTetikas. am TviTdaeWvebisa da imedgacruebis anarekli sakma-
    od gamovlinda mis SemoqmedebaSi. magaliTad, leqsSi _ `ukanaskneli mata-
    rebeli" poeti Semdegnairad gamoxatavs meuRlis gadasaxlebiT Tavsdatexil
    pirovnul tragedias:
    cxovrebis etlis sadarebeli
    sacaa gava matarebeli,
    miemgzavreba imedi Cemi,
    bedis varskvlavis sadarebeli.
    ...matarebeli Tvlems rogorc lava,
    matarebeli xuT wuTSi gava,
    vinc sxvebs acilebs, droa Casvlisa,
    matarebeli xuT wuTSi gava.
    aha, daiZra rkinis borblebi,
    mivdev vagonebs, maxrCobs grZnobebi.
    gemSvidobebi samaradisod,
    samaradisod gemSvidobebi!
    g. tabiZis intimur-satrfialo leqsebis erTi, mniSvnelovani, nawili Tavad
    poetis mier idealizebuli siyvarulis romantikuli gandidebis nayofia. rea-
    lur cxovrebiseul sinamdviles moklebuli es leqsebi ocnebiT warmosaxuli
    mijnuris poetur xotbas warmoadgens. amis dasturad aq Tundac farTod
    cnobili lirikuli Sedevris _ `rac ufro Sors xar" gaxsenebac ikmarebda, ro-
    melSic realur sinamdvilesa da satrfos idealizebul xatebas Soris Seu-
    sabamobis molodini amgvari formiTaa gamJRavnebuli:
    rac ufro Sors xar, miT ufro vtkbebi!
    me SenSi miyvars ocneba Cemi,
    xeluxlebeli _ rogorc mzis sxivi,
    miuwvdomeli - rogorc edemi.
    da Tu ara xar is, visac vfiqrob,
    me dRes ar vnaRvlob, dae, vcdebode!
    avadmyof guls surs, rom mas ocnebis
    TeTr angelozad evlinebode.
    daiwvas guli ucnaur trfobiT,
    cremliT aivsos zRva-saswauli,
    oRond mjerodes me Cemi bodva
    da siyvarulis dResaswauli.
    `siyvarulis dResaswaulis" am avtoriseul gancdaSi bevri ram TviTon poe-
    tis mogonilia, misive `bodvisa" da warmosaxvis nayofi. mogvianebiT am tendenci-
    am g. tabiZis poeziaSi imdenad farTo masStabebic ki SeiZina, rom romantikuli
    siyvarulis idealizebuli gmiris ganzogadebuli lirikuli saxis SeqmniT dag-
    virgvinda.
    aTiani wlebis Sua xanebidan g. tabiZis poeziaSi dawyebuli SemoqmedebiTi
    gardatexis procesi bevrwilad evropul modernistul literaturul mimdina-
    reobaTa Taviseburi zegavleniTacaa ganpirobebuli. magram evropul modernis-
    tul xelovnebasTan galaktionis amgvari siaxlove ise aramc da aramc ar unda
    gavigoT, TiTqos igi am literaturul siaxleTa ubralo mimbaZveli da qarTul
    sinamdvileSi maTi meqanikuri gadmomtani iyos. evropuli modernizmi poetisaT-
    vis, pirvel yovlisa, Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi energiis mastimulirebel wyaros
    warmoadgenda.
    swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom g. tabiZis e. w. modernis-
    tul-simbolisturi leqsebi TavianTi poeturi struqturiTac da movlenaTa aR-
    qma-gaazrebis bunebiTac arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rogorc evropeli modernisti
    220
    poetebis Semoqmedebisagan, ise im qarTvel mweralTa simbolisturi periodis na-
    warmoebebisganac, romelTa literaturuli mrwamsis Camoyalibebaze ganmsaz-
    Rvreli zegavlena moaxdina meoce saukunis pirveli meoTxedis evropul mwer-
    lobaSi farTod popularulma axalma esTetikurma TvalTaxedvam.
    qarTveli simbolisti mwerlebis Semoqmedebisagan gansxvavebiT (gr.
    robaqiZe, v. gafrindaSvili, t. tabiZe, p. iaSvili, g. leoniZe, k. nadiraZe...), g. ta-
    biZis TviT yvelaze modernistul leqsebSic ki arsad igrZnoba ucxour lite-
    raturul siaxleTa meqanikuri zegavlenisa da mimbaZvelobis kvali. misi Semoq-
    medebis yvela sasicocxlo nervi, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli energiiT saz-
    rdoobs.
    galaktionis poezia am TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad ganirCeva Tavisi drois
    sxva qarTveli modernistebis Semoqmedebisagan. Tu bevri maTganis nawarmoebebSi
    modernistul-simbolisturi nakadi dRevandeli mkiTxvelisaTvis arsebiTad uf-
    ro istoriuli TvalTaxedviTaa saintereso da maTive SemoqmedebiTi SesaZ-
    leblobebis tolfas esTetikur faseulobas naklebad warmoadgens, g. tabiZes-
    Tan, am mxriv, radikalurad gasxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom g. tabiZis aTiani da ociani wlebis poeziaSi moder-
    nistuli literaturuli tendenciebis gamovlineba aSkara faqtia, igi arasodes
    yofila erTi romelime SemoqmedebiTi mimdinareobis CarCoebiT SeboWili mwera-
    li. amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi literaturaTmcod-
    neobiTi kanonikurobiT arc erTi mimdinareoba ar damkvidrebula. da mainc, im
    tradiciul literaturul mimdinareobaTagan, romelTac arsebiTad gansazRvres
    g. tabiZis poetur-msoflmxedvelobrivi individualoba, upirveles yovlisa, sami
    mimarTuleba unda dasaxeldes: realizmi, romantizmi da simbolizmi. Semoqme-
    debiTi moRvaweobis sxvadasxva etapze es mimdinareobani da maTTvis damaxasia-
    Tebeli specifikuri niSan-Tvisebani xelSesaxebad Tanaarsebobs poetis lirika-
    Si.
    rogorc iTqva, g. tabiZis mxatvrul-esTetikuri TvalTaxedva arsebiTad ic-
    vleba aTiani wlebis Sua xanebidan, kerZod, 1914-15 wlebidan. poetis Semoqme-
    debaSi Tvisebrivad axali tendenciebisa da esTetikuri principebis damkvid-
    rebis es procesi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvres XIX saukunis meore naxevris
    evropul mwerlobaSi farTod damkvidrebulma simbolistur-modernistulma li-
    teraturulma mimdinareobebma. am SemoqmedebiT siaxleTa miReba-gaTavisebam bev-
    ri ram Secvala arsebiTad da radikalurad galaktionis poeziaSi.
    simbolisturi tendenciebi g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi aTiani wlebis Sua xane-
    bidan mkvidrdeba. poetis meore wignis literaturuli siaxlenic, pirvel yov-
    lisa, bevrwilad swored mis wiaRSi iReben saTaves. SemTxveviTi ar aris is ga-
    remoebac, rom galaktioni am droisaTvis gansakuTrebul dainteresebas
    simbolistebis Semoqmedebisadmi iCens. es naTlad Cans misi leqsebiTac da li-
    teraturuli CanawerebiTac. maTSi xSirad ixsenieba iseTi cnobili simbolisti
    mwerlebis saxelebi, rogorebic arian: verleni, rembo, bodleri, malarme, beli,
    briusovi, bloki, balmonti... galaktioni SesaniSnavad icnobda maTs Semoqme-
    debas, romelic Tavisebur mastimulirebel wyarod iqceoda misi poeturi STa-
    gonebisaTvis. am faqts Tavad poetic aRniSnavda Tavis leqsebsa da werilebSi
    Taviseburi formiT. magaliTad:
    xSirad vigoneb verlens,
    rogorc daRupul mamas (`Wianurebi").
    miuxedavad simbolizmisa da simbolistebisadmi esodeni keTilganwyobiTi
    damokidebulebisa, g. tabiZes SemoqmedebiTad araferi akavSirebda qarTul
    simbolistur skolasTan. `cisferyanwelebTan" misi kavSir-urTierToba ar-
    sebiTad mxolod imiT Semoifargla, rom Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis" pirvel no-
    merSi, 1916 wels, misi ori leqsi daibeWda _ `lurja cxenebi" da `mTawmindis
    mTvare".
    g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuTrebiT aTiani wlebis meore naxevarsa da
    ocian wlebSi Seqmnil leqsTa Soris, bevria iseTi, romelTa erTgvarovani ax-
    sna-gacnobiereba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. maTSi imdeni ramaa simboluri iduma-
    221
    lebiT moculi, rom maT Sinagan bunebas bolomde da erTmniSvnelovnad veraso-
    des Cawvdeba mkiTxveli. amitomacaa, rom bevri maTganis azrobriv mizanswrafva-
    ze msjeloba xSirad metad subieqturia da Znelad Tu scildeba pirobiTobis
    farglebs (`lurja cxenebi", `Wianurebi", `alvebi TovlSi", `Tovli", `Serigeba",
    `saRamo", `dro"...).
    am nawarmoebTa aRsaniSnavad galaktionologiaSi am bolo xans farTod
    damkvidrda Tavad poetisave gamoTqma _ integraluri poezia.
    galaktionis integraluri leqsebis udidesi nawili simbolizmiT gata-
    cebis wlebSia dawerili. maTi umTavresi Tavisebureba is aris, rom isini rTul
    asociaciur xilvebze dafuZnebuli da movlenaTa specifikuri aRqma-gaazrebis
    Sedegad Seqmnili nawarmoebebia. swored amiTaa gamowveuli is garemoeba, rom
    maTze msjelobis dros bevri ramaa pirobiTi da azrobriv sicxadesa da konkre-
    tulobas moklebuli, raSic araferia uCveulo da moulodneli. movlenaTa war-
    mosaxvis is rTuli specifika, romelic am tipis nawarmoebebs udevs safuZvlad,
    aseTi azrobriv-SemecnebiTi bundovanebisTvis usaTuod qmnis myar safuZvels.
    ase rom, galaktionis integralur leqsebSi bevri ram intuiturad, qvec-
    nobierad unda SevicnoT da gaviazroT. magram, am Sinaarsobrivi bundovanebis
    miuxedavad, es leqsebica da poeturi saxeebic mainc saocari magiuri ZaliT ze-
    moqmedeben Cvens cnobierebaze. naTqvamis naTelsayofad gavixsenoT g. tabiZis po-
    eturi xatweris ramdenime STambeWdavi nimuSi: `oh, rogor gafiTrda ciurTa Ta-
    nadi, ocneba naxazi saganTa uariT", `daaTrobs mTvare Tovlian alvebs ivlisis-
    feri yinvis TasebiT", `saRamo iwva xaverdis ydaSi, viT wigni lurji da Zvelis-
    Zveli", `welSi moxrili zvirTiviT dgas Zveli wisqvili"; `damtvreuli sifera-
    dis suliT SemoTeTreba"; `da foTlebs isroda sifiTre baraTis", `is midis,
    TiTqos sicives varcxnis", `laJvardebis kideo, daburulo zmanebiT, lurjo
    montevideo, viwro xelTaTmanebiT..."
    im nawarmoebTagan, romlebic yvelaze metad avlenen g. tabiZis `integralu-
    ri" poeziisTvis niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs, upirveles yov-
    lisa, farTod cnobili `lurja cxenebi" (1916 w.) unda gavixsenoT. galaktionis
    am leqsis `metafizikuri xati erTmniSvnelovan gansazRvras ar emorCileba da
    mravalferovan Cvenebad warmoidgineba". es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom nawarmoebSi
    saTqmeli `simboloTa daSifruli orientirebiTaa gacxadebuli" (g. benaSvili).
    leqsis am `daSifruli orientirebisa" da saxe-simboloebis axsna-gaazrebis
    dros specialistebi erTsulovanni ar arian da zogjer arsebiTad gansxva-
    vebuli TvalTaxedviTac ki ganmartaven nawarmoebis arssa da suliskveTebas.
    bevris azriT, magaliTad, `lurja cxenebi" simbolisturi esTetikuri princi-
    pebiT Seqmnili lirikuli Sedevria, zogierTi kategoriulad uaryofs am
    Sexedulebas, zogi nawarmoebs n. baraTaSvilis `meraniT" STagonebul da misi
    ideebis monaTesave qmnilebad miiCnevs, zogierTi ki principulad sxva poziciaze
    dgas da a. S. avtoriseuli Canafiqris amgvar gansxvavebul axsna-gaazrebaSi, ro-
    gorc iTqva, araferia moulodneli, vinaidan `lurja cxenebis" saTqmeli da mi-
    zanswrafva rTuli poetur-msoflmxedvelobrivi simboloebiTaa gadmocemuli.
    SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom `lurja cxenebi" sicocxlis maradiulobis
    simboloa. leqsSi Taviseburi formiTaa gaazrebuli sikvdil-sicocxlis maradi-
    uli urTierTmimarTebis problema. poeti grZneuli idumalebiT warmosaxavs mi-
    usafari mdumarebiTa da sicivis TareSiT mocul samudamo mxares _ adamianis
    miwieri arsebobis am saboloo sadgurs, ZvelberZnuli miTologiiT hadesis sam-
    yaros rom uwodeben. `SeSlili saxeebis ConCxiani tyeebiT" savse am samudamo
    mxaris maradiul binadrebad qceul adamianTa TvalebSi samudamod gamqrala
    yovelgvari vneba-wameba, `cremliT ar inameba samudamo baliSi" da `usulgulo
    dReebis" dausrulebel aCqarebul srbolas yovelgvari azri da mniSvneloba
    daukargavs. pirisagan miwisa aRgvila da daviwyebis burusiT dafarula samuda-
    mo mxaris binadarTa saxelebi. aRaravis esmis maTi Zaxili. samudamod `sZinavT
    bnel xveulebSi gamoucnob qimerebs".
    aseTia cxovrebis, wuTisoflis borblis maradiuli wrebrunvis Sedegi. ase
    `Cndeba da qveskneldeba usulgulo dReebi" da yvelafers warmavlobisa da mi-
    222
    wieri amaoebis, `Camaval mziT naferi" `nislis namqeri" faravs. da mainc, amisda
    miuxedavad, sicocxle kvlavindeburad ukvdavia. igi maradiulad grZeldeba da
    sikvdil-sicocxlis am kanonzomier wrebrunvas dasasruli ara aqvs. swored
    esaa samyaros arsebobis Seucvleli da JamTa svliT daurRveveli uzenaesi wes-
    kanoni. sicocxlis maradiulobis simbolod dasaxuli lurja cxenebis dauo-
    kebeli da dausrulebeli srbolis es alegoriul-filosofiuri gaazreba, ro-
    gorc sikvdilze sicocxlis gamarjvebis daueWvebeli rwmena, galaktionma
    yovelgvari araorazrovnebis gareSe gamoxata leqsis bolo strofSi:
    mxolod nislis TareSSi, samudamo mxareSi,
    zeviT Tu samareSi, wyevliT SenaCvenebi,
    rogorc zRvis xetiali, rogorc bedis triali,
    Cqari grgvinva-grialiT qrian lurja cxenebi!
    n. baraTaSvilis `meranis" boboqari sulis gamoZaxili ufro naTlad da
    mkafiod `efemeraSi" (1922 w.) ismis. g. tabiZis es poeturi Sedevri ganaxlebuli
    ZaliT avlens adamianis dauokebel swrafvas `ukanasknel ZebnaTa sevdiani saz-
    Rvaris" gadalaxvisa da `nislgadaclili sizmareTis koSkebamde" amaRlebisaken.
    `idumali mSvenebiT" savse am fantastikuri da irealuri samyarosaken lurja
    cxenebiT mimqroli poeti, msgavsad `meranis" lirikuli gmirisa, Sinagani energi-
    is maqsimaluri mobilizebiT cdilobs bedisweris sazRvris gadalaxvas. `bedi-
    qrolvis gareSe - CemTvis araferia, CemTvis yvelaferia isev lurja cxenebio", _
    Tavidanve gvamcnobs igi da misi es dauokebeli swrafva `qveyniuri gugunis" miR-
    ma arsebuli usazRvrobisaken yvelaze metad avlens g. tabiZis poeziis kosmiur
    bunebas, poetis daucxromel survils _ Tavadac eziaros da Cvenc gvaziaros
    did RvTaebriv saidumlos.
    usazRvrobisa da `ubralo xmebisagan" ganridebuli am idumali samyarosa-
    ken swrafvas galaktionis poeziaSic uyoymanod ewireba yvelaferi, rac yofiT
    yoveldRiurobasTan da miwierebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. imisaTvis, rom kidev er-
    Txel gavicnobieroT `ukanasknel ZebnaTa sevdiani sazRvris" gadasalaxavad
    amxedrebuli poetis idumali miswrafebani, gavixsenoT fragmenti nawarmoebidan:
    kideebi SeSlili, Rameebi veluri
    daitvirTon wamebiT, Rame mTvares moebas.
    suls swyuria sazRvari isev efemeruli,
    suls swyuria sazRvari, rogorc usazRvroebas.
    sTqvi, ras niSnavs zenitze mdgari Sori palmebi?
    win! im usazRvrobaSi mwuxarebas aitan.
    Cemebr did saidumlos me iq mivesalmebi,
    yovel mxriv sivrce iyos, Svela ki _ arsaidan.
    o, ubralo xmebisTvis arasdros ar mecala,
    daisera msoflio gamoucnob wylulebiT.
    koSkebs sizmareTisas nisli gadaecala
    da iq mieqaneba suli ganwirulebiT.
    cxovrebis amaoebisagan Tavdaxsnisa da sulieri Svebis gzad galaktions,
    misi zogierTi adrindeli leqsis mixedviT, sazogadoebisagan, adamianuri
    samyarosagan gandgoma da monasterSi dayudeba miaCnia. ai, rogoraa es Tvalsaz-
    risi gamoxatuli `hamletis qnarSi" (1911 w.):
    amaoa mTlad cxovreba, drtvinavs wuTisofelia,
    wadi... wadi monasterSi, monasterSi, ofelia!
    tkbili nana suls uTxari, ubedoba xats aCvene,
    da maSvrali suli, guli monasterSi moasvene!
    maS, Sors mtveri, Sors, Sors miwa! _ is cis uarmyofelia...
    wadi... wadi monasterSi! monasterSi, ofelia!...
    Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom RvTaebrivi rwmenisadmi morCilebisa da
    sulieri simSvidis mosapoveblad monasterSi wasvlisaken amgvari mowodeba did-
    xans ar SerCenia galaktionis poezias. eklesiasTan, saerTod, sarwmunoebasTan
    misi damokidebuleba aTiani wlebis Sua xanebidan mkveTrad gamovlenil drama-
    tizms iZens da mkafiod gamoxatuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobiTaa aRbeWdili.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom g. tabiZis poeziaSi RvTis rwmena kvlavac rCeba avtorise-
    uli TvalTaxedvis met-naklebad ganmsazRvrel Zalad, igi brmad fanatikos mor-
    223
    wmuned arasodes gvevlineba. ase Cndeba mis poeziaSi sarwmunoebrivi siwmin-
    deebisadmi kritikul-polemikuri damokidebulebis tendencia.
    am TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi uaRresad saintereso nawarmoebia farTod cno-
    bili poeturi Sedevri `silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi" (1917 w.), RvTaebrivi
    rwmenisadmi adamianuri protestis gamomxatveli leqsi, cxovrebis usamar-
    Tlobisa da amaoebis winaaRmdeg amboxebuli kacis SeuniRbavi sayveduri RvTis-
    mSoblisadmi, erTgvarad SurismaZiebluri qadageba imis gamo, rom lirikuli
    gmiris cnobierebaSi mkacrma cxovrebiseulma realobam safuZveli gamoacala da
    nangrevebad aqcia RvTaebrivi rwmeniT warmosaxuli harmonia. es yvelaferi naT-
    lad da araorazrovnad Cans im dramatuli monologidan, romelsac eklesiaSi
    misuli poeti warmoTqvams RvTismSoblis xatis win:
    RamenaTevi da namTvralevi
    me miveyrdnobi salocav karebs,
    SemoiWreba sionSi sxivi
    da TeTr olarebs aaelvarebs.
    da maSin vityvi: aha! movedi
    gedi, daWrili ocnebis baRiT!
    Sexede! dastkbi ymawvilur bedis
    daRlil xelebiT, wamebul saxiT.
    Sexede! dastkbi! Cemi Tvalebi,
    winaT rom feTqdnen cvrebiT, iebiT, _
    RamenaTevi da namTvralevi
    savsea cremlTa SurisZiebiT!
    poetis protestantuli da SurismaZiebluri guliswyroma RvTismSoblsad-
    mi leqsis bolo strofebSi imdenad mwvavdeba, rom aseT radikalizmamdec ki mi-
    dis:
    da roca bediT dawyevlil gzaze
    sikvdilis landi momeCveneba,
    gansasvenebul ziarebaze
    CemTan ar mova Seni xseneba!
    davikref xelebs da grigaliviT
    gamaqaneben swrafi cxenebi!
    RamenaTevi da namTvralevi
    Cems samareSi Cavesvenebi.
    ase iqceva g. tabiZis es poeturi Sedevri RvTismSobelTan adamianuri gapa-
    eqrebisa da cxovrebiseuli amaoebis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis erT-erT yvelaze
    dramatul gamovlinebad qarTul poeziaSi.

    * * *
    galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis periodebad dayofa galaktionologiis
    erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa, romelic ociani wlebidan moyolebuli
    dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da kamaTis sagnadaa qceuli. specialistebi sxva-
    dasxvanairad sjian da iazreben galaktionis SemoqmedebiTi gzis ganviTarebis
    umniSvnelovanes etapebs da zogjer erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul mo-
    sazrebebsac ki gamoTqvamen.
    SexedulebaTa aseTi gansxvavebulobis umTavresi safuZveli imaSi mdgomare-
    obs, rom g. tabiZis poezia ver Tavsdeba tradiciulad damkvidrebuli Semoqme-
    debiTi mimdinareobebis CarCoebSi da Tavisi sinTezuri Sinagani bunebiT igi
    universaluri xasiaTisaa.
    sabWoTa periodis literaturul kritikaSi farTod iyo damkvidrebuli Se-
    xeduleba g. tabiZis Semoqmedebis or periodad dayofis Sesaxeb. es Tvalsazrisi
    erT-erTi konkretuli gamovlinebaa im ideologiuri politikisa, romelsac Tan-
    mimdevrulad atarebda partiuli xelisufleba CvenSi aTeuli wlebis manZilze.
    periodizaciis aseTi sqemis umTavres safuZvels revoluciasTan galaktionis
    damokidebulebis klasobriv-ideologiuri principebiT axsna da Sefaseba warmo-
    adgenda.
    amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom g. tabiZis poeziis periodizaciis Cemeuli mode-
    li pirobiTi iqneba, radganac poetis SemoqmedebaSi gamoyofili periodebi mxo-
    224
    lod ramdenadme emijneba erTmaneTs. maT Soris aramc da aramc ar arsebobs
    mkveTrad gamyofi sazRvari da, savsebiT bunebrivad, isini bevri iseTi niSniT
    ukavSirdeba erTimeores, romlebic galaktionis mTeli Semoqmedebis arssa da
    bunebas gansazRvraven.
    Tuki asea, maS, raRa saWiroa Tundac amgvari pirobiTi periodebis gamoyo-
    fa, kvlavindeburad xelovnurad xom ar varTulebT saqmeso? _ ikiTxavs daeWve-
    buli mkiTxveli. marTalia, am daeWvebas uTuod aqvs garkveuli safuZveli, mag-
    ram davasa da kamaTs arc is faqti unda iwvevdes, rom g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi,
    ramdenadme mainc, iseTi kanonzomierebanic usaTuod SeiniSneba, romlebic amgva-
    ri pirobiTi periodebis gamoyofisaTvis qmnis realur safuZvels.
    samyaros poeturi aRqmisa da gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT gamovlenili umniS-
    vnelovanesi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, g. tabiZis Semoqmedeba pirobiTad sam
    periodad SeiZleba davyoT.
    pirveli periodi iwyeba samwerlo asparezze poetis gamosvlis droidan
    da daaxloebiT aTiani wlebis Sua xanebamde (savaraudod 1914-15 wlebamde)
    grZeldeba. vinaidan poetis amdroindel SemoqmedebaSi saTqmelis literaturu-
    li gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan mxatvrul formad movlenaTa romantikuli
    TvalTaxedvis warmosaxvaa qceuli, mas pirobiTad neoromantikuli msoflgan-
    cdis periodi SeiZleba davarqvaT saxelad. Tumca aqve xazgasmiT vityvi imasac,
    rom neoromantizmis gamovlineba g. tabiZis poeziaSi mxolod am periodiT ar
    Semoifargleba da igi poetis mTels Semoqmedebas axasiaTebs met-naklebi ZaliT.
    aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom pirveli periodis leqsebSi neoroman-
    tikuli tendenciebis gverdiT realizmis elementebic vlindeba. es gansakuTre-
    biT im nawarmoebebze iTqmis, romlebic XIX saukunis meore naxevris mwerlebis,
    uwinares yovlisa, iliasa da akakis poeturi zegavleniTaa Seqmnili. magram wi-
    namorbed poetTagan galaktionis pirveli leqsebis yvelaze didi STamagonebeli
    mainc nikoloz baraTaSvilia. baraTaSvilis poeziasTan g. tabiZis adrindel na-
    warmoebTa siaxlove xelSesaxebad vlindeba Tematur naTesaobaSic, ganwyobile-
    baTa msgavseba-saerToobaSic, poeturi gamosaxvis saSualebaTa nasesxobaSic,
    mxatvrul saxe-simboloTa cnobier Tu qvecnobier damTxvevebSic da a. S.
    aTiani wlebis Sua xanebamde (miaxloebiT 1914-1915 wlebamde) daweril leq-
    sebSi g. tabiZe, garda erTeuli SemTxvevebisa, TiTqmis arc mimarTavs misi poezi-
    is musikaluri melodiurobis ganmapirobebel iseT umniSvnelovanes versifika-
    ciul saSualebas, rogoric heterometruli saleqso sazomebis gamoyenebaa da
    arsebiTad mxolod tradiciuli izometruli versifikaciuli sqemebiT Semoi-
    fargleba. SedarebiT dunea da monotonuri ritmic, avtoris mravali leqsi mxo-
    lod calfa riTmebiTaa dawerili, SigadaSig aSkarad igrZnoba XIX saukunis
    sintaqsuri konstruqciebis gamovlinebani.
    garda XIX saukunis poeturi tradiciebisa, galaktionis adrindel leqseb-
    Si 1900-iani wlebis qarTuli poeziis gamoZaxilic ismis. es etyoba poetur rit-
    mikas, saTqmels, ganwyobilebas, mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebsa da a.
    S. magram dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli aqve imasac advilad SeamCnevs, pirvelive leq-
    sebSi ramdenad Zlieria poeturi TavisTavadobisaken avtoris es dauokebeli
    swrafva. swored amis Sedegia is garemoeba, rom galaktionis pirvel leqsebSi
    amgvar gavlenaTa gverdiT ukve xelSesaxebad inakvTeba misi poeturi individua-
    lobis ganmsazRvreli im mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebis konturebic,
    romlebic TavianTi Tvisebrivi bunebiT arsebiTad ganarCeven mis poezias ro-
    gorc literaturul tradiciaTagan, ise imdroindeli qarTveli mwerlebis na-
    kalmevisaganac.
    g. tabiZis adrindeli Semoqmedebis daxasiaTebis dros, albaT, swored am-
    gvar poetur siaxleTa damamkvidrebel nawarmoebebze unda gavamaxviloT yura-
    dReba da ara imaTze, romlebic literaturuli zegavleniT arian met-naklebad
    aRbeWdilni. es miT ufro aucilebelia, rom poeturi `Segirdobis" am xanmokle
    drois manZilze poetma Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi poeturi sityvis ukvdav ni-
    muSebad damkvidrebuli araerTi lirikuli Sedevric Seqmna.
    225
    aTiani wlebis Sua xanebidan (miaxloebiT 1914-1915 wlebidan) g. tabiZis Se-
    moqmedebaSi iwyeba Semoqmedebis meore periodi, organulad dakavSirebuli poe-
    turi stilis arsebiT modernizaciasTan. am droidan moyolebuli, galaktionis
    poeziaSi farTod iWreba sxvadasxva modernistuli literaturuli mimdinareo-
    bisaTvis niSandoblivi Taviseburebani, romlebic mkveTrad originaluri for-
    miT erwymis erTmaneTs da qarTuli leqsis Tvisebrivad axal etaps warmoqmnis
    Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi.
    im literaturul mimdinareobaTagan, romelTac gansakuTrebuli ZaliT
    warmoaCines g. tabiZis poeturi SesaZleblobani, uwinares yovlisa, simbolizmi
    unda davasaxeloT. aTiani wlebis meore naxevarSi, uwinares yovlisa, swored
    simbolisturi tendenciebis momZlavrebasTan aRmoCnda ganuyofelad dakavSire-
    buli galaktionis lirikis fantastikuri warmatebani. Tumca, aqve, xazgasmiT
    unda aRiniSnos isic, rom g. tabiZe arasodes yofila tipuri simbolisti da am
    mimdinareobisTvis damaxasiaTebel TaviseburebaTagan mis poeziaSi mxolod
    zogierTi specifikuri niSani vlindeba misive lirikis romantikul stiqiasTan
    bunebrivad da organulad Serwymul-Sesisxlxorcebuli formiT.
    magram modernistuli tendenciebis gamovlinebani g. tabiZis poeziaSi mxo-
    lod simbolizmiT ar Semoifargleba da am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan rols im-
    presionistuli mimdinareobisTvis niSneuli specifikuri elementebic asrulebs.
    galaktioni ara marto RvTaebrivi madliT gabrwyinebuli geniosi iyo, aramed
    uaRresad ganswavluli Semoqmedic, romelic safuZvlianad icnobda rogorc
    klasikur, ise misi drois qarTul da msoflio literaturas da am umdidres
    sulier saganZurSic poulobda mZlavr impulsebs poeturi STagonebisTvis.
    g. tabiZis Semoqmedebis meore periodi Tavisi arsiTa da specifikuri bune-
    biT erTgvarovani araa. am dros erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarseboben gansxva-
    vebuli stiluri nakadebi da literaturuli tendenciebi. sruliad axal, umaR-
    les safexurze adis poeturi ostatobis xarisxi da mkvidri safuZveli eyreba
    meoce saukunis did qarTul poezias, rogorc Tvisebrivad mkveTrad gamorCeul
    etaps wina saukuneTa qarTuli leqsisagan.
    aTiani wlebis meore naxevari am TvalsazrisiT revoluciuri, gardamtexi
    mijnaa Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi. am gardatexis upirvelesi Semoqmedi marTa-
    lia galaktionia, magram igi marto ar yofila da mas imxanad moRvawe sxva qar-
    Tveli poetebic edgnen gverdiT aqtiurad. Tu SevecdebiT g. tabiZis poeziaSi
    aTiani wlebis meore naxevridan gamovlenili poeturi tendenciebi pirobiTad
    mainc ganvsazRvroT, igi, albaT, aseT saxes miiRebs:
    1. poeturi srulyofis axal fazaSi Sedis samyaros neoromantikuli Tval-
    TaxedviT aRqma da gaazreba; 2. originaluri formiT vlindeba XIX-XX saukuneTa
    mijnaze msoflio literaturaSi farTod aRzevebul e. w. modernistul Semoqme-
    debiT mimdinareobaTa specifikuri niSan-Tvisebani. maTgan, uwinares yovlisa,
    simbolisturi tendenciebi unda davasaxeloT. da, bolos, 3. galaktionis poezi-
    aSi mniSvnelovan adgils iWeren iseTi leqsebic, romlebic movlenaTa realis-
    turi TvalTaxedviT gaazrebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili.
    aseTia is sami umTavresi nakadi, romlebic g. tabiZis aTiani wlebis meore
    naxevrisa da ociani wlebis poeziaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT.
    Tumca, aqve kvlavac xazgasmiT unda gavimeoroT adre naTqvami imasTan
    dakavSirebiT, rom amgvari klasifikacia metad pirobiTia da man azrTa didi
    sxvadasxvaobac SeiZleba gamoiwvios, radganac erTniSna pasuxi, vTqvaT, imaze,
    romel mimdinareobas miekuTvneba galaktionis esa Tu is leqsi, xSir SemTxveva-
    Si SesaZloa arc arsebobdes.
    Semoqmedebis meore periodSi g. tabiZis poeziam erTbaSad bevri siaxle Ses-
    Zina qarTul mwerlobas: Cndeba axal-axali poeturi ritmebi da versifikaciuli
    sqemebi. saocrad ixveweba da rafinirdeba sityvis akustika da melodia, sruli-
    ad uCveulo, jadosnur, RvTaebriv idumalebas iZens poeturi xilva da a. S.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, albaT, ar gadavaWarbebT, Tu vity-
    viT, rom SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore periodi yvelaze nayofieri da mniS-
    vnelovani xanaa g. tabiZis poeziaSi.
    226
    ociani wlebis meore naxevridan (miaxloebiT 1928 wlidan) gალაკტიონის
    შემოქმედებაში, SeiZleba iTqvas, kvlavindeburad dgeba literaturuli gardate-
    xis axali etapi da dasabami eZleva Semoqmedebis mesame periods, romelic gar-
    dacvalebamde grZeldeba. amdroindeli uZiriTadesi poeturi tendenciebis gaT-
    valiswinebiT, literaturuli moRvaweobis am periods pirobiTad SeiZleba ro-
    mantizebuli realizmis xana davarqvaT saxelad.
    misi damkvidreba g. tabiZis poeziaSi ganuyofelad ukavSirdeba ramdenime
    mniSvnelovan moments, romelTaganac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
    TandaTanobiT cxreba simbolisturi tendenciebi da naazrevis poeturi gamoxat-
    vis magistralur mimarTulebad erTmaneTTan bunebrivad Serwymul-sinTezirebu-
    li romantizmi da realizmi iqceva. galaktionis yvela SemoqmedebiTi warmateba,
    ocdaaTiani wlebidan moyolebuli gardacvalebamde, swored am ori literatu-
    ruli mimdinareobisTvis niSandoblivi specifikuri Tvisebebis originalur ur-
    TierTSerwyma-SesisxlxorcebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. marTalia, saTqmelis gamo-
    xatvis es forma manamdec mkafiod axasiaTebda g. tabiZis Semoqmedebas, magram,
    rogorc araerTgzis aRiniSna, wina periodis mis leqsebSi, masTan erTad, sxva
    literaturul mimdinareobaTaTvis niSandoblivi Taviseburebanic vlindeba spe-
    cifikuri saxiT.
    ociani wlebis dasasrulidan galaktionis poeziaSi ori ZiriTadi nakadi
    Cndeba gamokveTilad: erTis mxriv, is nawarmoebebi, romlebic srulyofilad av-
    lenen poetis SemoqmedebiT genias da TavianTi mxatvruli ostatobis doniTac
    da msoflmxedvelobrivadac arsebiTad gansazRvraven g. tabiZis poeziis WeSma-
    rit bunebas (`qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas", `wamye beTaniisaken", `SarSan Cemi sax-
    lis win", `stansebi", `yvelas raime aqvs saxsovari", `vwer vinme mesxi meleqse",
    `samSoblos", `he, mamulo", `mSobliuro Cemo miwav", `warwera wignze `manon les-
    ko", `wyaltubodan quTaisSi", `ukanaskneli matarebeli" da mravali sxva).
    meores mxriv ki, maT paralelurad, sakmao raodenobiT iwereba mxatvruli
    TvalsazrisiT Suqmimcxrali leqsebica da poemebic, romelTa udidesi nawili
    mkveTrad ideologizebulia da maSindeli politikuri viTarebis mZlavri zegav-
    leniT SeboWili. poet-lirikoss maTSi akSarad Zlevs movlenaTa klasobrivi
    tendenciurobiT Semfasebeli. rogorc am nawarmoebebidan naTlad Cans, samwuxa-
    rod, msgavsad imJamindeli Cveni mwerlobis sxva warmomadgenlebisa, verc galak-
    tioni acda maSindeli ideologiuri politikis mZlavr zegavlenas.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT dasanania 1928-1931 wlebi. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom am periodSi galaktioni raodenobrivad Zalze nayofieri iyo, es wlebi mis
    SemoqmedebaSi mainc unda CaiTvalos poeturi krizisis xanad, radganac am dros
    Seqmnil nawarmoebTa Soris Zalze cotaa galaktioniseuli niWiT madlfenili
    qmnileba. SemoqmedebiTi krizisis amgvari gamovlineba Semdgom wlebSic grZel-
    deba met-naklebad, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom sagrZnoblad klebulobs poetu-
    ri nayofiereba.
    ormociani wlebis Sua xanebidan galaktionis poeziam axali SemoqmedebiTi
    impulsebi SeiZina, kidev ufro daixvewa da didostaturad gamartivda poeturi
    teqnika, meti sinaTle da sisadave daetyo leqss da poetis Semoqmedeba axal-
    axali SedevrebiT gamdidrda.

    * * *
    gasagebi mizezebis gamo, galaktion tabiZis revoluciis Temaze dawerili
    nawarmoebebis analizi sabWoTa periodis Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi
    calmxrivi da tendenciuri xasiaTisa iyo. farTod damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis
    Tanaxmad, galaktioni revoluciisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis mgznebare momRer-
    lad iyo gamocxadebuli. magram, rogorc irkveva, poets am movlenebisadmi aseTi
    sworxazovani damokidebuleba ar hqonia da revoluciis miseul SefasebaSi sak-
    maod mZlavrobs kritikuli ganwyobac.
    am TvalsazrisiT, g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba ori etapi
    gamoiyos. samwerlo asparezze gamosvlis droidan moyolebuli daaxloebiT
    1921-24 wlebamde da Semdgomi periodisa. Tavdapirvelad poetis damokidebulebas
    227
    ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare socialuri qartexilebisadmi romantikuli xasiaTi
    hqonda. galaktioni imediT ucqeroda revolucias da Tavisi ocnebebis realu-
    rad axdenis SesaZleblobas ZiriTadad swored masTan akavSirebda. poets swam-
    da, rom revolucia iyo is Zala, romelsac xalxisTvis TaobaTa mier nanatri
    erovnuli da socialuri Tavisufleba unda moetana. es rwmena mniSvnelovan ad-
    gils iWers am periodis mis SemoqmedebaSi. amis dasturad araerTi magaliTis
    moSvelieba SeiZleba galaktionis poeziidan. maTSi udidesi gznebiTa da emoci-
    uri STambeWdaobiT vlindeba poetis optimisturi sulskveTeba, aRfrTovaneba da
    aqtiuri Tanadgoma revoluciisadmi.
    revoluciis monapovrisadmi, saerTod, sabWoTa epoqisadmi, poetis damoki-
    debulebaSi gardatexa xdeba ociani wlebidan. am gardatexisTvis safuZveli
    TandaTanobiT mzaddeboda da poetis poziciis mkveTri da radikaluri Secvla
    erTbaSad ar momxdara. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdgom Cvens cxovrebaSi Tav-
    Cenilma erovnulma, politikurma, socialurma da zneobrivma winaaRmdegobebma
    TandaTan gaaneles galaktionis romantika da poeti mkacri sinamdvilis piris-
    pir daayena.
    am TvalsazrisiT, 1921 wlis Teberval-martis movlenebis Semdeg, gansakuT-
    rebiT unda aRiniSnos erT-erTi uaRresad SemaZrwunebeli faqti sabWoTa perio-
    dis saqarTvelos istoriisa _ 1924 wlis amboxebis monawileTa masobrivi
    daxvreta. ar gadavaWarbebT, Tu vityviT, rom am tragikulma movlenebma gardam-
    texi roli Seasrules galaktionis msoflmxedvelobaSi da mniSvnelovanwilad
    gauneles mas revoluciuri enTuziazmi.
    aqve unda aRiniSnos is Tanmimdevruli da metad gaaqtiurebuli ideologi-
    uri muSaobac, romelsac axali xelisufleba eweoda SemoqmedebiTi inteligen-
    ciis gadasabireblad Tavis mxareze. 1924-25 wlebidan am mimarTulebiT komunis-
    turma partiam gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera saqmianoba. yvelaferi keTdeboda Tavi-
    sufali azris dasaTrgunad da SesaboWad. am politikis gatarebis dros xeli-
    sufleba dRiTi dRe amkacrebda moTxovnebs da yovelnairad aiZulebda `urC"
    mwerlebs axali epoqis samsaxurSi Camdgariyvnen.
    mwerlobis `moTvinierebis" (a. baqraZe) uZnelesma procesma TandaTanobiT
    farTo masStabebi SeiZina da masSi mxatvruli sityvis bevri saxelovani ostati
    aRmoCnda iZulebiT CaTreuli. am sabediswero process verc g. tabiZe gadaurCa
    da, am droidan moyolebuli, ukve iwyeba misi, rogorc poetis, msoflmxedve-
    lobrivi gaoreba. erTis mxriv, Tu mwerlis Semoqmedebis mravalricxovan nimu-
    Sebze dayrdnobiT vimsjelebT, igi Cvens winaSe warmoCndeba, rogorc aRfrTova-
    nebuli momRerali sabWoTa epoqis `grandiozuli miRwevebisa"; amis damadastu-
    rebel magaliTebs uxvad vipoviT galaktionis poeziaSi ociani wlebis meore
    naxevridan moyolebuli.
    meores mxriv, g. tabiZis namdvili mrwamsis Sesacnobad fasdaudebeli mniS-
    vneloba eniWeba poetis e. w. opoziciur nawarmoebebsa da Canawerebs, romelTa
    erTi nawili Tavis droze arc gamoqveynebula da mxolod bolo wlebSi gaxda
    SesaZlebeli maTi gamomzeureba. SiSi, qveynad gamefebuli umZimesi politikuri
    viTareba, galaktions aiZulebda, maqsimalurad SeezRuda azris Tavisufleba,
    sakuTar TavSi CaexSo protestis xma da mxolod SefarviT gaemJRavnebina Tavisi
    namdvili gulisTqma. umkacresi Sinagani cenzori, romelic sabWoTa epoqis ide-
    ologiurma diqtaturam Caasaxla da gaabatona yovel pirovnebaSi, umZimesi xun-
    debiT borkavda SemoqmedebiTi azris Tavisuflebas da farTod amkvidrebda si-
    namdvilis Selamazebuli aRqmisa da warmosaxvis erTaderT princips.
    revoluciasTan galaktionis damokidebulebis arsSi gasarkvevad metad sa-
    interesoa misi nawarmoebebis qronologiisTvis yuradRebis miqceva. pirveli
    leqsi, romliTac poeti aRfrTovanebiT Seegeba 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuazi-
    ul-demokratiul revolucias, `droSebi Cqara" iyo. es leqsi 13 marts, revolu-
    ciis moxdenidan ramdenime dRis Semdegaa dawerili da naTlad gamoxatavs avto-
    ris imedian damokidebulebas am istoriuli movlenisadmi.
    revoluciaSi igi xedavda im Zalas, romelic xalxs erovnul da socialur
    Tavisuflebas moupovebda da Zvel, daxavsebul yofas daamxobda. am leqsSi
    228
    TvalnaTliv gamJRavnda qarTveli xalxis mowinave Svilebis progresuli Tval-
    sazrisi, ruseTis imperiis ngreviTa da Tavisuflebis mopovebis imediani molo-
    diniT gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba. es ganwyobileba farTod gamovlinda im perio-
    dis sxva mweralTa SemoqmedebaSic.
    aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom wlebis manZilze, arcTu iSviaTad, am leq-
    sis Sinaarss calmxrivad, tendenciurad warmoaCendnen xolme da poeturi xot-
    bis sagnad qceuli droSebi mxolod socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
    brZolis simbolod gaiazreboda. erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideis avtoriseuli
    gandideba ki gverdavlili da miCqmaluli iyo. arada, nawarmoebSi swored esaa
    mTavari. poetis mier saocari eqspresiulobiT gandidebuli droSebi, pirvel
    yovlisa, erovnuli droSebia, xalxisTvis, TavisuflebisTvis wamebuli rain-
    debis sisxliT SeRebili qarTuli droSebi da ara is droSa, romelsac sul ma-
    le CaquCi da namgali miaxates da axali imperiis simbolod gamoacxades.
    Tebervlis revoluciasTan galaktionis aseTi imediani damokidebuleba rom
    SemTxveviTi ar yofila, amas misi sxva nawarmoebebic adastureben. revolucia
    poetisTvis aris `umaRlesi Tavisufleba", qveynisTvis `simSvenieris" momtani Za-
    la (gavixsenoT leqsi `werili megobrisadmi").
    galaktionis erovnuli mrwamsisa da arsebuli realobiT ganpirobebuli
    mwuxarebis gasacnobiereblad uaRresad mniSvnelovania `mSobliuri efemera"
    (1923 w), leqsi, romelSic SemaZrwuneblad ismis kavkasionis yinulovan qedze mi-
    jaWvuli amiranis kvnesa. amiranis legendarul saxeSi kondensirebuli kargad
    cnobili azrobrivi qveteqsti advilad SegvagrZnobinebs leqsSi gamoxatuli
    tkivilis arss. poeti wuxiliT saubrobs mis samSobloSi Camowolili zamTris
    mrisxanebaze, imaze, rom `yazbegis Subli Semoses RrubliT", rom `darialidan
    zaravda zara"... unda vifiqroT, rom SemTxveviTi araa darialidan movardnili
    zarisTvis xazgasma. yovelive amis centrSi ki moqceulia kavkasionis qeds mi-
    jaWvuli amiranis Tavzardamcemi kvnesa, romelic sicocxlis dReebs uwamlavs
    poets da wuxiliT moagonebs samudamod dakargul raRac Zvirfassa da saocne-
    bos:
    Sexavsebia kldeebi kldeebs,
    iq viRac kvnesis didi xania,
    `amirania"? _ mivmarTav tyeebs,
    da tye gugunebs: amirania!..
    es mZafri kvnesa miwamlavs dReebs,
    is guli isev Cemi gulia...
    `dakargulia?" _ mivmarTav tyeebs,
    da tye gugunebs: dakargulia...
    es tendencia _ sasowarkveTamde misuli kacis sulieri ganwyobilebis ga-
    moxatva _ saerTod did adgils iWers g. tabiZis poeziaSi 1921-24 wlebSi. mis am-
    droindel leqsebSi mZafrad igrZnoba martoobis tkivili, imedganelebuli ka-
    cis sevda-kaeSani. es leqsebi, romelTa elegiur ganwyobilebas bevri xiluli
    Tu uxilavi sawuxari asazrdoebda da mravalmxrivi msoflmxedvelobrivi sa-
    fuZveli hqonda, mkiTxvelisTvis kargadaa cnobili. magaliTad: `SaviT Semosil-
    xar rogorc elegia", `ra dros romanseroa", `es mSobliuri qaria", `elegia",
    `martooba"...
    sabednierod, g. tabiZis umdidresma arqivma mravali iseTi Canaweri Semogvi-
    naxa, romlebic misi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis sruliad ucnob mxareebs war-
    moaCenen. isini naTlad gamoxataven cenzurisagan Tavisufali da Tavis TavTan
    ganmartoebuli didi poetis namdvil gulisTqmas. magaliTad, Tavad e. w. revo-
    luciuri TematikiT esoden gatacebuls ocian wlebSi aseTi Canaweri gaukeTe-
    bia: `aqa-iq raRacas SurdRuloben proletarul poeziaze. aqa-iq Temad miaCniaT
    revolucia da komiur saqmed miaCniaT. am mxriT ratom ar iqneba kosmiuri mov-
    lena Tundac kontrrevolucia da an ra saqme aqvs yovelive amasTan poets, gar-
    da karierizmisa?!.. poeziis sakiTxi ufro sxvaa, vinem politikuri, ekonomikuri
    da sxv. me arasgziT ar minda davukavSiro erTmaneTs es sakiTxebi".
    ar undoda, magram cxovreba iZulebuls xdida, rwmenis sawinaaRmdego saqme
    ekeTebina. marTalia, xazgasmiT ki acxadebda, `ar gvinda politika xelovneba-
    229
    Sio", magram am princips bolomde ver uerTgula. misi Semoqmedebis erTi nawili
    aSkarad politizebulia. viTarebam, mdgomareobam miiyvana aqamde. marTebulad
    SeniSnavs v. javaxaZe: dRemde ucnobi es mimoxilva (igulisxmeba is Canaweri, sai-
    danac citirebuli striqonebia motanili _ a. n.) mraval mtkivnekl problemas
    axleburad svams da pasuxobs. amis dasturad aseve mniSvnelovania 1931 wels da-
    werili miniaturidan aseTi frgamenti: tramvaiSi Sexvedrili ucnobi qali po-
    ets eubneba: `gvaxsovs Tqveni winandeli leqsebi. es iyo genialuri leqsebi. ma-
    Sin kargi iyaviT, axla ki _ ra mogaxsenoT. Tqven TviTon ar iciT, ras sCadi-
    xarT. Tqven yovelgvar zomebs mimarTavT, rom TavisTavs samudamod gautexoT
    saxeli". imave Tvalsazriss sxvaganac gamoxatavs, roca ambobs: eh, guli sxvas
    fiqrobs da kalami sxvas werso.
    aqve kvlavac unda davimowmo v. javaxaZe, romelic galaktionis gatacebas
    am e. w. revoluciuri TematikiT ase afasebs: `aRniSnul wlebSi epizodurad gai-
    elveben Cveuli motivebi da melodiebi. ideuri Sinaarsis primatiT dramatizebu-
    li paTetikuri oratoria TiTqmis aT weliwads grZeldeba da mas gansazRvravs
    da ganapirobebs poetis piradi cxovrebis ori sabediswero TariRi: olias gada-
    saxleba 1929 wels da olias meore samudamo gadasaxleba 1937 wels: sxva dro
    da Jami dgeba, sxva weliwadebi".
    arada, cxovreba mraval paradoqssac umzadebda. swored im sabediswero
    wlebSi, misi ojaxisTvis Tavdatexil am ubedurebasTan erTad, xelisufleba gu-
    luxvadac asaCuqrebda. kerZod, 1933 wels didi zeimiT aRiniSna galaktionis sa-
    literaturo moRvaweobis 25 wlisTavi. saqarTvelos ssr cakis prezidiumis
    dadgenilebiT, `socializmis mSeneblobaSi saTanado samsaxurisTvis" saqarTve-
    los saxalxo mwerlis wodeba mianiWes, personaluri pensia dauniSnes. momarage-
    bis samxedro komisariats moTxoves specmomaragebiT poetis uzrunvelyofa. jan-
    mrTelobis saxalxo komisariats daavales mwerlis dasasveneblad gagzavna, sa-
    xelmwifo gamomcemlobas ki TxzulebaTa sruli akademiuri krebulis gamocema.
    1935 wels parizSi gaigzavna kulturis dacvis msoflio kongresSi monawileo-
    bis misaRebad. 1936 wels ki leninis ordeniT daajildoes... aseTi iyo is uaRre-
    sad rTuli dro, romelSic poets uxdeboda cxovreba.
    g. tabiZis msoflmxedvelobis dasaxasiaTeblad uaRresad mnivSnelovani na-
    warmoebia poema `mogonebebi im dReebisa, roca ielva" (1921-24 ww.). poemaSi Tavi-
    seburi asaxva hpova 1924 wlis agvistos amboxebis CaxSobiT datrialebulma tra-
    gediam. es rom namdvilad asea, amas ZiriTad teqstze ufro metad nawarmoebis
    variantebi adasturebs. poemis mixedviT, moqmedeba, rogorc cnobilia, ucxoeTSi
    xdeba. poeti ar akonkretebs qveyanas, magram mTavari personaJebi _ eva da luCio
    rom ucxoelebi arian, es naTlad Cans poemidan. da ai, TiTqosda sruliad ulo-
    gikod da moulodnelad, nawarmoebSi aRweril tragikul movlenaTa geografiu-
    li areali ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi gadmodis. amaze metyvelebs iseTi saxel-
    wodebebis gaCena teqstSi, rogorebicaa: tfilisi, avlabari, mtkvari... amiT poeti
    imaze migvaniSnebs, rom poemaSi moTxrobili tragedia saqarTveloSi momxdar am-
    bebs gulisxmobs:
    Caaqro yvelgan sanTlebi mtverma,
    dakra darabas, dalewa bina,
    qalaqis gareT gugunebs ferma,
    ver upovia qaosebs bina.
    avlabris daRma eSmakis xaro
    savsea SiSiT, savsea wyromiT,
    iqrole qaro, iqrole qaro,
    mTvralo siciviT da SemodgomiT.
    gvdevdes wivili, Txovna xvewili
    da qajur valsSi iyo garTuli.
    es tfilisia Tmagawewili.
    da mwuxareba Cveni, _ qarTuli.
    SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos am saSinel xilvaTa oqtombris civ da bnel qar-
    Tan dakavSirebac: `oqtombris qari civi da bneli, xmaurobs mtkvari".
    230
    poemaSi erTgan sadgurs iqiT gadayenebul mkvdrebiT savse matarebelzecaa
    saubari... safiqrebelia, rom es detalic zustad Seesatyviseba 1924 wlis tragi-
    kul ambebs. rogorc cnobilia, meamboxeTa erTi didi nawili sabargo vagonebSi
    Caketes, matarebeli argveTis maxloblad, ukacriel velze, gadaayenes, tyviebiT
    dacxriles da erTianad gaJlites Sig Caketili adamianebi.
    qarTul sinamdvilesTan poemaSi moTxrobili ambis kavSiri am fragmentebi-
    Tac naTlad Cans:
    emigrantebi naRaris cemiT movidnen SoriT,
    TviT respublika movida gemiT, tyviiT, teroriT,
    aqac iwyeba, iqac iwyeba, yvelgan elian.
    qveyana sisxliT rom moirwyveba _ es naTelia.
    garbian Zveli wyobis landebi da bankirebi,
    aristokratebi, eqselbandebi vaWri girebi,
    revolucia kvaldakval mosdevs xalxs da jamaaTs,
    magram aqac Tu ankesi mosdes? wyevla am saaTs.
    aq aRwerili ambis bevri detali SeiZleba uSualod davukavSiroT 1921
    wlis Tebervlis tragikul movlenebs, romelTac saqarTvelos gasabWoeba mohyva
    Tan. naRaris cemiT mosul emigrantebSi, albaT, Cveni eris is `didi internacio-
    nalisti" Svilebi igulisxmebian, tyviiTa da teroriT rom moitanes saqarTve-
    loSi revolucia, sisxliT morwyuli qveyana, Zveli wyobis landebis samSoblo-
    dan gadaxvewa, revoluciis sisxliani TareSi... es da msgavsi detalebi, poemaSi
    sakmaod mravlad rom gvxvdebian, aSkarad gangvimtkiceben zemoTqmul Tvalsaz-
    riss.
    sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi kompartiis mier Tanmimdevruli simkacriTa
    da sisastikiT gatarebuli ideologiuria politikis Sedegad yvelaferi gake-
    Tda Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis SesaboWad da dasaTrgunad, ramac
    arsebiTad ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom am periodis qarTulma mwerlobam,
    miuxedavad misi fasdaudebeli erovnuli Rvawlisa, srulyofilad ver gamoav-
    lina Tavisi udidesi Sinagani potencia. arasodes, arsebobis arc erT etapze, ar
    yofila Cveni literatura ise koniunqturuli, rogorc sabWoTa xelisuflebis
    wlebSi. faqtobrivad, Znelad Tu moiZebneba mwerali, romelsac xarki ar gadae-
    xados imJamindeli xelisuflebisTvis.
    g. tabiZis opoziciuri suliskveTeba yvelaze metad erovnuli problemis
    gaazrebis dros gamovlinda. igi mwvave gulistkiviliT wuxs, rom `dakargulia
    gza moxevesi" da erovnuli Tavisuflebis nanatri xana Cvens qveyanas saxvaliod
    unda moepovebina.
    g. tabiZis poeziaSi tragikuli simwvaviTaa gancdili erovnuli gadagvare-
    bisa da degradaciis damRupveli Sedegebi, axalma epoqam rom daatexa Tavs Cvens
    qveyanas. am TvalsazrisiT sabWouri ideologiis erovnul principebsa da poe-
    tis e. w. opoziciur nawarmoebebs Soris sruli Seusabamoba da kontrastia. ma-
    galiTad, im dros, roca sabWoTa ideologia mTel msoflios dabejiTebiT um-
    tkicebda sabWoTa kavSirSi `Zmurad" mcxovrebi erebisa da saxelmwifoebis ar-
    naxuli ayvavebisa da aRzevebis ambavs, g.tabiZe aseT striqonebs werda:
    ia-vardi rom ar aris, sad movkrifo?
    saqarTvelo mxolod prasa da qinZia,
    saqarTvelo erTdros iyo saxelmwifo,
    saqarTvelo exla aris provincia...
    aseTia, poetis SefasebiT, warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis urTierTmimar-
    Tebis savalalo Sedegi. galaktioni TvalnaTvliv xedavda, rom irgvliv iseTi
    procesebi viTardeboda, romelTa wyalobiTac kvdeboda, iTrguneboda, defor-
    mirdeboda maradiuli qarTuli suli, iRupeboda da saxes kargavda saqarTvelo.
    epoqaluri sinamdvilisadmi poetis amgvar protestantul damokidebulebas ar-
    sebiTad gansazRvravda is garemoeba, rom ` gadamTieli gadia" Tavisuflad su-
    lis moTqmis saSualebas ar aZlevda mis samSoblos. `erTdros mZlavr saxel-
    mwifod" myofi da `exla provinciad" qceuli saqarTvelo unugeSod gminavda am
    `gadamTieli gadiis" kirTebqveS.
    231
    miuxedavad im mkacri ideologiuri artaxebisa, riTac socialisturi epoqa
    Tavisufali azris yovelgvar gamovlinebas boWavda, g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi,
    rogorc ukve vnaxeT, mainc udidesi moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebiT ismis protes-
    tis xma. naTqvamis dasturad gavixsenoT kidev erTi magaliTi, romelSic saqar-
    Tvelos gadagvareba-gabediTebis tragikuli mdgomareoba asea Sefasebuli:
    raa masze guldamwyveti, metexo da diRmis velo,
    midiode da fiqrobde, es ar aris saqarTvelo.
    aris xlarTi rkinigzebis, aris avto-moto-velo.
    aris ojaxebic, magram es ar aris saqarTvelo.
    galaktionis protestantul ganwyobilebas, upirveles yovlisa, imis gac-
    nobiereba ganapirobebda, qveyanaca da pirovnebac borkilebdadebuli rom gminav-
    da `gadamTieli gadiis" kirTebqveS: `gahqra, suls ise RimiliT ar ealubleba
    Tavisufleba, daxvretili Tavisufleba", _ tkiviliT amoigminebs igi erTgan da
    cremliani striqonebiT xatavs dakarguli Tavisuflebis sanacvlod `uxilavi
    borkilebiT" SeboWili qveynisa da pirovnebis sulier SeWirvebas.
    aseTi iyo is rTuli epoqaluri sinamdvile, romelSic galaktions mouxda
    cxovreba. adamianur TanagrZnobasa da megobrobas moklebuli poetis warmo-
    saxvaSi am sinamdvilis Seulamazebeli xateba Ramis wyvdiadTan iyo gaigi-
    vebuli. asec daarqva man erT-erT leqss da Seqmnili viTarebiT gulgatexilma
    amgvarad gamoxata sulieri ganwirulobis SemaZrwunebeli grZnoba:
    rogorc sikvdiliT dasasjeli, vicqirebi gars,
    veZeb naTesavs, gulis satrfos, veZeb megobars,
    vaglax! ar sCanan... Zlieria Cemi naRveli,
    Cahqra nugeSi, wminda ltolvis gamomxatveli.
    me TviT CemSi var samudamod datyvevebuli,
    martoobaa saSineli Cemi sakani,
    mimRere rame, damimSvide guli vnebuli,
    egeb vipovo sasicocxlo rame sagani.
    `mTavari esaa _ dasZlio is siyalbe, romliTac nawilobriv SeboWilia Ta-
    namedrove poezia", _ Cauweria erTgan galaktions da, rogorc misi Semoqmedebis
    safuZvliani Seswavla cxadyofs, ideologiuri artaxebiT yvelaze metad
    SeboWilebis wlebSic ki araerTgzis ucdia am siyalbis SemboWveli artaxebisa-
    gan Tavis daxsna da marTali sityvis moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebiT Tqma. ase
    cdilobda igi Tavisi am opoziciuri leqsebiT ramdenadme mainc dapirispi-
    reboda da aRdgomoda win `barabanis dros", romelic cxovrebiseuli sinamdvi-
    lis ideologizebul da Selamazebul warmosaxvas xdida mwerlobis erTaderT
    uRalato principad.
    Tavisi didi winamorbedebis, upirveles yovlisa ki `TergdaleulTa", tra-
    diciebis uRalatod erTgul galaktions araerTgzis uRiarebia, rom poetis Se-
    moqmedebiT-moqalaqeobrivi mizanswrafvis ganmsazRvrel umTavres principad si-
    marTlisadmi mousyidveli msaxureba unda qceuliyo. amitomac mimarTavda igi
    `taSiscemisTvis qedmoxril" poets, `taSs ar ahyoloda" da xelisuflebis la-
    qiebad gamxdar medrove mwerlebs amgvarad amxelda: `dgaxar scenaze, ra poeti
    xar, taSiscemisTvis Tu iRriWebi da imanWebi!" (`taSiscemisTvs qeds risTvis ix-
    ri").
    meoregan ki WeSmariti poetis mousyidvelobis aucileblobas amgvari for-
    miT gamoxatavda: `Tundac mSieri poezia, Tundac titveli _ mudam imarjvebs, Tu
    is aris mousyidveli". am elementaruli WeSmaritebis aseTi deklaraciuli for-
    miT araerTgzisi dafiqsireba imitomac iyo aucilebeli, rom samwerlo asparez-
    ze galaktionis gverdiT xelisuflebas bevri swored ase mosyiduli mwerali
    aRezevebina.
    mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom epoqaluri sinamdvilisadmi poetis kriti-
    kul-opoziciuri damokidebulebis gamomxatveli bevri fragmenti Sesabamis na-
    warmoebTa ZiriTad teqstebSi ver moxvda. qveynad damkvidrebuli ideologiuri
    viTareba marTali sityvis Tqmis SesaZleblobas ar iZleoda, ris gamoc avtori
    iZulebuli iyo gulis siRrmidan momdinare araerTi striqoni xSirad Tavadve
    gadaexaza.
    232
    g. tabiZis opoziciur nawarmoebTagan calke SeiZleba gamoiyos is leqsebi,
    romlebSic TanamedroveTagan gulnatkeni, saTanadod daufasebeli da Seu-
    racxyofili poetis pirovnuli gulistkivilia gamoxatuli. garegnulad, erTi
    SexedviT, saqmeSi Cauxedav kacs, SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom galaktions Tavisi
    cxovrebis manZilze misi didebis Sesatyvisi pativi da dideba ar moklebia. mag-
    ram sinamdvileSi es ase rodia. poetisaTvis mravalgzis miuyenebiaT daum-
    saxurebeli gulistkena da bevrjer ucdiaT mieCqmalaT misi didi poeturi Rvaw-
    li. moSurne kolegaTa amgvarma damokidebulebam araerTxel miiyvana mwerali
    uimedo sasowarkveTilebamde da kidev ufro gaaucxova igi maTgan.
    am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa 1933 wels, saliteraturo moRvaweobis
    25 wlisTavis aRniSvnis dReebSi, dawerili usaTauro leqsi `winad Seni spetaki
    gza", romelSic mware simarTlea naTqvami. poeti gulistkiviliT amxels im fa-
    risevlobas, orpirobasa da cbierebas, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze xSi-
    rad ugrZvnia mas. ai, rogor saxes Rebulobs es poeturi mxileba leqsis ZiriTa-
    di teqstisagan odnav gansxvavebul variantSi:
    winad Cemi spetaki gza talaxian fexiT ziles,
    mere viTom SercxvaT cota da mixdian iubiles.
    kargi, kmara, vin ar xedavs, rom es xriki amaoa,
    iubile daerqmeva da damarxva ki gamova.
    damfaseblis samoselSi gaexveva mtrebis jari,
    magram maTi Rrianceli cinizmia sazizRari...
    g. tabiZis poeziaSi sulieri martoobisa da sasowarkveTilebis gamoxatvam
    sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi axali masStabebi SeiZina. socialisturi ideo-
    logia yovelTvis mkacrad akritikebda poets amis gamo da misi Semoqmedebis am
    mxares Cveni yofisTvis SeuTavsebel ideur anaqronizmad miiCnevda, radganac iT-
    vleboda, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi mcxovreb adamians araviTari safuZveli aRar
    hqonda sevdisa da mwuxarebisaTvis. amitomac iyo, rom aseT `saeWvo" da `ideo-
    logiurad urC" mwerlebs mkacrad usworebdnen angariSs oficialuri xelisuf-
    lebaca da misi politikis brmad erTguli kritikosebic.
    aseTi kritikuli Tavdasxmebis obieqti galaktionic mravaljer gamxdara.
    magram, amisda miuxedavad, sevdac, wuxilic, cremlic, sulieri depresiaca da
    sasowarkveTac misi e. w. sabWouri periodis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi sagulisxmo
    nakadia. Tumca aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom poetis am sevda-
    mwuxarebas Rrma da mravalmxrivi filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli
    gaaCnia da igi mxolod drois ukuRmarTobiT wamoWrili mwvave socialuri,
    erovnuli da zneobrivi problemebiT rodia ganpirobebuli.
    ra Tqma unda, g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi kritikul-opoziciuri suliskve-
    Tebis gamomxatveli nawarmoebebi mxolod damowmebuli magaliTebiT ar amoiwu-
    reba. magram dainteresebuli mkiTxveli maTze dayrdnobiTac erTxel kidev dai-
    naxavs TvalnaTliv, ramdenad mwvavea da farTo masStabebis momcveli poetis mo-
    qalaqeobrivi pozicia, misi kritikul-opoziciuri ganwyoba da dapirispireba
    sabWoTa ideologiis fuZemdeblur principebTan.
    Tavisi Semoqmedebis am erTi SexedviT SeniRbuli, magram mZlavri wyalqveSa
    dinebiT galaktionma sakmaod mwvaved da kritikulad amxila socialisturi epo-
    qis damkvidrebis Sedegad Cvens yofaSi aRzevebuli mankierebani da qarTvel
    kacs umaRlesi poeturi xelovnebiT erTxel kidev ganacdevina ganaxlebuli ru-
    suli imperiis wlebSi kvlavac Cvens erovnul bediswerad qceuli `udabureba
    kalugis velis da mwuxareba Cveni qarTuli".
    galaktionis patriotuli lirikis araerTi brwyinvale nimuSi Cveni erovnu-
    li cnobierebis sisxlxorceul nawilad iqca. erT-erTi maTgania `qebaTa qeba
    nikorwmindas". es poeturi Sedevri mxolod nikorwmindis taZris gansadideblad
    dawerili leqsi rodia. igi imavdroulad ganzogadebuli formiT saerTod
    mTel qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas asxams xotbas. Cveni xuroTmoZRvruli Zeg-
    lebisadmi poetis amgvari damokidebuleba SemTxveviTi movlena rom ar yofila,
    amas sakuTari Semoqmedebis Tundac amgvari TviTSefasebac naTlad adasturebs:
    vinac gaigebs CuqurTmas qarTuls,
    is poezias Cemsas gaigebs.
    233
    ormociani wlebis meore naxevridan g. tabiZis lirikaSi SemoqmedebiTi
    TviTganaxlebisa da poeturi aRzevebis axali periodi iwyeba. am droidan moyo-
    lebuli gardacvalebamde man araerTi lirikuli SedevriT gaamdidra qarTuli
    poezia. qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis maradiul sulier Rirebulebad damkvid-
    rebul am poetur qmnilebebSi axali ZalmosilebiT gamovlinda galaktionis
    sityvieri xelovnebis magiuri energia. saTqmelis poeturma xorcSesxmam kidev
    ufro meti srulqmnileba, daxvewiloba da grZneuli sisadave SeiZina. klasikuri
    srulyofilebisa da poeturi ostatobis umaRlesi donis swored aseT nimuSebs
    warmoadgens am periodSi dawerili iseTi leqsebi, rogorebicaa: `zRva axmaur-
    da" (1946 w.), `ra caa!" (1946 w.), `wamye beTaniisaken!" (1947 w.), `qebaTa qeba nikor-
    wmindas" (1947 w.), `risTvis magoneb" (1950 w.), `SarSan Cveni saxlis win" (1951 w.),
    `midixar... ise migaqvs wvaleba" (1956 w.) da mravali sxva.

    * * *
    galaktion tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis Seswavlis dros ar SeiZle-
    ba calke ar SevexoT mis poemebsac. miuxedavad imisa, rom poeturi eposis Jan-
    rSi galaktions misi lirikis tolfasi warmatebisTvis ar miuRwevia, poetis mi-
    er am mimarTulebiT gaweul did muSaobazec usaTuod Tundac imitom unda iT-
    qvas ramdenime sityva, rom g. tabiZis poemebSi ara marto Tavad avtoris Semoqme-
    debiTi mizanswrafvisa da msoflmxedvelobis arsebiTi mimarTulebani pouloben
    masStabur gamovlenas, aramed zogadad is umTavresi problemebica da mxat-
    vrul-Janrobrivi tendenciebic, riTac meoce saukunis pireli naxevris qarTuli
    poeturi eposi xasiaTdeba.
    epikuri poeziiT galaktionis esodeni daintereseba rom SemTxveviTi movle-
    na ar yofila, amas ori umniSvnelovanesi faqtic naTlad adasturebs: pirveli
    is, rom igi ocze meti damTavrebuli Tu sabolood dausrulebeli poemis avto-
    ria da, meorec, am JanriT poetis esodeni gataceba literaturuli saqmianobis
    erT romelime qronologiur periods ki ar moicavs, aramed poeturi moRvaweo-
    bis mTel manZilze grZeldeba da avtoris am mizanswrafvas warmoudgenlad di-
    di SemoqmedebiTi energia xmardeba.
    poemis JanrSi intensiur muSaobas galaktioni Tavidanve, saliteraturo as-
    parezze gamosvlis pirveli wlebidanve, iwyebs. misi pirveli poema _ `mwyemsi"
    1911 welsaa dawerili da am droidan moyolebuli sicocxlis bolomde iRvwis
    igi aqtiurad am mimarTulebiT SemoqmedebiTi warmatebis misaRwevad.
    erT-erTi mkafiod gamokveTili niSani, riTac g. tabiZis adrindeli poemebi
    xasiaTdeba, maTi siuJeturi dramatizmia. marTalia, es mxare mis arc Semdgom-
    droindel poemebSia ugulvebelyofili, magram avtoriseuli yuradReba ociani
    wlebidan Seqmnil am Janris nawarmoeobebSi ufro metad mainc movlenaTa liri-
    kuli TvalTaxedviT gansja-gaazrebazea gadatanili.
    g. tabiZis adrindel poemebSi aseve did adgils iWers zogadfilosofiuri
    problemebis poeturi gansja. axalgazrda poeti cdilobs originaluri Tval-
    TaxedviT gaiazros adamianuri yofis arsi da daniSnuleba, pasuxis gasces im ma-
    radiul kiTxvebs, romlebic yoveli droisa da epoqis adamianTa winaSe dgas
    mTeli simwvaviT.
    amgvari zogadfilosofiuri problematikiT misi daintereseba imdenad ga-
    mokveTil saxes iRebs, rom poetis am poemaTa mizanswrafva da suliskveTeba
    sisxlxorceulad ukavSirdeba msoflio literaturis araerTi didostatis Se-
    moqmedebiTi samyaros calkeul nimuSebs (baraTaSvili, goeTe, baironi, lermon-
    tovi...). winamorbed mwerlebTan galaktionis aseTi msoflmxedvelobrivi siax-
    love mxatvruli warmosaxvis sagnad qceul problemaTa msgavsebasa da esTeti-
    kuri principebis naTesaobaSi vlindeba.
    g. tabiZis poeturi TvalTaxedva metwilad romantikul-legendaruli for-
    miTaa gamoxatuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom es nakadi mis epikur poeziaSi gansa-
    kuTrebiT adrindel etapze mZlavrobs, poets saTqmelis gamovlenis am gzaze
    arc SemdgomSi uTqvams uari, razec misi mogviano periodis poemebic naTlad
    metyvelebs.
    234
    rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, g. tabiZis adrindel SemoqmedebaSi sakmaod
    xelSesaxebad poulobs gamovlinebas klasikuri qarTuli mwerlobis specifiku-
    ri niSan-Tvisebebi da tradiciebi. amis dasturad dainteresebuli mkiTxveli g.
    tabiZis poemebSic sakmaod uxvad ipovis konkretul argumentebs. galaktionis
    adrindel poemaTa leqsTwyoba, ritmi, enobrivi specifika Tu leqsika SigadaSig
    SesamCnvevadaa aRbeWdili klasikuri qarTuli poeziisaTvis niSneuli tendencie-
    biT. poetur tradiciaTa amgvari gamovlinebani galaktionis poemebSi gacilebiT
    ufro Zalumad igrZnoba, vidre mis lirikaSi.
    calke, sagangebod, unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom g. tabiZis adrindeli
    poemebis musikaluri melodia jer kidev araa aRbeWdili avtoris lirikisaTvis
    niSneuli poeturi harmoniiTa da daxvewilobiT. sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba mxat-
    vrul-stilistur datvirTvas moklebuli inversiuli sityvieri wyobis nimuSebi,
    sityvaTa arabunebrivi da aramiznobrivi deformirebis magaliTebi, arakeTil-
    xmovani da Raribi riTmebi, trafaretuli tropebi.
    poeturi ostatobis aseTi naklovanebani swrafwarmavali etapi aRmoCnda g.
    tabiZis poeziaSi. erovnuli poeturi tradiciebis wiaRSi saTavedadebuli Tavi-
    si SemoqmedebiT galaktionma sul male daamsxvria yovelgvari SeboWilobis ar-
    taxebi da Tvisebrivad sruliad axal tendenciebs daudo saTave Cvens litera-
    turaSi, ris Sedegadac Tavad iqca axali poeturi kulturis ara marto damam-
    kvidreblad, aramed erTgvar kanonmdebladac da arsebiTad gansazRvra rogorc
    Tavisi drois, ise mTeli momdevno xanis literaturuli ganviTarebis sasicocx-
    lo sivrceebi.
    1915 wlidan moyolebuli 20-ian wlebamde g. tabiZes poemis JanrSi aRarafe-
    ri dauweria. misi poeturi moRvaweobis erTaderT magistralur mimarTulebad
    am periodSi lirika iqca. ociani wlebidan moyolebuli ki igi axali Semoqmede-
    biTi energiiT poeturi eposis JanrSic iwyebs intensiur muSaobas da erTmaneTis
    miyolebiT qmnis da aqveynebs poemebs.
    mxatvruli ostatobis doniTac da problematikiTac g. tabiZis es poemebi
    radikalurad ganirCeva aTiani wlebis epikur qmnilebaTagan. adrindel poemaTa
    romantikul sulikveTebas aq ukve realisturi TvalTaxedva jabnis. gacilebiT
    ufro miwieri da epoqaluri interesebiT gansazRvruli xdeba Tematur-proble-
    maturi samyaroc. ocian wlebSi Seqmnili poemebis umTavresi saTqmeli ZiriTa-
    dad im movlenaTa poeturi gaazrebaa, romelnic sabWoTa sinamdvilem daamkvid-
    ra Cvens yofaSi.
    aTiani wlebisagan gansxvavebiT, am droidan moyolebuli, sagrZnoblad
    mcirdeba siuJetis xvedriTi wili. miuxedavad imisa, rom ambavi, siuJeturi dra-
    matizmi, mTlianad arc am poemebSia ugulvebelyofili, maTSi ganmsazRvrel
    rols mainc movlenaTa lirikuli TvalTaxedviT gaazreba asrulebs. ase rom,
    ociani wlebidan g. tabiZis epikur poeziaSi gabatonebul adgils ZiriTadad
    lirikuli poema iWers.
    rogorc cnobilia, winamorbed mweralTagan g. tabiZes gansakuTrebuli siy-
    varuli da pativiscema hqonda a. wereTlisadmi. amis damadasturebel masalas
    uxvad vxvdebiT mis biografiaSic da SemoqmedebaSic. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad
    mniSvnelovania vrceli poema `akaki wereTeli" (1940 w.). winapari poetis dabade-
    bidan asi wlisTavis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili es poema da misi proza-
    uli varianti akakisadmi aRvlenili ubralo poeturi xotba ki ar aris, aramed
    mravalmxriv saintereso nawarmoebia, romelSic patriotul TvalTaxedviTaa ga-
    azrebuli Cveni istoriuli TviTarsebobis araerTi problematuri sakiTxi.
    am TvalsazrisiT `akaki wereTeli" mravalganzomilebiani poemaa da mas ga-
    laktionis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis Seswavlis dros usaTuod unda mieqces
    saTanado yuradReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebi SigadaSig sakmaod gaWia-
    nurebulicaa da aSkarad sqematuric, mTlianobaSi igi mainc mkafiod avlens av-
    toriseuli ostatobis maRal dones.
    Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT `akaki wereTeli", gansakuTrebiT ki misi pro-
    zauli varianti, mkiTxvelze istoriul-literaturuli etiudis STabeWdilebas
    tovebs. poeti, erTis mxriv, literaturaTmcodneobiTi poziciebidan afasebs aka-
    235
    kis poetur Rvawls Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi, xsnis da ganmartavs misi poezi-
    is mxatvruli TavisTavadobis ganmsazRvrel arsebiT mxareebs, meores mxriv ki
    patriotuli poziciebidan sjis da aanalizebs saqarTvelos istoriis unmniSvne-
    lovanes momentebs ruseTTan SeerTebis droidan sabWoTa epoqamde.
    marTalia, poemis bolo nawils, romelSic sabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos
    yofa-cxovrebaa mokled aRweril-Sefasebuli, imJamindeli ideologiuri koniun-
    qturis daRic azis, magram es garemoeba ver afermkrTalebs nawarmoebis mTlian
    suliskveTebas, vinaidan mis fuZemdeblur msoflmxedvelobriv principebs, upir-
    veles yovlisa, Cveni istoriis erovnuli TvalTaxedviT gaazreba gansazRvravs.
    g. tabiZis SefasebiT, akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi damsaxurebisadmi mowi-
    weba da sayovelTao siyvaruli imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom Tavisi `mousyidveli
    CangiTa" da `mxolod simarTlis aRiarebiT" igi Tavdadebulad `miemsaxura ka-
    cobriobas da mTebi dadga margalitebis". swored amiT moipova man xalxis siy-
    varuli, romelic `yovel jildoze umaRlesia".
    `akaki wereTlis" literaturul Rirebulebas, uwinaresad, is gansazRvravs,
    rom masSi gamZafrebuli poeturi gznebiTaa gaazrebuli saqarTvelos istoriu-
    li TviTarsebobis tragikuli epizodebi ruseTTan SeerTebis droidan.
    avtoris gansakuTrebuli interesis sagnad am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis mier
    Cveni qveynisTvis Tavsdatexili ubedurebaa qceuli. aRa-mahmad-xanis SemoseviT
    darbeulma `umweo da umfarvelo saqarTvelom" daxmarebisTvis ruseTs mimarTa,
    magram, galaktionis TqmiT, arCevanSi motyuvda, vinaidan ruseTTan SeerTebuli
    `rosme didebuli qarTli" amis Semdeg `landad" da ruseTis imperiis `erT sa-
    codav provinciad gadaiqca". `raki ver scno tomi tomma da ar iyo Zmobis ndoba,
    aq Sewyvita arseboba saqarTvelos samefoma".
    marTalia, qvemoT galaktioni imasac ambobs, `Zmad ruseTi rom arCia - sa-
    qarTvelo ar Semcdarao", magram es ukve imJamindeli ideologiuri koniunqtu-
    ris Sedegad gakeTebuli Sefasebaa da gulwrfelad ar gamoxatavs avtoris
    erovnul TvalTaxedvas. es rom namdvilad asea, amaze naTlad metyvelebs poemis
    mTeli Sinaarsi, romlis umTavresi suliskveTeba antirusuli poziciis mkveTri
    da araorazrovani gamovlinebaa.
    ra moutana ruseTma saqarTvelos? rogor warimarTa Cveni qveynis ganviTa-
    reba aq rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdgom? es problema poemaSi umTav-
    resi gansjis sagnadaa qceuli da avtoris mier amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmu-
    li mosazrebani yovelTvis mZafrad kritikuli da uaryofiTia. am SemTxvevaSi g.
    tabiZe im erovnul-patriotuli ideebis uSualo memkvidred da gamgrZeleblad
    gvevlineba, romelTac `Tergdaleulebi", upirveles yovlisa ki a. wereTeli, qa-
    dagebda mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. miuxedavad imisa, rom poemaSi, rogorc ukve
    iTqva, bevri sxva sakiTxicaa dasmuli, misi umTavresi saTqmeli da mizanswrafva,
    Cemis azriT, mainc saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Sedegad
    erovnuli cnobierebis ngrevisa da daTrgunvis procesis Cveneba da qarTuli
    sulis gadarCenisTvis Cveni winaprebis Tavdadebuli brZolis gandidebaa.
    galaktioni gulistkiviliT yveba, rogor uxeSad Telavda fexqveS saqar-
    TveloSi damkvidrebuli rusuli mmarTveloba Cvens erovnul adaT-tradiciebs,
    enas, cnobierebas: `iyo mxolod mZarcveloba, mTeli maTi mmarTveloba, rogor
    zizRiT uyurebdnen, rogor sZuldaT qarTveloba. Tvisi Rala miaqvs Ralats;
    cbierad da Zalis-Zalad, miiyvana mxare xanam mZime morCilebis karad... da dacin-
    va ers dauwyo, kanonebi rame ucxo SemoiRo, Tavisi-ki sadRac ganze gadauwyo.
    sasamarTlos uwyo kbena. bavSvs Savi dRe gauTena, skolebidan sul gandevna say-
    vareli deda-ena. darCeba gulxveuleba. sZulda, rogorc sneuleba, mraval-sau-
    kuniani eris zne da Cveuleba".
    marTalia, poetis mier gamoTqmuli es udidesi guliswyroma mefis ruseTis
    mmarTvelobisa da misi moxeleebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, magram, albaT, ar
    SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom am mxilebis qveteqsti Sinaganad sabWoTa epoqis si-
    namdvilesac miemarTeboda. amis Tqmis safuZvels is garemoeba maZlevs, rom poe-
    maSi yvelaze didi adgili imis Cvenebas eTmoba, rogor Trgunavda rusuli mmar-
    Tveloba Cveni xalxis erovnul cnobierebas. es procesi rom saxecvlili for-
    236
    miT sabWoTa epoqaSic grZeldeboda, amis pirdapiri Tqma im dros, roca nawarmo-
    ebi iwereboda (1940 w.), yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. amitomac gamoiyena avtorma
    qronologiuri SeniRbvis es forma da am gziT scada Tavisi drois erovnul
    problemaTa zogierTi aspeqtis kritikuli formiT gamoxatva.
    g. tabiZis esTetikuri mrwamsis gasaazreblad uaRresad didi mniSvneloba
    aqvs poemas `saubari lirikis Sesaxeb" (1940 w.). nawarmoebSi naTlad da mkafiod
    ikveTeba is umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi principebi, romlebic galaktionis poezias
    udevs mkvidr safuZvlad. g. tabiZis poemaSi poeturi formiTaa daxasiaTebuli
    lirikuli poeziis specifikuri bunebis ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi niSan-Tvisebebi.
    maTgan, poetis SefasebiT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas zoma (e. i. versifikacia)
    da riTma iZenen, romelTa gareSec WeSmariti poeturi nawarmoebi ver Seiqmneba.
    magram, amisda miuxedavad, mxatvruli qmnilebis umTavresi Rirseba mainc azri
    da ideaa, vinaidan `maTSi ixsneba mgosnis Zala da moqmedeba". sabolood ki av-
    toriseuli Tvalsazrisi poeziis arsis Sesaxeb amgvari saxiTaa formuli-
    rebuli: `idea, azri, zoma, riTma _ ai, poeti".
    magram WeSmariti poeturi warmatebis misaRwevad, galaktionis TvalTaxed-
    viT, arc marto es niSan-Tvisebebia sakmarisi. Tu nawarmoebi RvTaebrivi `mad-
    liT fenili" da `STagonebiT aRmoCenili" ar aris, ise igi usulo dekoracias
    hgavs. swored aseT nawarmoebebze ambobs iqve poeti: `leqsebSi xSirad yvelafe-
    ri Tavis rigzea, saxe da forma, ritmic TiTqo sakmarisia, mxolod erTi ram
    aris cudi: yoveli wesiT TiTqo leqsia, magram mainc ar aris leqsi!"
    g. tabiZis mier poemaSi konceptualuri saxiT Camoyalibebul principTagan
    aseve calke unda mieqces yuradReba avtoris msjelobas lirikis farTo sazo-
    gadoebriv xasiaTsa da daniSnulebaze. misi TqmiT, `Cangis garemos sazogado
    cxovreba qmnis". poetis umTavres da upirveles movaleobad galaktioni adamia-
    nis gulSi "samSoblos borkilamyrel miswrafebaTa" gaRvivebas miiCnevs. ras
    niSnavs es, ratom xdeba am sityvis (`borkilamyrelis") amgvari aqcentireba poe-
    maSi? unda vifiqroT, rom es ambavi SemTxveviT da unebur movlenas ar
    warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom `saubari lirikis Sesaxeb" opoziciuri su-
    liskveTebis gamomxatveli da imJamindel ideologiur TvalTaxedvasTan dapi-
    rispirebuli nawarmoebi ar aris, poetis movaleobis gansazRvra-Sefasebis dros
    mkiTxvelis gulSi `samSoblos borkilamyreli miswrafebebis" gaRvivebis amgva-
    ri xazgasma aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba iyos SemTxveviTi faqti. amas ara marto
    galaktionis mTeli SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba adasturebs, aramed Tundac am
    periodis misi sxva poeturi qmnilebanic.
    galaktionis poema, konkretulad ki misi dasaxelebuli fragmentebi, argu-
    mentirebulad warmoaCens im didsa da gansakuTrebiT faseul rols, romelic
    poezias Cveni eris fizikuri da sulieri gadarCenis saqmeSi miuZRvis. es azri
    nawarmoebSi erTgan asea gamoxatuli:
    axla ki CemTvis naTelia, Tu iveriis
    mcireze mcire ricxobrivad, patara eri,
    marad, yovelmxriv Semortymuli uamrav mteriT,
    mainc gadarCa, da gadarCa is, rogorc eri,
    aq poezia iyo misi SemWidroeba,
    ankara wyaro, momCqefare im xalxis guliT,
    mis sasicocxlo ZalaT-Zala da sazrdoeba.
    ai lirika, mTeli misi didi warsuliT,
    ai, rad uyvarT saqarTvelo msoflio qnarebs,
    rad uwodeben saqarTvelos mgosanTa mxares!
    poeziis am udidesi erovnul-istoriuli rolis Sefasebas nawarmoebSi uSu-
    alod mosdevs qarTuli poeturi sityvis didostatebis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis
    Tumca fragmentuli, magram Rrmad efeqturi da STambeWdavi Sefasebani. galakti-
    oni Cveni poetebis Tanavarskvlavedidan aseTi gamorCeuli siyvaruliT mis eqvs
    yvelaze did warmomadgenels gamoyofs. eseni arian: rusTaveli, guramiSvili,
    baraTaSvili, ilia, akaki, vaJa.
    qarTuli klasikuri poeziis es grandiozuli eqvseuli, romelsac Tavad
    poetma Tavis bevr poetur nawarmoebsa Tu literaturul CanawerSi meSvided Ta-
    237
    visi Tavic daumata, galaktions araerTgzis uqcevia literaturuli xotbisa da
    gandidebis sagnad. momavalma Taobebma araTu uyoymanod miiRes da gaiziares g.
    tabiZis mier SemoTavazebuli Cveni klasikuri poeziis amgvari klasifikacia,
    klasikos qarTvel poetTa am sapatio CamonaTvalSi, yovelgvari daeWvebis gare-
    Se, Tavad masac miuCines maradiuli adgili myarad da uryevad.
    g. tabiZis poemaTagan moculobiT yvelaze vrcelia `mSvidobis wigni", ro-
    melzec poeti Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi _ 1945-1956 wlebSi muSaobda. rogorc
    avtoris mier sxvadasxva dros gakeTebuli Canawerebi adastureben, galaktions
    es nawarmoebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan movlenad miaCnda ara marto Tavis
    SemoqmedebaSi, aramed mTel qarTul poeziaSi da guliT swamda, rom misi gamoq-
    veynebiT igi `msoflio saxels moipovebda". `mSvidobis ideis" gamomxatveli es
    poema, poetiseuli SefasebiT, `Rirsia sayovelTao aRiarebisa da siyvarulis".
    Tumca, aseTi TviTrwmenis miuxedavad, nawarmoebis dasrulebidan garkveuli
    drois gasvlis Semdeg, TviTkritikulad imasac aRiarebda, rom `mSvidobis wig-
    nSi" SigadaSig iseTi adgilebic gvxvdeboda, romlebic usaTuod `unda SekeTe-
    buliyo an savsebiT amoRebuliyo" nawarmoebidan. swored amgvari SemoqmedebiTi
    ukmarobis grZnobiT iyo ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom g. tabiZe xangrZlivi
    drois manZilze srulyofda poemas rogorc poeturi ostatobis TvalsazrisiT,
    ise Sinaarsobrivad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `mSvidobis wigni", Tavad avtorisave sityvebiT rom
    vTqvaT, `Sesrulebis mxriv siaxles" warmoadgenda qarTul poeziaSi, igi nakle-
    bad Seesabameba galaktionis poetur SesaZleblobebs da umniSnvnelo adgils
    iWers mis SemoqmedebaSi. poemis naklovan mxareTagan usaTuod unda aRiniSnos
    ambis gaWianurebuli da erTgvarad qaoturi Txroba, pirovnul saxeTa naklebi
    individualizeba da msoflmxedvelobrivi mizanswrafvis sasurveli siRrmiT ga-
    moukveTeloba.
    sxva faqtorebTan erTad, etyoba, am naklovanebebmac arsebiTad gansazRvres
    is garemoeba, rom poema avtoris sicocxleSi mxolod Sekvecili saxiT daibeWda
    da misi sruli teqstis gamoqveyneba pirvelad TxzulebaTa Tormetomeulis XI
    tomSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.
    da mainc, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, `mSvidobis wigns" interesiT
    Tundac imitomac unda gaecnos mkiTxveli, rom masSi Taviseburi poeturi garda-
    saxva hpova Tavad avtoris bavSvobisdroindelma STabeWdilebebma. nawarmoebis
    Sefasebis dros es faqtori, Cemis azriT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. am
    TvalsazrisiT, galaktionis poema gardasuli drois qarTuli yofiTi sinamdvi-
    lis erTgvar poetur matianedac SeiZleba miviCnioT. nawarmoebSi didi emociuri
    eqspresiiTaa aRwerili Zveli SuamTis saxeliT moxseniebuli mSobliuri kuTxis
    mkvidrTa yofa-cxovrebis STambeWdavi epizodebi. es poeturi monaTxrobi uaRre-
    sad sainteresoa, rogorc Taviseburi literaturuli masala Tavad galaktionis
    biografiis Sesaswavlad da gasaazreblad, vinaidan avtoris naambobSi bevri
    ram pirovnuli TviTgancdis uSualo nayofs warmoadgens. xsovnas SerCenili
    bavSvobisdroindeli mogonebani da STabeWdilebani poetma ocnebiT warmosaxu-
    li poeturi samyaros RviZl nawilad aqcia.

    * * *
    g. tabiZem poeturi srulqmnilebis axal simaRleze aiyvana qarTuli poezia.
    igi rom mxatvruli sityvis jadoqaria, es sadReisod sayovelTaod cnobili
    WeSmaritebaa, romelsac mtkiceba ar Wirdeba. galaktionis poeturi grZneulebis
    axsna-gacnobierebas mravalma literaturaTmcodnem Sealia Zala da energia. bev-
    ri iTqva da daiwera masze, rogorc mxatvruli sityvis didostatze, ris Sedega-
    dac mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi individualobis araerTi niuansi iqna mecnierulad
    gaazrebuli, magram g. tabiZis literaturuli fenomenis siRrmiseuli gageba
    kvlavac rCeba galaktionologiis umTavresi mizanswrafvis sagnad.
    rogorc g. tabiZis literaturuli Canawerebi mowmoben, mis SemoqmedebaSi
    damkvidrebuli mxatvruli siaxleebi martooden Sinagani poeturi intuiciis na-
    yofi ki ara, Rrma profesiuli ganswavlulobis mizanswrafuli gamovlinebacaa.
    238
    swored amis dadasturebaa miseuli dakvirvebani klasikuri poeturi xelov-
    nebisTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur niSan-Tvisebebsa da mxatvruli TavisTava-
    dobis ganmsazRvrel kanonzomierebebze.
    poetis TqmiT, `axali formebis aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba" Semoqmeds mxolod
    maSin miecema, roca igi Rrmad Seiswavlis da gaicnobierebs `poeziis teqnikis
    aTaswlovan istorias". galaktions `xangrZliv, gulmodgine, Tavdadebul mu-
    SaobasTan" Sesisxlxorcebuli swored es codna miaCnia imis aucilebel pi-
    robad, rasac SemoqmedebiT siaxleTa damkvidreba unda mohyves Sedegad.
    Tumca poeturi srulqmnilebis misaRwevad umTavresi safuZveli mainc
    RvTiT boZebuli SemoqmedebiTi niWia, romelsac veranairi SromiTa da ganswav-
    lulobiT ver moipovebs kaci, sabolood arc imis ugulvebelyofa SeiZleba, ga-
    laktionis mier zemoT xazgasmuli faqtorebic rom bevrwilad gansazRvraven
    mwerlis literaturul warmateba-warumateblobas.
    g. tabiZes hqonda RvTaebrivi niWi CveulebrivSi araCveulebrivis danaxvisa
    da aRmoCenisa. amiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom TviT yvelaze trivialu-
    ri adamianuri ganwyobilebanic ki mis poeziaSi amaRlebul poetur grZnobebad
    gardaisaxebian.
    sasurveli ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad da emociuri STambeWdaobis gasamZaf-
    reblad poeti xSirad axdens zustad mignebuli detalebisa da poeturi niuan-
    sebis aqcentirebul xazgasmas, riTac saTqmels mkveTrad gamorCeul literatu-
    rul TavisTavadobas sZens. iSviaTia poeti, romlis SemoqmedebaSi zustad mig-
    nebul detalsa Tu sityvas iseTi emociuri datvirTva hqondes SeZenili, ro-
    gorc galaktionTan. amgvari detalebi udides poetur efeqts axdenen da waruS-
    lelad aRibeWdebian mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi. magaliTad, `Cems simReraSi" (1934
    w.) aseTi gansakuTrebuli emociuri datvirTva avtorma, uwinaresad, saocar az-
    robriv konteqstSi naxmar sityva saferfles SesZina, mamis danatovar safer-
    fles, romelic misTvis yvelaze Zvirfas da saTuTad mosaferebel nivTad qceu-
    la. amgvari sizustiT mignebuli poeturi StrixebiTa da detalebiT poeti ga-
    movlenis sruliad axal kuTxes uZebnis tradiciul grZnobebsa Tu motivebs.
    galaktionis araerTi striqoni, fraza Tu poeturi fragmenti farTod dam-
    kvidrda yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi. maTi aseTi popularoba bevri ramiTaa ganpi-
    robebuli _ enafrTianobiT, azris gamoxatvis maRalpoeturobiT, sisxartiT,
    RrmaSinaarsianobiT, sityvieri simaxviliT, artistulobiT, xatovanebiT...
    im mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTagan, romlebic arsebiTad gansaz-
    Rvraves g. tabiZis poetur TavisTavadobas, calke, sagangebod unda aRiniSnos
    tropuli azrovnebis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani roli poetis Semoqme-
    debaSi. asociaciur warmosaxvaTa uCveulobiTa da mravalmxrivobiT, emociuri
    STambeWdaobiTa da originalobis xarisxiT galaktionis poeturi xatwera saxee-
    biT azrovnebis klasikuri nimuSia, sruliad axali movlena qarTul poeziaSi,
    idumali da grZneuli mSveniereba.
    gavixsenoT ramdenime fragmenti misi lirikidan: `mTis gagiJebul ruebs,
    RviiT, ZenZiT da qviSiT, grigali daayruebs macxovrisadmi SiSiT. da dedofali
    alva, elvam daRuna civma, ase gavida gvalva, ase movida wvima... jvari, lomi da
    kuro farSavangebis aris. TvalTa angelozT Suro, Sen, RvTismSobelo karis!"
    (`saRamo". 1915 w.). `qalaqSi, mtverSi waiqca bavSvi. nukris TvalebiT, TmiT _ mi-
    mozebiT. da mwuxarebis male niavSi mofrindnen lurji angelozebi. SeSlili
    saxiT kioda quCa. Sors ki mze darCa da mSoblis kera! mzeze hyvaoda soflad
    aluCa da gaismoda debis simRera!" (`i. a." 1915 w.). `aziis daSlili Tmis Savi gi-
    Seris msubuqi talRebi da lurja cxenebi! Sen mxolod maradi simaRle giSve-
    lis, ros Suqad mSobliur cas SeeSenebi" (`dro". 1915 w.). `me Zlier miyvars iis-
    fer Tovlis qalwulebiviT xididan fena. mwuxare grZnoba civi sisovlis da
    siyvarulis ase moTmena. Zvirfaso! suli mevseba TovliT: dReebi rbian da me
    vberdebi! Cems samSobloSi me movvle mxolod udabno lurjad naxaverdebi"
    (`Tovli". 1916 w.).
    erT-erTi mkafiod gamokveTili niSani, riTac galaktionis tropuli azrov-
    neba xasiaTdeba, movlenaTa aRqma-warmosaxvis paradoqsulobaa. igi amgvari para-
    239
    doqsuli saxeebis erT-erTi pirvelSemomtania Cvens poeziaSi. es tendencia bev-
    rwilad gansazRvra modernistul-simbolisturi esTetikuri principebiT poetis
    gatacebam; Tumca aseTi `paradoqsuli" tropuli xatweris magaliTebi mis marto
    e. w. simbolistur leqsebSi rodi gvxvdeba. magaliTad:
    hgavs Semoxazul vazas Sebindebuli Weri,
    sad mcenareebs xazavs swor irisebis feri...
    anda:
    daaTrobs mTvare Tovlian alvebs
    ivlisisferi yinvis TasebiT!
    aqve sityvaTa paradoqsuli SekavSirebis is magaliTebic unda gavixsenoT,
    esoden mravlad rom gvxvdeba galaktionis poeziaSi: Savi Tovli, lurjad
    naxaverdebi udabno, yinvis siTbo, cisferi Rvino, sulis kvamli, SeSlili feri,
    gadazneqili sizmari, damtvreuli siferade da bevri sxva. movlenaTa amgvari
    aRqma-warmosaxva mxatvruli pirobiTobis im princips emyareba, romelic galak-
    tionma erT-erTma pirvelma Semoitana da daamkvidra Cvens poeziaSi. samyaros av-
    toriseuli xilvis metaforizeba aq gamoxatvis principulad gansxvavebul saxes
    iRebs.
    galaktionis poeturi xatweris maRal dones didad gansazRvraven origina-
    luri epiTetebi. warmosaxviT moulodnelobebsa da paradoqsul asociaciur
    xilvebze dafuZnebuli es metaforizebuli epiTetebi Rrma emociuri STambeW-
    daobiT aRibeWdeba Cvens cnobierebaSi. magaliTad: ivlisisferi yinva, lomferi
    Semodgoma, daRaluli fifqi, ayvavebuli yinva, dekoratiuli cremli, grZneuli
    CuqurTma, Waobze unotiesi suli, laJvardi cremli, cbieri sinaTle, crem-
    lnatbovari baraTi... g. tabiZis amgvarma poeturma xatweram ganmsazRvreli ro-
    li Seasrula rogorc misi drois, ise mTeli momdevno xanis qarTuli poeturi
    kulturis struqturuli ganaxlebis saqmeSi.
    rogorc ukve iTqva, g. tabiZe gansakuTrebul siyvaruls iCens poeturi fer-
    werisadmi. misi poezia sityvieri mxatvrobis SesaniSnavi nimuSia. Tumca, aqve,
    xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom poeturi ferweriT mis aseT dainteresebas
    imavdroulad Rrmaazrovani Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvac axlavs Tan. ferebisadmi
    galaktionis damokidebulebaze saubris dros xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos poetis
    gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli zogierTi maTganisadmi. aseT prioritetul ferad g.
    tabiZis poeziaSi, upirveles yovlisa, lurji (cisferi) unda davasaxeloT. ga-
    laktionisaTvis am feris xmarebis speqtri warmoudgenlad farTo da mra-
    valmxrivia.
    misTvis igi, uwinaresad, ocnebiseulis, romantikulis, mSvenierisa da amaR-
    lebulis gamomxatveli poeturi simboloa. magaliTad: lurji angelozi, lur-
    ji sizmari, lurji parizi, lurji mogoneba, lurji komSi, lurji siCume, lur-
    jad naxaverdebi udabno, cisferi mwuxareba, cisferi saxeli, cisferi landi,
    cisferi mdinare... lurjisa da cisferisadmi galaktionis gansakuTrebuli
    siyvaruli imdenad STambeWdavia da farTo masStabebis momcveli, rom misi poe-
    ziisTvis mkafiod niSneulma am tendenciam meoce saukunis araerTi poetis Se-
    moqmedebazec moaxdina sakmaod mZlavri zegavlena.
    aqve xazgsmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am ferisadmi g. tabiZis aseTi damo-
    kidebuleba Taviseburi gaRrmaveba iyo im didi literaturuli tradiciisa, ro-
    melic romantikosma poetebma daamkvidres am TvalsazrisiT. ucxouri mwer-
    lobis umniSvnelovanes monapovarsac rom Tavi davaneboT, am mxriv g. tabiZes sa-
    kuTriv qarTul literaturaSic mkvidri safuZveli daxvda Tundac n. baraTaSvi-
    lis Semoqmedebis saxiT.
    calke, sagangebod, unda mieqces yuradReba g. tabiZis poeziis bgeriT-akus-
    tikur mxares, romelic saocrad keTilxmovania da daxvewili. Tavisi Semoqme-
    debiT galaktionma kidev ufro gazarda aliteraciis xvedriTi wili nawar-
    moebis poeturi srulyofis saqmeSi da bgeriTi evfoniis mravali klasikuri
    nimuSiT gaamdidra Cveni mwerloba. magaliTad:
    ezoSi yefda bambura mura,
    ezoSi mwvane hyvaoda bao,
    240
    vazis bardebSi scuravda sura,
    Sen bancalebdi, burulo cao.
    bobri belavda kaxambals, Jolas,
    birkvils, batebi qarma moreka,
    ca wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srbolas
    da ablabudas krebs boborika...
    g. tabiZis saxelTan aseve ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli XX saukunis qar-
    Tul poeziaSi riTmis rolisa da funqciis axali masStabebiT warmoCena. am
    TvalsazrisiT igi namdvili `revolucioneria", riTmis axali koncefciis damam-
    kvidrebeli Cvens mwerlobaSi. faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia davasaxeloT riTmis
    iseTi saxeoba, romelic g. tabiZis poeziaSi ar iyos gamoyenebuli. poetis Semoq-
    medebiTi Rvawlis Sefasebis dros xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom igi
    mkveTri individualobiT gamorCeuli mravali axali riTmis aRmomCen-damamkvid-
    rebelia Cvens mwerlobaSi.
    g. tabiZis poezias, avtoris TviTSefasebiT, sami umTavresi safuZveli moe-
    poveba _ musika, grZnoba da silamaze. `msurda yovelSi da yvelaferSi musika,
    grZnoba da silamaze", _ garkveviT werda igi erT-erT leqsSi (`miyvarda hangi,
    grZnobiT gamTbari, yvavilebiviT nazi da Cumi". 1915 w.) da misi leqsebis kiTxvis
    dros marTlac aSkarad vgrZnobT am sami umTavresi Tvisebis primats saTqmelis
    poetur yalibSi moqcevis dros. grZnobad gamTbari hangi, `simRera _ gulSi da-
    gubebuli", `ferad livliviT" gadmosuli gulis siRrmidan, galaktionisaTvis
    ganwyobilebis gamoxatvis yvelaze bunebrivi da efeqturi formaa. igi grZneuli
    xmebiT amRerebuli didi poeti-musikosia. `sityvis uebro kompozitori", hangmra-
    val melodiaTa jadoqari Semoqmedi, `riTmaTa TamaSis" ubadlo mcodne, romel-
    mac yvelaze metad aziara qarTveli mkiTxveli `gancdaTa tanjva-mSvenierebis"
    Sinagan da eniT gamouTqmel saidumlos.
    qarTul poeziaSi albaT Znelad Tu moiZebneba iseTi ritmul-versifikaciu-
    li poeturi forma, galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi rom ar gvxvdebodes. am Tvalsaz-
    risiT misi poezia unikaluria, yvela poetisagan gamorCeuli movlena Cveni
    mwerlobis istoriaSi. musikalurad saocrad daxvewili da melodiuri leqsebis
    gverdiT galaktionma verlibris, anu Tavisuali leqsis, klasikuri magaliTebic
    uxvad Seqmna. ase rom, misi Semoqmedeba mTeli mravalferovnebiTa da siuxviT
    warmoaCens im didi SesaZleblobebs, riTac qarTuli poeziis ritmul-musikalu-
    ri da versifikaciuli mravalxmianoba xasiaTdeba. am mravalxmianobis gamovli-
    neba xSirad erTi da imave nawarmoebisTvisac kia damaxasiaTebeli. misi bevri
    leqsi Tu poema ritmul-versifikaciuli polifoniurobiT gamorCeuli qmni-
    lebaa, romelSic periodulad Tanamonacvleoben erTmaneTisagan mkveTri xmie-
    rebiT gamorCeuli metrul-musikaluri melodiebi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom g. tabiZis Semoqmedeba warmoudgenlad mdidaria rit-
    mul-versifikaciuli formebiT, mis poetur stiqias, upirveles yovlisa, mainc
    melodiuroba da mReradoba avlens. am TvalsazrisiT galaktionis leqsi
    srulyofilebis umaRles dones aRwevs. misi poeturi ritmebi da melodiebi im-
    denad srulqmnilia da daxvewili, rom isini musikaluri nawarmoebis efeqts
    axdenen mkiTxvelze. ase rom, Tu vinmes Sesaxeb SeiZleba vixmaroT Tavad galak-
    tioniseuli gamoTqma _ sityvis kompozitori, es, uwinares yovlisa, masze unda
    iTqvas, poetze, romelmac sityvisa da melodiis urTierSerwymis gansacvif-
    rebeli da uCveulo nimuSebiT gaamdidra Cveni mwerloba.
    musikaluri srulqmnilebisa da ritmul-melodiuri harmoniis misaRwevad
    galaktioni imden xilul Tu uxilav xerxsa da saSualebas iyenebs, rom maTi
    srulyofili gacnobiereba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia. da Tu mainc SevecdebiT
    am TvalsazrisiT zogierTi arsebiTi faqtori gamovyoT, am SemTxvevaSi usaTu-
    od unda aRiniSnos iseTi mkveTrad gamorCeuli Taviseburebani, romelnic, ver-
    sifikaciul sazomTa mravalferovnebis garda, ritmul variaciaTa da intonacia-
    Ta saocar simravles, riTmaTa ukidures daxvewilobasa da musikalobas, bgera-
    Ta uCveulo evfonias, poeturi refrenisa da ganmeorebis efeqts, striqonTa da
    241
    winadadebaTa originalur konstruqciebsa da sxva mraval niSan-Tvisebasa da
    stilur gamorCeulobas gulisxmobs.
    imis naTelsayofad, raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda galaktioni ritmul-
    versifikaciul formaTa mravalferovnebas, minda misi poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
    bel erT sagulisxmo tendenciasac mivaqcio yuradReba _ mkiTxvelisaTvis kar-
    gad cnobili zogierTi nawarmoebis im gansxvavebul metrul da ritmul-musika-
    lur variantebs, arcTu iSviaTad rom gvxvdeba xolme mis SemoqmedebaSi. gavixse-
    noT, magaliTad, `meri", romlis erT-erTi varianti tradiciulisagan mkveTrad
    gansxvavebuli am saleqso sazomiTaa dawerili:
    Sen im Rames jvars iwerdi, Cemo mSveniero meri!
    vin asweros Seni saxis maSindeli elva, feri,
    vin asaxos misi im Jams ucxo krToma da ieri,
    mainc turfa, mainc saTno da uzomod mSvenieri.
    igive unda iTqvas `silaJvardis..." axal, 14 marcvlian versifikaciul
    variantzec. rogorc iTqva, msgavsi saxis ritmul-versifikaciuli Ziebani sakma-
    od mravlad gvxvdeba g. tabiZis poeziaSi da dasaxelebuli magaliTebi am Tval-
    sazrisiT gamonaklisi sulac ar aris.
    g. tabiZis poeziaSi musikaluri faqtoris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
    rolze saubris dros calke unda aRiniSnos is dainteresebac, romelsac poeti
    klasikuri musikisa da misi didostatebisadmi iCens. es naTlad Cans calkeul
    leqsebSi maTi xSiri moxseniebiTac da maTdami miZRvnili nawarmoebebiTac (beT-
    hoveni, mocarti, baxi, Suberti, Sumani...). aqve, amasTan dakavSirebiT, literatu-
    raTmcodneobaSi araerTgzis xazgasmuli is Tvalsazrisic unda gavixsenoT,
    romlis Tanaxmadac galaktionis araerTi leqsi ama Tu im klasikuri musikalu-
    ri nawarmoebis STagonebiTaa dawerili.
    galaktionis poeziaSi aseve xSirad gvxvdeba iseTi leqsebi, romelTa mxat-
    vrul struqturaSi Taviseburi formiT iWreba musikaluri Janris calkeuli
    elementebi. amis dadasturebaa, magaliTad, poetis mier arcTu iSviaTad gamoye-
    nebuli iseTi musikaluri cnebebi da saxelwodebani, rogorebicaa: simfonia, oq-
    tava, orkestri, voltorni, klaviatura, violonCeli... musikaluri terminologi-
    is amgvar gamoyenebas galaktioni mizanswraful datvirTvas sZens. musikasTan
    misi poeziis es siaxlove poeturi individualobis arsebiTad ganmsazRvreli
    erT-erTi niSania, romelic specialur kvlevasa da Seswavlas saWiroebs.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis dasturad aq, albaT, S. radianis am mogonebis
    damowmebac ar iqneba interesmoklebuli: `leqss jer gonebaSi gavmarTav musika-
    lurad, CemTvis davamRereb kidec da gadamaqvs qaRaldze. Tu qaRaldze gadata-
    nis Semdeg ar momewona leqsis musika, maSinve mas kvlav vubrundebi..." leqsis
    musikaluri mxaris daxvewa-srulyofaze amgvari zrunva naTlad etyoba calke-
    ul nawarmoebTa variantebs. rogorc maTi gacnobiT araorazrovnad xdeba cxa-
    di, poeti sakmaod xSirad erTi da imave leqsis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad
    gansxvavebul ritmul-musikalur variantebsac qmnida xolme.
    poeturi nawarmoebis musikaluri mxariT galaktionis gansakuTrebuli
    daintereseba misi literaturuli CanawerebiTac naTlad dasturdeba. poetis az-
    riT, `musika upirveles rols TamaSobs leqsSi" (t. XII, gv. 164). swored am da
    msgavs Sefasebebamde mihyavs igi klasikuri qarTuli poeziis miseul analizs
    da am debulebis dasturad mravali konkretuli magaliTi moaqvs rogorc cal-
    keul poetTa Semoqmedebidan, ise xalxuri poeziidanac.
    qarTul leqsSi musikaluri faqtoris xvedriTi rolis gasaZliereblad
    aravis gaukeTebia imdeni, ramdenic galaktions. musikalur formaTa da saleqso-
    versifikaciul sqemaTa mravalferovnebisa da siuxvis TvalsazrisiT mas qar-
    Tul mwerlobaSi badali ar moepoveba. am mizniT, man, Tu, erTis mxriv, maqsima-
    luri yovlismomcvelobiT gamoiyena manamdel qarTul poeziaSi arsebuli musi-
    kalur-versifikaciuli formebi da ritmul-melodiuri saxeobani, meores mxriv
    Tavadac Seqmna da daamkvidra mravali axali saleqso sazomi Tu poeturi harmo-
    nia. es yvelaferi rom kargad gacnobierebuli procesi iyo, amaze g. tabiZis
    literaturuli werilebic naTlad metyvelebs.
    242
    magaliTad, rogorc misi erT-erTi aseTi CanaweriT xdeba cxadi, mas mizan-
    swrafulad gaukeTebia bevri ram saimisod, Cvens poeziaSi erTmarcvliani riTma
    rom damkvidrebuliyo, rogorc ritmul-musikaluri melodiurobis gamoxatvis
    Tvisebrivad axali forma (t. XIV, gv. 172).
    calke, sagangebod, unda aRiniSnos is frazeologiur-taepobrivi ganmeore-
    banic, esoden xSirad rom gvxvdeba poetis SemoqmedebaSi. amgvari ganmeorebebiT
    azris emociuri gamoxatva met eqspresiulobasa da simZafres iZens. aqve isic
    xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ganmeorebani mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra-
    ven poeturi nawarmoebis ritmul-musikaluri xmierebis gamorCeulobas.
    g. tabiZem SemoqmedebiTad gaiTavisa klasikuri qarTuli poeziis umdidresi
    poeturi tradiciebi. misi lirikis siaxleni mniSvnelovanwilad swored am tra-
    diciaTa wiaRSi iReben saTaves da sruliad axal poetur Tvisebriobad gardai-
    saxeba. magram galaktionis poeziis mastimulirebel wyaroebze saubris dros
    aseve ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan qarTuli xalxuri poeziis umdidresi
    saganZuric. g. tabiZis lirikis araerTi saleqso sazomi Tu ritmul-musikaluri
    melodia organuladaa Sesisxlxorcebuli xalxuri poeziis ZirebTan. es rom
    aSkarad mizanswrafuli movlena iyo, naTlad dasturdeba im tipologiuri
    msgavsebiT, g. tabiZis lirikasa da xalxuri poeziis calkeul nimuSebs Soris
    rom SeiniSneba aSkara sicxadiT.
    aqve, am Tvalsazrisis dasturad, v. javaxaZis mier mikvleuli saarqivo
    Canawerebic unda gavixsenoT, riTac zemoT gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba kidev ufro
    met damajereblobasa da argumentirebulobas iZens. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, is
    metrul-versifikaciuli paralelebi, Tavad poets rom mouZebnia sakuTar
    nawarmoebebsa da xalxuri poeziis nimuSebs Soris:
    `_ Cango! bevri kargi dro! (netav axla sadaxaro?!).
    _ ulevi, uangariSo (yayaCo ayvavebula).
    _ rogorc nislis namqeri (nuravin mcvlis sxvazeda).
    _ aSrialda neSo tyeSi (me var simona doliZe).
    _ aqeT nuSi, iqiT nuSi (Sori gzidan satrfos veli).
    _ qari hqris, qari hqris (danama, danama) (v. javaxaZe, `ucnobi", 1991 w. gv.
    323).
    aseve mravlismTqmelia is faqtic, rom poets ganzraxuli hqonia Tavisi
    rCeuli leqsebis wignSi calke ciklad gamoeyo xalxuri poeziiT STagonebuli
    nawarmoebebi saerTo saxelwodebiT _ `folkloriseburi".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom folkloruli intonaciebi g. tabiZis poeziaSi ma-
    namdec sakmaod gvxvdeboda, 20-iani wlebidan misi Semoqmedeba am TvalsazrisiT
    mainc gansakuTrebiT iqcevs yuradRebas. am droidan moyolebuli, galaktionis
    poezia genetikuradac da ritmul-melodiuradac kidev ufro met siaxloves
    iCens qarTul poetur folklorTan. mis leqsebSi literaturuli gardasaxvis
    axal masStabebs iZens xalxuri poeturi intonaciebi, mkvidrdeba xalxuri leq-
    sis wiaRSi Casaxuli axali versifikaciuli formebi. poetis Semoqmedeba meti
    bunebrivi simsubuqiT, sinaTliT, mReradobiTa da gamWvirvalobiT aRibeWdeba.
    gavixsenoT leqsebi: `xalxuri motivebidan", `winandaleli naTela", `qalav", `eg
    aris da goris cixe", `erTi gavardnili kaci"... Tumca, aqve, xazgasmiT isic unda
    aRiniSnos, rom xalxur poeziasTan galaktionis leqsis aseTi siaxlove ufro
    genetikuri da siRrmiseuli movlenaa, vidre zedapirulad gamovlenili faqti.
    XX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi Znelia moiZebnos poeturi nawarmoebis iseTi
    Janrul-versifikaciuli da ritmul-musikaluri saxeoba, romelic g. tabiZis Sem-
    oqmedebaSi ar gvxvdebodes. rogorc poetis umdidresi saarqivo Canawerebi da
    literaturuli werilebi mowmoben, es yvelaferi niWis mxolodRa stiqiuri da
    qvecnobieri gamovlineba ki ar iyo, aramed uRrmesi profesiuli ganswavlu-
    lobis Sedegic. swored amis dadasturebaa is literaturaTmcodneobiTi kome-
    ntarebi, romelTac galaktioni akeTebs xolme zemoT moxseniebul sakiTxebTan
    dakavSirebiT.
    samagaliTod gavixsenoT 1949 wels dawerili mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi, ro-
    melSic qarTul poeziaSi damkvidrebuli erT-erTi aseTi axali Janruli saxe-
    243
    oba Tavad poetis mier asea Sefasebuli: `1927 wels gamoqveynda Cemi didi wigni
    (e. w. `zarniSiani wigni"), romelmac udidesi gamoxmaureba hpova mTels qarTul
    sazogadoebaSi. didi istoria aqvs am wigns. erTi axalTvisebaTagani, romelic
    am wigniT dafuZnda, sruliad axali stili iyo wyebaTa stili, erT Temaze
    (Semodgomebi...). mas mohyva SemdegSi erTi ideiT STagonebuli da erT Tematikur
    RerZze agebuli wignebi `epoqa" (1930), `revoluciur saqarTvelos" (1931), `paci-
    fizmi" (1931) ... amgvarad me gaxlavarT am Janris (e. i. ciklebis) fuZemdebeli. miC-
    qmalva am garemoebis SeuZlebelia, radganac saqme gvaqvs aSkara faqtTan. am xa-
    ziT svla gagrZeleba iqneba galaktionis mier dawyebuli saqmisa. metic: es iqne-
    boda literaturuli xulignoba. didad gasaxarelia, rom am gziT midioda da
    midis mTeli Cveni Tanamedrove poezia" (citirebulia v. javaxaZis wignidan `uc-
    nobi", 1991 w. gv. 119).
    rogorc vxedavT, g. tabiZe zustad axasiaTebs 20-30-iani wlebis qarTul po-
    eziaSi damkvidrebul erT-erT iseT axal Janrul saxeobas, rogoric e. w. `poe-
    turi ciklebis" poeziaa. saTqmelis gamoxatvis am formam didi adgili daamkvid-
    ra meoce saukunis araerTi qarTveli poetis SemoqmedebaSi da maTi liter-
    aturuli individualobis gamovlenis mZlavr saSualebad iqca (s. Ciqovani, i.
    abaSiZe, a. abaSeli, g. leoniZe, t. tabiZe, i. griSaSvili...). miuxedavad imisa, rom
    am Janruli siaxlis damamkvidrebeli 20-30-ian wlebSi mxolod galaktioni ar
    yofila da am TvalsazrisiT imxanad moRvawe sxva poetebmac mniSvnelovani ro-
    li Seasrules, misi damsaxureba am mimarTulebiTac metad mniSvnelovani da
    gverdauvlelia.
    g. tabiZis literaturuli siaxleni, RvTaebriv niWTan erTad, udidesi Sro-
    misa da Rvwis Sedegic rom iyo, amaze, rogorc iTqva, mwerlis Canawerebic naT-
    lad metyveleben. misi TqmiT, `namdvili xelovneba teqnikuri ostatobisa Sei-
    Zleba miRweul iqnas mxolod TandaTanobiT, xangrZlivi, moTminebiT savse, aTas-
    nairi cdebis, mxolod didi droisa da dauRalavi Sromis gziT". swored am `di-
    di da dauRalavi Sromis" dadasturebacaa is uamravi variantuli saxesxvaobani,
    mis calkeul nawarmoebebs rom moepovebaT. am variantebidan naTlad Cans, rao-
    deni Rvwisa da rudunebis Sedegad aRwevda poeti im srulqmnil harmonias, ri-
    Tac misi poeturi Sedevrebi gvaoceben.
    aTiani wlebis Sua xanebidan g. tabiZis poeziaSi dawyebuli ganaxlebis
    procesi ganuyoflad aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli ritmul-versifikaciul formaTa
    gamravalferovnebasTan. am droidan moyolebuli, galaktionis lirikaSi far-
    Tod mkvidrdeba mravalferovani saleqso sazomebi da musikaluri intonaciebi.
    poetis Semoqmedebis es ritmul-versifikaciuli siaxleni gamovlinebis arnaxul
    masStabebs iZenen da sruliad axal xmierebas sZenen qarTul poezias.
    g. tabiZis poeturi ritmika am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mravalferov-
    nebas mainc im SemTxvevaSi aRwevs, roca poeti heterometrul saleqso sazomebs
    mimarTavs xolme. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom qarTul poeziaSi, uiSvi-
    aTesi gamonaklisis garda, Znelia moiZebnos versifikaciul formaTa iseTi
    kombinacia, romelic galaktionTan ar gvxvdebodes. garda imisa, rom man TiT-
    qmis mTlianad gamoiyena am TvalsazrisiT CvenSi manamde arsebuli liter-
    aturuli tradiciebi, Tavadac Seqmna da daamkvidra Tvisebrivad sruliad axali
    versifikaciuli saleqso sqemebi da ritmul-musikaluri intonaciebi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom g. tabiZis poeturi stiqia, upirveles yovlisa, musi-
    kaluri melodiurobis ukidures daxvewilobasa da qarTul srulyofilebaSi
    vlindeba, mis poeziaSi arc iseTi nawarmoebebia saZebari, romlebSic amgvari
    ritmuli keTilxmovaneba an ukana planzea gadanacvlebuli, anda saerTodac
    ugulvebelyofili. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi is leqse-
    bi da poemebi, romlebic verlibris anu Tavisufali leqsis formiTaa dawerili.
    marTalia, verlibris damkvidrebis procesi qarTul klasikur poeziaSi sa-
    ukuneTa wiaRSia saZiebeli, magram isic faqtia, rom am saleqso formas
    gansakuTrebuli poeturi warmatebani CvenSi ar mohyolia. am TvalsazrisiT er-
    Tgvari gardatexa meoce saukunis aTiani wlebidan iwyeba. am dros samoRvaweo
    asparezze gamosulma bevrma poetma (gansakuTrebiT `cisferyanwelebma") TviTga-
    244
    moxatvis erT-erT mTavar versifikaciul saSualebad swored verlibri gaixada
    da mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli am saleqso formis Semdgomi damkvidrebis
    process.
    g. tabiZis Rvawli am mxrivac ganuzomlad didia. aTiani wlebis meore
    naxevarsa da ocian wlebSi man verlibris araerTi nimuSiT gaamdidra qarTuli
    poezia. marTalia, misi es nawarmoebebi TavianTi mxatvruli srulqmnilebiT poe-
    tis saukeTeso qmnilebebs ver Seedrebian, magram versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT
    isini imJamindel Cvens poeziaSi usaTuod amkvidreben bevr iseT siaxles, romle-
    bic erTgvari safuZveli gaxda 60-70-ian wlebSi CvenSi mZlavrad gamovlenili
    versifikaciuli Ziebebisa.
    g. tabiZis poeziaSi versifikaciul ZiebaTa am procesma gansakuTrebiT far-
    To masStabebi im dros SeiZina, roca ukve dawerili iyo misi Semoqmedebis ara-
    erTi Sedevri. RvTaebrivad srulqmnili musikaluri leqsebis gverdiT amgvari
    antimusikaluri nakadis SemoWra da damkvidreba poetis SemoqmedebaSi SemTxvevi-
    Ti movlena ar yofila. amiT galaktioni miznad isaxavda SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis
    procesisaTvis Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli mimarTulebac mieca da qarTul poe-
    ziaSi am kuTxiTac daemkvidrebina axali tradiciebi. es rom namdvilad asea,
    amaze Tundac g. tabiZis es Canaweric naTlad metyvelebs: _ Tavisufali leqsis
    dafuZnebisTvis dawerilia Cem mier mTeli rig nawarmoebebisa. `jon ridi",
    adgilebi `pacifizmSi", `revolucionur saqarTveloSi" da `epoqaSi" (g tabiZe, t.
    127 gv.178).
    marTalia, galaktionis mier dawerili Tavisufali leqsebis didi nawi-
    li uriTmoa, magram es ise aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba gavigoT, TiTqos poeti
    leqsis am or saxeobas erTmaneTTan aigivebdes. amasTan dakavSirebiT is zust
    da araorazrovan ganmartebasac gvaZlevs, roca xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `ar
    SeiZleba areva uriTmo leqsisa Tavisufal leqsSi". versifikaciul saleqso
    formaTa Tavisuflebaze saubris dros galaktionis poeziaSi klasikuri me-
    truli sazomebis gverdiT pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT, erTis mxriv, ver-
    libris tipuri nimuSebi, romlebSic mTlianadaa ugulvebelyofili ritmul-mu-
    sikaluri harmoniis yovelgvari gamovlinebaca da metrul-versifikaciuli
    simwyobre-kanonzomierebac, meores mxriv ki iseTi leqsebi, romelTac gardamava-
    li adgili uWiravT verlibrsa da klasikur mowesrigebul leqss Soris. amgva-
    ri narevriTmiani da naxevradTavisufali leqsebi poetis SemoqmedebaSi
    gansakuTrebiT mravlad gvxvdeba aTiani wlebis meore naxevarsa da ocian wle-
    bSi.
    ociani wlebis bolodan ki versifikaciul ZiebaTa es procesi imdenad
    cxreba, rom arsebiTad TiTo-orola magaliTiT Semoifargleba. es garemoeba,
    etyoba, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom poetma TeTri da Tavisufali leqsebi qar-
    Tul sinamdvileSi naklebad perspeqtiul poetur formebad miiCnia, rasac misi
    aseTi Canaweric adasturebs: `TeTri leqsisa da datexil uwyobo leqsebis da-
    marcxeba".
    rogorc g. tabiZis TxzulebaTa TormettomeulSi warmodgenili varian-
    tebiT xdeba cxadi, poeti Zalze bevrs muSaobda Tavisi nawarmoebis srul-
    sayofad. am variantebis ubralo gadaTvalierebac ki daueWveblad gvarwmunebs
    imaSi, raoden did energias xarjavda galaktioni sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
    xSir SemTxvevaSi misi es muSaoba didad cildeboda nawarmoebis variantuli
    srulyofis farglebs da avtori faqtobrivad ZiriTadi teqstisagan arsebiTad
    gansxvavebul sruliad axal leqss qmnida. es variantebi zogjer imdenad daxve-
    wilia da srulyofili, rom maTgan pirobiTad Tua SesaZlebeli srulqmnili pi-
    ris gamocalkeveba.
    naTqvamis dasturad Tundac `uZilo Rameebi" (1946 w.) gavixsenoT. poetis ar-
    qivSi am leqsis Svidi gansxvavebuli variantia daculi. imisaTvis, rom mkiTxve-
    lisaTvis naTeli gaxdes am variantebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis arsi, sai-
    lustraciod, ZiriTadi teqstis gverdiT, moviSvelioT erT-erTi variantis Ses-
    abamisi adgili: ZiriTadi teqsti:
    Rvinos ar vsvamdi, isev daviwye,
    245
    damCemda dardi, sigulmaviwye,
    wyals mivec yvela ia da vardi,
    saTayvaneblad win rom daviwye.
    karga xania ar vwevdi TuTuns,
    nacvlad vusmendi mtkvris amo duduns,
    exla TuTunis boli sdgas saxlSi -
    ra gaaTenebs am Rames ukuns?
    varianti:
    Rvinos veridebodi,
    momeCvia fiqrebi,
    dardi, sigulmaviwye.
    ar vwyalobdi Tambaqos,
    magram raRa drosia,
    dRiT da RamiT Cemi mze
    exla papirosia.
    msgavsi magaliTebi mravlad SeiZleba moviSvelioT poetis Semoqmedebidan.
    g. tabiZis poeziaSi sakmaod gvxvdeba iseTi nawarmoebebic, romelnic av-
    tors jer prozis saxiT dauweria da Semdeg miucia maTTvis poeturi qmnilebis
    forma. sailustraciod gavixsenoT TxzulebaTa XII tomSi dabeWdili poemaTa
    prozauli teqstebi. msgavsi prozauli Canawerebi galaktionis calkeul leqse-
    bsac moepoveba. magaliTad, `prologi asi leqsisas (1925 w.) prozauli varianti
    avtors jer kidev 1922 wels dauweria _ `samwuxaro martirologi". igive unda
    iTqvas leqsebze _ `nu miatoveb leqss uTvistomod" (1931 w.) da `Cveni mnaTobi
    cecxlis feria" (1929 w.), romelTa calkeuli fragmentebi prozauli formiTaa
    ganmeorebuli werilebSi `dro" da `poeziis dRe".
    galaktionis literaturuli Canawerebis rolsa da mniSvnelobas didad
    zrdis is garemoeba, rom isini mkvlevarisaTvis erTgvari orientiris funqcia-
    sac asruleben poetis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis Seswavlis dros. am Tval-
    sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi is werilebi, romlebSic sakuTari
    poeturi individualobis calkeuli tendenciebi Tu niSan-Tvisebania daxasiaTe-
    buli. galaktioni garkveul informacias gvawvdis misi Semoqmedebis genetikur
    fesvebze da klasikur literaturul tradiciebTan memkvidreobiT mimarTebaze,
    xsnis da ganmartavs Tavisi Tavisi zogierTi nawarmoebis mxatvrul specifikasa
    da mizanswrafvas...
    gavixsenoT, magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi Canaweri _ `baraTaSvilis riTma",
    romelSic qarTul klasikur poeziaSi riTmis rolisa da funqciis fragme-
    ntuli daxasiaTebis Semdeg poeti gamoTqvams friad mniSvnelovan Tvalsazriss
    imis Sesaxeb, rom misi `lurja cxenebi" esaa Sedegi rusTavelis riTmis keT-
    ilxmovanebisa da baraTaSvilis Sinagani ritmis urTierTSeTavsebisa. `Cemi mera-
    ni, _ wers igi, _ SeTavsebaa am ori sxvadasxvaobisa, rusTavelis riTmis dacva,
    baraTaSvilis ritmis gamoyeneba, azris gaRrmaveba, ai, `lurja cxenebi".
    yovelive zemoTqmulis TvalsazrisiT kidev ufro sainteresoa werili `sa-
    kuTari leqsebis Sesaxeb". 50-ian wlebSi daweril am patara werilSi mravali
    mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ganmartebuli. saxeldobr, `mTawmindis mTvareze" saub-
    ris dros galaktioni erTxel kidev aRniSnavs xaszgasmiT, rom am `programul
    leqsSi", romelic mas Tavisi Semoqmedebis `erT-erT gasaRebad" miaCnia, naTlad
    Cans sisxlxorceuli kavSiri qarTul klasikur poeziasTan, kerZod ki XIX sau-
    kunis korifeebis _ n. baraTaSvilisa da a. wereTlis poetur memkvidreobasTan.

    * * *
    galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebaze saubris dros ar SeiZleba ramdenime
    sityva klasikuri qarTuli mwerlobisadmi mis damokidebulebazec ar iTqvas. am
    TvalsazrisiT, mwerlis literaturul CanawerebTan erTad, didad faseulia mi-
    si poeturi nawarmoebebic. rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTvel poetTagan galaktioni,
    Cveulebriv, eqvs udides warmomadgenels miiCnevs gansakuTrebuli Tayvaniscemis
    Rirsad _ SoTas, guramiSvils, baraTaSvils, ilias, akakisa da vaJas. am eqvse-
    uls is araerTgzis gamoyofs da xotbas ar iSurebs maT gansadideblad. asea
    246
    es yvelgan da yovelTvis, garda erTi SemTxvevisa - mxedvelobaSi maqvs leqsi
    `rarig kargia, samSoblov", romelSic dasaxelebuli eqvseuli oTxamde mcir-
    deba (akldeba guramiSvili da baraTaSvili).
    magram galaktioni mxolod winamorbedTa Rvawlis amgvari SefasebiT ar
    kmayofildeba da maT uSualo memkvidred Tavis Tavsac acxadebs. erT-erTi leq-
    sis (`Tendeba, gaTenda, 1950 w.) variantSi es TviTSefaseba aseT saxes iRebs:
    aviReb xelSi isev SoTas, gveyo simSvide,
    me CvenTa dReTa avageb odas, ricxviT meSvides.
    meoregan ki klasikuri qarTuli poeziis korifeTa TanavarskvlavedSi Ta-
    visi Tavis CarTva asea gaazrebuli (`o, nana, nana, nana"): `kedliT gimReris eqvsi
    mgosnis Zvirfasi qnari, rusTavels, guramiSvils, baraTaSvils da vaJas, were-
    Tels, WavWavaZes surT dagiWiron mxari, maT maradisi xsovna, maT dideba da va-
    Sa!"
    klasikuri qarTuli poeziis am `didi Svideulis" amgvari Sefasebani galak-
    tionis poeziaSi sxvaganac xSirad gvxvdeba. erT SemTxvevaSi ki, rogorc iTqva,
    es sia ori warmomadgenliT Semcirda da man sabolood aseTi saxe miiRo:
    rarig kargia, samSoblov, Seni mtkvari da rioni,
    SoTa, ilia, akaki, vaJa...
    vaJas Semdeg dasmuli mravalwertilis adgilze mexuTe warmomadgenlis Ca-
    wera galaktionma drosa da mkiTxvels miando da misi es molodini Seumcdari
    sizustiT aRasrula madlierma STamomavlobam.
    rogorc vxedavT, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis Semfasebeli leqsebiT
    galaktionma Tamamad gansazRvra Tavisi roli da adgili qarTuli literatu-
    ris istoriaSi. am TviTSefasebis dros mTlianadaa gamoricxuli odnavi daeW-
    vebac ki. misTvis `dResaviT iyo naTeli", ras ityoda masze STamomavloba. es
    TviTrwmena gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gamoixata sicocxlis bolo wlebSi dawe-
    ril araerT leqsSi. da roca g. tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis Rirseuli dafa-
    seba da warmoCena xdeba saWiro, uwinaresad, swored maT vixsenebT xolme, vinai-
    dan am leqsebze ufro zustad da STambeWdavad Znelia amis gakeTeba.
    aRmovaCine mTeli samyaro,
    qveynisTvis jerac miukvleveli, _
    werda erTgan galaktioni. da, marTlac, mis mier aRmoCenili Tu Seqmnili es po-
    eturi samyaro Tvisebrivad sruliad ucxo movlenaa manamdel qarTul mwer-
    lobaSi, mkvidri safuZveli da dasabami SemdgomSi axal-axal poetur sivrceTa
    mikvleva-aRmoCenisa.
    g. tabiZis araerTi Tanamedrove Tu momdevno periodis poetis Semoqme-
    debiTi individualoba, pirvel yovlisa, swored misma poeturma samyarom gansaz-
    Rvra arsebiTad da mis mier gakafuli gza magistraluri mimarTulebis mimcemi
    aRmoCnda qarTuli poeziis samomavlo ganviTarebisTvis.
    247
    konstantine gamsaxurdia

    konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTuli mxatvruli sityvis didostati da Cvens


    literaturaSi bevri siaxlis Semomtan-damamkvidrebeli beletristia. mwerlis
    SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis aseT sayovelTao aRiarebas win sakmaod rTuli da wina-
    aRmdegobebiT savse periodi uZRoda, roca mwerlis literaturuli monagari
    mZafr ganqiqebaTa da nihilistur SefasebaTa obieqtad iyo qceuli. gasuli
    saukunis ociani wlebidan moyolebuli 50-ian wlebamde k. gamsaxurdias Semoqme-
    debisadmi e. w. oficialuri literaturuli kritikisa da xelisuflebis pozi-
    cia yovelTvis iyo Sinaganad dramatizebulica da met-naklebad mwvavec.
    aseTi tendenciuri da aSkarad ideologizebuli damokidebuleba mwerlis
    SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobisadmi Zalian didxans gagrZelda. marTalia, 60-iani
    wlebidan moyolebuli, k. gamsaxurdiasadmi literaturuli kritikis damoki-
    debuleba arsebiTad icvleba, magram klasobriv-ideologiuri TvalTaxedviT mi-
    si nawarmoebebis gansja-Sefasebis magaliTebi zogierTi avtoris arc amis Sem-
    dgom gamoqveynebuli nawerebisTvisaa ucxo da moulodneli movlena.
    sabWoTa periodis araerTi kritikosi partiuli TvalTaxedviT aanalizebda
    mwerlis Semoqmedebas da avtoris moqalaqeobriv da mamuliSvilur principTa-
    gan bevri ram socialisturi epoqisaTvis miuReblad miaCnda. amgvari ideologi-
    zebuli kritikis magaliTebs gansakuTrebiT uxvad vxvdebiT 20-30-iani wlebis
    kritikosTa naazrevSi.
    oficialuri xelisuflebisa da kritikis aseTi damokidebuleba mwerals
    iZulebuls xdida drodadro garkveul kompromiszec wasuliyo, magram, amisda
    miuxedavad, mas Tavisi principebisaTvis mainc ar uRalatia. es, uwinares yovli-
    sa, mis patriotul TvalTaxedvaze iTqmis. sabWoTa periodis qarTvelTagan iSvi-
    aTad Tu mdgara erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze misebri gabedulebiT. k. gam-
    saxurdias mTeli Semoqmedeba da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba amis sanimuSo maga-
    liTia. sisxliani represiebis iseT saSinel periodSic ki, rogoric 20-30-iani
    wlebi iyo, igi aqtiurad iRvwoda Cveni erovnuli da enobrivi interesebis
    dasacavad.
    naTqvamis dasturad mkiTxvels SevaxsenebT fragmentebs 1932 wels mweralTa
    kavSirSi gamarTul plenumze mwerlis mier warmoTqmuli sityvidan. k. gamsaxur-
    dia aRSfoTebiT saubrobs literaturasa da skolebSi `gadmovardnil rusifi-
    kaciis talRaze", rasac Sedegad is `sikeTe" mohyva, rom `saqarTveloSi pativi
    aeyara qarTul sityvas. politikam moitana, rom iubileebs umarTaven ucxo mwer-
    lebs. mivesalmebi amas, magram sad gagonila, rom kaci Tavisi saxlidan gaagdo
    da stumars misce bina. ar varga iseTi politika, rogorsac aq atareben. am po-
    litikam mogvca is, rom am Senobidan gaaZeves dimitri yifianis suraTi da gor-
    kis suraTi Camokides. sofel baRdaTisaTvis undodaT daerqmiaT maiakovskis sa-
    xeli maSin, roca saqarTveloSi arc erT sofels qarTuli mwerlis saxeli ar
    hqonia. xSirad gamodiodnen zogierTni da imuqrebodnen – unda gasrisoT nacio-
    nalisturi qarTuli literaturao. es barbarosuli wmenda yvelaze magrad Cven
    dagvatyda Tavs".
    aseve metad mniSvnelovania gamosvlis is adgili, sadac imJamindel
    afxazeTSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba amgvaradaa daxasiaTebuli: `aq mobrZandnen Cve-
    ni afxazi amxanagebi. unda mogaxsenoT, rom didedidan afxazis sisxli maqvs,
    miyvars afxazebi da gmirebic myavda isini, magram aq gamovida ori axalgazrda
    kaci da rusulad gvelaparaka afxazeTis saxeliT. raSia saqme?" - mravalmniSvne-
    lovnad svams kiTxvas mwerali da im mrisxane wlebSi mamuliSviluri gabedu-
    lebiT miapyrobs yvelas yuradRebas im safrTxes, romelmac eqvsi aTwleulis
    Semdeg qveyana sisxlian tragediamde miiyvana.
    samwuxarod, k. gamsaxurdias amgvar gamosvlebsa da werilebs araTu raime
    dadebiTi Sedegi ar mohyolia, piriqiT, mwerlis `nacionalisturi" da `reaqcio-
    nuri" ideebis kritika gacda saqarTvelos masStabebs da sakavSiro presis fur-
    clebic moicva. aseTi TavdasxmebiTa da SemotevebiT Seviwroebulma mweralma
    248
    1934 wels specialuri gancxadebiT mimarTa mweralTa kavSiris prezidiums, ri-
    Tac, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi damsaxurebis TviTdaxasiaTebis Semdeg, sakmaod ka-
    tegoriulad da principulad moiTxovda Semwydariyo misi umarTebulo lanZRva-
    gineba: `presa mlanZRavs, umarTebulod mqirdaven, komisia mweralTa kavSiridan
    mricxavs. nuTu ase unda Sexvdnen im kacs, romelic `modis" da carieli xele-
    biT ki ar modis, aramed amdeni SromiTa da brZoliT. me mivaqcev prezidiumis
    yuradRebas, rom yovelive amaSi karga mozrdili dozaa kacTmZulvarebis da
    umarTebulo qvebis srolisa.
    cxadia, Tu es yovelive aseTi tempiT wava, me iZulebuli viqnebi davdumde.
    uares SemTxvevaSi sxvagan gadavsaxlde".
    magram, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, aqve xazgasmiT isic unda aRi-
    niSnos, rom sisxliani represiebisa da partiul-ideologiuri dogmebiT sazoga-
    doebis didi nawilis SeboWilobis im mZime wlebSic, oficiozis mier vizi-
    rebuli Sexedulebebis gverdiT, k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebisa da moRvaweobi-
    sadmi radikalurad gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisic farTod iyo damkvidrebuli
    (ZiriTadad zepiri formiT), riTac bevrad ufro obieqturad da gulwrfelad
    fasdeboda mwerlis literaturuli da mamuliSviluri Rvawli. ideologiuri
    zewolisagan SedarebiT Tavisufali am literaturuli Tvalsazris mixedviT, k.
    gamsaxurdia uyoymanod cxaddeboda qarTuli prozis didostatad da Cveni mwer-
    lobis saukeTeso tradiciaTa Rirseul gamgrZeleblad, romelmac erovnuli
    literatura araerTi mxatvruli SedevriT gaamdidra.
    SemoqmedebiTi TvalTaxedvis ufarToesi TvalsawieriTa da problematikiT,
    personaJTa mxatvruli saxeebis mravalferovnebiTa da TviTmyofadobiT, istori-
    ul Tu Tanadroul epoqalur movlenaTa warmosaxvis masStaburobiTa da siR-
    rmiT, literaturuli ostatobis maRaldaxvewilobiTa da sityvieri xelovnebis
    siaxleebiT k. gamsaxurdias mwerluri memkvidreoba scildeba erovnuli kultu-
    ris sazRvrebs da qarTuli beletristikis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani miR-
    wevaa.

    * * *
    konstantine gamsaxurdia daibada 1891 wels sofel Zvel abaSaSi. mamamisi
    simoni SeZlebuli aznauri iyo. `odiSis mxareSi, – igonebs mwerali, – aznaurTa
    wreSi mamaCemi erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelsac koJriani xelebis ara rcxveno-
    da. Cem TvalSi igi iyo vaJkacobis, sidarbaislisa da simamacis gansaxiereba. de-
    daCemi liza kargi moqarTule iyo. zepirad icoda Tavisi namziTvi `vefxistaosa-
    ni", Cinebulad ukravda Congurze, nawnavebi koWebamdi swvdeboda. maxsovs is bed-
    nieri dReebi Cemi siyrmisa, roca sikeTisa da saTnoebis Cems pirvelSTamago-
    nebels, Cems sayvarel dedas, fexSiSvels davyavdi gelaTSi" (k. gamsaxurdias
    biografiis Sesaxeb ix: soso sigua _ `martvili da alamdari, konstantine gam-
    saxurdias cxovrebis gza", 1997 w.).
    pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba k. kamsaxurdiam Tavisive soflis samrevlo sko-
    laSi miiRo, Semdeg ki swavla ganagrZo jer Zveli senakis saaznauro skolaSi,
    1904 wlidan ki quTaisis saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi, romelic warCinebiT daam-
    Tavra 1912 wels. quTaisis saTavadaznauro qarTuli gimnazia im periodis
    mZlavr saganmanaTleblo keras warmoadgenda, sadac araerTi saxelganTqmuli
    maswavlebeli da sazogado moRvawe muSaobda. maTgan, pirvel yovlisa, unda da-
    vasaxloT gimnaziis direqtori ioseb ocxeli, qarTuli enisa da literaturis
    maswavleblebi: silovan xundaZe, iason nikolaiSvili da sxvebi.
    aqve sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom amdroindel quTaisSi qar-
    Tuli mwerlobisa da mecnierebis mravali saxelovani warmomadgeneli cxov-
    robda da moRvaweobda. erovnuli kulturis mZlavr kerad qceulma qalaqma da
    misma imJamindelma sulieri da erovnuli cxovrebis maRalma donem mniSvnelo-
    vanwilad Seuwyo xeli axalgazrda mwerlis mamuliSviluri da inteleqtualu-
    ri cnobierebis Camoyalibebas. gimnaziaSi swavlis wlebSi k. gamsaxurdiam, ro-
    gorc Tavadve ambobs, safuZvlianad gaicno `TiTqmis mTeli msoflio literatu-
    ris umTavresi Sedevrebi". aqve gaecno igi Cveni mwerlobis ufrosi Taobis cno-
    249
    bil warmomadgenlebs (a. wereTels, k. abaSiZesa da sxvebs), megobruli urTier-
    TobebiT daukavSirda g. tabiZesa da sxva axalgazrda mwerlebs, sakmaod mrav-
    lad rom mkvidrobdnen maSindel quTaisSi.
    k. gamsaxurdia gimnaziaSi swavlis periodSive gamovida saliteraturo aspa-
    rezze. misi pirveli nawarmoebebi 1909 wels daibeWda presaSi abaSispirelis
    fsevdonimiT.
    axalgazrda mwerlis erovnul-patriotuli da moqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis
    formirebaze didi zegavlena moaxdines 1905 wlis revoluciurma movlenebma.
    samSoblos Tavisuflebis ideiT aRtkinebulma k. gamsaxurdiam da misma me-
    gobrebma gimnaziaSi swavlis periodSi Camoayalibes saidumlo politikuri
    dajgufeba `cxra muxis" saxelwodebiT da miznad daisaxes ruseTis monobisagan
    saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba. xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg moswavleTa aralega-
    lurma qmedebam male sakmaod farTo masStabebi SeiZina – tardeboda saidumlo
    krebebi, ibeWdeboda proklamaciebi, terorisa da SurisZiebis obieqtebad iqce-
    odnen reaqcioneri maswavleblebi, Jandarmebi da xelisufalni, sabolood yve-
    laferi imiT damTavrda, rom Jandarmeriam `cxramuxelebi" daapatimra da maTi
    ganTavisufleba mxolod gimnaziis direqtoris – ioseb ocxelis aqtiuri daxma-
    rebiTa da SuamdgomlobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
    1912 wels k. gamsaxurdiam warmatebiT daamTavra gimnazia. ioseb ocxelis
    rekomendaciiT, qalaqis gamgeobam mas ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis stipendia dau-
    niSna da saswavleblad gagzavna sankt-peterburgis universitetSi, sadac swavla
    ganagrZo aRmosavlur enaTa fakultetze. magram aq mwerali didxans ar darCeni-
    la – janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, rac peterburgis civi da nestiani haviT
    iyo gamowveuli, k. gamsaxurdia tovebs peterburgs da kenigsbergs miemgzavreba
    germanuli enis safuZvlianad Sesaswavlad da SemdgomSi germaniis romelime
    umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad. kenigsbergSi mwerali sam
    Tves rCeba, 1913 wlis dasawyisSi ki laipcigSi Cadis da Tavisufal msmenelad
    ewyoba iqaur universitetSi.
    1913 wlis gazafxulze k. gamsaxurdia iZulebuli xdeba droebiT samSoblo-
    Si dabrundes. kita abaSiZis mzrunvelobiT amjerad mas Savi qvis mrewvelTa
    stipendia daeniSna da 1913 wlis oqtombridan 1914 wlis martamde swavlobs mos-
    kovis universitetis istoria-filologiis fakultetze. 1914 wlis zafxulSi
    mwerali swavlis gasagrZeleblad germaniaSi miemgzavreba da Tavisufal msmene-
    lad Sedis iqaur universitetSi.
    germaniaSi gatarebuli dro es iyo umniSvnelovanesi periodi mwerlis didi
    cxovrebisa, wlebi TavauRebeli Sromisa da ganswavlisa, ramac mkvidri safuZve-
    li Cauyara mis enciklopediur ganaTlebas da arsebiTad gansazRvra samomavlo
    SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafva. am droisaTvis k. gamsaxurdias ukve aqvs dawyebuli
    aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba. misi leqsebi, werilebi da Targmanebi dro-
    dadro ibeWdeba qarTul presaSi. aseve TanamSromlobs mwerali germanul perio-
    dikaSic. germaniaSi, miunxenis universitetSi swavlis periodSi, k. gamsaxurdia
    piradad gaecno da daumegobrda Tomas mans.
    1914 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis gamo, k. gamsaxurdia, rogorc
    ucxoeli, daapatimres da sakoncentracio banakSi moaTavses. mwerali TiTqmis
    mTeli weli iyo dapatimrebuli, Semdeg ki Tomas manis daxmarebiT gaaTavisuf-
    les da kvlav misces germaniaSi swavlis ufleba.
    1916 wels k. gamsaxurdia swavlas agrZelebs berlinis universitetSi, sadac
    mxolod ramdenime Tve rCeba, Semdeg ki, imave wlis bolos, samSobloSi brun-
    deba da aqtiurad ebmeba literaturul da politikur saqmianobaSi, muSaobs ga-
    zeT `saxalxo saqmis" redaqciaSi, scems Jurnal `promeTes" (1918 w.), romlis ir-
    gvlivac qarTuli mwerlobisa da mecnierebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi Se-
    moikriba, xdeba socialist-federalistTa partiis wevri, mweralTa kavSiris
    erT-erTi damfuZnebelTagani.
    k. gamsaxurdias aseT politikur gaaqtiurebas, pirvel yovlisa, im movle-
    nebma Seuwyves xeli, romlebic am droisaTvis ruseTis imperiasa da Cvens
    qveyanaSi xdeboda. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Sedegad azvirTebulma
    250
    `mecxre talRam, romelmac, mwerlis TqmiT, ruseTis monarqia daamxo, mcire-
    ricxovan erebs imedi CausaxaT gulSi erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebisa.
    saocari siswrafiT warimarTnen movlenebi. noe Jordaniam, kaki wereTelma, evge-
    ni gegeWkorma da maTma mimyolebma `amierkavkasiis federacia" moacodviles. Cven,
    axalgazrdebs, Zlivs gvaokebdnen xandazmuli megobrebi, radgan damoukidebeli
    saqarTvelo gvenatreboda da ara xelovnurad Sexoxolebuli federacia".
    1918 wels, roca osmaleTma saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gadmolaxa, k. gamsaxur-
    diam, misive TqmiT, `kalmis nacvlad xelSi xmali aiRo da es iyo misi si-
    cocxlis ubednieresi wuTebi".
    1918 wlis seqtembridan k. gamsaxurdia kvlav germaniaSi miemgzavreba da mu-
    Saobas iwyebs saqarTvelos berlinis saelCos kulturis ataSed. berlinSi yof-
    nis periodSi mweralma isev miakiTxa universitets da gamocdebis warmatebiT Ca-
    barebis Semdgom, 1919 wels, ufleba miiRo universitetis damTavrebis diplomis
    asaRebad daecva naSromi, ris Sedegadac mieniWa filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi.
    sadiplomo naSromis Tema iyo `saqarTvelos mefe erekle meore". germaniaSi yof-
    nis periodSi k. gamsaxurdia kvlavac aqtiurad agrZelebs SemoqmedebiT saqmia-
    nobas, risi naTeli dadasturebacaa misi rogorc qarTulad dawerili mxatvru-
    li nawarmoebebi da werilebi, ise germanul presaSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi da
    Targmanebi.
    1920 wlis bolos mwerali samSobloSi brundeba da energiulad ebmeba ro-
    gorc literaturul, ise sazogadoebriv-politikur saqmianobaSi. saqarTvelos
    saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolma mweralma mkveTrad
    uaryofiTi pozicia daikava 1921 wlis Teberval-martis movlenebisadmi. igi imTa-
    viTve daupirispirda rusuli bolSevizmis mier saqarTvelos aneqsias da qveynis
    TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol mamuliSvilTa erT-erT aqtiur liderad mogvevli-
    na. k. gamsaxurdias brZola wiTeli ruseTis winaaRmdeg wlebis ganmavlobaSi
    gagrZelda. igi yvelafers akeTebda sabWoTa ruseTis kolonializmisagan saqar-
    Tvelos gansaTavisufleblad, razec naTlad metyvelebs ocian wlebSi gamoq-
    veynebuli misi publicisturi werilebica da praqtikuli saqmianobac.
    swored amis erT-erTi naTeli dadasturebaa 1921 wlis 7 maiss gazeT `soci-
    alist-federalistSi" gamoqveynebuli k. gamsaxurdias `Ria werili ulianov-le-
    ninisadmi". 1922 wlis TebervalSi, ramdenime dRiT, politikuri braldebis gamo,
    mwerali daapatimres da metexis cixeSi Casves.
    1922 wels k gamsaxurdia scems Jurnal `lomiss" (g. tabiZesTan da l. qia-
    CelTan erTad), 1922-23 wlebSi Jurnal `ilions", 1923 wels ki `saqarTvelos sam-
    reklosa" da `qarTul sityvas". sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebul qar-
    Tvel patriot mwerlebTan erTad ocian wlebSi k. gamsaxurdiam Seqmna `akademi-
    ur mweralTa asociacia".
    1923 wels k. gamsaxurdia ramdenime TviT parizs miemgzavreba da leqciebs
    ismens sorbonas universitetSi. miuxedavad saqarTveloSi arsebuli umZimesi so-
    cialur-politikuri da erovnuli viTarebisa, rac sabWoTa xelisuflebis damya-
    rebas mohyva Sedegad, k. gamsaxurdia imave wels mainc brundeba samSobloSi da
    kvlavindeburad agrZelebs brZolas qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis. xanmokle drois
    ganmavlobaSi igi Tbilisis universitetSi iwyebs muSaobas da ganagrZobs sare-
    daqcio-sagamomcemlo saqmianobas. magram qveynis damoukideblobis dakargviT
    damgloviarebul mwerals, romelic arsebuli reJimisadmi Tavis protestantul
    damokidebulebas imiTac gamoxatavda, rom Savi CoxiT dadioda dedaqalaqis qu-
    CebSi, universitetidan aZeveben da misi redaqtorobiT gamomaval `ilionsac" da
    `saqarTvelos samreklosac" xuraven. yovelive amas sabolood is Sedegi mohyva,
    rom 1924 wels, seqtemberSi, k. gamsaxurdia kvlav daapatimres da ramdenime kvi-
    riT metexis cixeSi Casves.
    1926 wels mwerali mesamed daiWires `SpionaJis" braldebiT da miusajes sa-
    koncentracio banakSi aTi wliT gadasaxleba. igi jer moskovSi, lubiankisa da
    butirkis cixeebSi, ijda, Semdeg ki, germaniis sasargeblod misi `agentobis" da-
    matebiTi `gamoZiebisa" da `axal-axali samxili dokumentebis" `moZiebis" mere,
    jer kemSisa da leningradis cixeebSi gadaiyvanes, Semdeg solovkis arqipelagis
    251
    konclagerSi. 1927 wlis dekemberSi represirebuli mwerali avadmyofobis gamo
    patimrobidan gaaTavisufles da samSobloSi dabrunebis ufleba misces.
    1926 wels k. gamsaxurdias dapatimrebas win uZRoda misi gamosvla saqarTve-
    los mweralTa pirvel yrilobaze, sadac man mkacrad gailaSqra sabWoTa xeli-
    suflebis antierovnuli politikis winaaRmdeg. v. baxtaZem mwerals am gamos-
    vlis gamo `Sinauri emigranti" uwoda.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom amis Semdgom k. gamsaxurdia daWeriT aRar dauWeriaT,
    mis winaaRmdeg xelisuflebis brZola aSkarad Tu SeniRbulad momavalSic gag-
    rZelda. drodadro es brZola metismetad mwvave xasiaTsac ki iRebda, risi da-
    dasturebacaa 1931 wels mweralTa kavSiridan garicxva politikuri braldebiT.
    mweralTa kavSirSi k. gamsaxurdias aRdgena moxda 1932 wlis 23 aprilis dadge-
    nilebis – `saliteraturo-samxatvro organizaciaTa gardaqmnis Sesaxeb" miRebis
    Semdeg. aseve unda aRiniSnos xelisuflebis mesveurTa organizebiT ganxorcie-
    lebuli is kritikuli gamosvlebic, romelnic Semdgom wlebSic ewyoboda
    drodadro mis winaaRmdeg.
    k. gamsaxurdia sicocxlis bolomde darCa profesional mwerlad, romel-
    sac literaturuli moRvaweobis garda sxvagan arsad umuSavia. xangrZlivi da
    nayofieri moRvaweobis Sedegad man Seqmna Janrobrivad mravalferovani Semoqme-
    debiTi memkvidreoba, romelsac fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni literatu-
    ris istoriaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom k. gamsaxurdia, uwinares yovlisa, mxatvru-
    li prozis didostatia, aseve ganuzomlad didia misi Rvawli qarTuli kriti-
    kis, publicistikis, eseistikis, poeziis, mTargmnelobiTi xelovnebis, istoriul-
    filologiur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
    1944 wels mwerali airCies saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil
    wevrad. 1965 wels mieniWa SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo premia.
    dajildoebuli iyo sxvadasxva ordenebiTa da medlebiT.
    k. gamsaxurdia gardaicvala 1975 wels. dasaflavebulia TbilisSi, sakuTari
    saxlis – kolxuri koSkis ezoSi.

    * * *
    ragind ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, k. gamsaxurdia – qarTuli istori-
    uli romanis es erT-erTi yvelaze didi warmomadgeneli – mTeli Tavisi Semoqme-
    debiTi moRvaweobis manZilze dabejiTebiT amtkicebda, `predikati `istoriuli"
    `sruliad zedmetia", vinaidan `sityvierebis udidesi Teoretikosebic ki rom Seh-
    yaroT, verc isini dasdeben zRvars istoriulsa da araistoriul romanebs So-
    ris. etimologiis mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, yoveli romani bolos da bolos
    istoriuli gaxdeba odesme".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom, mwerlis azriT, `yovel nacionalur istoriaSi xdeba
    SekeTebisa da ferumarulis wamatebis ambavi da ukve momxdaris maTematikuri si-
    zustiT aRdgena savsebiT SeuZlebelia", k. gamsaxurdia sakuTari fantaziiT poe-
    tizebul warsuls myar, mecnierul faqtorebze afuZnebs xolme. am SemTxvevaSi
    igi Tavadve iZleoda imis magaliTs, `istoriuli sinamdvilis namusrevi rogor
    unda gadamdnariyo erisa da poetis fantaziaSi" ise, rom warsuli ar gayalbe-
    buliyo. misi TqmiT, ukve momxdar, aRsrulebul faqts mxolod biZgi unda mieca
    mwerlis fantaziisTvis saimisod, rom mas gardasul da realurad arsebul `si-
    namdvileze ufro damajerebeli da myari sinamdvile" Seeqmna.
    uwinares yovlisa, swored am msoflmxedvelobrivi principebisadmi erTgu-
    lebam ganapiroba is faqti, rom k. gamsaxurdias istoriuli romanebi ara marto
    mxatvruli sityvis brwyinvale nimuSebia, aramed warsulis mecnieruli gaaz-
    rebisa da Sefasebis didmniSvnelovani dakumentebic. maT mniSvnelobasa da emo-
    ciuri zemoqmedebis Zalas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is garemoeba, rom maTSi faq-
    tebisa da movlenebis aRweris garda, `xasiaTebis galereis aRmocenebiT" epoqis
    sulia gamoxatuli.
    istoriuli warsuliT k. gamsaxurdias esodeni daintereseba TviTmiznuri
    xasiaTisa ar yofila da, upirveles yovlisa, Tanamedroveobis miswrafebaTa
    mxatvrul saxeebSi gamoxatvis Tavisebur saSualebad iyo qceuli. ase rom, mwer-
    252
    lis istoriuli romanebi ara mxolod gardasul saukuneTa yofas aRadgenen
    Cvens cnobierebaSi, aramed mwerlis droindeli sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasia-
    Tebel problemaTa literaturuli gansja-gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac uaRresad
    saintereso qmnilebebs warmoadgens. am azrs, rogorc Tavisi Semoqmedebis erT-
    erT umTavres princips, Tavad mweralic araerTgzis usvams xazs. `istoriis ma-
    salis poetizirebas, werda, magaliTad, igi erTgan, mxolod maSin aqvs Tanadro-
    ulobisaTvis rezoni, roca TviT aRebuli epoqa, an misi gmirni da maTi xasiaTi
    ekorespondireba Tanadroulobis ideebs".
    istoriuli masalis poetizirebas k. gamsaxurdia, floberis msgavsad, `Wan-
    gebiT granitis fxoWnas" uwodebda. umTavresi msoflmxedvelobrivi principi,
    romlis uRalato dacvas warsulis Temaze weris dros mwerali Semoqmedis
    upirveles movaleobad miiCnevda, movlenaTa obieqturi miukerZoeblobiT asaxva
    iyo. `arc Selamazeba da arc gauareseba" istoriisa – ai, uZiriTadesi principi
    k. gamsaxurdias istoriuli romanebisa.
    msgavsi xasiaTis mosazrebani, esoden xSirad rom gvxvdeba k. gamsaxurdias
    eseistikaSi, naTlad da mkafiod warmoaCenen im msoflmxedvelobriv principebs,
    romlebic mwerlis Semoqmedebas udevs mkvidr safuZvlad. `iseTi rTuli Janris
    mwerals, rogoricaa romanisti, didi poetis fantaziasTan erTad unda moepo-
    vebodes didi mecnieris guldinji Sromisa da dakvirvebis unari", – wers er-
    Tgan k. gamsaxurdia. da marTlac, misi romanistika am WeSmaritebis naTel da-
    dasturebas warmoadgens. garda udidesi fizikuri Sromisa, rac man am romanebis
    Seqmnas moaxmara, aqve is udidesi inteleqtualur-mecnieruli mosamzadebeli sa-
    muSaoc usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, romlis Sesrulebac maTTvis saWiro umdidre-
    si istoriul-faqtologiuri masalebis mosapoveblad mouxda mwerals.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedeba ara
    marto epoqaluri sinamdvilis mxatvruli warmosaxvis didostaturi xelov-
    nebiT iqcevs yuradRebas, aramed istoriisa da Tanamedroveobis umniSvnelovanes
    movlenaTa mecnieruli gansjis obieqturobiTac. rogorc mwerali, am SemTxveva-
    Si igi warmatebiT upasuxebs samive im uZiriTades moTxovnas, romlis winaSec
    didi romanisti dgeba epoqalur movlenaTa mxatvruli warmosaxvis dros – mis
    romanebSi bunebrivi ZaldautaneblobiT erwymis erTmaneTs `didi jafac didi
    mecnierisa, misive didi unaric dakvirvebisa da didi poetis fantaziac". ase iq-
    cevian misi romanebi `mTeli epoqis panoramad, sadac gansaxierebulia aramc Tu
    erTi adamianis, mTeli modgmaTa cxovrebis, mTeli epoqis socialur, politi-
    kur, esTetikur, religiur viTarebaTa, yofisa da arsebobis suraTi", erTi sity-
    viT, `cxovreba glexis qoxidan imperatoris sasaxlemdis".
    msgavsi mosazrebani da ganmartebani sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba k. gamsaxur-
    dias werilebSi da maT upirvelesi gzamkvlevis roli eniWebaT mwerlis Semoq-
    mdebebiTi mizanswrafvis sworad gasaazreblad. literaturuli muSaobis `mimdi-
    nare antraqtebSi" dawerili Tavisi am ganmmartebeli werilebiT k. gamsaxurdia
    cdilobda kidev erTxel gasaubreboda mkiTxvelebsac da kritikosebsac da sa-
    kuTar literaturul principTa am komentirebiT garkveuli daxmareba gaewia
    maTTvis Tavisi mwerluri samyaros Seumcdarad Secnobis saqmeSi. aseTi samuSa-
    os Sesruleba ki rom usaTuod iyo aucilebeli, es imiTac dasturdeba, rom,
    sabWoTa periodis literaturuli kritika xSir SemTxvevaSi damaxinjebulad,
    ideologiuri calmxrivobiTa da tendenciurobiT sjida da aanalizebda k. gam-
    saxurdias Semoqmedebas da bevr usafuZvlo braldebas uyenebda mwerals.
    sabWoTa periodis kritikisa da xelisuflebis Setevebisagan Tavdaxsnis
    mizniT ocian wlebSi k. gamsaxurdiam e. w. `distanciis Teoriac" wamoayena, rom-
    lis arsi, misive ganmartebiT, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom `sanamdis revoluciis
    fonze warmoSvebuli tipaJi sinamdvileSi ar Camoyalibdeboda, sanam am tipebis
    kristalizireba ar moxdeboda, revoluciis epopea ver daiwereboda". am mosaz-
    rebis usafuZvlobasa da ararealurobas, sxvebs rom Tavi davaneboT, Tavad
    mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobac naTlad adasturebs. 20-30-ian wlebSi, roca
    k. gamsaxurdia am `Teorias" icavda, misi Semoqmedebis umTavresi mizanswrafva,
    uwinares yovlisa, swored Tanamedroveobis mxatvruli warmosaxva iyo. ase rom,
    253
    mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi praqtika da Teoriul-msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedva
    am SemTxvevaSi principulad emijneba erTmaneTs.
    magram avtoris amgvar “gaorebaSi” aramc da aramc ar unda davinaxoT Sina-
    gani winaaRmdegoba, vinaidan `distanciis Teoriis" gamsaxurdiseuli qadageba es
    iyo Taviseburi mcdeloba Tanamedroveobis ideologizebuli saxiT asaxvisTvis
    Tavis aridebisa.
    XX saukunis qarTvel mweralTagan saliteraturo enis gansaviTareblad
    cotas Tu gaukeTebia imdeni, ramdenic k. kamsaxurdias. qarTul enas man axali
    feri da sxivi SesZina, kidev ufro gaamdidra misi leqsikuri saganZuri, gaaRrma-
    va genetikur-memkvidreobiTi kavSiri ZvelqarTul enobriv samyarosTan. k. gam-
    saxurdias enobrivi poziciis gasaazreblad mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan erTad
    uaRresad mniSvnelovania mwerlis literaturuli werilebic. maTSi maRali
    profesionalizmiTaa gaanalizebuli saliteraturo qarTulis srulyofasTan
    dakavSirebuli araerTi sakiTxi. avtori misTvis damaxasiaTebeli polemiku-
    robiT iazrebs qarTuli enis marTlweris, leqsikisa Tu gramatikuli wyobis
    mraval saWirboroto problemas, Cveuli ukompromisobiT epaeqreba ara marto
    Tavisi drois mwerlebsa da enaTmecnierebs, aramed XIX saukunis moRvaweTac.
    rogorc enis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili mwerlis mravalricxovani weri-
    lebiT irkveva, k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis enobrivi siaxleni da Tavi-
    seburebani Rrmad gaazrebuli Ziebisa da mizanswrafvis Sedegi iyo. misi azriT,
    qarTuli saliteraturo enis samomavlo ganviTarebis ucilobel bazisad, upir-
    veles yovlisa, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis iseTi umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebis ena
    unda qceuliyo, rogorebicaa: sasuliero mwerlobis cnobili Sedevrebi, bibli-
    is qarTuli Targmanebi, `vefxistyaosani", `visramianis" Targmani, agreTve `qar-
    Tlis cxovrebis" istoriuli qronikebi. k. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT, es iyo um-
    didresi da umniSvnelovanesi etapi qarTuli enis ganviTarebisa, romelsac Cveni
    qveynis istoriis `bed Savi" xana mosdevs, `sparseTisa da osmaleTis vasalobis"
    periodi, roca qarTuli ena imdenad `gaRatakda", rom dakarga adrindeli `fo-
    ladiseburi sibasre".
    XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, k. gamsaxurdias azriT, mxolod saba
    orbelianma SeZlo `kvlav gaexsna daSretamde mimdgari wyaros Tvali qarTuli
    sityvisa". XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTuli enis ganviTarebis saqmeSi k. gamsaxur-
    dia aseve sagangebod aRniSnavs d. guramiSvilis, n. baraTaSvilis, gr. orbelia-
    nis, ilias, akakisa da vaJas did damsaxurebas. magram, imavdroulad, iqve im wina-
    aRmdegobebzec da ganviTarebis araswor mimarTulebebzec bevrs saubrobs, ro-
    melTac Cveni enis wiaRSi swored am periodSi iCines Tavi. maTgan k. gamsaxurdia
    uwinaresad qarTuli enis gasoflurebis safrTxes gamohyofs, ramac rusTvelisa
    da merCules ena `orRobis enad gadaqcevis" realuri saSiSroebis winaSe daaye-
    na.
    k. gamsaxurdia Tavis mamuliSvilur movaleobad Tvlida aqtiurad ebrZola
    Cveni enis am safrTxis winaaRmdeg da bevri ram gaakeTa ZvelqarTul enobriv
    samyarosTan gawyvetili genetikur-memkvidreobiTi kavSirebis aRsadgenad. mis am
    did Zalisxmevas safuZvlad edo rwmena imisa, rom `sakuTari enis gaRrmaveba da
    gaalmaseba iseTive didi saqmea, rogorc xmalSemarTulad dacva mamulisa".
    ZvelqarTul enobriv samyarosTan amgvari siaxlove, rac k. gamsaxurdias Semoq-
    medebaSi mravalmxriv gamovlinebas poulobs (Zveli sintaqsuri formebis mizan-
    mimarTuli gacocxleba, ZvelqarTuli leqsikuri erTeulebis gamoyeneba), sabWo-
    Ta periodis araerTma kritikosma mkacri kritikuli ganqiqebis sagnad aqcia. zo-
    gierTi maTgani mwerals mwvaved akritikebda imis gamo, TiTqos mas `g. merCules
    enis aRdgena hqonda miznad dasaxuli".
    k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis leqsikuri maragis gamamdidrebel `dauSretel
    rezervuars" oTxi mkvebavi wyaro moepoveba: pirveli, – umTavresi da uZiriTade-
    si, – ZvelqarTuli enobrivi saganZuria, meore, – aseve mTavari da arsebiTi, –
    `Cveni tomebis mravalkilovani dialeqtebi", mesame – Tavad avtoris mier Seq-
    mnil-damkvidrebuli axali leqsikuri erTeulebi da meoTxe – sxva enebidan mi-
    zanmimarTulad nasesxebi e. w. internacionaluri sityvebi. k. gamsaxurdiam Tavi-
    254
    si SemoqmdebiT mraval miviwyebul sityvas SesZina axali sicocxle da isini
    Cveni enobrivi sinamdvilis sisxlxorceul nawilad aqcia.
    aseve ganuzomlad didia misi damsaxureba qarTuli enis dialeqtebidan da
    megrul-svanuri enobrivi ganStoebebidan axal-axali sityvebis Semotanisa da
    damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiTac. mwerals fexdafex hqonda Semovlili mTeli sa-
    qarTvelo da Cveni qveynis sxvadsxva kuTxeSi mikvleuli araerTi sityva man pir-
    velma ixmara saliteraturo qarTulSi. ZvelqarTuli enobrivi saganZuridan da
    `Cveni tomebis mravalkilovani dialeqtebis dauSreteli rezervuaridan" sali-
    teraturo qarTulSi uxmari `sityvieri dovlaTis" amgvari Semotana da damkvid-
    reba udidesi sifrxiliT xdeboda. am SemTxvevaSi k. gamsaxurdiasaTvis arasodes
    uRalatia `zomierebisa da gamovnebis grZnobas".
    rac Seexeba sakuTari kompozitebis Seqmnas, rasac k. gamsaxurdia `sityvis
    oqromWedlobas" uwodebs, aq, misive TqmiT, kacs `verc martooden codna uSve-
    lis, verc Teoriuli meTodebi. am SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT, upiratesia poeturi
    alRo da is Seucnobi grZnoba, romelsac romaelebi `gustus" – gemovnebas uwo-
    debdnen. swored aq iwyeba sakmaod iracionaluri sityvaqmedobis procesi, ro-
    melTa gamo verc lingvistebi, verc poetikaSi ganswavluli mecnierebi, verc
    fsiqologebi gvetyvian axal rames".
    sabednierod, k. gamsaxurdias sakmaod mZlavrad aRmoaCnda mimadlebuli
    `sityvis oqromWedlis" es poeturi alRo da idumali niWi, ris Sedegadac man
    mrvali neologizmiT gaamdidra Cveni ena.

    * * *
    konstantine gamsaxurias SemoqmedebiTi gza 1909 wels iwyeba quTaisSi gamo-
    maval gazeTebSi _ `fonsa" da `kolxidaSi" gamoqveynebuli leqsebiT. am droi-
    dan moyolebuli sxvadasxva Janris misi nawarmoebebi sistematurad ibeWdeba
    presaSi k. abaSispirelisa da sxva fsevdonimebiT. magram mwerlis adrindeli na-
    warmoebebi sasurveli ZaliT jer kidev ver avlenen axalgazrda avtoris did
    literaturul SesaZleblobebs. sakuTari Tavis povnisa da mwerluri TviTdam-
    kvidrebis es etapi TiTqmis aTiani wlebis bolomde gagrZelda da mwerlis pir-
    veli SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebi im novelebTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli, rom-
    lebic man germaniaSi yofnis wlebSi dawera.
    maTSi filosofiuri TvalTaxedviTa da grZnobieri simZafriTaa moTxrobi-
    li am nawarmoebTa mTavar personaJad qceuli `jer savsebiT" axalgazrda kacis
    `sikvdilis SxamiT mowamluli sawuTroebis" ambavi. mwerali tragikuli simwva-
    viT aRwers, rogor auxeSebs, boWavs da Trgunavs urbanistuli yofa pirovnebis
    Sinagan Tavisuflebas. swored SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis es aqtiuri procesi gansaz-
    Rvravs im garemoebas, rom k. gamsaxurdias berlinuri novelebi TavianTi mxat-
    vrul-gamosaxvelobiTi formiTac da SinaarsiTac mkveTrad gamovlenili origi-
    nalobiT xasiaTdeba da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba mwerlis manamdeli nawar-
    moebebisagan. miuxedavad imisa, rom k. gamsaxurdiam SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba ga-
    cilebiT adre daiwyo, rogorc ukve iTqva, misi maSindeli mxatvruli nawar-
    moebebis udidesi nawili moklebulia literaturul TviTmyofadobas da Zne-
    lad Tu aRwevs Tavs literaturuli trafaretis artaxebs.
    am Sablonisagan mwerlis Semoqmedeba aTiani wlebis bolodan Tavisuf-
    ldeba da am saqmeSi ganmsazRvreli roli imdroindelma evropulma mwerlobam
    da filosofiam Seasrula. k. gamsaxurdia imdenad Rrmad da maRalprofesiulad
    icnobda maSindeli SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisaTvis ZiriTad mimarTulebaTa mim-
    cem am siaxleebs, rom es yvelaferi mkvidr safuZvlad daedo mis msoflmxedve-
    lobriv mrwamss da ara marto mwerlis amdroindeli SemoqmedebisaTvis iqca um-
    Tavres sasicocxlo impulsad, aramed misi Semdgomdroindeli literaturuli
    moRvaweobis Tvisebrvi bunebis arsebiTad ganmsazRvrel faqtoradac. ase rom, k.
    gamsaxurdias aTiani wlebis dasasrulisa da ociani wlebis SemoqmedebiT
    siaxleTa da individualobaTa genetikuri dakavSireba XIX-XX saukuneTa mijna-
    ze dasavlur inteleqtualur samyaroSi farTod popularul iseT avtorTa
    mxatvrul-mecnierul naazrevTan, rogorebic arian eqspresionistebi, nicSe, So-
    255
    penhaueri, Staineri, froidi, bergsoni da sxvebi, marTebul wamodgenas gviqmnis
    mwerlis Semoqmedebis masazrdoebel umTavres msoflmxedvelobriv wyaroebze.
    magram evropul inteleqtualur samyarosTan esodeni siaxlovis aRiareba
    ise aramc da aramc ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos k. gamsaxurdia, TviT mis yvelaze
    avangardistul nawarmoebebSic ki, brma mimbaZvelis rolSi gvevlinebodes da
    sakuTari gzis povnas ver axerxebdes. rasakvirvelia, ara. mTeli misi amdroinde-
    li Semoqmedeba, ociani da momdevno periodis nawarmoebebze rom araferi
    vTqvaT, samyarosa da adamianur urTierTobaTa originaluri literaturuli
    warmosaxvis warmatebuli mcdelobaa, Tvisebrivad axal mxatvrul tendenciaTa
    gamovlineba Cvens maSindel mwerlobaSi.
    k. gamsaxurdias sazRvargareTuli ciklis novelaTa arssa da suliskve-
    Tebas arsebiTad ganapirobebs is garemoebac, rom maTSi gamZafrebulad igrZnoba
    erovnuli gulisTqma. am novelaTa centraluri personaJi qarTveli kacia.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetilia da ucxo garemoSi
    uwevs cxovreba, mis adamianur mizanswrafvas, mrwamss, sulier wyobas, Sinagan
    bunebasa da adamianebTan urTierTobis wess, upirveles yovlisa, mainc misi
    erovnuli warmomavloba da fsiqika gansazRvravs.
    k. gamsaxurdias berlinuri ciklis novelebisTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebeli
    Semdegi niSani saTqmelis qveteqsuri formiT gamoxatva da simboluri azrov-
    nebaa. avtoris mier warmosaxuli cxovrebiseuli situaciebisa da literaturu-
    li personaJebisadmi interess mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs is faqti, rom
    isini swored amgvari qveteqstebiTa da simboluri alegoriebiT avlenen mwer-
    lis umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis arss. am TvalasazrisiT k. gam-
    saxurdias Semoqmedebas ori azrobrivi ganzomileba aqvs _ pirveli, uSualod
    Tvalxiluli da imTaviTve iolad Sesacnobi da, meore, Rrma da Sinagani, qveteq-
    sturi miniSnebebiTa da daSifruli saxe-simboloebiT gamoxatuli.
    `banalur evropul realizmTan" dapirispirebam da mxatvruli warmosaxvis
    axal sivrceTa Ziebam k. gamsaxurdia imis aRiarebamde miiyvana, rom yoveldRiu-
    rad xiluli `Cveni sinamdvile mtknari sicrue yofila", Cveulebrivi, Seuiara-
    Rebeli TvalisTvis daunaxveli realoba. am `namdvili sinamdvilis" idumali
    mSveniereba sruliad moulodnelad aRmoaCina mikroskopis meSveobiT madam ros-
    trupma (`porcelani", 1919 w.). misi TqmiT, es iyo `mikroskopis wyalobiT mig-
    nebuli iracionali eqspresionizmi". porcelanis WurWlis dekoraciis nimuSTa
    mxatvari madam rostrupi, pirvel yovlisa, swored am `iracionalis ferebis Se-
    xamebaSi" eZebs im jadosnur Zalas, romelsac am ori sinamdvilis miRma ar-
    sebuli mesame sinamdvilis _ WeSmariti xelovnebis Seqmna SeuZlia. porcelanis
    WurWlis Sesaxeb mxatvris mier gamoTqmuli es Tvalsazrisi nawarmoebis mTava-
    ri gmiris `sulSi axali WeSmaritebis CawveTebad" fasdeba.
    mokled, aseTia ZiriTadi principi `im axali qveynis aRmoCenisa" da Seqmnisa,
    romelsac `xelovnebis axali qveyana" hqvia.
    `porcelanSi" gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis Tavisebur filosofiur variaciad
    SeiZleba miviCnioT novela `lil" (1922 w.), romlis umTavresi azrobrivi mizan-
    dasaxuloba im samwuxaro WeSmaritebis TviTSecnobiT gamowveuli imedgac-
    ruebaa, rasac amgvari saxiT gvamcnobs nawarmoebis erT-erTi personaJi, eqimi Sa-
    ruxia: `me rom is kaci, buneba, Tu RmerTi Segirdad momabaron, romelmac egzom
    zadiani organo mianiWa adamians, rogoricaa Tvali, uTuod ors davuwerdio mas,
    radgan araferi ise umgvanod mowyobili ar ariso Cvens agebulebaSi, rogorc
    Tvali.
    araferi ise ar gvatyuebso, rogorc Tvali. ufro mets getyviT, saerTod
    mTeli Cveni agebuleba umgvanod SeTiTxnili ramea, da rac mTavaria, igi cudi
    masalisaganaa agebuli".
    swored realurad arsebuli sinamdvilis amgvarma aRqmam aqcia eqimi Sa-
    ruxia im gulgamoWmul skeptikosad, romelsac `caze RmerTi arad miaCnia da
    adamianebi Zagda an ebraleboda". is saocari gulgriloba da cinizmi, riTac es
    `gulgamoWmuli kaci" xasiaTdeba, upirveles yovlisa, am samwuxaro WeSmaritebis
    gacnobierebis Sedegad damkvidrebuli grZnobaa. aseTia zedapirulad aRqmul-da-
    256
    naxul iluziur sinamdvilesa da WeSmarit cxovrebiseul realobas Soris ar-
    sebuli sabediswero Seusabamobis SecnobiT wuTisofelze sabolood gulayri-
    li da yvelaferze xelCaqneuli am umizanswrafvo kacis tragikuli msoflmxed-
    velobrivi TvalTaxedva.
    calkeuli faqtebi Tu konkretuli cxovrebiseuli epizodebi k. gamsaxurdi-
    as SemoqmedebaSi xSirad farTo filosofiuri ganzogadebis sagnadac iqceva.
    naTqvamis dasturad Tundac `mkvdarTan Sexvedra" (1919 w.) gavixsenoT, romelSic
    tragikuli simZafriTaa naambobi novelis lirikuli personaJis mier qalaqga-
    reT, tyeSi, xeze TokiT CamomxrCvali mkvdris moulodnelad naxvis SemaZrwu-
    nebeli ambavi. miuxedavad am ambis TavisTavad didi emociuri STambeWdaobisa, na-
    warmoebis umTavres mizandasaxulobas, pirvel yovlisa, mainc is azrobrivi qve-
    teqsti da mxatvrul-filosofiuri msjeloba gansazRvravs, romelTac es tragi-
    kuli movlena iwvevs mTavari personaJis cnobierebaSi asociaciurad. pirveli
    SemaZrwunebeli gancda, upatrono mkvdris naxvam rom gamoiwvia novelis liri-
    kuli gmiris arsebaSi, aseTi iyo: `bavSvobisas minaxavs Cveni soflis sasalaxo
    moedanze cxovelis sisxlis nawveTs rom dabRaoda gzadgavlili pirutyvi. mec
    am pirutyviviT minda viyviro, viyviro da mTel qveyanas Sevatyobino, rom aq,
    tyeSi, bnelSi, kaci hkidia xeze da aravin icis es".
    nawarmoebSi es avtoriseuli Sefaseba TandaTanobiT iZens filosofiuri
    gansjisa da ganzogadebis farTo masStabebs da sabolood amgvarad Sejamebuli
    msoflmxedvelobrivi daskvnis saxes iRebs: `Cven yvelani sagnebis Tokze vkidi-
    varT dRe da Ram da gamvlel-gamomvlels veRriWebiT: `Zirs CamomiRe, damasvene,
    Se qristianoo." samwuxarod, rogorc novelis siuJeturi qveteqstiT advilad
    ivarudeba, lirikuli gmiris cnobierebaSi gaxmianebuli am vedrebis momsmen-aR-
    masrulebeli qveynad aravin ipoveba da martoobisa da uTanagrZnobobisTvis gan-
    wirul adamians arc sicocxleSi hyavs vinme Wir-varamis WeSmaritad gamzia-
    rebeli da arc sikvdilis Semdeg.
    rogorc iTqva, k. gamsaxurdiam saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
    damyarebisadmi Tavidanve mkveTrad gamoxatuli uaryofiTi pozicia daikava. es
    faqti naTlad da araorazrovnad dasturdeba mwerlis rogorc praqtikuli saq-
    mianobiT, ise SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT. am TvalsazrisiT k. gamsaxurdias pro-
    zaSi erT-erTi pirveli mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia cnobili novela `zarebi gri-
    galSi" (1923 w.), romelSic simbolur-alegoriuli formiT vlindeba avtoris
    kritikuli damokidebulba revoluciuri sinamdvilisadmi. novelis tragikul
    msoflmxedvelobriv suliskveTebas mwerali Tavidanve xdis sacnaurs nawar-
    moebis laitmotivad qceuli Semdegi winadadebis mizanswrafuli ganmeorebiT:
    `awvimda samreklos. awvimda saydars".
    Rrmaazrovani qveteqsturi miniSnebebiTa da siuJeturi StrixebiT avtori
    garkveul warmoadgenas gviqmnis im viTarebaze, romelic revoluciam daamkvid-
    ra qveyanaSi. igi aSkarad gamovlenili Sinagani ukmayofilebiT yveba `qveynis ga-
    mocvlis" tragikul ambavs. mdgomareobis radikaluri Secvla, pirvel yovlisa,
    imiT gamoixata, rom yoveldRiuri praqtikuli sazrunaviT gonebaareulma xal-
    xma zurgi Seaqcia jvarsa da eklesias.
    sarwmunoebisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba logikuri Sedegi aRmoCnda axali
    xelisflebis saqmianobisa. am tragikul movlenas gansakuTrebuli simZafriT ga-
    nicdis mnaTe oqropiri, romelmac mTeli Tavisi cxovreba eklesiis samsaxurSi
    gaatara. magram movida axali dro, `cxovreba gamoicvala" da didi `grigalisa-
    gan Seryeulma" am suliT `mgloviare" RvTismsaxurma aSkarad dainaxa, rom `so-
    felSi salocavad aravis ecala" da aRarc eklesia Wirdeboda vinmes da aRarc
    jvari. gansxvavebiT moxucebuli naxucarisagan, romelmac iolad auRo alRo
    axal viTarebas, droulad gaiparsa, soflis TemSaraze samikitno gaxsna da `ax-
    la col-Svili yelamdis dovlaTSi" hyavda, mnaTe oqropiri verafriT Seegua
    cxovrebis gamocvlas da kvlavindeburad RvTisa da jvris erTguli darCa. swo-
    red am erTgulebis apoTeozad iqca did xuTSabaTs eqstazmoreuli oqropiris
    wasvla mrevlis mier zurgnaqcev da uimedod gamoketil eklesiaSi. novelaSi
    emociuri dramatizmiTaa aRwerili, rogori sulieri mRelvarebiT arisxebs re-
    257
    ligiur eqstazSi Cavardnili mnaTe `saZirkveldampal samrekloze" ufunqciod
    mitovebul zarebs, raTa `gaapos miZinebuli soflis koSmaruli Zili".
    avtoris azrobrivi mizandasaxulobis Sesacnobad uaRresad mniSvnelovania
    novelis Semdgomi siuJeturi ganviTareba. moulodnelad, `aqoCril da xaxada-
    Rebul Zu mgeliviT" movardnili grigali `saZirkveldampal samreklos eZgera,
    Searyia, SeanjRria" da `tortmaniT daca miwaze". `mTeli Tve egdo waqceuli sam-
    reklo wm. zaqarias eklesiis ezoSi, rogorc mkvdari RmerTis uSvelebeli,
    upatrono leSio", - gvamcnobs mwerali novelis bolos da mnaTe oqropiris
    tragikuli daRupvisa da mrevlisgan zurganacqevi eklesiis dangrevis faqts
    alegoriulad nagulisxmevi qveteqstiTac da pirdapiri miniSnebiTac im viTa-
    rebas ukavSirebs, romelic revoluciam daamkvidra Cvens yofaSi. rogorc Tavad-
    ve ambobs kidec erTgan, am nawarmoebis SeqmniT man TvalnaTliv gviCvena, rogor
    `angrevs revolucia religias".
    rogorc iTqva, k. gamsaxurdia Tavidanve udidesi aRSfoTebiT Sexvda wiTe-
    li ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsias da qarTvel mamuliSvilTa saxelovan
    warmomadgenlebTan erTad aqtiurad ibrZoda qveynis dakarguli saxelmwi-
    foebriobis aRsadgenad. rac dro gadioda, revoluciasa da mis Sedegad dam-
    kvidrebuli yofisadmi mwerlis es kritikul-opoziciuri damokidebuleba kidev
    ufro izrdeboda da farTo masStabebis momcveli xdeboda. amis naTeli dadas-
    turebaa k. gamsaxurdias ara marto praqtikuli moRvaweoba, aramed 20-30-iani
    wlebis rogorc mxatvruli, ise publicisturi Semoqmedeba. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom mwerali am droisaTvis sityvierad e. w. „distanciis Teoriis“ mqadageblis
    rolSi gvevlineba da amtkicebs, rom didmniSvnelovani socialuri da politi-
    kuri movlenebis Seumcdari danaxvisa da SefasebisTvis maTgan garkveuli drou-
    li distanciaa saWiro, igi Tavadve arRvevs am moTxovnas da Tanadrouli cxov-
    rebis mraval saWirboroto problemas svams da iazrebs Tavis SemoqmedebaSi.
    es rom namdvilad asea, amaze „didi iosebic“ (1926-27 ww.) naTlad metyve-
    lebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es moTxroba revoluciur sinamdvilesTan mkveTrad
    dapirispirebul opoziciur qmnilebad ver CaiTvleba, misi Sinagani suliskve-
    Teba da azrobrivi qveteqsti mainc aSkarad protestantulia da kritikuli.
    swored am kriticizmis gamovlinebad unda miviCnioT im sazogadoebriv-politi-
    kuri da zneobrivi anarqiis realisturi aRwera, romelic 25 Tebervlis trage-
    dias mohyva Sedegad. am movlenaTa SuagulSi mweralma maT arsSi sruliad ga-
    urkveveli ubiri pirovneba – mekurtne iosebi moaqcia, lukmapuris saZieblad
    raWidan Tbiliss Camosaxlebuli alal-marTali kaci, romelic ocdaaTi weli-
    wadi kurtans atarebda, „patiosani ofliT monapovar pursa sWamda,“ sadRac,
    sardafSi, uTvistomod cxovrobda da ase miaTrevda Tavis wil wuTisofels.
    magram moxda revolucia, cxovreba gadatrialda da mekurtne iosebi am tragi-
    kul movlenaTa uneblie msxverplad iqca.
    misda moulodnelad, revoluciis pirvelsave Rames, irgvliv damkvidrebul-
    ma socialurma qaosma igi cxovrebis Cveuli kalapotidan amoagdo da qalaqis
    saukeTeso ubanSi umdidresi saxlis patroni gaxada. moTxrobaSi uRrmesi fsi-
    qologizmiTaa aRwerili mekurtne iosebis Sinagani metamorfoza da adamianuri
    gancdebi. misTvis nel-nela xdeba nacnobi im tragikuli SeSfoTebis arsi, ri-
    Tac sazogadoebis udidesi nawili iyo imxanad moculi. mwerali cdilobs swo-
    red mekurtne iosebis TvaliT dagvanaxos „wiTlebis“ mosvliT Tavzardacemuli
    xalxis sulieri depresia.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebSi aRwerili movlenebisadmi Tavad avtoris
    pozicia erTi SexedviT naTlad da mkafiod TiTqosda arc ki Cans, sinamdvilis
    mxatvruli warmosaxvis dros mainc aSkarad igrZnoba qveynad Seqmnili viTa-
    rebis dramatuli TviTgancda da mwerlis mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
    Tebervlis tragediisadmi. naTqvamis dasturad gavixsenoT fragmenti
    moTxrobidan:
    irgvliv ganviTarebulma movlenebma mekurtne iosebsac aubnies Tavgza,
    cxovrebis Cveuli mdinarebidan amoagdes da mis arsebobas ukeTuri mimarTuleba
    misces. mTeli Tavisi wuTisofeli alali SromiT nacxovrebi iosebis gulSi
    258
    mdabali adamianuri grZnobebi gaRvivda da man misi cxovrebisaTvis `axali mi-
    marTulebis micemaze" ocneba daiwyo. am cxovrebis safuZvlad iosebs sxvisi qo-
    nebis miTviseba miaCnia. swored am gziT cdilobs igi pirovnuli bednierebis mo-
    povebas, yofiTi niris Secvlasa da sruliad axal pirovnebad gardaqmnas. magram
    amis gakeTeba arsebiTad aRemateba mis sulier SesaZleblobebs da revoluciis
    Sedegad cxovrebis `mrude bilikebze" damdgari es alalmarTali kaci misive
    arsebaSi aRzevebul mdabal miwier zraxvaTa uneblie msxverpli xdeba.
    ase masStaburad irekleba am `patara adamianis" tragikul TavgadasavalSi
    is didi istoriuli qartexili, romelic 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals daatyda Tavs
    saqarTvelos.
    k. gamsaxurdias moTxrobebze msjelobis dros sagangebo yuradReba unda
    mivapyroT literaturuli tipaJisa da xasiaTebis mravalferovnebasac. miuxeda-
    vad imisa, rom mwerlis mier daxatuli personaJebi fragmentulad warmosaxaven
    pirovnebis cxovrebiseul bedsa da Tavgadasavals, isini mainc mkveTri saxasia-
    To niSan-TvisebebiT aRbeWdil adamianebs warmoadgenen da waruSlelad mkvid-
    rdebian Cvens cnobierebaSi.
    rogorc ukve iTqva, 1926-27 wlebSi k. gamsaxurdia, erovnul-politikur
    braldebaTa safuZvelze, jer butirkis cixeSi imyofeoda, Semdeg ki solovkis
    arqipelagze, sakoncentracio banakSi, iyo gamwesebuli. aq miRebulma STabeWdi-
    lebebma mwerlis moTxrobebSic hpoves Taviseburi asaxva. erT-erTi maTgania
    `jamu" (1927 w.), romelSic selim efendievis metsaxeliT cnobili qarTveli
    vaJkacis _ jamus tragikuli sikvdilis ambavia moTxrobili. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom jamu TurqestanSi, ukrainasa da moskovSi farTod cnobili yaCaRi iyo, igi
    mweralma Sinagani adamianuri keTilSobilebis mqone im pirovnebadac warmogvid-
    gina, visac `gaWirvebam aaRebina xeli samSoblosa da namusze". am TvalsazrisiT
    jamu qveynad damkvidrebuli socialuri usamarTlobis msxverplia, garemoebaTa
    gamoisobiT cxovrebagamrudebuli da ukeTurebis gzaze Semdgari kaci da ara
    bunebiT avazaki da borotmoqmedi.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis TvalsazrisiT kidev ufro sainteresoa `mtrebis me-
    gobroba", romelSic avtobiografiuli sizustiT aisaxa solovkis sakoncentra-
    cio banakSi patimrobis droindeli STambeWdavi epizodebi. amdenad, k. gamsaxur-
    dias es novela ara marto mxatvruli sityvis saintereso nimuSia, aramed mwer-
    lis cxovrebis garkveuli periodis amsaxvel memuarul dokumentsac warmoad-
    gens. nawarmoebidan naTlad Cans, ra umZimes pirobebSi uwevda yofna aTi aTas
    patimars CrdiloeT yinulovan okeaneSi mdebare solovkis arqipelagis cixe-mo-
    nasterSi, sadac politikuri da nacionalisturi braldebebis gamo Tavad k. gam-
    saxurdiac ixdida sasjels. mwerali umZafresi emociuri dramatizmiT gviambobs
    patimarTa `svegamwarebuli arsebobis" ambavs, kolorituli STambeWdaobiT xa-
    tavs iq gacnobil adamianTa mravalferovan fragmentul saxeebs, Rrma fsiqolo-
    gizmiT aRwers CriloeTis mkacri bunebis specifikur suraTebs.

    * * *
    konstantine gamsaxurdias pirveli romani `dionisos Rimili" (1924-25 ww.)
    mxatvruli struqturiTac da Tematur-Sinaarsobrivadac Tvisebrivad sruliad
    axali movlena iyo qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. igi erT-erTi pirveli mo-
    dernistuli romania CvenSi, Tavisi poeturi bunebiT mkveTrad gamorCeuli na-
    warmoebi, romelsac uSualod Cvens mwerlobaSi manamde analogi ar gaaCnda.
    ociani wlebi, dro, roca `dionisos Rimilis" saboloo varianti daiwera,
    qarTuli romanistikis istoriaSi umniSvenlovanesi siaxleebiT gamorCeuli pe-
    riodia. am droisaTvis qarTuli romanistika Tvisebrivi ganviTarebis sruliad
    axal stadiaSi Sevida. klasikuri tipis realisturi romanebis gverdiT am peri-
    odSi e. w. modernistuli xasiaTis romanebic sakmaod Seiqmna, raSic k. gamsaxur-
    dias SemoqmedebiTi wvlili ganuzomlad didia.
    evropaSi gatarebulma ganswavlis wlebma da msoflio literaturis Rrma
    da safuZvlianma codnam k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebiT energias axali sasi-
    cocxlo impulsebi SesZines. mis prozaSi manamdeli qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis
    259
    uCveulo formiT Seerwya erTmaneTs erovnuli literaturuli tradiciebi da
    evropuli modernistuli xelovnebis SemoqmedebiTi Taviseburebani. swored am
    bunebrivi Serwyma-Sesisxlxorcebis Sedegad daiwera `dionisos Rimili" da 10-
    20-iani wlebis k. gamsaxurdias novelistikis araerTi SesaniSnavi nimuSi.
    `dionisos Rimilze" saubris dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces
    romanis meore gamocemisTvis (1932 w.) darTul avtoriseul boloTqmas, romel-
    Sic nawarmoebTan dakavSirebuli bevri sakiTxia axsnili da ganmartebuli. am
    boloTqmis dawera arsebiTad gansazRvra im arasworma damokidebulebam, rome-
    lic `dionisos Rimilis" mimarT gamoxates 20-30-iani wlebis literaturulma
    kritikam da partiulma xelisuflebam. literaturuli da partiuli oficio-
    zebisaTvis pricipulad miuRebeli aRmoCnda k. gamsaxurdias romanis ara mxo-
    lod arsi da sulikveTeba, aramed saTqmelis gamoxatvis mxatvruli formac.
    samwuxarod, nawarmoebisadmi amgvari ideologizebuli damokidebuleba sabWoTa
    periodis bevr kritikoss arc SemdgomSi Seucvlia da k. gamsaxurdias es romani
    araerTgzis qceula kritikuli ganqiqebis sagnad.
    iTvaliswinebda ra sabWoTa periodis Cveni literaturuli kritikisaTvis
    arcTu iSviaTad damaxasiaTebel araprofesionalizmsa da ideologiur SeboWi-
    lobas, k. gamsaxurdia xSirad Tavadve gamodioda Tavisi nawarmoebebis komenta-
    toris rolSi da mkiTxvelebsac da kritikosebsac siRrmiseulad ganumartavda
    sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis arss.
    `dionisos Rimilis" meore gamocemisTvis TanadarTuli boloTqmac amis Se-
    saniSnavi magaliTia. igi naTeli ganmartebaa im literaturuli da Tematur-
    problematuri siaxleebisa, romlebic Tavisi pirveli romaniT daamkvidra mwe-
    ralma qarTul literaturaSi. amgvari literaturaTmcodneobiTi ganmartebis
    dawera imitomac iyo aucilebeli, rom k. gamsaxurdias romans xilulTan erTad
    bevri iseTi uxilavi plastic aqvs, romelTa gacnobiereba xSirad ara Tu ubra-
    lo mkiTxvels, aramed profesional kritikossac ki uWirs. rogorc Tavad avto-
    ric ambobs, `poeturi nawarmoebi uTuod waagavs SifriT nawers. am Sifris dax-
    sna arcaa saWiro, magram Jamidan Jamze poeti iZulebuli xdeba es Caidinos da
    cnebebis eniT elaparakos mkiTxvels". swored mkiTxvelTan cnebebis eniT ga-
    saubrebis am aucileblobiT gamowveulma iZulebam daawerina k. gamsaxurdias
    xsenebuli boloTqma, romelic romanis arsisa da mxatvruli TviTmyofadobis
    gasaRebia.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom, avtoris ganmartebiT, `dionisos RimiliT" man mo-
    Zebna `sinTetiuri gezi evropulsa da sparsul samijnuro romans Soris", na-
    warmoebi ``genetiurad", upirveles yovlisa, mainc `dasavleTur romanidan gamo-
    dis". `dionisos Rimilis" struqturuli bunebis amgvari `dasavleTuroba", ro-
    gorc ukve iTqva, evropuli modernizmis, uwinaresad ki eqspresionizmis Tavi-
    seburi zegavleniTaa ganpirobebuli da avtoris `mravali wlis formalur Zie-
    baTa da miRwevaTa nayofia". magram yovelive zemoTqmuli ise aramc da aramc ar
    unda gavigoT, TiTqos k. gamsaxurdias romani mowyvetili iyos erovnul lite-
    raturul tradiciebs. Tavisi nawarmoebis umTavres Rirsebad mwerali imas miiC-
    nevs, rom man sisxlxorceulad aRadgina XIX saukuneSi Sewyvetili genetikuri
    kavSiri rogorc XVIII saukunis erovnuli beletristikis tradiciebTan, ise qar-
    Tul hagiografiasTan da Cveni prozis sxva pirvelxarisxovan nimuSebTan (`vis-
    ramiani", `qilila da damana...").
    `dionisos Rimili" erT-erTi pirveli qarTuli romania, romelSic mxatvru-
    li warmosaxvis umTavres sagnad araqarTuli sinamdvilea qceuli. kerZod, na-
    warmoebSi globaluradaa asaxuli aTiani wlebis meore naxevris evropis did
    saxelmwifoebSi - safrangeTSi, germaniasa da italiaSi arsebuli viTareba da is
    umZimesi sulieri krizisi, ramac sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili moicva aR-
    niSnuli droisaTvis. am movlenaTa centrSi mweralma qarTveli kaci _ konstan-
    tine savarsamiZe moaqcia. misi pirovnuli tragedia da cxovrebiseuli xvedri
    mniSvnelovanwilad swored meoce saukunis pirveli meoTxedis evropaSi warmar-
    Tulma umwvavesma procesebma gansazRvres. Tumca konstantine savarsamiZis adami-
    anur tragedias, upirveles yovlisa, sxva ufro arsebiTi faqtorebi ganapi-
    260
    robeben _ erovnuli fesvebisagan misi mowyveta da Tavisi pirovnuli mizan-
    swrafviTac da sazogadoebrivi xvedriTac zedmetad qceuli adamianis sruli
    ganwirulobis TviTSegnebis tragikuli gancda.
    konstantine savarsamiZe uZvelesi qarTuli warCinebuli gvaris _ argveTis
    mTavris ukanaskneli da uperspeqtivo warmomadgenelia, romelic ganaTlebisa da
    cxovrebiseuli sazrisis Ziebam evropaSi gadaxvewa. swored aq moxda erovnuli
    fesvebisagan mowyvetili savarsamiZis saboloo Camoyalibeba ganukurnebeli nos-
    talgiiTa da melanqoliiT daavadebul pirovnebad, romelsac imdenad daukar-
    gavs amqveyniuri adamianuri interesi, rom sruliad zedmet da umizanswrafvo
    kacadaa qceuli.
    konstantine savarsamiZis pirovnuli tragedia romanSi mravalmxrivi faqto-
    rebiTaa ganpirobebuli. maTgan, rogorc iTqva, mweralma aqcenti, upirveles yov-
    lisa, Tavisi gmiris erovnuli da socialuri ganwirulobis Cvenebaze gadaitana
    da mkiTxvels `im axalgazrda kacis tragedia uCvena, romelic Tumca dasavle-
    Tis did kulturul centrebSi gaizarda, magram qarTveli gudamSieri aznauris
    fsiqologias mainc ver daaRwia Tavi". am TvalsazrisiT _ Tavisi socialuri
    ganwirulobiTa da uperspeqtivobiT _ savarsamiZe, gamsaxurdiasave SefasebiT,
    XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi mxatvruli sisavsiT daxatul `ganwirul qar-
    Tvel aznaurTa ukanaskneli mohikania", `TaTqariZisa da samaniSvilebis RviZli
    Svili, Tumca maTze ufro ganaTlebuli da kulturuli, magram mainc momakvdavi
    wodebis sasikvdilod ganwiruli naSieri".
    miuxedavad avtoris am gancxadebisa, Cemi azriT, winamorbed literaturul
    personaJebTan savarsamiZis amgvari dakavSireba pirobiTi ufroa, vinaidan maT
    Soris msgavsebaze meti gansxvavebaa. marTalia, isini Tavad-aznaurTa wodebis
    warmomadgenlebi ki arian, magram, luarsab TaTqariZisa da samaniSvilebisagan
    gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac klasobrivi upiratesobis Segnebas gadamwyveti
    mniSvneloba aqvs, savarsamiZe, avtorisave sityvebiT Tu vityviT, `tragikulad
    ganicdis Tavis aznaurobas.... igi grZnobs, rom misi aznauroba sasaciloa, absur-
    duli axal saukuneSi, miT umetes, rom mas mxolod aznauruli morali aqvs
    SerCenili da aznauruli privilegiebi ar gaaCnia".
    savarsamiZis cnobierebis aseTi transformacia, erTis mxriv, axalma socia-
    lurma sinamdvilem ganapiroba, meores mxriv ki misma farTo da mravalmxrivma
    evropulma ganaTlebam. misi azrovnebisa da cxovrebiseuli sazrisis masStabebi
    warmoudgenlad vrcelia, vidre TaTqariZisa da samaniSvilebisa. isini arc eko-
    nomikuri TvalsazrisiT gvanan erTmaneTs. aseve arsebiTad gansxvavebulia maTi
    cxovrebiseuli mizanswrafvac. savarsamiZis msoflmxedvelobriv TvalTaxedvas,
    uwinares yovlisa, evropuli civilizaciis wiaRSi danTqma gansazRvravs,
    urbanistuli cxovrebis wesi da erovnuli fesvebisagan pirovnebis mowyvetis
    tragikuli TviTgancda.
    k. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT, `savarsamiZe zedmeti adamianis tipia". zedmeti
    adamianis cnebaSi am SemTxvevaSi avtori TiTqmis imave Sinaarss debs, rasac m.
    javaxiSvili da d. Sengelaia nakacarisa da yofili adamianis cnebebSi. termino-
    logiuri gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad, ocian wlebSi am mweralTa (da ara mar-
    to maT) mier daxatuli araerTi literaturuli personaJi socialuradac,
    zneobrivadac da erovnuladac funqciadakarguli da samomavlo perspeqtivas
    moklebuli ganwiruli adamianebi arian. warsul saukuneebSi maTi socialuri
    wodebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli didi sazogadoebrivi da erovnuli misia axalma
    epoqalurma sinamdvilem nacartutad aqcia. isini ise mowydnen miwier sinamdvi-
    les, rom aRaraviTari cxovrebiseuli mizanswrafva aRar SerCaT da warsulis
    uferul aCrdilebad arian qceulni.
    `dionisos Rimili" poeturi prozis klasikuri nimuSia qarTul mwer-
    lobaSi, erT-erTi pirveli poeturi romani. nawarmoebis poetur xasiaTs ar-
    sebiTad gansazRvravs ara marto personaJTa adamianuri bunebis lirikuli as-
    peqtebiT gamoxatva, aramed teqstis ritmul-versifikaciuli mxaris mowesri-
    gebulobac. romanis calkeuli fragmentebi ToTxmetmarcvliani saleqso sazomi-
    Taa dawerili da isini ritmuli prozis klasikur nimuSebs warmoadgenen. nawar-
    261
    moebis poeturobaze saubris dros aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos tropuli
    xatweris saocrad maRali doneca da enobriv-leqsikuri feradovnebac, ferweru-
    li peizaJuri suraTebiT avtoris gansakuTrebuli gatacebac da Txrobis ramde-
    nadme paTetikuri, zeaweuli stilic, sityvieri artistizmica da frazis bgeriT-
    akustikuri mxaris saocari srulyofa-daxvewilobac da a. S.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `dionisos RimilSi" mravali personaJia gamoyvanili,
    yoveli maTganis umTavresi daniSnuleba centraluri personaJis _ konstantine
    savarsamiZis pirovnuli samyaros calkeul aspeqtTa siRrmiseul warmoCenas isa-
    xavs miznad. nawarmoebi pirvel pirSia dawerili da centraluri personaJi Ta-
    vad gviambobs ambavs, rac kidev ufro did SesaZleblobas aZlevs mwerals siR-
    rmiseulad daanaxos mkiTxvels savarsamiZis Sinagani adamianuri buneba, pirov-
    nuli vnebani da miswarfebani. konstantine savarsamiZe `gadaWarbebuli da
    avadmyofuri individualizmiT" (k. gamsaxurdia) Sepyrobili martosulia, Tumca
    farTod ganswavluli da erudirebuli, magram samomavlo energias moklebuli
    umoqmedo mizantropi, romlis yoveli ideali - erovnulic, socialurica da
    zneobrivic _ sityvieri pozis farglebs ver cildeba. k. gamsaxurdias romanis
    mizandasaxulobaa, uRrmesi fsiqologimziT gviCvenos niRabaxdili misi realu-
    ri saxe da sruli pirovnuli ganwiruloba.
    konstantine savarsamiZis adamianuri umizanswrafvoba da miwieri amaoeba
    romanSi farTo speqtriTaa warmoCenili. igi, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri da
    socialuri arseba, faqtobrivad, arafers akeTebs vinmesTvis saWirosa da sasar-
    geblos. `ar vfiqrob, ar vmuSaob, ar vwuxvar..." `vloTob, vjiriTob, Tofs vis-
    vri..." msgavsi TviTdaxasiaTebani nawarmoebSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba. aseTia
    savarsamiZis yoveldRiuri yofiTi sinamdvile, misi cxovreba.
    savarsamiZis adamianuri bunebis naTel mxares, erTi SexedviT, misi gamZaf-
    rebuli erovnuli TviTSegneba warmoadgens. argveTis saxelovan mTavarTa _ da-
    viTisa da konstantines es nabolara STamomavali Tavisi sicocxlis umTavres
    daniSnulebad TiTqos saqveyno interesebis dacvasa da samSoblosTvis Tavda-
    debas Tvlis. magram, rogorc nawarmoebidan naTlad Cans, misi es patriotuli
    aRtkinebac arsebiTad poza da niRabi ufroa, praqtikulad ki Tavisi qveynis
    erovnuli idealebis xorcSesasxmelad is arafers akeTebs.
    konstantine savarsamiZis erovnul da sazogadoebriv apaTias k. gamsaxurdia
    im wodebis sisxlis daRlilobiT xsnis, romelsac romanis mTavari gmiri ekuT-
    vnis. am wodebam da misma gmirma mamuliSvilebma istoriulad udidesi roli Se-
    asrules qveynis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi TviTmyofadobis ganmtkicebis saqme-
    Si. magram saukuneebis manZilze gaRebulma uzRvavma energiam gamofita da daauZ-
    lura es wodeba, funqcia da daniSnuleba daumcro mas. `albaT, Cven daviRaleT...
    Cveni sisxli moiqanca mitomac", aTqmevinebs kidec mwerali erTgan Tavis gmirs
    da daRlili sisxlis simbolikis amgvari aqcentirebiT garkveulwilad Tavadac
    exmianeba ociani wlebis Cvens mwerlobaSi erovnul-patriotuli problemis am-
    gvari aspeqtiT gaazrebas. am TvalsazrisiT daintersebuli mkiTxveli bevr uaR-
    resad mniSvnelovan paralelsa da literaturul-msoflmxedvelobriv analogs
    ipovis k. gamsaxurdias romansa da m. javaxiSvilis, d. Sengelaias, gr. robaqiZis,
    l. qiaCelisa da sxva imdroindel mweralTa Semoqmedebas Soris.
    romanSi gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs daTmobili konstantine savarsamiZis
    sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsis Cvenebas. mis cnobierebaSi gaafTrebiT upirispirdeba
    erTmaneTs jvarcmuli RmerTi da dionise. `miuxedavad imisa, rom konstantine
    savarsamiZe upiratesobas dionises aniWebs, maT Soris mainc verc erTs ver ir-
    Cevs... es ori RvTaebrivi sawyisi ebrZvis erTmaneTs mis sulSi da qmnis mis tra-
    gedias, radgan `bednieria mxolod is kaci, vinc erTi RmerTis mSvidobian karav-
    Si SeZlebs am udabnoSi gadaCrdilebas" (a. baqraZe, miTologiuri engadi, 1989 w.
    gv. 12-13). Rvinisa da baxusis RvTaebisadmi savarsamiZis siyvaruli saTaves taia
    Selias mier gaRvivebuli warmarTuli bunebis wiaRSi iRebs. erTaderTi dionise
    _ es `macduri, ulmobeli RmerTi Svebisa da Trobisa, erosis ufrosi Zma" _ am-
    Svenebs da Sinaarss sZens savarsamiZis `gaxunebul cxovrebasa da uniaTo dRe-
    ebs".
    262
    magram, rogorc romanidan naTlad Cans, dionisuri rwmeniT savarsamiZis am-
    gvari Tavdaviwyebaca da miwieri eqstaziT misi es azartuli gatacebac sabolo-
    od mainc misi sulieri gamofitulobisa da ganwirulobis dasafaravad da miwi-
    eri amaoebisagan Tavdasaxsnelad gamoyenebuli niRabi da garegnuli pozaa. si-
    namdvileSi ki mas verc dionisuri cxovrebis wesis gaRmerTebam moutana adamia-
    nuri Sveba da igi aqac xelmocaruli da sasowarkveTilebamde gawbilebuli
    rCeba.
    rogorc iTqva, `dionisos Rimili" Sinagani monologis formiT dawerili
    aRmsarebluri romania, romlis mTavari gmiris cxovreba mis mierve warmoTqmu-
    li aRsarebebiTa da monologebiT gadaiSleba mkiTxvelis Tvalwin. am aRmsa-
    reblur monologebSi fsiqologiuri simarTliT ikveTeba savarsamiZis sulieri
    sasowarkveTa, TviTmonaniebisa da imedgacrebis is mtanjveli grZnoba, romelic
    Rrma adamianuri TanagrZnobiT gangvawyobs am xelmocaruli da gzadakarguli
    pirovnebisadmi.
    konstantine savarsamiZe Tavisi adamianuri tragediis ganmapirobebel faq-
    torTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan garemoebad ucxoeTSi mis gadaxvewas,
    mSobliuri fesvebidan mowyvetasa da civilizaciasTan ziarebas miiCnevs. am
    TvalsazrisiT k. gasaxurdias romani antiurbanistuli suliskveTebis gamomxat-
    veli nawarmoebia, romelSic mkveTri kontrastulobiT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs
    cxovrebis tradiciuli, patriarqaluri wesis egzotika da urbanistuli samya-
    ros sicive da gautanloba. es problema, rogorc cnobilia, gansakuTrebuli
    simwvaviT daisva ociani wlebis Cvens mwerlobaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel
    yovlisa, m. javaxiSvilis `TeTri sayelo" unda davasaxeloT. `dionisos Rimi-
    lic" ramdenadme exmianeba zemoT aRniSnul problemas da romanis mTavari gmiri
    Tavisi pirovnuli ubedurebis umTavres mizezad urbanistul da civilizebul
    samyaroSi mis danTqmas miiCnevs.
    nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagnadaa qceuli qarTveli xalxis
    brZola rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg. es problema masSi Tavidanve imdenad Seu-
    niRbavad da mwvaved iyo dasmuli, rom k. gamsaxurdia SemdgomSi iZulebuli gax-
    da ramdenadme Seerbilebina kidec igi (aq, uwinares yovlisa, slanskisTan da-
    kavSirebuli epizodebi unda gavixsenoT).
    miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebSi ZiriTadad aTiani wlebis meore naxevris
    yofaa aRwerili, masSi Taviseburi formiT is sisxliani tragediac irekleba,
    romelic 1921 wlis Teberval-martis movlenaTa Sedegad daatyda Tavs Cvens qve-
    yanas. k. gamsaxurdia araorazrovnad gvamcnobs, rom am tragediis mTavari Semoq-
    medi Zala rusi bolSevikebi arian. imis naTelsayofad, rogor axasiaTebs mwera-
    li maT barbarosul qmedebas, gavixsenoT fragmenti romanidan: `dagviqcies sa-
    qarTvelo qviSasaviT uricxvma mtrebma, dacarcves Cveni winaprebis salocavebi,
    wagvarTves Cveni winaprebis miwebi da ucxo naTesavi CamogviTesles. Segviryvnes
    ena _ Cveni mamapapis wmidaTa wmida, dagvingries ojaxi, gavgibaxes rjuli da Ta-
    vianTi jarebis sajiriTod gaixades Cveni qveyana. gviSveleT, Zmebo, da gavrekoT
    rusebis xelmwifis jarebi Cveni saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan. avafeTqoT xidebi,
    yaCaRebiviT davuxvdeT TemSarebze, cecxlSi gavxvioT mTeli saqarTvelo, rad-
    gan Cveni saqarTvelo an Cven unda gvekuTvnodes, an da aravis..."
    ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es striqonebi 1924 wlis agvistos sisxliani
    tragediis Semdeg iwereboda. faqtobrivad, es iyo rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg
    pirdapiri galaSqreba, rac imxanad udides moqalaqeobriv gabedulebad unda
    miviCnioT.
    nawarmoebis erovnuli suliskveTebis Sesacnobad aseve uaRresad saintere-
    soa jenetis mxatvruli tipic, romelic saqarTvelos alegoriul saxe-simbolo-
    dac SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli. marTalia, savarsamiZis msgavsad, jenetic mSobli-
    ur fesvebs mowyvetili adamiania, magram am ori pirovnebis erovnul-sarwmu-
    noebrivi TvalTaxedva arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. jeneti umweo da
    udanaSaulo msxverpli ufroa, istoriulad Cveni qveynis mosisxle mtris _
    sparseTis RviZli Svilis - ali mirza-xanis meuRle. miuxedavad materialuri ke-
    TildReobisa, man versad hpova sulieri simSvide da ver aRasrula qarTveli
    263
    dedis mamuliSviluri vali. samSoblosagan ganSorebam da ali mirza-xanis co-
    lobam nostalgiis grZnobiT gulgamoWmuli jeneti sabolood daarwmuna imaSi,
    rom `qarTveli qali ucxoels ar unda gahyves".
    erovnul wiaRs mowyvetilma qalma sulieri simSvidis mosapoveblad jvar-
    cmul macxovars miapyro Tvali da mahmadiani qmar-Svilisagan damalulad, not-
    rdamSi daiwyo salocavad siaruli, magram verc aq hpova man Sveba, vinaidan masa
    da mis uaxloes adamianebs Soris `CamoSvebulma notrdamis odena taZarma" kidev
    ufro Rrma ufskruliT gaTiSa isini erTmaneTisagan. jenetic morCilad egueba
    bedisweris mkacr ganaCens, vinaidan wams, rom `Cvens cxovrebas raRac bneli fa-
    tumi ganagebs", romelsac adamiani verafriT gaeqceva.
    rogorc iTqva, `dionisos Rimili" mxatvruli struqturiTac friad gamor-
    Ceuli da originaluri romania Cveni literaturis istoriaSi. mis mxatvrul
    specifikas arsebiTad gansazRarvs is garemoeba, rom igi lirikuli da epikuri
    elementebis bunebrivi Serwymis Sedegad Seqmnili nawarmoebia. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom movlenaTa gansja-gaazrebisa da mxatvruli warmosaxvis magistralur mi-
    marTulebad `dionisos RimilSi" mwerlis realisturi TvalTaxedvaa qceuli,
    masSi aseve ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs movlenaTa moderinstuli princi-
    pebiT aRqmul-warmosaxuli cakleuli pasaJebi da siuJeturi epizodebi. nawar-
    moebis mxatvrul specifikas isic ganapirobebs, rom mas mtkiced Sekruli siuJe-
    ti ar moepoveba. faqtobrivad, esaa dRiurebis, monologebisa da calkeuli
    siuJeturi epizodebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze Seqmnili erT-erTi pirveli mo-
    dernistuli romani Cveni literaturis istoriaSi.

    * * *
    1936 wels gamoqveynebuli Tavisi axali romaniT _ `mTvaris motaceba" k. gam-
    saxurdiam mTeli ZaliT gamoavlina sakuTari literaturuli SesaZleblobani.
    Tavad k. gamsaxurdia `mTavris motacebas", `didostatis marjvenasTan" erTad,
    Tavisi Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSad Tvlida. miuxedavad mwerlis sxva nawar-
    moebTa usaTuod didi literaturuli Rirebulebisa, es romanebi qarTuli pro-
    zisTvis marTlac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani SenaZenia. asec Seafases litera-
    turaTmcodneebmac da mkiTxvelebmac isini da maTdami interesi kvlavindeburad
    gansakuTrebulad gamorCeulia. ufro metic, k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis
    cnobilma mkvlevarma s. siguam `mTvaris motaceba" ara marto avtoris Semoqme-
    debis, aramed mTeli `TxuTmetsaukunovani qarTuli prozis umaRles miRwevadac"
    ki miiCnia (s. sigua, `konstantine gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura", 1980 w. gv.
    239).
    magram k. gamsaxurdias am romanis gamoqveynebam sabWoTa periodis litera-
    turuli kritikisa da oficialuri xelisuflebis mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia. 30-
    ian wlebSi dastambul werilebSica da mweralTa kavSirSi gamarTul disku-
    siebsa Tu sxvadasxva saxis Sekrebebzec avtors xSirad akritikebdnen imis ga-
    mo, rom nawarmoebSi sabWouri ideologiisaTvis miuRebeli formiT iyo warmo-
    saxuli socialisturi sinamdvile. `mTavris motacebis" amgvarma kritikam mwera-
    li iZulebuli gaxada zogierTi ram arsebiTadac ki Seecvala nawarmoebis meo-
    re gamocemaSi (1947 w.). swored amgvarad koreqtirebuli saxiT daibeWda romani
    momdevno gamocemebSi da pirvandeli variantis aRdgena mxolod 1990 wels gaxda
    SesaZlebeli.
    `mTavaris motacebis" meore variantSi Setanili siuJeturi koreqtivebidan,
    romelnic principulad cvlian nawarmoebis msoflmxedvelobriv arss, uwinares
    yovlisa, romanis is epizodi unda gamovyooT, sadac kac zvambaias mkvlelobis
    ambavia moTxrobili. gansxvavebiT pirvandeli variantisagan, sadac arzayani _
    axali qveynis mSeneblobis samsaxurSi ideologiuri fanatizmiT Camdgari komu-
    nisti _ Tavad klavs sakuTar mamas, romanis Sesworebul gamocemaSi kac
    zvambaias mkvlelebad ukve sxvebi gvevlinebian da am tragediasTan Svils pirda-
    pir araferi aqvs saerTo. nawarmoebis siuJetSi Setanili amgvari Sesworeba im
    ideologiuri zewolis Sedegi iyo, rasac k. gamsaxurdia ganicdida sabWoTa
    xelisuflebis wlebSi.
    264
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `mTvaris motacebisadmi" 30-ian wlebSi gamovlenili
    kritikuli damokidebuleba SemdgomSi sagrZnoblad dacxra da romani k. gam-
    saxurdias Semoqmedebis didmniSvnelovan SenaZenad iqna Sefasebuli, sabWoTa pe-
    riodis araerTi literaturaTmcodne bolo dromde sayvedurobda avtors epoqa-
    luri sinamdvilis mcdari ideologiuri poziciebidan asaxvis gamo. magram is,
    rac imxanad amgvari kritikuli ganqiqebis sagnad iyo qceuli, dRes, upirveles
    yovlisa, romanis gansakuTrebul Rirsebad miiCneva da mwerlis did moqala-
    qeobriv gabedulebad aris aRiarebuli. sisxliani represiebis iseT saSinel
    xanaSi, rogoric 30-iani wlebi iyo, yovelive amis dawera usaTuod marTlac iyo
    didi pirovnuli gmiroba.
    `mTavaris motacebis" mxatvrul siZlieres arsebiTad gansazRvravs tipaJis
    siuxve da mravalferovneba. moqmed pirTa saxeebis simravliTa da nairgvarobiT
    k. gamsaxurdias romani erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qmnilebaa qarTul mwer-
    lobaSi. masSi 360-mde personaJia gamoyvanili (g. merkvilaZe) da bevri maTganis
    mxatvruli saxe imdenad individualizebulia da mkveTrad gamovlenili pirov-
    nuli niSan-TvisebebiT gamorCeuli, rom isini Rrmad aRibeWdebian Cvens cnobie-
    rebaSi.
    rogorc romanidan kargad Cans, axali cxovrebis damkvidrebis erT-erT
    mTavar pirobad xelisuflebas sarwmuneobriv siwmindeTa winaaRmdeg brZola ga-
    moucxadebia. amitomac ibrZvian arzayani da misi Tanamoazreni esodeni gaaf-
    TrebiT `religiuri crumorwmuneobisagan" xalxis gansaTavisufleblad. am miz-
    niT maTi xelmZRvanelobiT xSirad ewyoboda antireligiuri procesiebi, rom-
    lis drosac barbarosulad anadgurebdnen eklesiebze jvrebsa da xatebs.
    `mTvaris motacebaSi", iseve rogorc k. gamsaxurdias mTel SemoqmedebaSi,
    mniSvnelovan adgils iWers qarTul yofaSi uZvelesi droidan damkvidrebuli
    warmarTuli ritualebisa da wes-Cveulebebis aRwera-daxasiaTeba. miuxedavad
    imisa, rom romanis personaJebi qristianebi arian, maTi pirovnuli buneba zog
    SemTxvevaSi sisxlxorceuladac kia dakavSirebuli qarTul warmarTul rwmena-
    warmodgenebTan. zogierTi maTganis religiuri cnobiereba qristianuli da war-
    marTuli sarwmunoebrivi normebis Taviseburi SerwymiTaa gansazRvruli.
    am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel rigSi lukaia labaxua iqcevs gansakuTrebul
    yuradRebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi xSirad gamodis qristianuli rwmenis fa-
    natikurad damcvelis rolSi, is warmarTul sarwmunoebriv wes-CveulebaTa Tav-
    gamodebuli gamfetiSebelicaa. SarvaSiZeebis ojaxs Sexiznuli am uTvistomo da
    beCavi kacis cnobierebaSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarsebobs qristianuli
    religiuri siwmindeebisadmi brma Tayvaniscema da warmarTuli kerpebisa da mis-
    teriebisadmi siyvaruli. ase rom, lukaias mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT mweralma ki-
    dev erTxel migvaqcevina Taviseburi formiT yuradReba mis SemoqmedebaSi sxva
    drosac araerTgzis gamoTqmul im Tvalsazriss, `rom arc saqarTveloSi da
    arc afxazeTSi namdvili qristianoba arasodes yofila."
    miuxedavad imisa, rom qveynad gabatonebuli ideologiuri politika da
    xelisuflebis mier mwerlobis erTaderT misaReb SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRia-
    rebuli socialisturi realizmi Semoqmeds, gansakuTrebiT 30-50-ian wlebSi, ka-
    tegoriulad ukrZalavda komunistis negatiuri mxriT Cvenebas, k. gamsaxurdias
    romanSi komunisturi ideologiisa da am ideologiis msaxurTa araerTi mankie-
    rebaa didi moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebiT mxilebuli. es faqti miT ufro xazgas-
    miT unda aRiniSnos, rom k. gamsaxurdias romani im dros daiwera, roca qveyana-
    Si ukve farTod aRzevebuliyo diqtatoruli xelisufleba da politikuri rep-
    resiebiT mTeli imperia iyo SeZrwunebuli. `mTvaris motacebis" umTavresi Rir-
    seba isic aris, rom am `sisxlian epopeaSi" masStaburadaa asaxuli `didi epoqa-
    luri kataklizmi, socialur-politikuri katastrofa, romelmac ara mxolod
    auwereli tragedia moutana Tanamedroveobas, fizikurad gaanadgura socialuri
    fenebi da realurad dadga erebis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, aramed SeaCera isto-
    riis kanonzomieri ganviTarebis gza da daRupviT daemuqra momaval Taobebs" (d.
    TevzaZe, konstantine gamsaxurdia da Tanamedroveoba, 1996 w. gv. 39).
    265
    ase rom, `mTvaris motaceba" epoqaluri sinamdvilis ukompromisod Semfa-
    sebeli wignia, romelSic Seulamazeblad da masStaburadaa aRwerili revolu-
    ciis Sedegad ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebi.
    `mTvaris motacebis" umTavresi mizandasaxulobis gaazrebis dros romanis
    mravalricxovan personaJTagan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, upirveles yovlisa,
    TaraS emxvaris mxatvrul saxes unda mivapyroT. Tavisi socialuri biografii-
    Tac, erovnul grZnobaTa gamovlinebiTac, civilizaciisadmi nihilisturi damo-
    kidebulebiTac, pirovnul-sazogadoebrivi ganwirulobiTac da moqalaqeobrivi
    TvalTaxedvis sxva arsebiTi momentebiTac TaraSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sisxli
    sisxlTagania konstantine savarsamiZisa. orive maTgani saocrad melanqoliuri
    pirovnebaa. rwmenadakargulni da moqmedebis unars moklebulni, isini amaod eZe-
    ben cxovrebis sazriss. is didi ganaTleba, romelic maT evropis universite-
    tebSi miuRiaT, maTTvis sulieri tanjvisa da nihilizmis safuZvlad qceula.
    Tumca dReniadag erovnul fesvebsa da saqarTvelos mistirian, maTi es ocneba
    praqtikulad araviTar sasikeTo Sedegs ar iZleva.
    orive maTgani pirovnuli ubedurebis ganmsazRvrel tragediad maT aris-
    tokratiul warmomavlobasa da komunisturi reJimis damyarebas miiCnevs. aseve
    erTnairad sabediswero rols asrulebs siyvaruli maT pirad cxovrebaSi. es
    grZnoba maTTvis, nacvlad bednierebisa, ubedurebis momtan Zaladaa qceuli. sa-
    varsamiZisa da emxvaris cxovrebiseul xvedrsa da pirovnul xasiaTebSi aseTi
    msgavsebani sxvac mravlad SeiZleba vipovoT. magram, rogorc iTqva, TaraSis
    mxatvruli saxe savarsamiZis zust literaturul oreuls ar warmoadgens da
    igi erT-erTi Rrmad individualizebuli literaturuli gmiria k. gamsaxurdias
    SemoqmedebaSi.
    am SemTxvevaSi uwinaresad is unda aRiniSnos, rom TaraSis umTavres mis-
    wrafebad socialuri da pirovnul-sazogadoebrivi kardaxSulobidan gamosav-
    lis aqtiuri Ziebaa qceuli. marTalia, es momenti savarsamiZis bunebaSic sakmao
    ZaliT gamokveTa mweralma, magram am TvalsazrisiT `dionisos RimilTan" Seda-
    rebiT `mTvaris motaceba" arsebiTad gansxvavebuli romania, miuxedavad imisa,
    rom sabolood TaraSis pirovnul mcdelobasac, epova sazogadoebriv-erovnuli
    ideali da Tavisi adgili cxovrebaSi, araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia. amdenad,
    Rrma simboluri azrobrivi datvirTvis gamomxatveli faqti TaraSis daRupvisa
    misi cxovrebis logikuri dasasrulia da ara mxolod tragikuli SemTxvevis Se-
    degi.
    TaraSis mxatvrul saxeze saubris dros ramdenime sityva vaxtang iamaniZe-
    zec unda iTqvas, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivad mis Tavisebur alternatiul
    variantze. marTalia, igi nawarmoebis epizoduri personaJia, magram is azrobri-
    vi mizanswrafva, romelic avtorma mis literaturul saxes daukavSira, metad
    mniSvnelovania ara marto romanis ideuri mrwamsis, aramed, saerTod, k. gam-
    saxurdias mTeli SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsis srulyofilad Secnobis Tvalsazri-
    siT. am mosazrebas naTlad adasturebs is faqtic, rom vaxtang iamaniZis msgavsi
    biografiis kaci k. gamsaxurdiam `vazis yvavilobis" ukve centralur personaJad
    aqcia da gansxvavebuli ideologiuri TvalTaxedviT scada gaeazrebina axal
    epoqalur sinamdvileSi aqtiur samoRvaweo asparezze gamosuli am pirovnebis
    cxovreba da saqmianoba.
    axla mokled romanis meore centraluri personaJis _ arzayan zvambaias
    Sesaxeb. Tavisi cxovrebiseuli mrwamsiTa da praqtikuli moqmedebiT igi boro-
    tebis mTesveli adamiania. miuxedavad imisa, rom moCvenebiTad arzayani axali
    epoqis aqtiur Semoqmed gmirTa kategorias ganekuTvneba, realurad mis nakvalev-
    ze mxolod sisxli, Zaladoba, uRmerToba da uzneobaa aRzevebuli. ase rom, mis
    mxatvrul saxeSi mweralma simbolurad gamoavlina is mankierebani, romlebic
    epoqalurma sinamdvilem 30-ian wlebSi cxovrebis gabatonebul wesad daamkvidra.
    arzayani axali epoqis mier Camoyalibebuli diqtatoris tipia, im bneli da uxe-
    Si klasobrivi Zalis warmomadgeneli, revoluciam rom dabada CvenSi. romanSi
    didi adgili eTmoba arzayan zvambaias, rogorc socialisturi epoqisaTvis da-
    maxasiaTebel borotebaTa aqtiuri Semoqmedis, pirovnuli bunebis ganzoga-
    266
    debuli formiT warmosaxvas. arzayani axali xelisuflebis Sedegad aRzevebuli
    moZaladea, romlis masStabebi dRiTidRe izrdeba. swored amis maCvenebelia misi
    samsaxurebrivi dawinaureba da centrSi gadayvana.
    romanis mravalricxovan personaJTagan erT-erTi aseve Rrmad STambeWdavi
    mxatvruli saxea kac zvambaia. misi literaturuli tipis SeqmniT gamsaxurdiam
    epoqalur sinamdvilesTan dapirispirebuli formiT gviCvena erovnul yofiT
    tradiciaTa uRalato erTguli im pirovnebis saxe, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis
    umTavres miznad am tradiciaTa gadarCenisTvis brZolas isaxavs. am SemTxvevaSi
    kacisaTvis erTnairad miuRebelia revoluciis Sedegad damkvidrebuli sinamdvi-
    leca da evropuli kulturaca da civilizaciac, rogorc erovnuli TviTmyofa-
    dobis damangreveli Zala. cxadia, epoqis winaaRmdeg misi gaafTrebuli brZola,
    uwinares yovlisa, swored am faqtorebiTaa gamowveuli. amitomacaaa, rom kac
    zvambaias antibolSevikur TvalTaxedvas romanSi daxatul e. w. klasobriv
    mtrebze ufro metad msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT saerTo qora maxvSTan
    aqvs. epoqalur sinamdvilesTan orive maTganis agresiul dapirispirebas ar-
    sebiTad gansazRvravs SiSi imisa, rom axali dro erTianad mospobs da gaanadgu-
    rebs Zvel yofas da xalxs erovnuladac gadaagvarebs da zneobrivadac.
    komunistebisadmi siZulvili kac zvambaias imanac gauCina, rom axali epoqis
    mSeneblebma mama-Svilic samkvdro-sasicocxlod gadahkides erTmaneTs da ZuZum-
    teebic, riTac `samudamJamod Searyies ojaxis fuZe". eseni is adamianebi arian,
    romelTac, misi TqmiT, qveynad uRmerToebi, `sakatorRo xalxi" da `qveynis dam-
    qcevebi" moamravles da aRazeves.
    `mTvaris motacebaSi", SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze metad gamovlinda k. gam-
    saxurdias mwerluri ostatoba. personaJTa xatvis mravalferovani xerxebis ga-
    moyenebiT, poeturi xatweris TviTmyofadobiT, uRrmesi fsiqologizmiTa da
    enobrivi koloritiT k. gamsaxurdias es romani mwerlis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi
    umaRlesi miRwevaa.
    marTalia, k. gamsaxurdia bolomde darCa, socialistur ideologiasTan Si-
    naganad dapirispirebul opozicioner Semoqmedad, magram qveyanaSi damkvid-
    rebulma ideologiurma diqtaturam mis Semoqmedebasac daasva Tavisi daRi, rac
    aSkarad etyoba calkeul nawarmoebebs.
    erT-erTi maTgania `vazis yvaviloba". am romanze k. gamsaxurdia 1951-55 wleb-
    Si muSaobda. movlenaTa arsSi garkveul mkixTvels kargad moexseneba, politi-
    kur-ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT es wlebi raoden rTuli xana iyo Cveni qveyni-
    saTvis. xelisuflebis mier damkvidrebuli mmarTvelobiTi reJimis susxi am pe-
    riodSi kidev erTxel iwvnia k. gamsaxurdiam. 1946 wels kompartiis centralurma
    komitetma specialuri dadgenilebiT dagmo Jurnalebis `zvezdasa" da `lenin-
    gradis" muSaoba da igi sabWoTa idologiisaTvis miuRebelad miiCnia. aRniSnul-
    ma dadgenilebam ideologiuri brZolis axali etapis wamowyebas daudo saTave
    mTels qveyanaSi. kvlav ganaxlda kritikuli Tavdasxmebi k. gamsaxurdiazec. aik-
    rZala misi novelebi. `daSvebuli ideologiuri Secdomebis" gamo 1948 wels mwe-
    rali gamoyvnil iqna mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumis Semadgenlobidan, Seuwyvi-
    tes tomeulebis gamocema qarTuladac da rusuladac, mkacrad akritikebdnen
    sakavSiro presis furclebidanac.
    aseT represirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda k. gamsaxurdia ormociani wle-
    bis meore naxevarSi. es is dro iyo, rodesac igi intensiurad muSaobda `daviT
    aRmaSenebelze". bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis
    amsaxvel romanze muSaobis gagrZelebis uflebas aravin miscemda. Seqmnili
    mdgomareobidan TavdasaRwevad kompromisi da ukandaxeva iyo saWiro. k. gam-
    saxurdiam gaiTvaliswina es yvelaferi da 1951 wels gazeT `literatura da
    xelovnebaSi" gamoqveynebuli fragmentebiT sazogadoebas amcno, rom sakolmeur-
    neo mSeneblobis Temaze werda romans. nawarmoebze mwerali sakmaod didxans _
    1955 wlamde muSaobda. 1956 wels ki romani calke wignad gamoica.
    miuxedavad calkeuli mxatvruli Rirsebebisa, mTlianobaSi `vazis yvavi-
    loba" naklebad Seesabameba k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs da
    267
    masSi aSkarad `sagrZnobia ara mxolod kompromisi, aramed _ SemoqmedebiTi moR-
    lac" (s. sigua).
    `mTvaris moatacebisagan" gansxvavebiT, sabWoTa periodis Cveni sinamdvile
    mweralma `vazis yvavilobaSi" aSkarad idealizebuli da gandidebuli formiT
    warmosaxa. romanSi mkveTrad igrZnoba or banakad gayofili msoflios _ socia-
    listurisa da kapitalisturis kontrastuli Sedareba-Sepirispirebis is ideo-
    logiuri tendencia, romelsac sabWoTa xelisufleba mizaswrafulad amkvid-
    rebda CvenSi 40-50-ian wlebSi. cxadia, epoqaluri sinamdvilis amgvari warmo-
    saxva iZulebiTi msoflmxedvelobrivi ukandaxevis Sedegi iyo da srulebiT ar
    Seesabameboda k. gamsaxurdias namdvil TvalTaxedvas. upirveles yovlisa, swo-
    red amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom `vazis yvavilobaSi" warmosaxuli mxat-
    vruli samyaro avtoris sulisa da gulis sisxlxorceul nawilad ver iqca.

    * * *
    konstantine gamsaxurdiasadmi xelisuflebis mier wayenebulma ideologi-
    ur-politikurma braldebebma da literaturuli kritikis agresiulma damoki-
    debulebam mwerali iZulebuli gaxada mxatvruli warmosaxvis obieqti Soreul
    warsulSi gadaetana. ase daiwera misi „didostatis konstantines marjvena“ –
    qarTuli romanistikis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi nimuSi, romelic jer (1938-39
    wlebSi), Jurnal „mnaTobSi“ daibeWda, 1939 wels ki calke wignad gamoica.
    marTalia, „didostatis marjvena“ saqarTvelos Soreuli warsulis – XI sa-
    ukunis 10-20-iani wlebis didmniSvnelovan istoriul movlenebs acocxlebs, mag-
    ram igi arc mwerlis droindeli sinamdvilisganaa mowyvetili da masSi am epo-
    qis problemebic gardaisaxa Taviseburi formiT. k. gamsaxurdiam Tavisi romaniT
    praqtikulad daadastura mis mier araerTgzis gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Tao-
    baze, rom istoriiT TviTmiznur gatacebas gamarTleba ar aqvs da warsuli
    mwerlisaTvis mxolodRa masalas unda warmoadgendes Tanamedroveobis sa-
    Wirboroto sakiTxTa asasaxad. am TvalsazrisiT, k. gamsaxurdias istoriul ro-
    manebSi bevri iseTi problemaa wamoWrili, romlebic Tumca arapirdapir, magram
    mainc sisxlxorceulad arian dakavSirebuli mwerlis droindel epoqalur si-
    namdvilesTan.
    Tanamedroveobis saWirboroto sakiTxebze aseTi SemovliTi da gadataniTi
    formiT saubars, upirveles yovlisa, Seqmnili viTareba ganapirobebda. qveynad
    damkvidrebuli umkacresi ideologiuri diqtaturis pirobebSi sxvanairad Tavi-
    sufali azris gamoTqma SeuZlebeli iyo. ase rom, k. gamsaxurdias istoriul
    romanebze msjelobis dros martooden warsuliT ar unda SemovifargloT da
    es nawarmoebi mwerlis droindel sinamdvilesTan sisxlxorceul kavSirurTier-
    TobaSic unda gaviazroT. s. siguas SefasebiT, magaliTad, „didostatis marjve-
    na“ 1937 wlis tragediis alegoriuli gadatanaa Soreul warsulSi, katastro-
    ful movlenaTa maradiuli modelis gancda da gamoxatva, misi wakiTxva uZvele-
    si Jamis fonze“.
    am TvalsazrisiT romanSi, upirveles yovlisa, im urTierTobis asaxvas un-
    da mivaqcioT yuradReba, romelic giorgi pirvelsa da konstantine arsakiZes
    Soris arsebobs. am urTierTobis CvenebiT k. gamsaxurdiam udidesi mwerluri Za-
    lisxmeviT dagvanaxa „ganwiruli xelovanis“ bedi tiranul saxelmwifoSi, rac
    „imxanad metad sarisko, gabeduli da Tavganwiruli nabiji“ iyo, vinaidan kon-
    stantine arsakiZis mxatvrul saxeSi avtorma garkveulwilad sakuTari „mec“
    gardasaxa. es ki imas niSnavda, rom vinc sveticxovelis xuroTmoZRvars mwerlis
    prototipad da „Soreul landad miiCnevda,“ giorgi mefis saxeSi igi „im adamia-
    nis xatebasac“ advilad amoikiTxavda, „visac imdroindeli msoflio sunTqvaSek-
    ruli, sulganabuli, daZabuli usmenda da monusxuliviT Sescqeroda“. ase rom,
    konstantine arsakiZis mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT k. gamsaxurdiam pirovnebis kul-
    tis winaaRmdeg jer kidev maSin aRimaRla Taviseburi formiT xma, roca amis Se-
    saxeb qveyanaSi „krintic ki ar iyo daZruli.“ amiT man „yvelaferi bedis saswor-
    ze Seagdo maSin, radgan is SemarTeba da gabeduleba SeiZleboda avad da Savad
    268
    dasrulebuliyo ara marto mwerlis, aramed misi ojaxisa da qveynisaTvis“ (e.
    maRraZe).
    „didostatis marjvenaSi“ aSkarad Cans mwerlis araerTgvarovani midgoma
    eklesiisadmi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi is SeniRbuli Sinagani opo-
    ziciuri damokidebulebaa, riTac k. gamsaxurdia Tavisi epoqis antireligiur
    politikas daupirispirda. kerZod, eklesiebis masobrivi ngrevisa da aTeisturi
    ideologiuri politikis zeobis xanaSi mwerali Tavisi nawarmoebiT saeklesio
    mSeneblobis ganmadideblis rolSi mogvevlina. sveticxovelisadmi, rogorc
    RvTaebrivi rwmenis Zeglad qceuli taZrisadmi, aRvlenili xotba ukve niSnavda
    avtoris msoflmxedvelobriv dapirispirebas socialisturi epoqis ideologias-
    Tan.
    am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda im faqtsac, rom sve-
    ticxovelis taZari qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi damkvidrebuli iyo, rogorc
    saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis simbolo, Cveni didi istoriuli war-
    sulis erT-erTi yvelaze saamayo Zegli. amdenad, misi gandideba ara marto
    RvTaebrivi rwmenisadmi Cveni xalxis tradiciul Tayvanismcemlur damokidebu-
    lebas gulisxmobda, aramed imavdroulad erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
    ideis romantikul gandidebasac. kerZod, ganaxlebuli rusuli imperiis nawilad
    qceul qveyanaSi did saxelmwifoebriv warsulze amgvari saubari, rac romanti-
    kuli nostalgiiT aRavsebda yoveli WeSmariti patriotis guls, bunebrivia,
    xelisuflebis mier damkvidrebuli ideologiuri normebis CarCoebSi ver moTav-
    sdeboda da aSkarad niSnavda mwerlis msoflmxedvelobriv dapirispirebas epo-
    qalur sinamdvilesTan.
    warsuli k. gamsaxurdiasaTvis am SemTxvevaSi opoziciuri erovnuli Tval-
    Taxedvis SeniRbvis formad iyo qceuli. marTalia, „didostatis marjvena“ qar-
    Tveli kacis cnobierebaSi XI saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi mimdinare
    rTul istoriul movlenebs acocxlebda, magram, amasTan erTad, romanis umTav-
    resi paTosi da suliskveTeba arapirdapiri gziT im saWirboroto problemebsac
    exmaureboda, romlebsac mwerlis droindeli epoqaluri sinamdvile svamda imxa-
    nad mTeli simwvaviT.
    am TvalsazrisiT mravalmxriv mniSvnelovania kritikul literaturaSi uk-
    ve SeniSnuli is mizanmimarTuli msgavseba-analogiebi, romlebic bizantiasa da
    ruseTs Soris arsebobs. bizantiis koloniuri politikis daxasiaTebiT k. gam-
    saxurdiam, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos axali dampyrobelic – ruseTic daaxasia-
    Ta. erTmorwmuneobis niRabs amofarebuli orive agresori yvelafers akeTebda
    imisaTvis, TavianTi cbieri politikiT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis
    Ziri rom gamoeTxaraT da igi maTi imperiis nawilad eqciaT. am mizniT isini mo-
    xerxebulad cdilobdnen gamoeyenebinaT ara marto qristianuli sarwmunoeba,
    aramed centralur xelisuflebasTan dapirspirebuli Sinauri mtrebic, rom-
    lebic, samwuxarod, arasodes yofilan saqarTveloSi saZebarni. amdenad, giorgi
    pirvelis antibizantiuri politika, arapirdapir, antirusul, saerTod, antiimpe-
    riul politikadac SeiZleba iqnes ganzogadebulad miCneuli.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgi mefesa da fxovel didgvarovnebs Soris um-
    wvavesi dapirispireba arsebobs, orive mxare kargad xedavs bizantiuri agresiu-
    li politikis SeniRbul arss. ase rom, am politikas ara marto giorgi mefe eb-
    rZvis aSkarad da ukompromisod, aramed mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli didgvaro-
    vannic. marTalia, am brZolis namdvili arsis gamoaSkaravebiT k. gamsaxurdiam
    Cvens cnobierebaSi STambeWdavi formiT gaacocxla XI saukunis saqarTveloSi
    arsebuli istoriuli viTareba, magram, rogorc iTqva, bizantiuri agresiuli
    politikis mxilebas Tavisi qveteqsturi mizanswrafvac aqvs – SeniRbuli galaS-
    qreba rusuli imperiuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg. swored am TvalTaxedviT
    unda gaviazroT romanis Tundac is adgili, sadac mamamze erisTavi da Savleg
    toxaisZe aseTi mkveTri radikalizmiT gamoxataven TavianT antiberZnul Tval-
    Taxedvas: „ar gvinda qristes jvari, ar gvinda mefe giorgi, arc zviad spasala-
    ri, arc melqisedek kaTalikosi! mcxeTa da ufliscixe iseTive budea gularZni-
    lobisa, rogoric bizantioni!
    269
    berZnebs es undaT, Cveni bomonebi vgmoT da maT eklesiebSi vilocoT! wina-
    parTa CvenTa salocavebi Segvimusres, TavianTi xatebi da jvrebi SemogvaCeCes
    xelSi! berZnebs es swadiaT, Cveni ena dagvaviwyon da TavianTi SemogvaCeCon pir-
    Si, Cveni warsuli daviviwyoT da maTi SeviswavloT, Cveni samosi SemogvZarcvon,
    maTi CavicvaT! Tu Cveni kerpebi vaxseneT da maTi davgmeT, myisve pirze akeriaT:
    „mkrexeli, mwvalebeli da mstovari.“
    miuxedavad interesebis principuli SeuTavseblobisa, bizantiasTan damoki-
    debulebaSi giorgi mefesac da mis mowinaaRmdegeebsac erTi da igive pozicia
    aqvT. am poziciis safuZvelTa safuZveli imis gacnobierebaa, rom bevri Cveni
    erovnuli ubedurebis Tavi da Tavi bizantiaa. yovelive amis aRweras „didosta-
    tis marjvenaSi“ imitomac eqceva esoden didi yuradReba, rom igi ara marto XI
    saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli istoriuli sinamdvilis mniSvnelovan peripetiebs
    acocxlebs mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi, aramed rusuli kolonializmisadmi mwer-
    lis opoziciur damokidebulebasac gamoxatavs SeniRbul-qveteqsturi formiT.
    qveynis samefo xelisuflebasa da gankerZoebul didgvarovnebs Soris brZo-
    las garkveulwilad religiuri dapirspirebis saxeca aqvs SeZenili. formalu-
    rad mefe qristianuli sarwmunoebis damcvelisa da ganmamtkiceblis rolSi ga-
    modis, misgan gandgomili mTieli feodalebi – warmarTobisa. sinamdvileSi ki
    orive mxarisTvis sarwmunoebrivi interesebis amgvari qomagoba maTi politikuri
    zraxvebis dasafaravad gamoyenebuli niRabia da isini WeSmariti religiuri
    rwmenisagan Sors dganan. ufro metic, sarwmunoebrivi fanatizmi ara Tu eris-
    kacTaTvisaa ucxo grZnoba, aramed eklesiis msaxurTa umetesobisTvisac ki. „di-
    dostatis marjvenaSi“ daxatul sasuliero pirTa didi nawili miwieri cod-
    vebiT damZimebuli adamianebi arian da Tavadve arRveven maT mier sityvierad na-
    qadagev religiur mcnebebsa da sulier siwmindeebs.
    es yvelaferi naTlad Cans nawarmoebidan. magaliTad, qristianobis qomagad
    miCneuli giorgi mefe, romelic „bizantiisTvis Tvalis asaxvevad daucxromlad
    agebda qristianul taZrebs da maxviliT avrcelebda mTels kavkasionSi qristes
    Sjuls,“ sinamdvileSi religiuri mcnebebisagan Sors mdgomi „rwmenaSeryeuli“
    pirovnebaa, romelic saxelmwifoebrivi miznis misaRwevad iseTi mkrexelobis Ca-
    denasac ki ar erideba, rogoric jvris mowamvlis gziT mowinaaRmdegis mokvdi-
    nebaa. mis adamianur sisastikeze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom misi brZanebiT aTas-
    ze met berZen monaspas dasTxares Tvalebi, ori aTas tyves Tavi waacales, sama-
    si tyve ki cocxlad damarxes. aseT daundoblobas iCens giorgi mefe yvelas mi-
    marT, vinc win gadaeRobeba, maT Soris misi uaxloesi adamianebis mimarTac (naT-
    qvamis dasturad Tundac girSelTan misi urTierToba gavixsenoT).
    sarwmunoebis samsaxurSi bolomde uRalato erTgulebiT, romanis mixedviT,
    arc sasuliero pirTa didi nawili dgas da bevri maTganis miwieri yofa nak-
    lebad Seesabameba religiuri cxovrebis im normebs, rasac isini sityvierad qa-
    dageben. marTalia, k. kamsaxurdias romanSi aRwerili xanis saqarTveloSi qris-
    tianuli sarwmunoeba Zlierebis iseT safexurze idga, rom mas TviT samefo
    xelisuflebac ki uwevda did angariSs, magram, amisda miuxedavad, qveynis qris-
    tianizaciis procesi bolomde dasrulebuli jer kidev ar iyo. es yvelaze me-
    tad saqarTvelos mTianeTSi igrZnoboda, sadac, farulad Tu Tvalxilulad, ga-
    afTrebuli brZola mimdinareobda qristianobasa da warmarTobas Soris. iqaur
    mcxovrebTa didi nawili, mwerlis TqmiT, „guliT qristianebi ar iyvnen“ da bev-
    ri maTgani ufro metad warmarTul kerpebsa da bomonebs eTayvaneboda.
    qristianul sarwmunoebasTan maTi dapirispireba drodadro iseT ukidures
    saxesac iZenda, rom saqme eklesiebis, xatebisa da sxva religiuri siwmindeebis
    barbarosul Semusvramdec ki midioda. xucebsa da berebs samrekloebze hki-
    debdnen da dilegebSi hyridnen. xalxis am antiqristianul ganwyobilebas Tavi-
    anTi separatistuli ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad moxerxebulad iyenebdnen
    didgvarovnebi, romlebic centraluri samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZo-
    las religiuri SinaarsiT niRbavdnen da „qristes Sjuli am SemTxvevaSi
    mxolodRa safarveli iyo.“ romanSi es yvelaferi istoriuli sinamdvilis zed-
    miwevniTi codniTaa aRwerili.
    270
    „didostatis marjvena“ klasikuri nimuSia istoriuli Janris nawarmoebSi
    istoriuli masalisa da mxatvruli gamonagonis erTmaneTTan Serwymisa. marTa-
    lia, romanis Seqmnas uZvelesi matianeebisa da specialuri samecniero litera-
    turis saguldagulo Seswavla daedo safuZvlad, magram Cvenamde moRweuli es
    faqtologiuri masala mweralma kidev ufro gaamdidra imJamindel movlenebTan
    logikurad da sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebuli mxatvruli gamonagoniT. es xSi-
    rad iseTi mecnieruli sizustiT xdeba, rom nawarmoebSi Zneli gasamijnicaa is-
    toriuli sinamdvile da mxatvruli gamonagoni. ase rom, „didostatis marjvena“
    ara marto literaturuli srulyofilebiT iqcevs yuradRebas, aramed istoriu-
    li warsulis mecnieruli obieqturobiT gaazrebiTac. Tumca yovelive zemoT-
    qmuli ise aramc da aramc ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos k. gamsaxurdias romani mec-
    nieruli gamokvlevis sizustiT asaxavdes movlenebs. istoriuli procesebis ar-
    sSi Rrmad garkveuli mkiTxveli imasac advilad SeamCnevs, rom avtori zogjer
    arsebiTadac ki cvlis viTarebas.
    naTqvamis dasturad aviRoT Tundac romanis safuZvlad qceuli iseTi um-
    niSvnelovanesi istoriuli faqti, rogoric sveticxovelis mSeneblobaa. ro-
    gorc dokumenturad cnobilia, sveticxovelis taZris Seneba 1010 wels daiwyo
    bagrat mesamem. 1014 wels, misi gardacvalebis Semdgom, taZris mSenebloba ganag-
    rZo saqarTvelos axalma mefem, bagrat mesamis memkvidrem, giorgi pirvelma. igi
    taZars mTeli Tavisi mefobis manZilze aSenebda, 1027, wlamde, magram saqmis
    bolomde miyvana ar dascalda. marTalia, umTavresi samuSaoebi ki daasrula,
    magram taZris sabolood srulqmna da kurTxeva 1029 wels ukve bagrat meoTxes
    mouwia.
    rogorc vxedavT, sveticxovels xangrZlivi drois manZilze, 1010 wlidan
    1029 wlamde, sami mefe aSenebda. romanis mixedviT ki am saqmis damwyebadac da
    damamTavrebladac giorgi pirvelia gamoyvanili. cxadia, k. gamsaxurdiasaTvis,
    rogorc istoriuli dokumenetebis Rrmad da safuZvlianad mcodne Semoqmedi-
    saTvis, es yvelaferi aucileblad iqneboda cnobili. magram man gaazrebulad
    Secvala faqtobrivi sinamdvile. istoriuli masalisadmi aseTi Tavisufali mid-
    goma, pirvel rigSi, imiT iyo gamarTlebuli, rom es garemoeba principulad ar
    cvlida im umTavresi saTqmelis arss, risTvisac romani iwereboda. faqtobriv
    sizusteTa gamodevneba da nawarmoebSi taZris mSeneblobis saqmesTan damatebiT
    kidev ori mefis dakavSireba ki axali literaturuli sirTulis winaSe daaye-
    nebda avtors, rac man, etyoba, saWirod ar CaTvala.
    garda istoriuli dokumentebisa, „didostatis marjvenis“ STamagonebel
    wyarod taZris mSeneblis saxelTan dakavSirebuli folkloruli masalacaa
    qceuli. upirveles yovlisa, esaa romantikuli legenda konstantine arsakiZis-
    Tvis mklavis mokveTisa, romelic romanis siuJetur safuZvels warmoadgens. k.
    gamsaxurdiasaTvis nawarmoebis siuJetis SeTxzvis dros swored es romantikuli
    legenda gaxda umTavresi impulsis mimcemi wyaro. mweralma masze dayrdnobiT
    gaiazra taZris kedelze gakeTebuli warweris azrobrivi qveteqsti. „xeli moni-
    sa arsukisZisa. SeundeT“ – aseTia Sinaarsi am warwerisa, rac, pirdapiri mniSvne-
    lobiT, sulac ar niSnavs imis ueWvel Setyobinebas, rom arsakiZisTvis taZris
    agebis sazRaurad boZebuli „jildo“ misTvis marjvena mklavis mokveTa iyos.
    amgvari interpretacia am warweras xalxurma legendam misca da igi k. gam-
    saxurdiam Tavisi romanis siuJetur safuZvlad aqcia. ise ki zemoT miTiTebul
    warweras sxvagvari axsnac SeiZleba mivceT – taZris amgebelma fasadze Tavisi
    marjvenis gamoxatviT Taviseburad ukvdavyo is xeli, romelmac qvis es harmonia
    Seqmna.
    „didostatis marjvenaSi“ aRweril konkretul istoriul sinamdviles imav-
    droulad ganzogadebis farTo masStabebic aqvs SeZenili. ase rom, romani
    Rrmad gvafiqrebs ara marto XI saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi arsebul vi-
    Tarebaze, aramed qarTuli yofisa da bunebisaTvis sazogadod daxasiaTebul
    bevr Tvisebazec. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia im mankierebaTa
    avtoriseuli mxilebani, romlebic Cveni erovnuli fsiqikisTvis maradiulad Ta-
    namdev movlenebad arian qceulni. am SemTxvevaSi k. gamsaxurdia kidev ufro aR-
    271
    rmavebs mankierebaTa kritikuli mxilebis im tendencias, romelmac jer kidev
    daviT aRmaSeneblis mematianis sityvebSi pova metad mwvave da farTod ganzoga-
    debuli gamovlena: „naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul buneba ars pirvelTaganve
    TvisTa ufalTa, rameTu raJams gandidnen, gansuqdnen da dideba poon da gansue-
    neba, iwyeben ganzraxvad borotisa, viTarca mogviTxrobs Zveli matiane da saqme-
    ni aw xilulni.“
    k. gamsaxurdias romanSi mematianis mier mxilebuli amgvari orguli da
    borotgamzraxveli araerTi qarTvelis STambeWdavi mxatvruli saxea daxatuli.
    isini gaafTrebiT ebrZvian erTmaneTs TavianTi pativmoyvaruli da mdabio adami-
    anuri miswrafebebis aRsasruleblad. am codvis WaobSi Rrmad arian Caflulni
    mefec, didgvarovannic, saeklesio wodebisa da samefo karis warmomadgenlebic.
    pirovnuli egocentrizmis wiaRSi saTavedadebuli maTi boroti qmedebani safuZ-
    vels uryevs qveynis saxelmwifoebriv da zneobriv siZlieres.
    imis naTelsayofad, ganzogadebis raoden farTo masStabebs iZens mankie-
    rebaTa kritikuli mxilebis es tendencia, aq giorgi pirvelis mier sikvdilis
    win warmoTqmuli aRsarebac SeiZleba gavixsenoT. Tavadac mravali didi codvis
    Camdeni mefe aRsasrulis win ara marto gulwrfelad inaniebs mis mier nebsiT
    Tu uneblieT Cadenil Secodebebs, aramed Rrma gulistkiviliT im mankie-
    rebebzec saubrobs, romlebic Cveni erovnuli cnobierebis ganuyofel nawilad
    damkvidrebula. momakvdavi mefe sasowarkveTiT godebs imis gamo, rom „CvenSi mo-
    Ralateni sWarbobdnen erTgulebs mudam, gana Tu sxvisi, sakuTari Tavis, Tavis
    xalxis moRalateni.“ moRalateobis am qveynisdamaqcevar sens verc misi mefobis
    Jams acda saqarTvelo da, giorgis TqmiT, TviT mis „mstovrebSic naxevari bizan-
    tialebs hyavdaT mosyiduli, naxevari sarkinozebs.“ amitomac daaskvnis igi mwa-
    red: „roca xalxs amdeni moRalate Sina hyavs, makedonelic ver gaa-
    marjvebinebso mas... Tu mTelma erma gamarjveba ar moindoma, makedonelic ver
    uSvelis, pipa, radgan jer arsad gaumarjvniaT mSiSrebsa da mstovrebs.“
    giorgi mefis aRmsareblur sityvebSi umaRlesi sityvieri xelovnebiT
    mJRavndeba bevri Cveni erovnuli mankiereba. es aRsareba Taviseburi ganzoga-
    debuli Sefasebaa im tragikuli movlenebisa, romlebic yovel drosa da epoqa-
    Si zeobdnen met-naklebad qarTul yofaSi. naTqvamis dasturad moviSvelioT
    fragmenti momakvdavi mefis aRsarebidan: „damanela aznaurebisa da sardlebis
    kinklaobam, pipa! CvenSi yovel nabiWvars aznauroba swyuria, yovel nacarqeqias –
    sardloba.
    mudam bizantielebs egebodnen fexqveS Cveni suleli aznaurebi da Rormu-
    cela episkoposebi, mefeebi mwvane etlebs mietrfodnen da bizantiur xarisxebs.
    Cveni ubedureba egaa, sxvis fandurze buqnaoba gviyvars. amitomac musrs avlebda
    saqarTvelos sxvis qveynebSi atexili Wiri. mec mWirda eg seni, pipa! simTvrale-
    Si movakvlevine fxovelebs dedaCemis diswuli girSel TriaqiT mTvralma!
    odiTganve es mogvdgams qarTvelebs, mudam Cvens simcires mivstirodiT,
    radgan mteri auracxeli gvyavda mudam. magram didkaci Tu gamogveria, mas ise
    davkortniT, rogorc dakodil Zeras yvavebi!“
    k. gamsaxurdiam arc amjerad uRalata tradicias da, msgavsad sxva roma-
    nebisa, „didostatis marjvenasac“ daurTo bolosityva, romelSic nawarmoebTan
    dakavSirebuli bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxis miseuli ganmarteba mogvca. es gan-
    martebani didad gvexmareba avtoriseuli saTqmelis siRrmiseul Secnobasa da
    sworad gaazrebaSi. k. gamsaxurdias ganmartebiT, nacvlad „garepolitikuri ome-
    bisa,“ misi „mometebuli yuradReba Sinaur amboxebaTa Caqrobis momentebisadmi“
    imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom „Sinapolitikuri viTarebani wyveten yoveli naciis
    beds. msoflio istoriaa amis mowme Tavad. aman daRupa Zveli saberZneTi da ro-
    mi, sakeisro bizantia, rusudanisa da laSa giorgis saxelmwifoc.“ rogorc sa-
    qarTvelos istoriidan naTlad Cans, es problema yovel drosa da epoqaSi mwva-
    ved idga Cveni qveynis winaSe. swored am istoriulma realobam ganapiroba k.
    gamsaxurdias zemoT xazgasmuli interesi „didostatis marjvenaSi“ da igive gan-
    meorda „daviT aRmaSenebelSic.“
    272
    saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulisadmi siyvaruli bavSvobidanve Sei-
    sisxlxorca k. gamsaxurdiam. rogorc Tavadve ambobs, igi jer kidev Tormetiode
    wlisa iyo, roca „bedma Tu SemTxvevam „qarTlis cxovreba“ SeaCeCa xelSi.“ swo-
    red am droidan gaRvivda misi didi siyvaruli Cveni xalxis saTayvanebeli me-
    feebisadmi. maT Soris mwerali giorgi pirvelsac asaxelebs, visac mematiane
    „uSiSars, viTarca uxorcos,“ uwodebs da wuxs imis gamo, rom „qarTul qroni-
    kebSi mas mxolod oriode gverdi aqvs miZRvnili.“
    giorgi mefe romanis erT-erTi yvelaze monumenturi da mravalmxriv sainte-
    reso mxatvruli saxea. istoriulad cnobili am pirovnebisadmi mwerlis siyva-
    ruli, sxva mniSvnelovan garemoebebTan erTad, imanac ganapiroba, rom es „Sesa-
    niSnavi raindi“ mTeli sicocxlis manZilze TavdadebiT ebrZoda iseT veSaps,
    rogoric bizantia iyo. „vinc daaxloebiT mainc warmoidgens, Tu ra didi mxeci
    iyo basili II, bulgarTmmusvreli, romlis imperia ganfenili iyo apeninis
    naxevarkunZulidan basianamdis, balkaneTis ukiduresi samanebidan arabeTis
    udabnos kidemdis, misTvis gasagebi iqneba, Tu ra kolosaluri Zalis mata-
    rebeli yofila imJamindeli saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I, romelmac erTxel, mag-
    ram mainc daamarcxa keisari bizantiisa.“
    „didostatis marjvenis“ Rirseba isic aris, rom igi mecnieruli keTilsin-
    disierebiT avsebs da amdidrebs Cveni matianeebis xarvezs da giorgi mefis
    cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis sruliad axal, Tumca fantaziiT SeTxzul, magram
    imJamindeli istoriuli viTarebidan logikurad gamomdinare movlenebs acnobs
    mkiTxvels. ase rom, giorgi pirvelis mxatvrul saxeSi sisxlxorceulad Se-
    erwya erTmaneTs istoriulad cnobili da fantaziiT warmosaxuli momentebi. k.
    gamsaxurdias mier daxatuli giorgi pirveli rTuli pirovnuli bunebis adamia-
    nia, romlis arsebaSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarseboben sikeTe da boro-
    teba. misTvis, rogorc mefisaTvis, uzenaes idealad qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi
    Zlierebis ganmtkicebisTvis Tavdadebuli brZolaa qceuli. igi yvelafers ake-
    Tebs am patriotuli mizandasaxulobis aRsasruleblad da daundoblad ebrZvis
    yvelas, vinc mas am keTilSobilur gzaze win gadaeRobeba.
    rac Seexeba giorgis, rogorc pirovnebas, mwerals am TvalsazrisiT is sak-
    maod rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis adamianad hyavs daxatuli da misi
    gulborotebisa da mzakvrobis araerT magaliTs gvacnobs. miuxedavad samefo
    moRvaweobaSi mopovebuli warmatebebisa, giorgi pirveli, romanis mixedviT, tra-
    gikuli bedis pirovnebaa, romelmac versad hpova adamianuri bedniereba da
    ubedurad daasrula piradi cxovreba. ase rom, k. gamsaxurdias romanSi mxatvru-
    li srulyofilebiTa da yovlismomcvelobiT daixata giorgi pirveli, rogorc
    mefeca da rogorc adamianic.
    giorgi pirvelis samefo moRvaweoba mweralma yvelaze metad sami umTavresi
    aspeqtiT gviCvena: ukompromiso brZoliT meamboxe didgvarovanTa winaaRmdeg;
    erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv niadagze gareSe mtrebTan, uwinares yovlisa ki bizan-
    tiasTan dapirspirebiTa da eklesiasTan urTierTobiT. yovelive amas, rogorc
    iTqva, misi dramatuli samijnuro Tavgadasavalic emateba, ris Sedegadac Cvens
    cnobierebaSi didi emociuri STambeWdaobiT cocxldeba xorcSesxmuli saxe
    diqtatori xelmwifisa da tragikuli bedis adamianisa.
    marTalia, giorgi mefe sveticxovelis taZris agebis mTavari iniciatori
    iyo, magram eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobiT aseTi daintereseba misi RvTismo-
    savi bunebidan da qristianuli rwmenisagan rodi momdinareobda. sinamdvileSi
    igi Sinaganad gaorebuli pirovnebaa, romelic arasodes yofila rwmenagaubza-
    ravi morwmune. religia misTvis, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Se-
    madgeneli nawilia. amdenad, misi damokidebuleba qristianuli sarwmunoebisad-
    mi, upirveles yovlisa, politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi faqtorebiTaa gansazRvru-
    li da Sors dgas WeSmariti morwmunis TvalTaxedvisagan. es naTlad Cans, er-
    Tis mxriv, im faruli WidiliT, romelic masa da melqisedek kaTalikoss Soris
    mimdinareobs, meores mxriv ki im mkrexeluri saqcieliT, romelic man Caidina
    Zelicxovelis jvris mowamvliTa da Wiaberis mokvliT. marTalia, misi galaS-
    qreba amboxebul didgvarovanTa asalagmad miznad saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
    273
    foebrivi mTlianobis ganmtkicebas isaxavda, magram amis misaRwevad iseTi ramis
    gakeTeba, rac man jvris mowamvliT Caidina, WeSmarit sarwmunoebriv normebTan
    yovlad SeuTavsebelia da namdvili morwmune aseT mkrexelobas araTu arasodes
    Caidens, aramed fiqradac ar gaivlebs gulSi.
    es yvelaferi ki imis Sedegi iyo, rom sinamdvileSi „giorgi mefes arc qris-
    te swamda da arc misi jvari.“ qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi mis amgvar damoki-
    debulebas im garemoebamac Seuwyo xeli, rom erTmorwmuneobis niRabmorgebuli
    bizantia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moxerxebulad iyenebda qristianul religias.
    da mainc, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, Tavisi samefo-saxelmwifoebrivi
    politikis gatarebis dros giorgi mefe iZulebulia yovelTvis didi angariSi
    gauwios religiur rwmenasac da mis msaxurTa nebasac, rac imJamindeli istori-
    uli viTarebis realuri Sedegi iyo. romanSi aRwerili epoqa xom pirdapir gag-
    rZelebas warmoadgenda grigol xanZTelis periodis saqarTvelos yofisas, ro-
    ca RvTismsaxurni Tumca garegnulad ki eqvemdebarebodnen mefes, magram, ro-
    gorc „qristes mosaydreebs, uryevad sjerodaT, rom „mefe qveyanasa zeda xel-
    mwifea, xolo qriste – zecisa, qveynisa da qvesknelisa.“
    miuxedavad im didi azrobrivi datvirTvisa, romelic giorgi pirvelis
    mxatvrul saxes aqvs SeZenili, nawarmoebis centraluri personaJi mainc kon-
    stantine arsakiZea. am literaturuli gmiris SeqmniT k. gamsaxurdiam im pirov-
    nebis saxe gamoaqandaka umaRlesi sityvieri ostatobiT, vinc sulieri cxovrebis
    uzenaes RvTaebad dasaxul xelovnebas uyoymanod swiravs yvelafers, rac miwie-
    ri adamianuri bednierebis sawindaria. naTqvamis dasturad aq Tundac Sorenas-
    Tan misi dramatuli urTierTobis ambavic SeiZleba gavixsenoT. magram xelov-
    nebis am fanatikuri gaRmerTebis gverdiT arsakiZis cnobierebaSi arsebobs misi
    adamianuri arsebobisTvis upirvelesi azris mimcemi kidev erTi didi idealic,
    romelic yvelasa da yvelaferze maRla dgas – samSoblosadmi siyvaruli da
    Tavganwirva.
    arsakiZis erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedvis gasaazreblad gansakuTrebiT
    mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi romanis is epizodia, sadac SorenasTan xuroTmoZ-
    Rvris saubaria aRwerili. nawarmoebis es adgili mxatvruli ZalmosilebiT
    erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri epizodia ara marto k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmdebaSi,
    aramed mTels Cvens beletristikaSic.
    sveticxovelis mSeneblobam imdenad gaitaca arsakiZe, rom SorenasaTvis ta-
    Zari konstantines siyvarulSi TiTqosda realur sulier metoqed iqca. am ambiT
    sulaforiaqebuli qali guldawyvetili adamianis iWvneulobiT arwmunebs mij-
    nurs, rom mefe giorgi da melqisedek kaTalikosi iseTi gulboroti adamianebi
    arian, mainc ar daufaseben Rvawls. magram pasuxi, romelic arsakiZem Sorenas am
    sayveduris gamo gasca, uRrmesi fsiqologizmiT gamoxatavs xelovnebisadmi misi
    Tavganwiruli siyvarulis arss: „gana mefisa da kaTalikosis wyalobis molo-
    dinSi Sevalie sveticxovels jani? me Cemi xelovneba sicocxleze metad Semyva-
    rebia, Cemo, amitomac ganwiruli maqvs Tavi.“
    Sorenas iWvneul SeniSvnaze – „maS, Sen sicocxle qvaze naklebad gyva-
    rebiao, uta,“ – arsakiZe Seuvali TviTrwmeniT gamoxatavs Tavis pozicias: „gana
    qvaa sveticxoveli, Cemo? qvayofilia igi amJamad, ufro ukvdavi, vidre asi aTasi
    mokvdavis suli.“
    „mainc sveticxoveli girCevnia Sen yvelafers, uta!“
    arsakiZem igrZno, iWvneulobda am taZrisadmi qali.“
    am fragmentidan naTlad Cans, rom xelovneba arsakiZisaTvis cxovrebis is
    uzenaesi idealia, romelsac uyoymanod swiravs igi pirovnuli bednierebis yo-
    vel mxares. magram, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs kidev erTi uwmindesi grZnoba, rome-
    lic TviT am fanatikur siyvarulze maRlac ki dgas – samSoblosadmi Tavda-
    deba. es naTlad da mkafiod Cans arsakiZesa da Sorenas Soris gamarTuli ze-
    moT miTiTebuli saubridan. arsakiZisTvis principulad miuRebelia giorgi pir-
    velTan dapirispirebis is gegma, romlis ganxorcielebasac mefeze ga-
    nawyenebuli Sorena da misi Tanamoazre gandgomili didgvarovanni cdiloben.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad arsakiZesac giorgis samefo moRvaweobidan bevri
    274
    ram ar moswons, mis winaaRmdeg iseTi formiT brZola, rasac meamboxeni mimarTa-
    ven, mas qveynis Ralatad miaCnia.
    Sorenasadmi gacemuli misi pasuxi am SemTxvevaSi ara marto xuroTmoZRvris
    patriotul TvalTaxedvas gamoxatavs, aramed im erovnul koncefciasac ayali-
    bebs ganzogadebuli saxiT, romelic imavdroulad yoveli WeSmariti patriotis
    mamuliSvilur mrwamsadac Tavisuflad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli. arsakiZisaTvis
    principulad miuRebelia Sorenas Txovna, monawileoba miiRos xevisberebis mier
    mefis winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi, rasac igi imis gamo ki ar akeTebs,
    rom is an giorgi mefis mexotbea, anda melqisedek kaTalikosis mgalobelia,
    aramed imitom, rom misi Rrma rwmeniT, separatistuli suliskveTebiT gonebaare-
    uli xevisberebi imaze ukeTes kanonebs verafriT Seqmnian, „vidre Tundac erTi
    gulboroti mefe.“ amitomac miaCnia mas Tavis patriotul movaleobad, uyoyma-
    nod Tqvas uari SeTqmulebaSi monawileobaze da yvelanairad aRudges win
    amboxebulTa ugunur ganzraxvas. magram Tu „xval berZnebi an sarkinozebi Semo-
    ewyobian saqarTvelos cixeebs,“ arsakiZe mzadaa moqandakis saWreTeli daufiq-
    reblad gverdze gadados da xmliT SeebrZolos qveynis mtrebs.
    mravlismTqmelia da Rrmaazrovani simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone is faqti,
    rom erTiani saqarTvelos rwmenis simbolod dasaxuli sveticxovelis taZris
    xuroTmoZRvari konstantine arsakiZe gaxda. am simbolikas ramdenime mniSvnelo-
    vani aspeqti gansazRvravs. pirveli da umTavresia is, rom saqarTvelos gamTlia-
    nebis simbolod qceuli taZris aSenebis ideis xorSemsxmel Semoqmedad qarTve-
    li kaci mogvevlina da ara ucxoeli. amiT mweralma naTlad da araorazrovnad
    migviTiTa imaze, rom erovnuli taZris Semqmneli erovnuli geni unda yofiliyo.
    meore, taZris xuroTmoZRvari xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli TviTnabadi niWis
    xelovania da mTeli Tavisi masStaburobiT warmoaCens im did SemoqmdebiT po-
    tencias, romelic qarTveli eris sulier energiaSia akumulirebuli. da bolos,
    arc is faqtia SemTxveviTi, rom konstantine arsakiZe warmoSobiT lazia da ara
    qarTleli. agreTve arc is, rom taZris mSeneblobaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRe-
    ben saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis warmomadgenlebi. amiT k. gamsaxurdiam mka-
    fiod gamoxata Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedva – erovnuli mTlia-
    nobis simbolod dasaxul rwmenis taZars mTeli saqarTvelo aSenebs da ara mi-
    si erTi romelime kuTxis mkvidrni.
    rac Seexeba farsman sparss, misi mxatvruli saxe nawarmoebSi gaazrebulia,
    rogorc Taviseburi antiTeza konstantine arsakiZisa. avtoriseuli ganmartebiT,
    igi „winaparia saqarTvelos istoriis manZilze warmoSobil usamSoblo kondo-
    tierebisa.“ miuxedavad imisa, rom farsmani didi niWisa da SemoqmedebiTi poten-
    ciis adamiania, mis arsebaSi Cabudebuli borotebis gamo, is verafers sZens sa-
    sikeTosa da mniSvnelovans erovnul sulier saganZurs.
    farsmanis, rogorc „kondotieris, gayiduli da usamSoblo kacis,“ mxatvru-
    li saxis Seqmna usaTuod unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc mwerlis mZafri Sinaga-
    ni dapirspireba ara marto Cveni qveynis istoriidan cnobil misi msgavsi biog-
    rafiis adamianebTan, aramed Tavad avtorisdroindel did qarTvel „internacio-
    nalistebTanac.“ farsman sparsis mxatvruli saxis azrobrivi qveteqsti, pirvel
    yovlisa, im kondotier qarTvelTa denacionalizebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi
    mrwamsis kritikuli mxilebac iyo, romlebic mTel Zalasa da energias ga-
    naxlebuli rusuli imperiis ganmtkicebas swiravdnen da sakuTar karieristul
    miswrafebebs barbarosuli sisastikiT umsxverplebdnen TavianTi „patara sam-
    Soblos“ awmyosac da momavalsac.
    farsmani egocentruli bunebis adamiania, erovnul fesvebs mowyvetili kos-
    mopoliti, romlisTvisac gangebas odnavadac ki ar miumadlebia siyvarulisa da
    erTgulebis niWi. igi yvelgan WirdebaT, magram arsad ar uyvarT. Tavis mxriv,
    misTvisac absoluturad sul erTia, romeli qveynis xelmwifis msaxuri iqneba;
    mTavaria, Tavisi avxorci pativmoyvareoba daikmayofilos.
    „didostatis marjveniT“ kidev ufro gamoikveTa k. gamsaxurdias enobrivi
    pozicia – literaturuli enis mizanmimarTuli da zomieri arqaizacia. es faq-
    tori misi ara marto am romanis, aramed mTeli Semoqmdebis stiluri individua-
    275
    lobis ganmsazRvrel umTavres nawilad iqca. enobrivi arqaizaciis es procesi
    Tanabrad Seexo rogorc leqsikur, ise sintaqsur-morfologiur mxares da mwer-
    lis stils meti aristokratizmi, poeturoba, mkveTrad gamorCeuli ritmul-mu-
    sikaluri JReradoba SesZina.

    * * *
    1962 wels, xangrZlivi SemoqmedebiTi rudunebis Semdeg, konstantine gam-
    saxurdiam daasrula tetralogia `daviT aRmaSenebeli", romelzec TiTqmis mTe-
    li meTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda. Cveni upirvelesi mefis cxovrebisa
    da moRvaweobis amsaxvel am mravalmxriv mniSvnelovan wignSi saqarTvelos war-
    sulisa da Tanamedroveobis bevri globaluri problemaa ganzogadebuli for-
    miT dasmuli da gaazrebuli.
    gansxvavebiT `didostatis marjvenisagan", romelSic mwerlis mTavari Za-
    lisxmeva warsulis poetizebis dros fantaziiT warmosaxul movlenebsa da per-
    sonaJebze iyo gadatanili, `daviT aRmaSenebelSi" ufro didi yuradReba mieqca
    faqtebis mecnierul sizustesa da dokumenturobas. marTalia, romanSi didi,
    zog SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvreli adgilic ki daeTmo literaturul gamonagons,
    magram am TvalsazrisiT es nawarmoebebi aSkarad ganirCeva erTmaneTisagan. `da-
    viT aRmaSenebelSi" mxatvrulad daxvewil-damuSavebuli dokumentalizmi imde-
    nad did rols asrulebs (gansakuTrebiT III-IV wignebSi), rom romanis zogierTi
    adgili istoriuli qronikis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebs. nawarmoebis am mxares
    gansakuTrebiT Tundac imitomac minda mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom amiT k. gam-
    saxurdiam, erT-erTma pirvelma meoce saukunis qarTul literaturaSi, mkvidri
    safuZveli moumzada e. w. istoriul dokumentur prozasac.
    `daviT aRmaSenebelze" muSaoba mweralma 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi da-
    iwyo, im dros, roca mTels sabWoTa imperiaSi sisxlis kalo ileweboda da rep-
    resiebis saSineli xana idga. ram ganapiroba mwerlis aseTi daintereseba Cveni
    warsuliT, ram miiyvana igi daviT aRmaSenebelTan im dros, roca qveyanaSi sul
    sxva ganwyobileba, sul sxva miswarfebani iyo aRzevebuli? qvemoT Sevecdebi
    ramdenadme mainc gavce pasuxi am kiTxvas da SeZlebisdagvarad gavarkvio am mi-
    zanswrafvis ganmapirobebeli mizezebi.
    rogorc iTqva, k. gamsaxurdias istoriul JanrTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi
    mkveTrad gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi hqonda Camoyalibebuli. igi Tvlida, rom
    araviTari istoriuli romani ar arsebobs, rom istoria mxolod masalaa mwer-
    lisaTvis Tanamedroveobis miswrafebaTa gamosaxatavad. amgvari Teoriis avtori,
    bunebrivia, daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb daweril romans marto gardasuli epo-
    qis asaxvas ar dausaxavda miznad da masSi dasmul problemebs Tanamedrove
    yofasac ganuyofelad daukavSirebda. es marTlac asea.
    `daviT aRmaSenebeli" sabWoTa epoqis saWirboroto problemaTa
    arapirdapiri formiT warmomCeni romanicaa. kerZod, Cveni istoriuli warsulis
    bevri problema masSi swored am kuTxiT, mkafiod gamovlenili simbolur-ale-
    goriuli formiTaa gaazrebuli.
    kerZod, `daviT aRmaSenebelSi" swored amgvari alegorizmiTaa mxilebuli
    is politikuri procesebi, romlebic imJamad mTels sabWoTa imperiasa da mis
    erT uuflebo nawilad qceul fsevdorespublikaSi _ saqarTveloSi iyo aRze-
    vebuliyo. aRniSnul garemoebas arsebiTad gansazRvravda ramdenime mniSvnelova-
    ni faqtori. pirvel yovlisa, is, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi Tanamedrove yofaze mar-
    Tali sityvis Tqma, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli iyo; socialisturi realizmis
    mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi meTodi, romelic partiam da xelisuflebam Cveni mwer-
    lobis erTaderT mimarTulebad gamoacxada, mwerals avaldebulebda, movlenebi
    mkveTrad gamovlenili ideologiuri tendenciurobiT gamoexata da xotba Se-
    esxa sabWoTa sinamdvilisaTvis. vinc am princips daarRvevda, mas umkacres gu-
    liswyromas daatexdnen Tavs. swored am garemoebam gaxada mwerali iZulebuli,
    SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis Tavisebur navsayudelad istoriuli warsuli rom
    eqcia da iqidan gamopasuxeboda Tanamedroveobis problemebs.
    276
    meorec, daviT aRmaSeneblis monumenturi mxatvruli saxis SemqniT k. gam-
    saxurdiam scada `manqurTizmis" tyveobisagan daexsna Cveni erovnuli cnobiereba
    da ideologiuri bangisagan Sokirebuli qarTveli kacis gonebis Tvali Cveni
    istoriis yvelaze didi simaRleebisaken miepyro. vfqrob, mkiTxvelisaTvis ioli
    gasagebia, imxanad ra sariskoc iqneboda am nabijis gadadgma. im dros, roca sa-
    qarTvelo, rogorc calke saxelmwifo, mxolod nominalurad TuRa arsebobda
    da uzarmazari imperiis umniSvnelo nawilad iyo qceuli, Cveni samSoblos Zle-
    vamosil warsulsa da did saxelmwifoebriobaze wera, rac qarTveli kacis
    gulSi sxvagvar grZnobebsa da miswrafebebs aRZravda, bunebrivia, sabWoTa ideo-
    logiisaTvis yovlad miuRebeli iqneboda.
    da, rac ufro mTavaria, am romaniT k. gamsaxurdia, faqtobrivad, principu-
    lad daupirispirda da radikalurad gaemijna im gzas, romelic, samwuxarod,
    aseve Cveni istoriis ganuyofel nawiladaa qceuli da romelsac pirobiTad un-
    dilaZeoba SeiZleba davarqvaT saxelad. aq, am pirobiTi cnebis qveS, is qarTve-
    lebi igulisxmebian, romlebic mTel TavianT Zalasa da energias, nebsiT Tu
    uneblieT, sxvis samsaxurSi xarjavdnen da sxva qveynebis didebis Seqmnas wirav-
    dnen sicocxles. isini, bedkruli samSoblosagan ZaliT Tu nebiT gadaxvewilni,
    xSirad Cveni mosisxle mtrebis samsaxurSi dgebodnen xolme da TavianTi `pata-
    ra" mamulis `SemboWvel" masStabebs gaqceulni sxvagan eZebdnen da droebiT po-
    ulobdnen kidec sagmiro asparezs. aseTi `manqurTi" pirovnebani Cveni qveynis is-
    toriaSi, samwuxarod, saZebarni arasodes yofilan.
    k. gamsaxurdia kargad xedavda, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi am manqurTizmma da un-
    dilaZeobam gamovlinebis axali masStabebi SeiZina, internacionalizmis saxe-
    liT moinaTla da manamde arnaxuli ZaliT Seutia yovelive erovnuls. mrisxane
    da uzarmazari sabWoTa imperiis mesaWeebad imxanad xom, pirvel yovlisa, swo-
    red es qarTveli undilaZeni imyofebodnen, romelTaTvisac saqarTvelo am impe-
    riis erT-erTi rigiTi provincia iyo mxolod da meti araferi. swored amgvar
    ideologias amkvidrebdnen isini mTels imperiaSi da erovnuli samanebis
    barbarosul msxvrevasa da moSlas internacionalizmis saxeliT naTlavdnen.
    aseTi viTareba sufevda saqarTveloSi, roca k. gamsaxurdiam Tavisi roma-
    niT qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi sul sxva interesebi gaaRviva da igi daviT
    aRmaSenebelsa da Cveni samSoblos did warsulze daafiqra. problemis amgvari
    dasma ukve iyo radikaluri dapirispireba axali epoqis fuZemdeblur ideologi-
    ur principebTan, rac qarTvel kacs didi arCevanis winaSe ayenebda. daviT aRma-
    Senebloba Tu undilaZeoba? romeli gza unda iyos magistraluri mimarTuleba
    Cveni samomavlo TviTarsebobisa? pirveli gzis yvelaze didi niSansveti daviT
    aRmaSenebeli iyo, meorisa ki stalini, imJamindeli uzarmazari imperiis sa-
    WeTmpyrobeli kaci.
    k. gamsaxurdias romanis umTavresi Zalisxmeva, pirvel yovlisa, swored am
    faruli, Sinagani urTierTdapirispirebulobis Cveneba mgonia. mweralma Zala da
    energia ar daiSura Tavisi drois mTvlemare qarTuli cnobierebis gamosaRvi-
    Zeblad da daviT aRmaSeneblis RvTaebrivi xatis SeqmniT erTxel kidev Seaxsena
    qarTvel kacs, `visi gorisaa" igi, vin unda gaixados kerpad da ra gziT unda ia-
    ros maradiulad.
    k. gamsaxurdiam, istoriuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romanSi xazgasmu-
    lad wamowia wina planze aRmaSenebliseuli erovnuli politikis metad mniSvne-
    lovani mimarTuleba _ kavkasiel xalxTa konsolidacia. daviT aRmaSenebelma
    saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebis umTavres pi-
    robad, pirvel yovlisa, swored es mizanswrafva aqcia _ kavkasiel xalxTa
    gaerTianeba erTiani ideologiiT. erovnulad, eTnikurad da religiurad
    gansxvavebul am xalxTa erTmaneTTana SekavSirebis umTavres safuZvlad Cvenma
    didma winaparma mZlavri kavkasiuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea aqcia da am ideis
    aRmsruleblad qarTveli eri miiCnia. es istoriuli realoba iyo da ara mwer-
    lis fantaziis nayofi.
    rogorc zemoTac iTqva, `daviT aRmaSenebeli", pirvel yovlisa, mdidar faq-
    tobriv da dokumentur masalaze dafuZnebuli romania. amdenad, nawarmoebis Seq-
    277
    mna, garda wminda mwerluri Sromisa, uaRresad Sromatevadi mosamzadebeli sa-
    muSaos Sesrulebasac moiTxovda. avtorma am mizniT guldasmiT Seiswavla ro-
    gorc qarTuli, ise ucxoenovani uamravi mecnieruli literatura, wyaro, doku-
    menti, saarqivo masalebi, sigel-gujrebi... erTi sityviT, k. gamsaxurdia mogvev-
    lina ara marto rogorc didi mwerali-beletristi, aramed rogorc mkvlevari-
    istorikosic.
    im dros, roca `daviT aRmaSenebeli" iwereboda, Cveni istoriis bevri sa-
    kiTxi jer kidev ar iyo monografiulad Seswavlili da naTlad gaazrebuli.
    amitomac iyo, rom k. gamsaxurdias didZali Savi samuSaos Sesrulebac mouxda
    da Cvens imJamindel istoriografiaSi arsebuli yamiris gatexvac. marTalia, zo-
    gierTi sakiTxi dRes istoriul mecnierebaSi sxvagarad dgas da axleburi
    TvalTaxedviTaa gaSuqebuli, magram es ver cvlis romanis arss.
    rogorc iTqva, nawarmoebSi uyuradRebod araa datovebuli daviT aRmaSe-
    neblis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis arc erTi mxare. qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis
    araa saWiro imis ganmarteba, raoden rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo iyo am miznis-
    Tvis Tavis garTmeva. k. gamsaxurdiam daviT aRmaSeneblis mxatvruli saxis
    daxatviT Seqmna monumenturi figura yvela droisa da epoqis udidesi qarTveli
    mamuliSvilisa. mweralma SeZlo daviT aRmaSeneblis pirovneba Cvens cnobie-
    rebaSi daemkvidrebina misi mravalmxrivi da grandiozuli moRvaweobis yvela
    arsebiTi momentis gaTvaliswinebiT. am mizniT romanSi aRwerilia da daxasia-
    Tebuli daviTis Rvawli da damsaxureba pirveli saqveyno nabijebis gadadgmis
    dRidan gardacvalebamde. Tu ra gansacvifreblad vrceli da yovlismomcveli
    iyo am moRvaweobis masStabebi, es naTlad Cans Tundac aRmaSeneblis didi sa-
    moqmedo asparezisTvis ubralo Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki.
    kerZod, istoriul dokumentebze dayrdnobiT Seqmnili Tavisi romaniT mwe-
    ralma igi mravalmxrivi saxelmwifoebrivi interesebiTa da aqtiuri
    sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT gamorCeul udides moRvawed warmogvidgina.
    saxeldobr, k. gamsaxurdias mier xorcSesxmuli daviT aRmaSenebeli aris: Sina-
    feodalur aSlilobasTan da partikularizmTan ukompromisod mebrZoli mamu-
    liSvili, qveynis Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobisa da ekonomikuri gaZlie-
    rebisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmiri, uzarmazar mahmadianur samyarosTan vaJkacurad
    Serkinebuli mefe-raindi, did msoflio politikur movlenaTa SuagulSi aqtiu-
    rad CarTuli xelmwife, eklesiis reaqciul ZalebTan dapirispirebuli RvTismo-
    savi qristiani, qveynis kulturuli aRorZinebisaTvis aqtiurad mzrunveli pat-
    rioti, tragikuli piradi cxovrebis mqone adamiani... mkiTxvelisTvis, vfiqrob,
    advili dasanaxi iqneba, ra did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda mwerlisagan yovelive
    amis xorcSesxma da mxatvrul sityvaSi gacocxleba. miuxedavad garkveuli xar-
    vezebisa, k. gamsaxurdiam ZiriTadad warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi am sapasuxis-
    mgeblo amocanas.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom k. gamsaxurdias umdidresi SemoqmedebiTi
    memkvidreobis problematikisa da mwerluri individualobis ganmsazRvrel
    arsebiT niSan-TvisebaTa warmoCena winamdebare narkvevSi mxolod nawilobriv
    moxerxda, yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze mainc SeiZleba imis dabejiTebiT
    Tqma, misi saxiT qarTul literaturas mxatvruli sityvis WeSmaritad didi
    ostati rom hyavs.
    278
    279
    paolo iaSvili

    meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi arc erT literaturul


    dajgufebas ar gamouwvevia iseTi mZafri interesi, rogoric `cisferyanwe-
    lebisas". es interesi, gansakuTrebiT adreul xanaSi, erTgvarovani ar yofila.
    `cisferyanwelTa" SemoqmedebiT moxibluli mkiTxvelebis gverdiT mravlad iy-
    vnen mowinaaRmdegenica da maTi Rvawlis uarmyofelnic.
    aTiani wlebis meore naxevarSi damkvidrebuli am literaturuli mimdina-
    reobis warmomadgenlebma metad rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi gza ganvles. es
    sirTule, upirveles yovlisa, sabWouri epoqis ideologiuri principebis dam-
    kvidrebiT Tavsmoxveuli, tragikuli formiT gamoixata maT pirad cxovrebaSic
    da SemoqmedebaSic.
    am tragikuli istoriis yvelaze sisxlian gamovlinebad iqca `cisferyan-
    welTa" literaturuli dajgufebis TavkacTa _ paolo iaSvilis, tician tabi-
    Zisa da nikolo miwiSvilis sabediswero aRsasruli 1937 wels. sandro cirekiZem
    da Salva karmelma ki ufro adre daasrules TavanTi usixarulo sicocxle.
    arc gadarCenilTa cxovreba yofila, rom ityvian, `ia-vardiT mofenili".
    bevri maTgani iZulebuli iyo sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad kompromisis gzas
    dadgomoda da sakuTari rwmenis sapirispirod waremarTa Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi
    energia. swored amis Sedegia is garemoeba, rom 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,
    maTi literaturuli memkvidreoba, arcTu iSviaTad, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia
    da araTanmimdevruli.
    paolo iaSvilisa da misi megobrebis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze, dawyebu-
    li aTiani wlebidan, samoRvaweo asparezze maTi gamosvlis droidan, mravali
    mniSvnelovani wigni, gamokvleva, werili Tu sxva saxis masala gamoqveynda. sxva-
    dasxva periodSi, gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobisa da literaturuli gemov-
    nebis avtorebis mier daweril am naSromebSi sxvadasxvanairad, xSirad urTier-
    TsawinaaRmdego poziciebidanaa Sefasebuli `cisferyanwelTa" SemoqmedebiTi
    Rvawli. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT bevri Secdoma iyo daSvebuli 20-50-ian
    wlebSi. mere da mere ki, nel-nela, naTlad da mkafiod gamoikveTa qarTveli
    simbolistebis literaturuli damsaxureba, gamoqveynda maTi tabudadebuli na-
    warmoebebi, mkiTxvels daubrunda represirebul mweralTa Semoqmedeba...
    p. iaSvilis, rogorc `cisferyanwelTa" literaturuli jgufis Tavkacisa
    da qarTuli lirikis erT-erTi natifi ostatis, cxovreba da Semoqmedeba yovel-
    Tvis iyo qceuli literaturuli sazogadoebis cxoveli interesis sagnad. imi-
    saTvis, rom ufro naTlad da srulyofilad gaviazroT poetis Rvawli meoce
    saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi, qvemoT Sevecdebi ki-
    dev erTxel gavaanalizo misi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis umTavresi etapebi.

    * * *
    paolo (igive pavle) iaSvili daibada saCxeris raionis sofel argveTSi
    1892 wlis 2 (14) agvistos. poetis deda _ babiline baronis asuli mdivani keTil-
    Sobili da Rrmad morwmune qali yofila. mama _ jibrael (jibo) daviTis Ze iaS-
    vili, mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTod cnobili pirovneba, kievSi ganswav-
    luli provizori iyo. Svilebmravali ojaxi sakmaod SeZlebulad cxovrobda.
    jibos ojaxSi xSirad iyridnen Tavs stumrebi, gansakuTrebiT _ paolos me-
    gobrebi. aq maT izidavda maspinZlis xelgaSliloba da gulRiaoba. jibo mom-
    lxeni da enamWevri Tamada iyo, Svilis megobrebis mosiyvarule, daxvewili inte-
    ligenti da poeturi bunebis kaci. igi mTels imereTSi saxelganTqmuli farma-
    cevti yofila, revoluciamde sakuTari afTiaqis patroni. mis adamianur bunebas
    emociuri STambeWdaobiT warmoaCens paolos leqsi `afTiaqari", romelSic poet-
    ma mamas _ `gamokveTili garegnobisa" da Sinagani poeturi miswrafebebiT da-
    muxtul kacs _ `lirikuli afTiaqari" uwoda. garda argveTisa, jibos orsarTu-
    liani saxli hqonda quTaisSic, sadac aseve xSirad ikribebodnen paolos me-
    280
    gobrebi. aq, am saxlSi, edo bina paolos redaqtorobiT gamocemul Jurnalebs -
    `oqros verZsa" da `cisfer yanwebs".
    paolos garda, jibos oTxi vaJi da erTi qali hyolia. erTi vaJi 1924 wels
    dauxvretiaT, paolo, rogorc cnobilia, 1937 wels daiRupa, mesame ki 1940 wels
    gadausaxlebiaT. es faqtebi naTlad metyveleben jibo iaSvilis Svilebis tragi-
    kul bedze.
    1900 wlis pirveli seqtembridan paolo iaSvili mSoblebma saswavleblad
    quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi miabares, sadac imxanad `cisferyanwelTa" momava-
    li literaturuli jgufis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi: valerian gafrindaSvi-
    lic, tician tabiZeca da sergo kldiaSvilic swavlobdnen. klasikuri gimnazia
    imdroindeli quTaisis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi mZlav-
    ri kera iyo. moswavleebi aSkara guliswyromas gamoxatavdnen xelisuflebis mi-
    marT, avrcelebdnen proklamaciebsa da aralegalur literaturas, saidumlod
    scemdnen xelnawer Jurnalebs, marTavdnen farul Sekrebebs. erTi sityviT, meo-
    ce saukunis pirveli aTwleulis quTaisis klasikuri gimnaziis moswavleebSi
    erovnuli TviTSegnebis mZlavri grZnoba Rvioda. isini ar epuebodnen saswav-
    leblis xelmZRvanelobisa da mTavrobis sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs.
    gimnazielTa erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTeba kidev ufro gaZlierda
    1905 wlis revoluciis moaxloebis Sedegad. paoloc, miuxedavad ymawvilka-
    cobisa, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli am movlenebSi. gimnaziis xelmZRvanelebi SeSfo-
    Tebuli iyvnen moswavleTa amgvari saqmianobiT da yvelanair saSualebas mimar-
    Tavdnen `buntovCikebSi" protestantuli ganwyobilebis CasaxSobad: awesebdnen
    farul meTvalyureobas maTze, metismetad urC bavSvebs ki gimnaziidan ricxav-
    dnen, an `karcerSi" svamdnen.
    quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi paolo 1911 wlamde swavlobda. 1911 wlis seq-
    tembridan man swavla ganagrZo anapis kerZo gimnaziaSi.
    1913 wels poeti swavlis gasagrZeleblad parizSi gaemgzavra da luvrTan
    arsebul xelovnebis institutSi Sevida.
    parizSi gatarebulma drom, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti roli Seasrula p.
    iaSvilis literaturul miswrafebaTa gamokveTis saqmeSi. igi gansakuTrebiT ga-
    itaca simbolist mweralTa Semoqmedebam. marTalia, simbolisturi esTetika pao-
    losaTvis arc parizSi wasvlamde yofila ucxo, magram iq gatarebul wlebs, am
    TvalsazrisiT, mainc gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. poeti ufro axlos
    gaecno frangi simbolistebis Semoqmedebas, romelic misTvis literaturul
    miswrafebaTa mkvebav wyarod iqca. parizSi p. iaSvili 1915 wlamde darCa. male
    msoflio omis qarcecxlsa da `evropis qaoss" gamoqceuli poeti samSobloSi
    brundeba, quTaisSi mkvidrdeba da aqtiur literaturul cxovrebas iwyebs.
    paolos SemoqmedebiTi interesebi jer kidev quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis
    periodSi gamoikveTa. igi werda leqsebs qarTul da rusul enebze. rusulad
    werdnen imxanad, agreTve, valerian gafrindaSvilic, tician tabiZeca da sxva
    axalgazrda qarTveli mwerlebic. es faqti tragikuli Sedegi iyo im gamaru-
    sebeli politikisa, romlis gatarebasac totalurad eswrafoda imJamindeli
    xelisufleba.
    paolo, daarsebis dRidanve, aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda mweralTa
    kavSiris saqmianobaSi. igi iyo wevri am kavSiris damfuZnebeli saorganizacio
    biurosi, romelmac 1917 wlis oqtomberSi Caatara konferencia, sadac saqarTve-
    los mweralTa kavSiris Seqmna gamocxadda. paolo arCeul iqna am kavSiris sab-
    Wos wevrad. am droidan moyolebuli gardacvalebamde is samwerlo organizaci-
    is xelmZRvaneli organoebis ucvleli wevri iyo.
    p. iaSvilis sazogadoebrivi Rvawlis daxasiaTebis dros sagangebod unda
    aRiniSnos misi aqtiuri zrunva qarTuli presis ganviTarebisaTvis. misi uSualo
    redaqtorobiT quTaisSi, sxvadasxva dros, ori Jurnali gamoica: `oqros verZi"
    (1913 w.) da `cisferi yanwebi" (1916 w.). amasTan, igi energiulad monawileobda
    sxva Jurnal-gazeTebis daarsebaSic da saqmianobaSic. magaliTad, iyo erT-erTi
    Tanamonawile da iniciatori erTdrouli literaturuli gazeTis _ `poeziis
    dRis" daarsebisa, romlis pirveli nomeri 1920 wlis 7 maiss gamoica. misi aqtiu-
    281
    ri monawileobiT gamodioda, aseve, `cisferyanwelTa" literaturuli jgufis
    perioduli organoebi da ociani wlebis sxva Jurnal-gazeTebi.
    1921 wlis Semodgomaze, rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri
    orad gaiTiSa. mweralTa e. w. `Zvel kavSirs", msoflmxedvelobrivi uTanxmoebis
    niadagze, paolosa da misi Tanamoazreebis iniciativiT, gamoeyo `axali mwer-
    lobis kavSiri", romlis damfuZnebeli kreba 1921 wlis 23 oqtombers gaimarTa.
    prezidiumis SemadgenlobaSi, paolosTan erTad, ZiriTadad `cisferyanwelebi"
    iyvnen arCeulni. mweralTa axali kavSiris daniSnulebas p. iaSvili imaSi xedav-
    da, ufro aqtiurad daeWiraT mxari kulturuli da sazogadoebriv-politikuri
    gardaqmnebisaTvis da meti gabedulebiT dapirispirebodnen Stampsa da trafa-
    rets. 1922 wels is werda: `Cvens mwerlobas TiTqos Wia Seepara, dasneulda da
    gayviTlda. saWiroa Tergis Rriali da ara wyaros rakraki, saWiroa grigali da
    ara sios siamovneba. saWiroa sicocxle da ara saflavze tirili". qvemoT ki
    umatebda: `es aris axali mwerlobis kavSiris mowodebao".
    am TvalsazrisSi, faqtobrivad, araferi iyo axali, radganac SemoqmedebiTi
    ganaxlebisaken daucxromeli miswrafeba da literaturul StampTan brZola Ta-
    vidanve damkvidrda p. iaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis ZiriTad principad. am
    suliskveTebis gamamZafrebel Zalad ociani wlebis dasawyisSi poetisaTvis is
    sazogadoebriv-politikuri movlenebi iqca, romlebic imxanad datrialda CvenSi
    da romelTa arsSic bolomde da siRrmiseulad jer kidev ar iyo igi gacnobie-
    rebuli.
    qarTvel mweralTa axal kavSirs didxans ar gaugrZelebia calke arseboba.
    sul male, 1923 wels, mweralTa Zveli da axali kavSirebi kvlav gaerTiandnen,
    risi erT-erTi iniciatori paoloc iyo. igi airCies gaerTianebuli mweralTa
    kavSiris prezidiumis wevrad.
    mogonebebsa da samecniero literaturaSi xSirad iyo xazgasmiT aRniSnuli,
    rom paolo iaSvili aRtacebiT Seegeba 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals, saqarTvelos ga-
    sabWoebis dRes, da imave saRamos dawera am faqtisadmi miZRvnili saxotbo leq-
    si _ `axal saqarTvelos". am masalebis gacnobiT kacs SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdi-
    leba Seeqmnes, TiTqos paolo aqtiurad ibrZoda saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xeli-
    suflebis dasamyareblad, sixaruliT Sexvda Tebervlis sisxlian movlenebs da
    praqtikuli monawileobac miiRo qalaqSi bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis damkvid-
    rebis saqmeSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom paolosa da mis megobar `cisferyanwelebs"
    sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi Tavidan mkveTrad antagonisturi da Seurigebeli
    pozicia ar gamoumJRavnebiaT, eWvmiutanlad dasturdeba, rom zemoT aRniSnuli
    sakiTxi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, aTwleulebis manZilze calmxrivad da tenden-
    ciurad Suqdeboda.
    marTalia, revoluciasa da mis erovnul-socialur perspeqtivas p. iaSvili
    erTgvari imediani molodiniT Seegeba da damoukidebel saqarTveloSi mwvaved
    wamoWrili cxovrebiseuli problemebis mogvarebis SesaZlebloba garkveulwi-
    lad mas daukavSira, magram es ufro bolomde gaucnobierebeli da saTanado
    msoflmxedvelobrivi siRrmiT gauazrebeli simpaTia iyo, vidre myar politikur
    kredod Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi.
    samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli kaci, bunebrivia, Segnebulad maT
    banakSi ver moxvdeboda, vinc qveynis damoukideblobas sisxlSi axSobda.
    SeiZleba bevri ram paolos im droisaTvis saWiro siRrmiT jer kidev ar hqonda
    gaazrebuli, magram aqve isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom xalxis bednierebisaT-
    vis brZolis maSindelma lozungurma iluziam da qadagebebma imxanad bevrs (maT
    Soris, masac) daubnia Tavgza da yalbi Sexedulebebis tyveobaSi moaqcia.
    paolo iaSvilis, saerTod, imxanad moRvawe TiTqmis yvela mwerlis
    cxovrebaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirveli wlebidanve axalma, dam-
    Trgunvelma, winaaRmdegobebma iCines Tavi. es winaaRmdegobani dRiTi dRe mwvav-
    deboda, Zlierdeboda da ideologiuri diqtaturis marwuxebSi aqcevda adamians.
    gaCnda axal-axali braldebani, romelTac ufrodaufro xSirad iyenebdnen pro-
    letaruli ideologiis mowinaaRmdegeTa samxileblad da Wkuis saswavlad: xal-
    xis mteri, moRalate, agenti, jaSuSi, nacionalisti, faSisti... vin moTvlis, ram-
    282
    deni WeSmariti mamuliSvilisaTvis miukerebiaT 20-30-ian wlebSi amgvari iar-
    liyi!
    partia da xelisufleba araorazrovnad afrTxilebda da emuqreboda urC
    mwerlebs, Tu isini Wkuas ar iswavlidnen da sabWoTa epoqis samsaxurSi ar Cad-
    gebodnen, yvelanairad Seecdebodnen maT CamoSorebas gzidan. swored aseT mkacr
    gafrTxilebas warmoadgens 1924 wlis 5 oqtombers gazeT `komunistis" fur-
    clebidan sergo orjonikiZis mier gakeTebuli es gancxadeba: `qarTuli inteli-
    genciis nawili ganze dgas, gabutulia. Cveni inteligencia Tavis butiaobas
    erovnul qurqSi axvevs, magram es garegnuli samoselia. aseTi mdgomareobis gag-
    rZeleba SeuZlebelia. an mtroba, an moyvroba. ra Tqma unda, mters mtrulad mo-
    vepyrobiT, moyvares moyvrulad".
    ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es yvelaferi im dros xdeba, roca 1924 wlis
    ajanyebis monawileTa sisxliT ukve morwyulia mTeli saqarTvelo. cixeebi sav-
    sea `nacionalisti" qarTvelebiTa da `xelisuflebis mtrebiT". maTi didi nawi-
    li swored inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, `erovnul qurqSi" gaxveulni
    da axal droze `gabutulni". mTavroba Zalisxmevas ar iSurebda maT winaaRmdeg
    sabrZolvelad. ase dgeba Cveni inteligencia mkacri alternativis winaSe: an
    mteri, an moyvare! am dros pirvel banakSi darCena ra Sedegis momtanic iq-
    neboda, amaSi dasarwmuneblad paolos Sors wasvla ar sWirdeboda. 1924 wlis
    tragikulma movlenebma xom uSualod mis ojaxsac dasca Tavzari. kerZod, poe-
    tis Zma, 22 wlis vasili, swored am wlis saxalxo ajanyebaSi monawileobis ga-
    mo daxvrites SorapanSi.
    qveyanaSi Seqmnilma aseTma umZimesma mdgomareobam, savsebiT bunebrivad, bev-
    ri pirovneba daafiqra, SeakrTo da ukanac daaxevina. mravali mamuliSvili gax-
    da iZulebuli, gaeTvaliswinebina Seqmnili viTarebis katastrofuloba da, rad-
    ganac imxanad sxva gza, sxva gamosavali ar arsebobda, epoqis samsaxurSi Camdga-
    riyo. am movlenebma p. iaSvilis cxovrebasac da Semoqmedebasac daasva waruSle-
    li daRi.
    umTavresi braldebani, romelTac paolos, saerTod, `cisferyanwelebs",
    uyenebdnen axali ideologiis mimdevarni, maTi simbolisturi warsuli da xal-
    xis interesebisagan ganze dgoma iyo. am jgufis warmomadgenlebs akritikebdnen
    mSromelTa interesebisadmi gulgrilobis gamo, gmobdnen maT `uideo, dekaden-
    tur, cxovrebas mowyvetil, avadmyofur" Semoqmedebas, romelSic verafers xedav-
    dnen sasargeblosa da misaRebs.
    xelisuflebis mier paolos winaaRmdeg gaCaRebuli es ideologiuri brZo-
    la sabolood imiT dagvirgvinda, rom 1937 wels poetma sicocxle TviTmkvle-
    lobiT daamTavra.
    moyolebuli 1937 wlis tragediidan, p. iaSvilis, rogorc represirebuli
    mwerlis, saxelis xsenebac ki aikrZala. misi poezia sabWoTa epoqisaTvis ideo-
    logiurad miuRebel memkvidreobad gamocxadda. ase gagrZelda 1954 wlamde. 1954
    wels ki qarTvel mweralTa IV yrilobaze, mixeil javaxiSvilTan da tician
    tabiZesTan erTad, moxda paolo iaSvilis reabilitacia, riTac dasabami mieca
    istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenis process. 1955 wels gamovida p. iaSvilis
    leqsebis krebuli. es iyo misi pirveli wigni. rogorc cnobilia, paolo ise wa-
    vida am qveynidan, rom sicocxleSi sakuTari wigni ar gamoucia.
    1957 wels, TviTmkvlelobidan oci wlis Tavze, saqarTvelos mweralTa kav-
    Siris iniciativiT, paolos neSti petre-pavles sasaflaodan didubis mweralTa
    da sazogado moRaweTa panTeonSi gadaasvenes.

    * * *
    1916 wels paolo iaSvilis redaqtorobiT quTaisSi pirveli simbolisturi
    Jurnali `cisferi yanwebi" (sul ori nomeri) gamoica. Jurnalis irgvliv ZiriTa-
    dad Semokrebili iyvnen is mwerlebi, romlebmac, am droidan moyolebuli, Cvens
    mwerlobaSi Tvisebrivad axali literaturuli mimarTuleba _ `cisferyanwel-
    Ta" jgufi daafuZnes. maTi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba meoce saukunis qarTuli
    mwerlobis istoriuli ganviTarebis uaRresad mniSvnelovani etapia.
    283
    p. iaSvilis Rvawli, am TvalsazrisiT, ganuzomlad didia. man, rogorc
    `cisferyanwelTa" jgufis Tavkacma, umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula qarTuli
    simbolizmis damkvidrebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
    `pirvelTqmam", misma pretenziulma tonma da warsulis kulturuli memkvid-
    reobisadmi nihilisturma damokidebulebam, sazogadoebis erTi nawilis aRSfo-
    Teba gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebuli guliswyroma daatyda Tavs redaqtors, kerZod
    ki mis `pirvelTqmas". bevri gaaRiziana axalgazrda mwerlis TviTdajerebulma
    tonma, misma pretenziulma moTxovnebma da im rolis maqsimalisturma deklari-
    rebam, romlis Sesrulebis pretenziiTac es axali literaturuli jgufi gamo-
    vida samoRvaweo asparezze. mkiTxvelTa konservatuli nawilisTvis, faqtobri-
    vad, miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda `cisferyanwelTa" namdvili SemoqmedebiTi mizan-
    swrafvis arsi _ daucxromeli brZola literaturul StampTan da qarTuli
    mwerlobis ganaxlebis gzaTa gabeduli Zieba evropul modernistul xelov-
    nebasTan mWidro kavSirSi.
    `manifestis" avtori Tavidanve xazgasmuli pretenziulobiT amcnobda sazo-
    gadoebas axali literaturuli skolis dafuZnebas `binZur mziT gamTbar
    qveyanaSi". misi SefasebiT, `saqarTvelos landur arsebas am dajgufebis warmo-
    madgenlebi `axali sxivTmosilebiT" moevlinen, raTa `ocnebadakarguli
    xalxisaTvis" eswavlebinaT gza `momavali cisferi taZrisaken". aseTi Tamami, ar-
    tistuli, zeaweuli toniT iwyeba `pirvelTqma", rogorc mimarTva saqarTvelos
    yvela mgosnisadmi da meocnebisadmi. es paTetizmi da sityvieri artistizmi
    bolomde gasdevs `manifests", romelsac avtori qadagebasac uwodebs.
    `cisferyanwelTa" msoflmxedvelobisa da esTetikuri Tvalsazrisis gasaaz-
    reblad uaRresad mniSvnelovania `manifestis" Semdegi adgili: `Cven vadidebT
    sityvas axals, mkacrs da iseT gabeduls, rogorc mefuri xelis gafrena ga-
    giJebul diriJorisa. SiSis samyaro sibnelea - Cven naTelSi vcxovrobT. vcxov-
    robT naTelSi da simTvraleSi. gvwams yovelgvari orgia. vadidebT damsxvrevis
    mSvenierebas, uarvyofT warsuls, rogorc mziT ganaTebuls, ise RameSi Se-
    wuxebuls. warsulis oqros gvirgvinebs gamovstaceT Zvirfasi margalitebi da
    gadavisroleT daviwyebis zRvaSi".
    am fragmentSi, rogorc vxedavT, naTlad ganisazRvra da Camoyalibda axali
    xelovnebis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi. esenia: warulis kulturuli memkvidreobis
    xelaRebiT uaryofa; simTvralisa da yovelgvari orgiis gandideba, rac Semdgom
    bohemuri cxovrebis kultSi gadaizarda; damsxvrevis mSveniereba da gandideba...
    magram axali literaturuli jgufis ZiriTadi principebis gansazRvra-
    daxasiaTeba amiT ar mTavrdeba da mas uSualod mosdevs kritikuli mimarTeba
    tradiciulad gagebul romantikasTan da idealur simSvidesTan, rasac urbanis-
    tuli cxovrebis gandideba upirispirdeba. am dapirispirebis arsi sakmaod kon-
    trastulad da mwvaved vlindeba Semdeg fragmentSi: `yoveli simSvide, siCume da
    mTvaris sinaziT gaSuqebuli mSveniereba daviviwyeT Cven, - mRelvarebis, xmie-
    robis da siCqaris madideblebma. visac surs, man umReros gazafxulis yvavi-
    lebs, mTvares da saRamos myudroebas, damSvidebuls da tkbil siyvaruls, tyis
    idumalebas da frinvelTa galobas. Cven gvinda, rom saqarTvelo gadaiqces
    usazRvro, meocnebe qalaqad, sadac cocxali xmauroba Sescvlis yvavilovani ve-
    lebis zurmuxtobas".
    paolos `pirvelTqmis" bevri debuleba aSkarad enaTesaveba `futuristebis"
    manifests. amitomac ar iyo SemTveviTi is garemoeba, rom `cisferyanwelTa" jgu-
    fis mwerlebs Tavdapirvelad futuristebsac uwodebdnen. magram, futuristebis
    principebTan amgvari siaxlovis miuxedavad, `pirvelTqmaSi" axali literaturu-
    li jgufis warmomadgenlebisTvis saTayvano mwerlebad da literaturul ker-
    pebad frangi simbolisti poetebi: verleni, bodleri, malarme, rembo cxad-
    debodnen, xolo uwmindes qalaqad simbolizmis akvnad aRiarebuli parizi iyo
    dasaxelebuli: `saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris parizi. adide, xal-
    xo, es Cveni mrisxane qalaqi, sadac giJuri gatacebiT jambazobdnen Cveni loTi
    Zmebi _ verleni da bodleri, malarme. sityvebis mesaidumle artur rembo, sia-
    mayiT mTvrali, dawyevlili Wabuki". am gancxadebiT paolo araorazrovnad am-
    284
    cnobda sazogadoebas, rom maTi Semoqmedebis masazrdoebel-mastimulirebeli
    wyaro, upirveles yovlisa, franguli simbolizmi iyo. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelo-
    van rols isic asrulebda, rom am literaturuli samyaros madlsa da iduma-
    lebas igi uSualod iyo naziarebi parizSi swavlis wlebSi.
    miuxedavad yovelive zemoaRniSnulisa, rogorc cnobilia, udidesi eqstazi-
    Ta da emociuri simZafriT dawerili `pirvelTqmis" bevrma debulebam realizeba
    ver pova da mxolod sityvier deklaraciad darCa. arc isaa sakamaTo, rom Tu
    romelime simbolistma poetma Tqva uari Tavis SemoqmedebaSi am principebis
    dacva-gamoyenebaze, maT Soris, pirvel yovlisa, swored am `manifestis" avtori
    unda davasaxeloT. igi arasodes misula iseT SemoqmedebiT ukiduresobamde, man
    rom gamoacxada axali literaturuli skolis ZiriTad principad: `SeiTviseT:
    uaryofis silamaze, gmiruli siCqare, ganaTebul simaRlis siyvaruli, mRelva-
    rebis sidiade, damsxvrevis idumaleba. giyvardeT mexuri misteriebi, cecxlis
    mokideba misi, rac warsulma gaadida, gauRimeT sikvdilis Zaxils, daiviwyeT
    sneulni da maxinjni, uaryaviT lmobiereba da qaluri sinaze... cecxli, cecxli
    yvelafers, rac Sobs mwuxarebas da daRlilobas".
    Tavisi literaturuli jgufis did momavalSi Rrmad darwmunebuli paolo
    mouwodebs `axali silamazis" damamkvidrebel `ukvdav Zmebs", erTianad dawvan da
    daamxon Zveli esTetikuri samyaro, daundoblad Seution `sacodav saWurisebs",
    `sacodav momRerlebs avadmyof CangebiT" da gadahyaron isini `uTvalo uf-
    skrulSi". aseTi iyo ZiriTadi arsi paolos `pirvelTqmisa", romelic sazoga-
    doebas axali literaturuli skolis dabadebas amcnobda.
    rogorc iTqva, p. iaSvilma `pirvelTqmaSi" araorazrovnad gamoxata warsu-
    lis kulturuli memkvidreobisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba. am SemTxveva-
    Si igi gamonaklisi ar yofila da es Tvalsazrisi sxva `cisferyanwelebsac"
    aqvT gamoTqmuli. warsulis kluturuli memkvidreobisadmi amgvari nihilisturi
    damokidebulebis tendenciam paolos poeziaSic hpova gamoxatuleba. gavixsenoT,
    magaliTad, misi leqsi - `paolo iaSvils momewyina yviTeli dante", romelic
    `pirvelTqmasTan" erTad daistamba 1916 wels `cisferi yanwebis" pirvel nomerSi.
    paolo iaSvils momewyina yviTeli dante,
    vaqebdi Seqspirs, magram farda, Seqspirs uari,
    ra vqna, rom CemTvis beTxoveni mxolod yru ari
    da rom warsulma ver gadmomca me andamati.
    magram `yanwelebi" male darwmundnen, rom warsulis kulturuli memkvid-
    reobis xelaRebiT uaryofa Secdoma iyo da radikalurad Secvales pozicia. Si-
    gadaSig, aseTi recidivebi maT naazrevSi marTalia mogvianebiTac iCens Tavs,
    magram mTavari mainc is iyo, rom isini Seecadnen, pirvel yovlisa, swored qar-
    Tul klasikur literaturaSi moeZebnaT axali SemoqmedebiTi principebis safuZ-
    vlebi. am SemTxvevaSi, uwinaresad, maT rusTvels miapyres mzera da igi TavianT
    Soreul winamorbedad gamoacxades. garda rusTvelisa, TavianT uSualo lite-
    raturul winaprebad `cisferyanwelebma" aseve miiCnies guramiSvili, besiki da
    vaJa-fSavela. aseTi iyo, paolosa da misi Tanamoazreebis SefasebiT, is tradici-
    uli magistraluri xazi, romlis genetikur gagrZelebasa da ganviTarebas war-
    moadgenda Cvens mwerlobaSi `cisferyanwelTa" Semoqmedeba.
    `cisferyanwelTa" literaturuli asociaciis daarsebis idea erTbaSad ar
    gaCenila. es azri TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda da isxamda xorcs paolos ir-
    gvliv Semokrebil TanamoazreTa wreSi. Tavisi avtoritetis gamo igi erTxmad
    iqna aRiarebuli axali literaturuli jgufis Tavkacad. miuxedavad imisa, rom,
    rogorc Teoretikosebma da literaturuli principebis mqadageblebma, t. tabi-
    Zem da v. gafrindaSvilma ufro meti amagi dasdes `cisferyanwelTa" skolis Ca-
    moyalibebas, Tavkacisa da winamZRolis roli mainc paolos hqonda mikuT-
    vnebuli.
    p. iaSvilis, rogorc qarTul literaturaSi simbolizmis erT-erTi damam-
    kvidrebeli mwerlis, esTetikuri principebis gasarkvevad da warmosaCenad, `pir-
    velTqmasTan" erTad, aseve, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mivakuTvnoT 1924
    wlis 6 ianvars daweril werils _ `Svidi weliwadi". es statia Jurnal `cisfe-
    285
    ri yanwebis" gamosvlisa da, amdenad, amave saxelwodebis literaturuli jgufis
    daarsebis Svid wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT daiwera. ase rom, xsenebul werils,
    romelSic jgufis Tavkacis mier erTxel kidev Sefasebulia da gansazRvruli
    `cisferyanwelTa" literaturuli skolis ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi principebi,
    udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. am mniSvnelobas ufro metad zrdis is garemoeba, rom
    `Svidi weliwadi", `pirvelTqmis" msgavsad, saprogramo mizandasaxulobis weri-
    lia.
    Tumca aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, isic xazgasmiT unda iTqvas,
    rom Zveli, modernistuli Sexedulebis deklaraciuli dacvis miuxedavad, pao-
    los am werilSi Sinaganad ukve imis sevdac igrZnoba, rac axlavs `arqivTan mi-
    axloebas", `istoriis daweras, romantikul fiqrs warsulis aRtacebul dReebze
    da oxvras imaze, Tu rani viyaviT". poeti grZnobda, rom Tavisi jgufis yvelaze
    bednieri dReebi ukve gardasuli iyo da maT dabrunebaze fiqri uniadago roman-
    tikuli ocneba gaxldaT. `Svidi weliwadi" Taviseburi Sejamebacaa, rac `cis-
    feryanwelebma" gaakeTes am xnis manZilze, mkiTxvelisadmi micemuli erTgvari
    angariSi da axsna-ganmarteba imisa, riT iyvnen STagonebulni am axali litera-
    turuli jgufis Semoqmedni, roca asparezze gamodiodnen.
    `Svid weliwadSi" paolom erTxel kidev dasva sakiTxi imis Taobaze, rogo-
    ri unda yofiliyo maTi ordenis momavali. TviTdasamkvidreblad da dasaxuli
    miznis misaRwevad kvlavac bevri ram iyo saxvaliod gasakeTebeli. poetma kar-
    gad icoda, rom `marto saxelwodeba ver miscemda Skolas axal Sinaarss".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom, misi gancxadebiT, `arc erTi skolisTvis ar aris saval-
    debulo is swerdes Semoqmedebis konstitucias", man, `cisferyanwelTa" jgufis
    aRiarebulma Tavkacma, mokled, zogad StrixebSi mainc moxaza Tavisi skolis
    ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi principebi. Tumca es principebi araTu sxvebisTvis, sa-
    kuTari TavisTvisac ki ar gauxdia savaldebulod. amitomac ar Caketila maTs
    tyveobaSi.
    da es yvelaferi keTdeboda imis Rrma rwmeniT, rom WeSmariti Semoqme-
    debiTi procesi ar SeiZleba winaswar iyos daprogramebuli. namdvili STago-
    neba `iRbliani wuTis" gamocxadebaa da igi araviTar sqemebsa da dogmebs ar
    emorCileba. paolos rwmeniT, winaswar aravis SeuZlia imisi gansazRvra, `rogo-
    ri leqsia saWiro xval". es xelovnebis, cxovrebis didi saidumloebaa, romelic
    mxolod am `iRbliani wuTis" Jams gaxdeba cxadi cagaxsnili SemoqmedisaTvis.
    amitomac moiazreba poetis mier SemoqmedebiTi procesi maradiul ga-
    naxlebad da `axali sityvis permanentul revoluciad". `cisferyanwelTa" lite-
    raturuli jgufis Tavkacis poeturi moRvaweoba am uwyveti `revoluciuri pro-
    cesis" organulad Semadgeneli nawilia, erTi sagulisxmo nabiji SemoqmedebiTi
    winsvlisa da ganviTarebis gzaze.

    * * *
    paolo iaSvilma, rogorc poetma, quTaisSi, `qarTuli dekadenturi axal-
    gazrdobis am `monmartrSi" Tu `laTinur kvartalSi" (i. abaSiZe), aidga fexi.
    leqsebis wera man jer kidev bavSvma daiwyo. amis Taobaze Tavadve wers erTgan:
    Tormeti wlidan aRar maclidnen
    cxovrebas didi oqros Citebi...
    rogorc iTqva, p. iaSvilis aTiani wlebis Semoqmedebaze udidesi zegavlena
    moaxdina simbolizmma. am literaturuli mimdinareobiT poetis gataceba, SeiZ-
    leba iTqvas, ufro metad mis eseistikaSi gamovlinda, vidre poetur Semoqme-
    debaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, paolos mier deklarirebul simbolistur litera-
    turul principebsa da leqsebs Soris yovelTvis rodi arsebobs sruli Se-
    sabamisoba. Tavisi poeturi bunebiT, stiliTa da movlenaTa aRqmis TviTmyofa-
    dobiT paolos poezia simbolizmiT yvelaze metad gatacebis wlebSic ki ufro
    klasikur poetur tradiciebTanaa genetikurad, vidre simbolizmis esTetikur
    moTxovnebTan.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom simbolizmiT, saerTod, evropuli modernizmiT gata-
    cebam paolosa da misi megobrebis SemoqmedebaSi namdvilad gamoavlina zogier-
    286
    Ti TviTmiznuri da aSkarad formalisturi tendencia, am literaturulma mimdi-
    nareobam arsebiTi roli Seasrula aTiani wlebis Cveni mwerlobis Tvisebrivi
    ganaxlebis saqmeSi. es roli, pirvel yovlisa, imiT ganisazRvreba, rom man axa-
    li sasicocxlo impulsebi SesZina `cisferyanwelTa" Semoqmedebas, xeli Seuwyo
    literaturul StampTan dapirispirebasa da poetur ZiebaTa Semdgom ganviTa-
    rebas, erovnuli mwerloba ufro sisxlxorceulad daakavSira evropul Semoqme-
    debiT siaxleebTan...
    qarTul literaturaSi simbolizmis rolis Sefasebis dros, pirvel yovli-
    sa, swored am momentebs unda mivaqcioT yuradReba da ara im sityvier deklara-
    ciebs, romlebsac TviT mqadagebelnic ki ar icavdnen da, iSviaTi gamonakli-
    sebis garda, aseT SemoqmedebiT eqstremizmamde, faqtobrivad, arc midiodnen.
    rogorc cnobilia, paolom da misma megobrebma udidesi roli Seasrules
    qarTuli leqsis versifikaciuli mxaris gamravalferovnebis saqmeSi. `cis-
    feryanwelebi" aqtiurad monawileobdnen XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis Cvens
    poeziaSi am mimarTulebiT intensiurad mimdinare Ziebis procesSi da fasdau-
    debel amagi dasdes erovnul literaturas. aRsaniSnavia, magaliTad, paolos
    zrunva iseTi saleqso formebis dasamkvidreblad, rogorebicaa verlibri anu
    Tavisufali leqsi, soneti da trioleti. marTalia, am versifikaciul formebs
    maSin sxva poetebic xSirad mimarTavdnen, magram misi Rvawli imiTaa xazgasasme-
    li, rom miseburi poeturi ostatobisTvis am sazomiT Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi im-
    xanad cotas Tu miuRwevia.
    `cisferyanwelebi" axali versifikaciuli formebis Semotanasa da damkvid-
    rebas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas rom aqcevdnen, amas maTi ara marto mxatvruli
    Semoqmedeba adasturebs, aramed literaturuli werilebic, sadac isini origina-
    luri TvalTaxedviT xsnian da iazreben ama Tu im axali saleqso sazomis arssa
    da poetur daniSnulebas. aseTi yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, magaliTad, soneti.
    am originaluri saleqso sazomis Sesaxeb `yanwelebma" mravali saintereso weri-
    li gamoaqveynes.
    p. iaSvilis e. w. simbolisturi periodis leqsebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba
    urbanistuli msoflgancdisa da peizaJebis gamoxatvas. mis poeziaSi mwvaved upi-
    rispirdeba erTmaneTs qalaquri yofa da `sofluri cxovrebis patiosneba", ra-
    sac Sedegad tradiciuli zneobrivi normebis dacema-gadagvareba mohyva. am
    TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa cnobili leqsi `werili dedas", romelSic poetma
    mkveTri kontrastulobiT daupirispira erTmaneTs sofeli da qalaqi. erTi
    mxriv - soflis patiosneba, romantikuli idilia, simyudrove, saukuneebiT dam-
    kvidrebuli qarTuli yofis koloriti... meores mxriv ki, mis sapirispirod, _ qa-
    laqur garemoSi moqceuli poetis Sejaxeba sul sxva cxovrebasTan, sul sxva
    zneoba, spetaki adamianuri grZnobebis gadagvareba da dacema, qurdoba, gautan-
    loba da aTasgvari mamaZaRloba... aseTia am dapirispirebis kontrastuli mxaree-
    bi:
    davtove sofeli _ myudro samyofeli,
    qvitkiris marnebi da katis knutebi, simindis yana!
    ha! kintos profili, saeWvo tarnebi,
    da davikuntebi qalaqis quCebSi me _ salaxana.
    tirili, tirili, tirili bevri!
    bzis ganiaveba, kalo da kevri;
    da soflis siwminde, marTali baTmani,
    roca me qalaqSi mawuxebs, maxelebs
    yvela yelsaxvevi, Savi xelTaTmani.
    rogorc vxedavT, leqsSi araorazrovnad igrZnoba soflis romantikuli
    yofisa da urbanistuli cxovrebis Sedegad gadagvarebuli zneobis urTierTda-
    pirispireba. soflis siwmindesa da marTal baTmans orpiroba, siflide da gaiZ-
    veroba cvlis. poeti aRsarebis werils ugzavnis sofelSi darCenil dedas. igi
    am saeWvo samyaroSi moxvedrili da codvebiT suldamZimebuli is Ze Secdomili-
    a, axla aRsarebiTa da monaniebiT rom cdilobs am codvaTa gamosyidvasa da
    Sendobas. naTqvamis dasturad aq leqsis bolo striqonebs gavixseneb, sadac li-
    287
    rikuli gmiris vedreba dedisadmi, rogorme daixsnas da gadaarCinos misi suli
    codvaTagan, amgvaradaa gadmocemuli:
    deda! inaxule Sen wminda xaxuli!
    wadi fexSiSveli,
    qalaqSi dakargul SvilisTvis Rame gaaTie,
    RmerTo! apatie, _ me Tu ver miSveli _
    dedas, rom daginTo Cem sigrZe sanTeli,
    misTvis, rom Cems gulSi
    dayuCdes grigali da korianteli.
    1918 wels, rodesac TurqeTma teritoriuli pretenziebi wamouyena saqarTve-
    los da Setevaze gadavida aWarisa da samxreT saqarTvelos misataceblad, pao-
    lo iaSvili, sxva mwerlebTan erTad, iaraRiT xelSi dadga samSoblos dam-
    cvelTa rigebSi. is da ticiani cxenosanTa razmSi Caewernen da monawilebodnen
    awyurTan gamarTul brZolaSi. xolo Semdeg, roca baTums daemuqra safrTxe, pa-
    olo qalaqis damcvel moxaliseTa im razms SeuerTda, romelsac daviT kldiaS-
    vili meTaurobda.
    Tavdapirvelad, rogorc cnobilia, baTumi daeca da qalaqSi Turqi aske-
    rebi SemoiWrnen. am faqtma udidesi gulistkivili gamoiwvia qarTvel xalxSi. am
    gulistkivilis gamoxatulebaa paolos leqsic `dacemul baToms", romelSic qa-
    laqis dacemiT gamowveuli mwuxarebis gamoxatvasTan erTad, mterze Suris-
    Ziebisa da saboloo gamarjvebis rwmenacaa gamJRavnebuli:
    ukve iwyeba mrisxane wami,
    wami, romelic Zvlebs daaxvavebs;
    ukve Seirxa zRvasTan lerwami, _
    baTomis caze me vumzer yvavebs...
    brZaneba ismis da smena Cqara,
    gaSaleT mzeze kriala xmlebi,
    an davibrunoT Cveni aWara,
    anda baTomTan davtovoT Zvlebi.
    paolosa da mis megobrebs awyurTan, Turqebis winaaRmdeg gamarTul brZo-
    lebSic, rom miuRiaT monawileoba, amas, garda memuaruli literaturisa, ali
    arseniSvilisadmi miZRvnili misi leqsic adasturebs. leqsidan naTlad Cans gan-
    wyobileba samSoblos dasacavad awyurisaken mimavali sami `daudgromeli" mwer-
    lisa da megobrisa - paolosi, ticianisa da ali arseniSvilisa.
    p. iaSvilis poeziaze saubris dros calke unda SevexoT poetis cnobil
    leqss _ `evropa", romelic qarTul mwerlobaSi verlibris erT-erTi saukeTeso
    nimuSia. masSi originaluri poeturi formiTa da TvalTaxedviT airekla is um-
    niSvnelovanesi politikuri movlenebi, pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi rom mox-
    da evropaSi.
    rogorc cnobilia, 1913-1915 wlebSi p. iaSvili safrangeTSi, kerZod, parizSi
    imyofeboda saswavleblad. msoflio omis qartexilma mas iq mouswro. leqsSi
    poeti ixsenebs im periodis saomar bataliebs, STambeWdavi formiT aRadgens ma-
    Sindel ganwyobilebas, romelic mZime da waruSlel STabeWdilebad SemorCenia
    mis mexsierebas. Seqmnili viTarebis simZimem igi iZulebuli gaxada, naadrevad
    mietovebina parizi da gamoqceoda `evropis qaoss". samSobloSi dabrunebuli pa-
    olo xSirad ixsenebda totalurad agorebul omis niaRvars, igonebda Suris-
    ZiebiT gamexebul parizis moqalaqeebs, romlebic senaSi yridnen germanel tyve-
    ebs... am sisxliani dReebis mogoneba, dReebisa, roca sicocxlis maradiuli dRe-
    saswaulis simbolod aRiarebuli parizi `usicocxlo" da `usimRero" qalaqad
    iqca, samudamod aRibeWda poetis xsovnaSi da leqsSi aseT saxes Rebulobs:
    gamoveqeci evropis qaoss,
    sisxls, dangreul reimsis taZars,
    uzarmazar tankebis qSenas,
    reinis irgvliv TaobaTa gadaSenebas.
    vigoneb marTla JruanteliT lamanSis srutes,
    iq Calagebul atlantikis anTebul gemebs.
    SotlandiaSi vnaxe TeTri Zroxebis jogi
    da gaviRime viT naxevrad gagiJebulma,
    288
    gamoveqeci evropis warRvnas...
    magram, aq aRwerili politikuri movlenebis udidesi mniSvnelobisa da ma-
    Ti sakmaod mZafri emociuri gancdis miuxedavad, parizidan gamoqceuli poetis
    sulSi yvelaze metad mainc erTi SexedviT sruliad umniSvnelo da araarsebiTi
    faqti aRibeWda _ parizSi, perlaSezis sasaflaoze, upatronod mitovebuli qar-
    Tveli legioneris _ buWuta abaSiZis saflavi. swored es faqtia qceuli leqsSi
    aRwerili apokalifsuri xilvis azrobriv gvirgvinad. pirveli msoflio omis
    koSmaruli STabeWdilebebis gaxseneba p. iaSvilma, uwinares yovlisa, mSobliur
    miwas mowyvetili am pirovnebis tragikul beds daukavSira da es gaxseneba leq-
    sSi gamJRavnebuli umTavresi saTqmelis logikur wertilad aqcia.
    p. iaSvilis simbolisturi principebis dasaxasiaTeblad metad didi mniS-
    vneloba eniWeba frangi simbolisti poetebisadmi miZRvnil leqsebsac. gavixse-
    noT, magaliTad, 1916 wels dawerili sami soneti _ `triptixi", romelic malar-
    mes, verlensa da verharns eZRvneba. eseni is poetebi arian, romelTac ganmsaz-
    Rvreli roli Seasrules paolos literaturuli Tvalsazrisis formirebis
    saqmeSi.

    * * *
    elene darianis saxeli qarTul presaSi pirvelad 1915 wels gamoCnda, Jur-
    nal `cisferi yanwebis" gamocemamde sakmao xniT adre. es aris cnoba imis Se-
    saxeb, rom quTaisSi gamarTul galaktion tabiZis saliteraturo saRamoSi sxva
    poetebTan erTad monawileobas miiRebda elene darianic. xolo misi xelmowe-
    riT pirveli leqsebi _ `Zaxili" da `Cemi Tavadi" 1915 wlis 8 noembers daibeWda.
    sazogadoebis konservatuli nawili aSkara ukmayofilebiT Sexvda elene daria-
    nis leqsebis gamoCenas. es ukmayofileba dRiTi dRe izrdeboda da mkiTxvelTa
    mwvave guliswyromas iwvevda. isini xSirad gamoxatavdnen mZafr protests elene
    darianis leqsebis mimarT, romelTac Tavis nawarmoebebTan erTad xSirad ki-
    Txulobda paolo quTaisSi gamarTul literaturul Sexvedrebze.
    sazogadoebisaTvis sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo ucnobi elene da-
    rianis namdvili vinaoba, ramac kidev ufro gaaromantikula `cisferyanwelTa"
    literaturuli ordenis am uCinari wevris saxeli. mis Sesaxeb interesi uf-
    rodaufro izrdeboda da cecxlovani xorcieli vnebebiT afeTqebuli leqsebis
    avtorze aTasgvar Worsa da legendas Txzavdnen.
    Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
    `elene darianis saxelis ukan qarTul mwerlobaSi imdroisaTvis sruliad ucxo
    da uprecedento movlena _ literaturuli mistifikacia idga...
    es iyo ara mxolod movlenis pirveli qarTuli literaturuli
    mistifikaciis warmatebuli faqti, aramed SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxvis, mxatvruli
    TviTgamoxatvis ganumeorebeli magaliTi, rodesac mamakaci Seecada qalis
    intimuri bunebis, misi Sinagani fsiqikuri wyobis axsnas, mis SinasamyaroSi
    CaRrmavebas, gancdilis leqsad gadmocemas~ (T. paiWaZe _ qarTveli lirikosebi,
    Tb, 2009 w.gv. 126).
    elene darianis mistifikaciuri pirovnebis gamogoneba paolos mier im vaku-
    umis amovsebis Tavisebur cdadac SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, romelsac `cis-
    feryanwelTa" wreSi poeti qalis ararsebobis faqti iwvevda. am bolo dros
    Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos dari-
    anuli ciklis leqsebis avtori p. iaSvili ki ar aris, aramed misi megobari _
    elene baqraZe (pirvelad beriSvilze iyo daqorwinebuli, meored ki
    qarTveliSvilze). am Tvalsazrisis gamo literaturaTmcodneTa Soris kamaTi
    dRemde grZeldeba (amasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix: g. javaxiSvili _
    elene darianis legenda da sinamdvile, Tb. 2001 w.). vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli mosaz-
    reba, CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi masalebis mixedviT, naklebad sarwmunoa da dasa-
    xelebuli leqsebis avtorad kvlavac paolo unda miviCnioT.
    rogorc iTqva, elene darianis xelmoweriT gamoqveynebulma pirvelive leq-
    sebma sazogadoebis konservatuli fenis didi guliswyroma da aRSfoTeba gamo-
    iwvia. bevri gaaRiziana maTSi gamoxatulma grZnobaTa siSiSvlem da `mo-
    289
    Warbebulma erotizmma". mkiTxvelTa nawili xmamaRla kicxavda avtoris `u-
    sircxvilobas", `utifrad gamovlenil seqsualur vnebebs" da yovelive amas
    garyvnilebad, adamianuri zneobis dacemad miiCnevda. cxadia, es didi Secdoma
    iyo, metad tendenciuri, araswori Sefaseba darianuli ciklis leqsebisa.
    mkiTxvelTa aRSfoTebuli nawili sworad ver wvdeboda im natif poetur sila-
    mazes, gancdaTa uSualobasa da miwieri adamianuri grZnobebis romantikas, ri-
    Tac elene darianis poeturi dRiurebi maRali poeziis donemde maRldebian.
    maTSi xom udidesi sinaziT, sifaqiziTa da literaturuli sinatifiT gamovlin-
    da miwieri siyvarulisa da xorciel vnebaTa Relvis amaRlebuli romantikuli
    buneba, lirikuli gmiris emociuri gzneba da sulis mRelvareba.
    am leqsebSi paolo ciuri da RvTaebrivi siyvarulis miuwvdomel iduma-
    lebas ki ar ganadidebs, aramed xorciel vnebaTa mSvenierebas asxams xotbas.
    maTSi mZafrad igrZnoba siyvarulis vnebac, mwvave tkivilic, ganSorebis sevdac,
    imedgacruebis naRvelic... es yvelaferi lirikuli gmiris sulieri samyaros
    Rrmadmetyveli saxasiaTo Strixebia, misi adamianuri bunebis gamomxatveli
    waxnagebia.
    darianuli dRiurebi 1915-1923 wlebSi iwereboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
    sul 14 leqsisagan Sedgeba, am poeturma ciklma gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da
    gamorCeuli adgili daiWira ara marto paolos, aramed XX saukunis pirveli
    naxevris mTel qarTul poeziaSi.
    darianuli ciklis leqsebi Tematuradac da poeturi ostatobis Tvalsaz-
    risiTac paolo iaSvilis poeziis Tvisebrivad axal mniSvnelovan Senakads war-
    moadgens. maTSi misma poeturma STagonebam sityvieri gamovlinebis mkveTrad
    originaluri stiluri niSan-Tvisebebi SeiZina.
    aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom `elene darianis dRiurebi" rit-
    mul-musikaluri melodiurobiTa da poeturi xelweriT xSir SemTxvevaSi ar-
    sebiTadac ki gansxvavdeba paolos stiluri individualobisagan da mkafiod ga-
    movlenili originalobiTaa aRbeWdili. ase rom, darianuli ciklis leqsebiT p.
    iaSvilma marTlac SeZlo gaqceoda sakuTar Tavs, sxvad gardasaxuliyo da qar-
    Tul poeziaSi axali, mniSvnelovani poeturi mikrosamyaro Seeqmna.

    * * *
    paolo iaSvilis poezia, Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi ZiriTadad dam-
    kvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, or periodad iyofa. gardamaval mijnad am
    or periods Soris ociani wlebis Sua xanaa miCneuli. es, marTlac, asea da poe-
    tis manamdeli, e. w. simbolisturi periodis leqsebi, TavianTi stiluri speci-
    fikiTac, poeturi ganwyobilebiTac, movlenaTa aRqmisa da gaazrebis Tavi-
    seburebebiTac, aSkarad gansxvavdeba Semdgomi dros nawarmoebebisagan.
    paolos poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi ir. abaSiZem sabadodan nimuSad wamo-
    Rebul Zvirfasi madnis natexsa da marnidan saWaSnikod motanil Rvinos Seada-
    ra, xolo guram asaTianma _ haerSi gaqvavebul Sadrevnebs. es Sedarebebi xato-
    vanad gamoxataven misi natifi poeziis Sinagani bunebis specifikas.
    p. iaSvilis leqsisgan miRebuli emociuri efeqti xSirad maxvilgonivru-
    lad mignebuli, moulodnel azrobriv asociaciebze dafuZnebuli poeturi saxe-
    ebiTaa ganpirobebuli. amis dasturad mravali magaliTi SeiZleba moviSvelioT
    poetis Semoqmedebidan. gavixsenoT zogierTi maTgani. aviRoT, Tundac, `Tbili-
    si", erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSi paolos lirikisa. Tbilisisadmi aRvlenil am
    poetur apologiaSi saTqmelis gamoxatvis dros ZiriTadi datvirTva, pirvel
    yovlisa, swored aseTi efeqturobiT mignebul saxeebze modis.
    Cemo qalaqo! ar damakeli
    Sen sixaruli mzisgan ferili,
    Tavze gadgia, rogorc kankeli,
    ca moelvare da aJRerili.
    vxedav urmebi lorTqa TivebiT
    gzas axareben aWrialebiT;
    mtkvars mihyvebian fiWvis tivebi,
    viT mocurave TeTri milebi.
    290
    sduRan oqros da wiTel Rvarebad
    kvira dReebiT Seni quCebi,
    da iclebian oxSivarebad
    Sens gareSemo mTebi Tujebis.
    Sens alayafTan msurs davalago
    leqsebi, rogorc sisxlis wveTebi...
    milion xmebiT savse qalaqo,
    didi sataxto xar poetebis.
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore periodSi paolos leqsma meti sinaTle da
    sinatife SeiZina, meti musikaluri daxvewiloba da ritmuli JReradoba. misi po-
    eziidan mTlianad gamoiricxa yovelgvari azrobrivi burusi da bundovaneba.
    saTqmelis gamoxatvas emociur Zalasa da STambeWdaobas sZens sityvieri silaRe,
    paTetikuroba, bunebrivi da amaRlebuli ritorizmi.
    marTalia, es niSan-Tvisebebi paolos lirikisTvis arc adre iyo ucxo, mag-
    ram meredamere isini ufro gaZlierda. misTvis poezia sinamdvilis amaRlebuli,
    sadResaswaulo gancdaa. amitomac igrZnoba mis leqsebSi ase mZlavrad sazeimo
    ganwyobileba. poetis mier warmosaxuli sinamdvilec zogjer, garkveulwilad,
    TiTqmis Teatralizebulicaa.
    Tumca, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, mxedvelobidan arc is Rrma, Sinaga-
    ni adamianuri sevda da naRveli unda gamogvrCes, rasac poeti SigadaSig ga-
    moxatavs. sabWouri ideologiis diqtatorulma politikam paolos Se-
    saZlebloba ar misca bolomde gulwrfelad da Seulamazeblad gaemJRavnebina
    gulisnadebi. swored amis Sedegia is garemoeba, rom poetis adamianuri bunebis
    es meore mxare _ sulSi Cagubebuli didi tkivili da mwuxareba _ Zalze Zunwad
    da fragmentulad gamovlinda mis SemoqmedebaSi.
    am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania paolos arqivSi daculi erTi daum-
    Tavrebeli leqsi, romelic 30-iani wlebSi unda iyos dawerili. masSi aris cda
    miwieri pativisa da didebis winaaRmdeg mZafri Sinagani protestis gamoxatvisa.
    protestantuli ganwyobilebiT amboxebuli da sulaforiaqebuli paolo mosag-
    lejad imetebs misTvis nawyalobev poeturi dafnis gvirgvins, radganac misi um-
    Tavresi moqalaqeobrivi da mamuliSviluri movaleoba samSoblos winaSe sasur-
    vel doneze ver Seasrula: `nazad qceulma" misma Cangma, mizezTa da mizezTa ga-
    mo, bolomde ver gauxsna gza gulSi Cagubebul tkivils da saTanadod ver uWi-
    risufla `umarTlo Zalauflebisgan" daTrgunul qveyanas. ai, es daumTavrebeli
    leqsic mTlianad:
    sad xar, amayo mefeTa risxva,
    Tavisuflebis didebis mTqmelo!
    modi, momglije gvirgvini dafnis,
    gastexe Cangi, nazad qceuli,
    me msurs vumRero qveyanas daxsnils.
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    vaglax, sadac ki ar swvdeba Tvali,
    yvelgan maTraxi da yvelgan rkina.
    yvelgan umarTlo Zalaufleba.
    Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT poetis am da sxva nawarmoebebs, vnaxavT, rom maTSi
    maSindeli yofis, saerTod, adamianuri cxovrebis mravali saWirboroto sa-
    kiTxia gansjis sagnad qceuli. aviRoT Tundac `poeti da adamiani" (1927 w.), leq-
    si, romelSic saubaria imaze, rom am axal, `bednier" epoqaSi poets sanatreli
    gaxdomia patiosani cxovreba, rom qarTveli mwerlis bediswerad gamaTxovreba
    qceula da isic iZulebuli gamxdara, `guli gahyidos valSi vaWrobiT".
    me menatreba cxovreba patiosani,
    magram ra vqna, rom gamaTxovreba
    bedi yofila qarTvel mgosanis...
    ... survili didi rodia, _ mcireodeni...
    magram yoveldRe CemTan modian
    da aRwerebis moaqvT orderi.
    fiqri ireva Cems TavSi, rogorc mwerebi,
    ra maqvs qoneba: coli da bavSvi.
    291
    ZaRli da cota xelTnawerebi.
    p. iaSvilis poezias mkafiod axasiaTebs musikaluri sifaqize da melodiu-
    roba. misi saukeTeso leqsebi mkveTrad originaluri ritmuli JReradobiT gamo-
    irCeva. am originalobas poeti, erTis mxriv, axali an SedarebiT naklebad ga-
    moyenebuli versifikaciuli formebis meSveobiT aRwevs, meores mxriv ki tradi-
    ciulad cnobil poetur saleqso sazomebs axali Sinagani niuansebiT amdidrebs
    da amravalferovnebs. SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvelive wlebSi gamovleni-
    li es tendencia kidev ufro gaRrmavda da gaZlierda SemdgomSi. gavixsenoT, ma-
    galiTad, cnobili leqsi _ `magida _ Cemi parnasi". am leqsis ritms mkveTrad
    cvlis da originaluri JReradobiT aRbeWdavs aTi da TerTmetmarcvliani stri-
    qonebis TanaSewyoba. kerZod, leqsis yoveli kenti striqoni aTmarcvliania, lu-
    webisa ki umetesad _ TerTmetmarcvliani. ritmuli TavisTavadobis gamovlenas
    didad uwyobs agreTve xels keTilxmovani Sinagani riTmebis gamoyenebac. naTqva-
    mis naTelsayofad gavixsenoT fragmenti leqsidan:
    magidas parnass yviTeli mtveri,
    mzis oqros wveri, xvrelidan esoba
    da poets zarmacs wasvlia feri,
    oqros mtveri rom gauCnda mezoblad.
    Sriala narmas, weriT daserils,
    daeca marTla yviTeli mzis vardi,
    da elis karnaxs kalamis wveri,
    kalamis wveri _ bulbulis niskarti.
    paolos leqsis musikalur daxvewilobasa da intonaciur originalobas di-
    dad gansazRvravs evfoniurad keTilxmovani da TavisTavadi riTmebis gamoyeneba.
    avtoris originaloba am SemTxvevaSi vlindeba rogorc axali riTmebis warma-
    tebul ZiebaSi, aseve riTmaTa gamoyenebis mravalferovnebaSic. igi xSirad mimar-
    Tavs jvaredin, mosazRvre, rkalur, Sinagan Tu kibisebur riTmebs, riTac zrdis
    Tavisi leqsebis musikaluri JReradobis efeqts. calke unda aRiniSnos alite-
    raciiT poetis gansakuTrebuli dainteresebac. am TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvne-
    lovania leqsi `aso lasi", romelic poeturi evfoniis SesaniSnavi nimuSia:
    leilas Tvalebi elaven bnelidan,
    dedofals axlaven mxevalni mcvelebad;
    yvavilic mwvelia leilas xelidan,
    dalalni daSlilan elvare gvelebad.
    asuli mwvelia Zveli surnelebiT,
    dedoflis alersi grZelia, Znelia;
    leila loculobs daRalul xelebiT,
    qalebi galobiT alions elian.
    leqsis musikaluri mReradobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes safuZvlad, ro-
    gorc vxedavT, l bgeris mizanswrafuli gameorebaa qceuli. igi nawarmoebis yo-
    vel sityvaSi gvxvdeba erTjer an orjer, riTac melodia mkveTrad originalur
    ritmul JReradobas iZens.
    anda `darianuli" gavixsenoT, leqsi, romlis musikalur efeqts didad gan-
    sazRvravs j bgeris aqcentirebuli ganmeoreba:
    daitanja maja marjnis mZime jaWvis tarebiT.
    Cems damtanjvels RmerTi dasjis qajad gadagvarebiT.
    p. iaSvilis literaturuli individualobis ganmsazRvrel niSan-TvisebaTa-
    gan, rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, aseve sagangebo yuradReba unda mivaqcioT poe-
    tur saxeebs, romlebSic STambeWdavadaa akumulirebuli nawarmoebis ZiriTadi
    saTqmeli da ganwyobileba. natifi da daxvewili ferwerulobiT aRbeWdili es
    poeturi saxeebi mZafri emociurobiT warmosaxaven da gangvacdevineben bunebis
    silamazes.
    interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, aqve oriode sityvas imazec Tu vityviT, ro-
    gor xsnida da ganmartavda paolo poeziis arss. misTvis SemoqmedebiTi procesi
    udidesi tanjvaa, sicocxlis mimtaci netari tanjva, xorcisa da sulis araada-
    mianuri wameba. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom es Tvalsazrisi bolomde Tan-
    mimdevruli da ucvleli ar yofila. poeziis raobis miseuli gageba, SeiZleba
    iTqvas, ufro impulsuria, ganwyobilebiseuli, rac imiT vlindeba, rom misi
    292
    Sexedulebani zogjer sagrZnoblad upirispirdeba kidec erTmaneTs. am mxriv
    mravlismTqmelia leqsebis _ `poeziisa" (1926 w.) da `magida Cemi parnasis" (1932
    w.) urTierTSedareba. maTi kiTxvisas aSkarad vgrZnobT, rom pirvel maTganSi ga-
    moTqmuli Tvalsazrisi ramdenadme ewinaaRmdegeba meore leqsis saTqmels, sa-
    dac poeturi STagoneba bulbulis galobasTan da kalmis msubuq, haerovan sim-
    RerasTanaa Sedarebuli.
    naTqvamma rom meti konkretuloba SeiZinos, moviSvelioT dasaxelebuli
    leqsebidan saTanado magaliTebi. `poeziaSi" paolo mZafri da originalurad ga-
    azrebuli poeturi saxeebiT xatavs `sityvis madnis" gaTavebiT poetisTvis Tav-
    sdatexil tragedias, romelic tragediaTa Soris, misi azriT, yvelaze didi
    ubedurebaa.
    gagiJeba sjobs, Tu gaTavda sityvis madani,
    da TvalTa daTxra, Tu mzes qebiT veRar daxvdebi,
    leqso, gulidan xorcad rom xar gamonatani,
    Tu unapirod, samudamod ar gaCaRdebi.
    ari mkvleloba, ari omi, ari xanZari,
    miwisZvra, Wiri, tyeSi yofna marad Tulebad,
    magram ar aris tanjva ufro uzarmazari,
    rogorc poetis STagonebiT dasneuleba.
    aseTia, paolos azriT, arsi WeSmariti poeziisa. da es maSin, roca farTo
    sazogadoebisaTvis leqsis wera msubuq, gasarTob da TavSesaqcev saqmedaa miCne-
    uli. masisaTvis sruliad ucxoa da miuwvdomeli is jojoxeTuri cecxli, rome-
    lic yoveli WeSmariti poetis tvins wvavs da dagavs pepelasaviT wminda Tundac
    erTi leqsis Sesaqmneladac ki.
    ramdeni Tvali unda mqondes, rom yvela vnaxo,
    ramdeni guli unda medgas, rom vigrZno yvela,
    ramdeni saxe me TviT unda gavapartaxo,
    rom erTi leqsi damrCes, wminda rogorc pepela.
    amitomacaa, rom yoveli WeSmariti leqsis Seqmna poets suls arTmevs, si-
    cocxles iwiravs zvarakad. da mainc, SemoqmedebiTi procesi is umaRlesi bedni-
    erebaa, uromlisodac arseboba paolos araraobad da uazrobad miaCnia. swored
    am Tvalsazrisis poeturi Sejamebaa leqsis bolo striqonebi:
    ramdeni leqsi daiwera, imdeni weli
    Camoewera Cems cxovrebas viT adamians,
    da Tu es leqsi unda iyos ukanaskneli,
    maSin es Zori yvavebisTvis gasatania.
    rac Seexeba eqvsi wlis Semdeg daweril leqss _ `magida Cemi parnasi", mas-
    Si poetma xalxSi farTod gavrcelebuli poeziis tradiciuli gageba ufro ga-
    moxata, roca poeturi STagonebis silaReze gaamaxvila yuradReba da mgosnis
    kalami amRerebul bulbuls Seadara.
    TiTqos ubralod me vwerde werils,
    gamiadvilda uecrad Sroma.
    cidan mosmenil SuadRis JReris
    monad gamxdara leqsebis zoma.
    marcvlebis Zebnas daiwyebs ceri,
    aavsebs werils wuxandel cis dardi,
    da mReris, mReris kalamis wveri,
    kalamis wveri _ bulbulis niskarti.
    paolo mis leqsebSi araerTgzis Seexo agreTve poeziisa da poetis daniS-
    nulebis sakiTxs da cada mkafiod ganesazRvra mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi mova-
    leoba erisa da qveynis winaSe. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
    leqsebi `sakuTar Tavs" da `poetis saqme", romlebSic man, faqtobrivad, misi sa-
    momavlo moqalaqeobrivi programa Camoayaliba. marTalia, 30-iani wlebis da-
    sawyisSi daweril am leqsebSi garkveulwilad ukve igrZnoba maSindeli ideo-
    logiuri da politikuri viTarebis gamoZaxili, magram mTavari es ki araa, ara-
    med is farTo da masStaburi perspeqtivebi, romelTac poeti Tavisi Semoqme-
    debiTi moRvaweobis ZiriTad mizanswrafvad warmosaxavs. `poetis saqmeSi" qveyni-
    sadmi erTguli samsaxuris gamocxadeba TiTqos ficis saxesac ki Rebulobs:
    293
    Cemo qveyanav, damsvi poetad,
    Seni Sromis da miwis saqebad,
    da rac ki Zala momepoveba,
    minda leqsebad gadmolageba.
    wminda lirikuli ganwyobilebis leqsebis gverdiT p. iaSvilis Semoqme-
    debaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs iseT nawarmoebebsac, romlebic im
    periodis politikuri movlenebiTaa STagonebuli. es nakadi mis poeziaSi si-
    cocxlis bolo wlebSi kidev ufro gaZlierda, rac imJamindeli ideologiuri
    politikis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo. magram p. iaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenil
    am tendencias mxolod koniunqturiTa da iZulebiT ver avxsniT. paolo aqtiuri
    cxovrebiseuli poziciis mqone pirovneba iyo, romelic dReniadag iRvwoda Tavi-
    si samSoblos ukeTesi momavlisaTvis. rogorc iTqva, am zrunvam da ukeTesi mo-
    mavlis gzaTa Ziebam igi erTxans garkveuli keTilganwyobiTac ki ganmsWvala
    axali xelisuflebisadmi.
    yovelive zemoTqmulma arsebiTad ganapiroba is faqti, rom ociani wlebis
    dasasrulidan mis poeziaSi sagrZnoblad Sesustda lirikuli nakadi, sanac-
    vlod ki gaizarda raodenoba im leqsebisa, romlebSic xotba aqvs Sesxmuli
    axali epoqis SromiT miRwevebs. ase iwereba propagandistuli suliskveTebiT
    ganmsWvaluli nawarmoebebi, romlebSic sabWouri tendenciurobiTaa gandi-
    debuli axali dro. moWarbebulma informaciulobam da propagandizmma, movle-
    naTa aRqmis zedapirulobam da Sinaganma gauTaviseblobam poetis bolodroin-
    del e. w. `aqtualur" leqsebSi aSkarad mianavla magiuri mcxunvarebiT moguzgu-
    ze is naRverdali, romelic paolos poetur STagonebas idumali siTboTi da
    sinaTliT avsebda.
    aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom im mZime depresiulma sulierma ganwyobilebam,
    romelic 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi xSirad eufleboda xolme poets, iSviaTi
    gamonaklisebis garda, mis SemoqmedebaSi saTanado asaxva ver pova, rac, pirvel
    yovlisa, irgvliv gamefebuli politikuri situaciiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
    am TvalsazrisiT poetis SemoqmedebaSi bednier gamonaklisebad unda CaiT-
    valos cnobili leqsebi `lirikuli misamarTebidan" (1933 w.), `werili kolau na-
    diraZes" (1932 w.) da `meRoris locva" (1933 w.). am leqsebis ganwyobileba radika-
    lurad gansxvavdeba poetis am periodis SemoqmedebaSi gabatonebuli optimistu-
    ri suliskveTebisagan. maTSi SemaZrwunebeli ZaliT vlindeba sasowarkveTi-
    lebamde misuli mwerlis sulieri depresia. magaliTad:
    nu Cagafiqra Wirveuli Woris xroebma,
    CemTvis siCume RameSi rom moizanteba,
    saSinelia, rogorc omis moaxloeba,
    saSinelia, rogorc CemTvis tyviis mzadeba.
    rogorc Semdeg gairkva, paolos amdroindeli cxovreba marTlac iyo saku-
    Tari TavisTvis tyviis dasamizneblad mzadebis saSinelebiT SeZruli. es tragi-
    kuli gancda, rogorc zemoT dasaxelebuli samive leqsis daweris TariRidan
    irkveva, yvelaze mZafrad 1932-1933 wlebSi gamovlinda. meredamere ki poetma SeZ-
    lo am sasowarkveTis saimedo Caketva Tavis gulSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am ZaliT
    1933 wlis Semdgom daweril leqsebSi es tkivili ukve aRar gamJRavnebula.
    rac ufro axlovdeboda sisxliani 1937 weli, mabezRaraTa da Wkuis maswav-
    lebelTa ricxvi miT ufro izrdeboda. es yvelaferi, ganuyoflad Serwymuli
    aTasi xiluli da uxilavi faqtoriT ganpirobebul maradiul adamianur sevdas-
    Tan, paolos sulSi ukiduresad naRvlian ganwyobilebas badebda.
    rogorc iTqva, am TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi metad saintereso leqsia `weri-
    li kolau nadiraZes" (1932 w.). masSi Cvens Tvalwin ukve sul sxva paolo cocx-
    ldeba, ukiduresad sasowarkveTili, martosuli, yvelaferze xelCaqneuli, cxov-
    rebiT gawamebuli. gardasuli bednierebis mZafri nostalgiiT gajerebul am Se-
    saniSnav leqsSi xvalindeli dRis araviTari perspeqtiva aRar Cans. nawarmoebSi
    mZafrad igrZnoba Sinagani winaaRmdegoba poetis survilebsa da mkacr cxov-
    rebiseul realobas Soris. moskovSi myofi paolo, mSobliur garemos daSo-
    rebuli da sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili, cdilobs megobrisadmi gulis ga-
    daxsniT gaiqarvos naRveli. swored uaxloes megobarTan gulwrfeli ga-
    294
    saubrebiT tkivilis Semsubuqebis survili mJRavndeba leqsis pirvel striqo-
    nebSi:
    rogorc zecidan mtredebis jogi
    miwaze hfantavs unazes Ceros,
    rogorc urmuli gadadis bogirs
    da odnav arxevs naZvebis wveros,
    rogorc dastovebs alaznis logins
    da caSi kvnesiT Sescuravs wero, _
    aseTi minda werili zogi
    rogorc pasuxi, Zmao, mogwero.
    es yvelaferi nazi, romantikuli poeturi ferebiT naZerwi lirikaa, sulis-
    Tvis saocnebo idealad dasaxuli ganwyobileba, mSvidi da idealuri adamianuri
    bednierebis monatreba... magram cxovrebis mkacri sinamdvile, wuTisoflis aspa-
    rezze poetis irgvliv aRzevebuli `siWrele da gaoreba", am ocnebas miuwvdo-
    mels xdis:
    magram siWrele da gaoreba
    am CrdiloeTSi erTob metia,
    mec momiZebnes mkerdi qorebma,
    gulSi vgrZnob imaT niskarts wvetians.
    sicive Cadga yinvis tborebad,
    oTaxis kari Camiketia,
    surdo, xveleba, xSiri zmoreba
    beds CemTvis jildod gaduwyvetia.
    poeti cdilobs, mainc ar Caiqnios xeli, Tavi daaRwios am sasowarmkveT
    mdgomareobas da daTrgunos gulSi aRzevebuli naRveli, magram xsna da saSve-
    li arsaidan Cans da sulis maradiul Tanamgzavrebad qceuli sayvareli saxe-
    lebic ki veRar gvrian Svebasa da simSvides:
    vkiTxulob SoTas, vaJas da sabas
    da ver mSvelian maTi wignebic,
    vwvebi... Tavamde vixurav sabans,
    mesmis: `marto xar, martoc iqnebi!"...
    da ase Rames mohyveba Rame
    da modis dila saRamos msgavsi,
    Zmao, momwere iseTi rame,
    hqondes Cvens baRSi saubris fasi:
    Cems sadRegrZelos Tu isev svamen,
    jer Tu mTelia saCemo Tasi,
    Tu gamoaklda vinme Cvens camets
    da poetebis daingra dasi.
    am leqsSi yvelaze mZafrad da Seulamazeblad vlindeba paolos Sinagani
    sasowarkveTa da miusafroba. es gancda masSi uecrad moxeTqili grZnobis
    STabeWdilebas gviqmnis. magram es moulodneli, Sinagan kontrols dauqvem-
    debarebeli sulieri afeqti didxans ar grZeldeba da avtoris mier gamxelili
    tkivilis xma TiTqos erTbaSad wydeba, Sua gzaze Cerdeba, razec naTlad metyve-
    lebs leqsis aSkarad dausrulebeli Sinaarsi. da mainc, miuxedavad leqsis TiT-
    qosda amgvari dausruleblobisa, `werili kolau nadiraZes" p. iaSvilis liri-
    kis is SesaniSnavi nimuSia, romelic siRrmiseulad avlens avtoris depresiul
    sulier ganwyobilebas.

    * * *
    p. iaSvilis Semoqmedebaze saubris dros ramdenime sityva mis prozazec
    usaTuod unda iTqvas. TavianTi struqturuli bunebiTa da ganwyobilebiT mwer-
    lis prozauli nawarmoebebi poeturi prozis STambeWdav nimuSebs warmoadgens.
    gavixsenoT moTxroba `feradi buStebi", romelic uRrmesi emociuri STambeWdao-
    biT gviambobs erT-erTi bedgamrudebuli Tbiliseli maTxovris _ leonti kaCer-
    gas ubedur Tavgadasavals. vidre moTxrobis am mTavari personaJis cxovrebis
    aRweras Seudgebodes, mwerali nawarmoebs sakmaod vrcel Sesavals umZRvarebs,
    romelSic zogadad gvamcnobs Tbiliseli da parizeli maTxovrebis yofas. ma-
    295
    TxovarTa es mravalricxovani masa, romelzec paolo gvesaubreba, araerTgvaro-
    vani bunebisa da xasiaTis mqone adamianTa samyarodaa warmosaxuli. aqac arian
    TaRliTebi da cbierebi, patiosnebi da cxovrebis ukuRmarTobisagan sasowarkve-
    Tilebamde misulni, suliT aristokratebica da inteligentebic.
    Tbiliseli maTxovrebis garda, moTxrobaSi daxasiaTebuli arian parizeli
    maTxovrebic, romelTac paolo iq swavlis periodSi gacnobia. iqaur mwerleb-
    Tan da mxatvrebTan erTad igi Turme, xSirad ewveoda mdinare senis xidebs, sa-
    dac Rames aTevdnen cxovrebisagan dabeCavebuli es adamianebi. bevri maTgani sak-
    maod ganswavluli pirovnebac yofila. paolos araerTxel mousmenia maTi sain-
    tereso saubrebi politikaze, literaturasa da xelovnebaze.
    moTxrobis saTauri _ `feradi buStebi" _ ocnebiT warmosaxuli adamianuri
    bednierebis simboloa.
    `feradi buStebis" kiTxvisas mZafrad vgrZnobT moTxrobaSi aRwerili tra-
    gediis mTels saSinelebas, rac imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom nawarmoebSi dro-
    dadro avtobiografiuli cxovrebiseuli epizodebicaa CarTuli. leonti kaCer-
    ga realurad arsebuli pirovneba yofila, romelsac Turme piradad icnobda pa-
    olo. kaCergasa da misi ojaxis tragikuli Tagadasavali nawarmoebSi mZafri si-
    uJeturi dramatizmiT aris gadmocemuli, rac didadaa ganpirobebuli Txrobis
    dros uxvad gamoyenebuli Rrmaazrovani poeturi saxeebiTa da maxvilgonivru-
    lad mignebuli metyveli siuJeturi detalebiT.
    samwuxarod, p. iaSvilis cxovreba im dros dasrulda, roca igi
    SemoqmedebiTi simwifis asakSi imyofeboda da tragikulad daRupulma poetma
    bevri ganuxorcielebeli Canafiqri Caitana samareSi. magram is, risi Seqmnac man
    moaswro, samudamod darCeba Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi, rogorc meoce
    saukunis qarTuli poeturi sityvis sagulisxmo Senakadi.
    296
    tician tabiZe

    1927 wels galaktionisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi tician tabiZe werda:


    erTi ocnebis, erTi gvaris varT tyupis cali,
    erTad lpebian Cven mamebis kubos ficari,
    orpiris fSanis erTad vwoveT Cven uJmurebi
    da leqsebiTac erTmaneTs ar davemdurebiT...
    gauyofeli dagvrCa ezo, saxli da kari,
    rionis talRad dagvedevna sityva ankara,
    erTia Cveni samudamo xaSmis embazi,
    leqsi qarTuli gaimarTa orpiris xaziT.
    im dros, roca es striqonebi iwereboda, uaxlesi qarTuli leqsis `evropu-
    li radiusiT" gamarTvis procesi galaktionsa da ticians ukve TiTqmis damTav-
    rebuli hqondaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi SemoqmedebiTi saganZuri momdevno
    wlebSic mravali poeturi SedevriT gamdidrda, qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis ukve
    aRiarebuli WeSmariteba iyo, rom erT fuZeze amozrdil galaktionisa da tici-
    anis leqsebs gamorCeuli koloriti SehqondaT erovnuli poeziis mdidar sauf-
    loSi.
    gavidnen wlebi. Cvens literaturul cxovrebaSi bevri ram Seicvala da ga-
    dafasda, magram interesi, rasac mkiTveli Tavidanve iCenda maTi poeziisadmi, ki-
    dev ufro mZafrdeba da farTovdeba. cxovrebis asparezze mosuli axal-axali
    TaobebisaTvis, romelTaTvisac galaktionisa da ticianis saxelebi mxolod ma-
    Ti leqsebiTa da TanamedroveTa mogonebebiTaa cnobili, sayvarel poetTa cxov-
    rebis yoveli epizodi legendaruli romantikis sinaTliT ivseba da idafneba.
    avtobiografiaSi Tavisi dabadebis TariRad t. tabiZe 1895 wels asaxelebs:
    `davibade 1895 wels, 2 aprils, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sofel SuamTaSi _ or-
    piris maxloblado", _ wers igi. magram, rogorc WyviSis wminda giorgis eklesi-
    is metrikuli wignis Canawerebidan irkveva, sinamdvileSi ticiani 1893 wlis 2 iv-
    liss (Zv. stiliT) yofila dabadebuli. 1901 wels mSoblebma momavali poeti
    saswavleblad quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabares, sadac 1901-1905
    wlebSi swavlobda Tavis biZaSvilTan _ galaktionTan erTad.
    quTaisis centralur saistorio arqivSi daculi dokumenturi masala
    gvexmareba gavarkvioT galaktionisa da ticianis mowafeobis periodis zogierTi
    aqamde ucnobi detali. rogorc cnobilia, g. tabiZe 1900-1908 wlebSi swavlobda
    quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi, romelic arqielis goraze, bagratis taZ-
    ris gverdiT, mdebareobda. amave saswavlebelSi 1901 wels miubarebiaT tician
    tabiZec, romelic mxolod erTi klasiT CamorCeboda galaktions.
    1902-1903 saswavlo wels, rogorc es arqivSi daculi dokumentebidan dgin-
    deba, maTematikaSi CamorCenilobis gamo galaktioni imave klasSi dautovebiaT,
    ticianma ki, romelic Tavis biZaSvils mxolod erTi klasiT CamorCeboda, warma-
    tebiT Caabara gamocdebi da momdevno jgufSi gadavida. ase rom, 1903 wlis seq-
    tembridan 1906 wlamde galaktioni da ticiani Tanaklaselebi xdebian da erTad
    swavloben quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi. 1906 wlis TebervalSi ki t. ta-
    biZe quTaisis vaJTa gimnaziis pirvel klasSi Cairicxa.
    amdroindeli quTaisi qarTuli kulturis mZlavr keras warmoadgenda, sa-
    dac araerTi dasaxelebis Jurnali da gazeTi gamodioda. imxanad aq cxovrobda
    da moRvaweobda erovnuli kulturisa da mecnierebis bevri gamoCenili warmo-
    madgeneli. swored aq, am garemoSi, gamoiWeda ticianisa da misi megobrebis li-
    teraturuli miswrafebani da interesebi.
    1913 wels ticianma swavla ganagrZo moskovis universitetSi, filologiis
    fakultetze. studentobis wlebSi igi metad aqtiur sazogadoebriv da Semoqme-
    debiT moRvaweobas eweoda. Tu ra mravalferovani iyo im droisaTvis ticianis
    miswrafebani, amas naTlad adasturebs misi maSindeli nawerebis ubralo gadaT-
    valierebac ki. garda poeziisa, imxanad is gatacebuli iyo publicistikiT, qmni-
    da prozaul miniaturebs, werda werilebs qarTuli, rusuli da evropuli li-
    teraturis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebze, dainteresebuli iyo Teatraluri
    297
    xelovnebiT, awyobda poeziis saRamoebs, Targmnida sayvarel poetTa nawar-
    moebebs, megobrobda rus mwerlebTan, cdilobda popularizacia gaewia qarTuli
    mwerlobisaTvis da a.S.
    moskovis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1917 wels, ticiani mcire xans
    TbilisSi, gazeT `saqarTvelos" redaqciaSi, muSaobda, sadac man mravali publi-
    cisturi statia gamoaqveyna.
    studentobis wlebSive ticianma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo `cisferi yan-
    webis" literaturuli jgufis dafuZnebasa da amave saxelwodebis Jurnalis ga-
    mocemaSi. am garemoebas xels uwyobda isic, rom qarTuli simbolizmis damfuZ-
    nebeli mwerlebi misi axlo megobrebi iyvnen da poeti jer kidev quTaisis gimna-
    ziaSi mowafeobis wlebSi gaecno da daumegobrda TiTqmis yovel maTgans.
    t. tabiZe mTeli cxovrebis manZilze nayofier sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas
    eweoda. aTiani wlebidan moyolebuli gardacvalebamde, igi aqtiur monawi-
    leobas Rebulobda im mniSvnelovani kulturul-literaturuli problemebis
    gadaWraSi, romelTac maSindeli Cveni erovnuli yofa wamoWrida. misi Taos-
    nobiT araerTi sasikeTo saqme wamowyebula da dagvirgvinebula warmatebiT. igi
    yovelTvis trialebda im wreSi, romelic qarTuli mwerlobis sasicocxlo
    problemebis mosagvareblad iRvwoda.
    ase rom, t. tabiZis saxeli ara marto mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT aris ga-
    nuyofelad dakavSirebuli meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris Cveni literaturis
    sasicocxlo procesebTan, aramed aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiTac.

    * * *
    tician tabiZis saxeli qarTuli presis furclebze aTiani wlebis damdegi-
    dan gamoCnda, roca gamoqveynda misi pirveli leqsebi da prozauli miniaturebi.
    16-17 wlis axalbeda avtoris am gauwafav striqonebSi jer bevri ram burusiTaa
    moculi. maTSi mxolodRa Canasaxovani formiT, Zalze sustad da Soreulad,
    krTis is jadosnuri sxivi, romliTac garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg ganaTda
    misi poeturi samyaro. jer ki win ZiebaTa rTuli gza ido, Sinagani winaaRmde-
    gobebiTa da urTierTgamomricxveli miswrafebebiT savse gza.
    Ziebis es dramatuli periodi, TviTdamkvidrebisa da sakuTar poetur prin-
    cipTa mikvlevis es rTuli etapi, ociani wlebis Sua xanebamde gagrZelda. Se-
    moqmedebiTi moRvaweobis es monakveTi Tavisi boboqari mdinarebiT im dauwmen-
    del nakads SeiZleba SevadaroT, romlis talRebSi erTmaneTSia areuli mzeze
    aciagebuli Cqeralebica da amRvreuli Wavlebic. es aris dro, roca didi jafi-
    sa da wamebis fasad TandaTanobiT iwaldeba erovnuli poeziis jadosnur
    samyaroSi Sesasvleli sakuTari biliki, yalibdeba sityvis damorCilebisa da
    ganwyobilebis gamoxatvis individualuri xelovneba, formirdeba originaluri
    tonalobiT aRbeWdili poeturi xma da azrovnebis struqtura.
    damwyebi poetis am pirvel leqsebSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd vlindeba
    cxovrebis amaoebiT gulSeRonebuli kacis unapiro sevda-kaeSanica da wuTisof-
    lis kibeze rwmeniT fexSedgmuli pirovnebis samomavlo ocnebanic. es gao-
    rebuli ganwyobileba imdenad damaxasiaTebelia ticianis adrindeli nawar-
    moebebisaTvis, rom igi zogjer erTsa da imave leqsSic ki iCens Tavs. gancdis
    amgvari gaoreba imaze metyvelebs, rom avtoris am pirvel qmnilebebSi jer-je-
    robiT ar Cans naTlad gaazrebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis Semoqmedi.
    maTSi ufro metad imdroindeli literaturuli atmosferos gaucnobierebeli
    gamoZaxili ismis.
    evropul literaturul siaxleebs naziarebi axalgazrda mwerali bevr ra-
    mes ganusjeladac Rebulobs. TviTSemecnebisa da sakuTari Tavis povnis am rTu-
    li gzis Tvalsawierze xan frangi da rusi simbolistebis saxelebi amoiz-
    rdebian, xanac - erovnuli poeziis wminda mwvervalebi. SemoqmedebiTi winswraf-
    vis energia xan saiT gadaixreba da xan saiT.
    t. tabiZis Semoqmedebis analizis dros ar SeiZleba sagangebod ar mieqces
    yuradReba poetis ganswavlulobasa da erudicias, Tavidanve, literaturuli
    moRvaweobis pirveli wlebidanve, farTod rom vlindeba mis SemoqmedebaSi. ro-
    298
    gorc axalgazrda mwerlis originaluri nawarmoebebidan, werilebidan da Tar-
    gmanebidan Cans, igi sakmaod Rrmad da maRalprofesiulad icnobda rusuli da
    evropuli literaturis klasikur nimuSebsac da siaxleebsac.
    1914-15 wlebidan t. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi gardatexis xana dgeba. poetis
    Tvalwin SemoqmedebiT ZiebaTa farTo Tvalsawieri gadaiSala. mis cnobierebaSi
    farTod iWreba da ganmsazRvrel adgils imkvidrebs simbolisti mwerlebis sa-
    xelebi. marTalia, saamiso safuZveli jer kidev quTaisSi swavlis wlebSi mom-
    zadda, magram simbolizmiT mis gatacebSi gadamwyveti roli mainc moskovSi ga-
    tarebulma periodma Seasrula. amis Sesaxeb Tavad ticianic garkveviT wers Ta-
    vis avtobiografiaSi: amdroindeli literaturuli moskovi `jer kidev
    simbolizmis tyve iyo... Sveicariidan axladdabrunebulma andrei belim Tan moi-
    tana Tavisi bundovani mistikuri daqanculoba, cxare kamaTi goeTeze da leq-
    ciebi Jest-mimikis Teatrze. maxsendeba skriabinis sikvdili da misi dakrZalva,
    skriabinisave musikis kulti, igor severianinis poeziis uTvalavi saRamoebi, re-
    ligiur-filosofiuri sazogadoebis sxdomebi da formula `kantidan prudonam-
    de", ruseTis jaris wasvla germaniis frontze, marinetisa da emil verharnis Ca-
    mosvla moskovSi, `Tavisufali esTetikis sazogadoebis" sxdoma literaturul-
    mxatvrul wreSi da valeri briusovis gamosvla, akmeistebis da `adamistebis"
    Seteva simbolistebis winaaRmdeg, nacnoboba balmontTan, romelic maSin rusTa-
    velis `vefxistyaosans" Targmnida, gataceba blokiTa da inokenti anenskiT, da
    bolos, moskovis quCebsa da estradebze vladimer maiakovskis, xolo ufro gvi-
    an _ xlebnikovisa da sxva rusi futuristebis gamoCena".
    yovelive es xelsayrel safuZvels qmnida axalgazrda poetis sulSi Semoq-
    medebiTi Ziebis mZlavri koconis dasanTebad. da isic aqtiurad CaerTo am lite-
    raturul movlenebSi, daewafa TviTganviTarebas, gaitaca axalma SemoqmedebiTma
    principebma. ase exsneba mis poeziaSi gza simbolistur tendenciebsa da mwig-
    nobruli STabeWdilebebiT nasazrdoeb ganwyobilebebs.
    leqsebis wera ticianma mowafeobis droidanve daiwyo. quTaisis klasikuri
    gimnaziis meeqvse klasis moswavle viyavi, pirveli leqsi rom davbeWdeo, - igo-
    nebs poeti. garda leqsebisa, am droidanve igi werda da beWdavda prozaul mini-
    aturebs, Canaxatebs, eskizebsa da novelebs, Targmnida imxanad qarTveli
    mkiTxvelisaTvis TiTqmis savsebiT ucnobi axalgazrda rusi da frangi poetebis,
    gansakuTrebiT ki simbolistebis leqsebs, aqveynebda kritikul-publicistur we-
    rilebs. ase rom, siymawvilidanve poeti aqtiur literaturul saqmianobaSi Cae-
    ba.
    marTalia, poetis pirvel leqsebsa da miniaturebs, rogorc iTqva, jer ki-
    dev akliaT mxatvruli srulyofa da maTSi bevri ramaa dasaxvewi da epigonuri,
    magram, amisda miuxedavad, literaturis istorikosisaTvis am masalebs mainc di-
    di mniSvneloba aqvs. am mniSvnelobas, pirvel yovlisa, is gansazRvravs, rom ma-
    Ti meSveobiT varkvevT, riT daiwyo ticianis poeturi gza, vin iyvnen misi pirve-
    li maswavleblebi, ra kavSiri hqonda mas literaturul tradicebTan, rogor
    yalibdeboda mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi individualoba da a. S.
    amgvarad, am nawarmoebTaTvis Tvalis gadavleba sakmaod gangvimtkicebs im
    Tvalsazriss, rom simbolizmis literaturuli principebis aRiarebamde tician-
    ma ganvlo mxatvruli daostatebis saintereso etapi, romelsac literaturuli
    Segirdobis xana SeiZleba davarqvaT. mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi debiuti imdenad
    farTo masStabebis momcveli iyo, ise mravalferovani, uxvi da mravalmxrivi,
    rom saWiro xdeba misi calke periodad gamoyofa t. tabiZis samwerlo gzaze.
    quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi swavlis droidanve gauRvivda ticians fran-
    gi da rusi simbolistebisadmi siyvaruli. farTo ganaTlebam, poeturi individu-
    alobis aqtiurma Ziebam da imdroindel qarTul poeziaSi momZlavrebul trafa-
    retTan Seurigeblobam ubiZges mas iqiTken, rom sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi miswra-
    febebis gasaRebi evropul literaturul siaxleebSi eZebna.
    ase mivida jer kidev gimnaziaSi moswavleobis wlebSi ticiani qarTuli
    mwerlobisaTvis manamde sruliad ucnob literaturul samyarosTan. man didi
    299
    roli iTamaSa am literaturuli samyaros propagandis saqmeSic da misadmi
    siyvaruli araerT niWier axalgazrda mwerals gauRviva.
    garda maSindeli sazogadoebriv-socialuri movlenebiT ganpirobebulobisa
    da literaturuli movlenebis zegavlenisa, t. tabiZis adrindel leqsebSi ga-
    movlenili sulieri oblobis, cxovrebisgan gandgomisa da pesimizmis ganwyobi-
    lebas sxva safuZvelic moepoveba, safuZveli, romelic ganpirobebulia cxov-
    rebiseul winaaRmdegobebTan pirispir pirovnebis pirveli SexvedriT, ocnebise-
    ul idealsa da cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobebs Soris TavCenili konfliqtis
    pirveli mZafri SegrZnebiT, bavSvobisdroindeli iluziebisa da harmoniis
    msxvreviTa da imedgacruebiT. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sulieri oblobis am gan-
    cdas, garkveulwilad, asakobrivi safuZvelic aqvs da samyaroze, adamianis
    cxovrebiseul daniSnulebaze axalgazrda kacis filosofiuri dafiqrebiT gaCe-
    nil pirvel SekrTomasac gamoxatavs.
    es aris pirveli gacnobierebuli aRqma im dauZleveli da gadaulaxavi wina-
    aRmdegobebisa, romelnic pirovnebis sulSi sasowarkveTasac badebs. esaa gancda
    pirovnuli uZlurebisa, sikvdilis garduvalobisa da cxovrebis amaoebisa, roca
    Cndeba tragikuli SegrZneba im bzarisa, ocnebiT warmosaxulsa da realur si-
    namdviles Soris rom arsebobs. yovelive amis miReba da gaTaviseba garkveul
    asakobriv `daRvinebas" moiTxovs. sulieri sasowarkveTis es gancda siWabukis
    wlebis Tanamdevi tkivilia, romelsac gansakuTrebuli simZafriT aRiqvams axal-
    gazrda poeti da cdilobs igi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi farTod gamoxatos.
    axalbeda poetis STagonebis sagnad xSiradaa qceuli saqarTvelos istori-
    is tragikuli movlenebi. fazisis piras gazrdil mwerals gansakuTrebiT izi-
    davs oqros sawmissa da medeaze Seqmnili uZvelesi legenda, romelic mniSvne-
    lovan adgils iWers, sazogadod, mTel mis SemoqmedebaSi. es interesi, bav-
    Svobidanve gaRvivebuli da tragikuli idumalebis burusSi gaxveuli, t. tabiZis
    pirvelive nawarmoebSi vlindeba, rogorc mZafri erovnuli tkivili.
    amgvarad, sabolood, t. tabiZis adrindel poeziaSi gamovlenil sevda-mwu-
    xarebasa da sulier oblobas, pirobiTad, SeiZleba Semdegi safuZvlebi movu-
    ZebnoT:
    a) axalgazrda mweralze did gavlenas axdenen erovnuli poeturi tradi-
    ciebi. misi adrindeli leqsebi xSirad sazrdoobs klasikuri mwerlobis miRwe-
    vebiT, pirvel yovlisa ki romantikosTa, ufro zustad, n. baraTaSvilis Semoqme-
    debiT.
    b) t. tabiZis adrindel leqsebSi gamovlenili sulieri oblobis es mZafri
    gancda ramdenadme asakobrivicaa, msoflmxedvelobrivi evoluciis SedegebiT
    ganpirobebuli. poetis pirad cxovrebaSi TavCenilma winaaRmdegobebma, pirvelma
    cxovrebiseulma konfliqtebma da imedgacruebebma safuZveli moumzades ticia-
    nis adreul SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenil pesimizms.
    g) miuxedavad imisa, rom t. tabiZe imxanad mimdinare socialuri, politiku-
    ri da erovnuli movlenebis arsSi saTanado siRrmiTa da obieqturobiT garkve-
    uli jer kidev ar iyo, es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imis aRiarebas, TiTqos am
    movlenebs yrma poeti miseul Sefasebas ar aZlevda da cxovrebiseul usamar-
    Tlobas protests ar ucxadebda. mis SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenili zemoTxazgasmu-
    li mxatvruli tendencia am movlenebTan avtoris damokidebulebis Sedegic gax-
    lavT. cxovrebisagan gandgomisken am mowodebaSi Sinagani protestis mZafri
    xmac ismis. ufro xSirad poeti ver eTviseba da gaurbis sazogadod cxovrebas.
    magram biwieri simdablis, borotebisa da mzakvrobis winaaRmdeg amxedrebis
    grZnoba ticianis am leqsebSi sabrZolo energiad ki ar gardaiqmneba, aramed
    maTgan gandgomisa da ganridebis suliskveTebas badebs. ase rom, poeti wuTisof-
    lis simuxTlesTan brZolas gaclas arCevs, igi sulier Svebas winaaRmde-
    gobebTan SerkinebaSi ki ar povebs, aramed naRvlian godebasa da sasowarkveTa-
    Si.
    marTalia, is xedavs, rom irgvliv `gaumWvirvale Rame" gamefebula da
    boroti RimiliT saxedafaruli satana `ganadgurebas uqadis sofels", magram
    yovelive amis gamo ki ar ibrZvis da bedTan Seurigeblobas ki ar iCens, aramed
    300
    yvelaferze gulgatexili da xelCaqneuli godebs da sikvdils natrobs. am
    SemTxvevaSi t. tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis msoflmxedvelobis mxolod im nawils Re-
    bulobs, sadac sulieri oblobisa da martoobis apologiaa mocemuli, xolo
    brZolisa da bedis sazRvris gadalaxvis is motivi, romelic gansazRvravs n.
    baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebiT bunebas, ticianisaTvis poeturi moRvaweobis pirvel
    etapze miuwvdomeli darCa.
    d) da bolos, t. tabiZis adrindel leqsebSi gamovlenili sulieri oblo-
    bisa da pesimizmis am mZlavri tendenciis ganmapirobebel faqtorad unda miviC-
    nioT cxovrebiseuli amaoebisa da wuTisoflis warmavlobis is ganzogadebuli
    gancda, romelic umniSvnelovanes adgils iWers axalgazrda poetis Semoqme-
    debaSi. adamianis sicocxlis azrisa da arsis saidumlos amoxsnis mcdeloba,
    cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobaTa idumal bunebaSi garkveva mis winaSe mraval ga-
    dauWrel da mwvave kiTxvas wamoWrida. mwerali cdilobda, filosofiuri ku-
    TxiT CaRrmaveboda am problemebs, garkveuliyo maT arsSi, amoexsna `ama soflis
    cru gamocana". mas Rrmad eufleba wuTisoflis warmavlobis pirveli Seg-
    rZnebiT Tavs datexili sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis mtanjveli ganwyobileba
    da cdilobs es grZnoba poeturi saxiT gamoxatos. aq povebs Svebas misi mwuxa-
    reba.
    SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT kidev ufro nayofieri xana gamodga studen-
    tobis wlebi. amaze metyvelebs am droisaTvis Seqmnili ara marto leqsebi da
    miniaturebi, aramed Tematurad mravalferovani eseebic. axalgazrda poetis we-
    rilebi xSirad istambeboda maSindel qarTul periodikaSi. maTSi dasmuli da
    maRalprofesiulad ganxiluli iyo Cveni erovnuli yofis mravali saWirboroto
    sakiTxi. farTo ganaTleba da daxvewili literaturuli gemovneba ticians Se-
    saZleblobas aZlevda polemikuri simZafriTa da gonebamaxviluri msjelobiT
    gaeazrebina qarTuli kulturis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi.
    marTalia, ticianis simbolistur nawarmoebebSi mZafrad igrZnoba axali
    poeturi sivrceebis mignebis mZafri survili, Zalumad ismis ganaxlebuli qar-
    Tuli leqsis guliscema, magram isic aSkaraa, rom am etapze mis poeziaSi dam-
    kvidrebuli siaxleni mTeli ZaliT jer kidev ver gamoxataven avtoris Semoqme-
    debiT SesaZleblobebs da maTSi bevri ram jerac dauxvewavia da saTanadod ga-
    urandavi.
    amgvar srulyofilebas ticianis poeziam ociani wlebis Sua xanebSi miaRwi-
    a, roca man sakuTari poeturi energia sul sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTa da
    bevr iseT raimeze Tqva uari, romlis dasamkvidrebladac TavgamodebiT iRvwoda
    mTeli aTi-TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi.
    am TvalsazrisiT ticianis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad vlindeba erTi kanonzomi-
    ereba: rac ufro gadioda dro, misi leqsi met sisadavesa da ubraloebas iZenda.
    poetis Semoqmedeba marTali adamianuri emociebiTa da nedli balaxis surne-
    liT ivseboda. da ai, `muxambazi, romelic ar imRerebas" avtori Tavisi si-
    cocxlis miwuruls ukve sul sxva Sinaarsisa da ganwyobilebis leqss wers,
    romelSic erT dros principulad uaryofil ubraloebasa da sisadaves asxams
    xotbas:
    ise ubralod, rogorc muxranze
    gazafxulisTvis modis balaxi;
    ise ubralod, rogorc aragvze
    alaplapdeba mzeze kalmaxi;
    ise ubralod, rogorc mercxali
    daubrundeba SarSandel budes;
    ise ubralod, rogorc fSavel biWs
    dilis ciskari sasTumlad udevs;
    ise ubralod, rogorc nagazi
    sdarajobs farexs da cxvaris faras,
    rogorc dawveba nisli myinvarze
    da brdRviala Tergs kalTiT dafaravs;
    ise ubralo da ise sada,
    rogorc urmuli guTnis dedisa;
    301
    rogorc gadiis dakruli qada _
    xma mSobliuri me dRes meRirsa.
    ise ubralod minda vumRero
    Cems ganaxlebul mSobliur miwas;
    lomisTvis iyo is wilnayari,
    axlac samSoblos marjveniT icavs!
    miuxedavad SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi Seqmnil nawar-
    moebTa uTuo literaturul-istoriuli mniSvnelobisa, t. tabiZis poeturi Rvaw-
    li erovnuli mwerlobis istoriaSi, upirveles yovlisa, misi Semdgomdroinde-
    li leqsebiT ganisazRvreba. Tumca amgvari gancxadeba ise aramc da aramc ar
    unda gavigoT, TiTqos poetis Semoqmedebis periodebad aseT dayofas TviTmiznu-
    ri xasiaTi mivceT, es ori periodi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gavmijnoT da is
    uwyveti memkvidreobiTi kavSiri ver davinaxoT, romelic am periodebs Soris ar-
    sebobs. roca ticianis poeturi wvlilis ganmsazRvrel leqsebze vmsjelobT,
    isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom am wvlilis gamomxatvel nawarmoebTa SeqmnisTvis
    myari da Seucvleli safuZveli swored adrindelma SemoqmedebiTma Ziebebma mo-
    amzades.
    simbolizmiT gatacebis wlebSi t. tabiZem daundobeli brZola gamoucxada
    `baton Sablons", romelic, misi TqmiT, imxanad `malayias gadadioda Cvens lite-
    raturaSi" da `koSmariviT awva qarTul sinamdviles". am viTarebidan Tavis da-
    saRwevi gzebis Zieba ticianma evropul mwerlobaSi gamovlenil mxatvrul siax-
    leebs, pirvel yovlisa ki simbolistur literaturul tendenciebs daukavSira.
    qarTul poeziaSi is sul `sxvanair musikas" amkvidrebda, romlis rTul po-
    lifonias, mravali niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT gansazRvravda rusuli da franguli
    simbolizmis esTetikuri samyaro. SigadaSig simbolisturi literaturuli mis-
    wrafebani imdenadac ki Zlierdeboda, rom poetis SemoqmedebaSi TiTqmis mTlia-
    nad uxSobda kars erovnuli wiaRidan daZrul nakadebs. magram, saboloo jamSi,
    t. tabiZis simbolisturi periodis SemoqmedebiTi monapovris Tvisebrivi buneba
    yvelaze metad am ori mxaris _ erovnulisa da simbolisturis erTmaneTTan Se-
    maerTebeli gzebis ZiebaSi vlindeba. am TvalsazrisiT uTuod saprogramo mniS-
    vnelobisaa mis mier gamoTqmuli Semdegi Sexeduleba:
    gafizis vardi me prudonis Cavde vazaSi,
    besikis baRSi vrgav bodleris borot yvavilebs.
    ase eswrafvis `aziur xalaTSi gaxveuli es moRlili dendi" erTmaneTTan
    daakavSiros simbolisturi poetika da erovnuli poeturi tradicia.
    ticianis simbolisturi poezia imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas, rom poeti dabe-
    jiTebiT cdilobs qarTul mwerlobaSi sruliad axali esTetikuri Tvalsazri-
    sis damkvidrebas. simartovisa da sevdis apologia, sikvdilis kulti, qimerebisa
    da moCvenebebis warmosaxviTi samyaro, _ ai, raze wers tician tabiZe yvelaze
    ufro xSirad SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi. am leqsebSi origina-
    luri formiT cocxldeba agreTve Cveni eris uZveles xanasTan dakavSirebuli
    miTebi Tu istoriuli ambebi, cocxldeba aw ukve gadaSenebuli xalxebi da mi-
    wis pirisagan aRgvili qalaqebi. aq, upirveles yovlisa, qaldeas ciklis leq-
    sebi unda gavixsenoT, sadac poeti, erTis mxriv, Taviseburi kuTxiT iazrebs ka-
    cobriobis civilizaciis gariJraJze ayvavebuli kulturis mqone am xalxis ga-
    daSenebiT gaCenil tragedias, xolo, meores mxriv, poeturad exmaureba mecnie-
    rul hipoTezas qaldevelTa kolxebis winaprebad Tu monaTesave tomebad miCne-
    vis Sesaxeb. es ukanaskneli momenti leqsebis aRniSnul cikls erovnul-patrio-
    tuli suliskveTebiTac msWvalavs.
    ticianis simbolisturi periodis `Rvria leqsebSi" (poetis gamoTqmaa) me-
    lodiuroba ukana planzea gadanacvlebuli. misi poeziis ritmul mxares erTgva-
    rad amZimebs musikalurad arakeTilxmovani winadadebebi, prozaizmebis siWarbe,
    poetur formaTa simZime, naklebmelodiuri riTmebi... es niSan-Tvisebebi poetis
    stiluri individualobis ganmsazRvrel atributebad gamoikveTa mis amdroin-
    del qmnilebebSi.
    ociani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi daweril leqsebSi ganaxlebuli ZaliT
    vlindeba tician tabiZis modernistuli Ziebani. aSkarad igrZnoba, rom poeti Se-
    302
    moqmedebiTi principebis gadafasebis zRurblTan dgas. igi moicva ukmarisobisa
    da miRweuliT daukmayofileblobis grZnobam da, faqtobrivad, darwmunda imaSi,
    rom, rasac is ocnebiT eltvoda, jer kidev miuwvdomeli mizanswrafva iyo. da
    ai, ticianis lirikaSi kvlav azvirTda axlis mignebisa da aRmoCenis mZafri
    survili, ris Sedegadac kidev ufro daibinda da gabundovanda leqsis Sinaarsi,
    dainisla azris sicxade.
    marTalia, poetis manamdel leqsebSic xSirad iyo darRveuli klasikuri
    saleqso zomebi, magram 1921-24 wlebSi daweril zogierT nawarmoebSi versifka-
    ciuli Tavisufleba iqamdec mivida, rom ritmul-musikaluri TvalsazrisiT
    leqss, arsebiTad, yovelgvari safuZveli gamoecala da saleqso striqonebad
    mxolodRa meqanikurad dayofil prozas daemsgavsa.
    am wlebis poeturi Ziebebi ticianma dadaizmis saxeliT monaTla, rac Tavi-
    seburi gaRrmaveba gaxda mis SemoqmedebaSi ukve damkvidrebuli simbolisturi
    tendenciebisa. poetis dadaistur leqsebSi kidev ufro gaizarda asociaciur mi-
    niSnebaTa xvedriTi wili. magram fragmentuli formiT moxazuli amgvari asoci-
    aciuri paralelebi xSirad ucnobi da miuwvdomeli rCeba mkiTxvelisTvis. Wirs
    leqsSi Tavmoyrili calkeuli epizodebis erTmaneTTan logikuri dakavSireba
    da maTi gamTlianebuli aRqma. amis mizezi isicaa, rom nawarmoebs zogjer sa-
    fuZvlad udevs esa Tu is kerZo SemTxveva, raime konkretuli cxovrebiseuli
    epizodi, romelic leqsSi Tanmimdevruli sizustiTa da sicxadiT araa gaaz-
    rebuli.
    rogorc poetis Tanamedroveni igoneben, ociani wlebis damdegidan t. tabi-
    Zis SemoqmedebaSi Tavi iCina literaturulma krizisma, rac ganpirobebuli aR-
    moCnda im Sinagani ukmarobiTa da winaaRmdegobiT, romelic gamovlinda idea-
    lad dasaxul poetur simaRleebsa da realur SemoqmedebiT monapovars Soris.
    bevr raimeSi daeWvebuli poeti cdilobs moZebnos axali gzebi da mxatvrul-ga-
    momsaxvelobiTi formebi. skepticizmis damTrgunav grZnobas drodadro mwerali
    sasowarkveTamdec ki mihyavda. Tavisi amdroindeli Sinagani gaoreba cota mogvi-
    anebiT poetma amgvarad Seafasa:
    ra saWiroa aq pirferoba,
    marTla mxiblavda me erT dros `dada",
    mtanjavi iyo es gaoreba,
    monanieba ki aris sada.
    t. tabiZis gataceba simbolizmiT, iseve rogorc mogvianebiT mis poeziaSi
    SedarebiT sustad gamovlenili dadaisturi tendenciebi, poeturi individua-
    lobis aqtiuri ZiebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

    * * *
    ociani wlebis Sua xanebidan tician tabiZis poeziaSi ukve srulyofil ga-
    movlinebas poulobs misi poeturi bunebis ganmsazRvreli saukeTeso niSan-Tvi-
    sebebi. SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis es etapi, romelic TiTqmis ori aTwleuli grZel-
    deboda, warmatebiT dagvirgvinda: poetma erovnuli poeziis jadosnuri samyaro
    mkveTrad individualuri poeturi xilvebiT gaamdidra. `sityva, _ werda ticiani
    erTgan, _ gareuli cxenia, romlis gaxedvnac metad mZime saqmea. misi gaxedvna ki
    aucilebeli aris yoveli poetisa da mwerlisTvis. vinc mas ver daimorCilebs
    da xelSi ver daiWers, gadaiCexeba uTuod da isic dasaxiCrdeba". t. tabiZis poe-
    zia naTeli nimuSia imisa, rogor unda imorCilebdes poeti gareuli cxeniviT
    ficx sityvas da ra energiiT muxtavdes mas.
    Zvel SexedulebaTa gadafasebis Jams t. tabiZis poeziaSi mZafrad vlindeba
    Sinagani ukmarisobis grZnobiT ganpirobebuli ganwyobileba. `ase mgonia, rom
    aris doRi da me movedi jaglaga cxeniT, vici, yoveli leqsis naduRi rom ga-
    Tavdeba Cemi SercxveniT. arc jvarosani var me raindi da saraindo velic aRar
    sCans. Cemo ocnebav, mainc gafrindi, nuRar maoCneb isedac oCans". am Semoqme-
    debiT doRSi ticianis leqsi sul male dawinaurda da mis poeziaSi vulkaniviT
    amoxeTqa qarTuli poeturi sityvis manamde ganucdelma energiam. SemoqmedebiTi
    simwifis xanaSi, gansxvavebiT adrindeli leqsebisgan, uCveulo ZaliT iWreba si-
    303
    cocxlis xalisi da siyvaruli, gamovlenili amaRlebuli paTetikiTa da emoci-
    urobiT. ase Cndeba poeturi lozungi sicocxlisagan poetis ganuyrelobisa da
    masTan RviZli siaxlovisa: `maS gamarjveba, tkbilo sicocxlev, davrCebiT er-
    Tad Cven ganuyreli".
    t. tabiZis leqsi xasxasa poeturi ferebiTaa savse. poets, rogorc bunebis
    SesaniSnav mxatvars, exerxeba mkveTrad originaluri saRebavebiT gamoZerwos pe-
    izaJi. hiperbolizebuli saxeebisa da mxatvrul pirobiTobaTa Taviseburi mo-
    marjvebiT igi STamagoneblad xatavs bunebis suraTebs, romlebic mZafri adamia-
    nuri vnebebiTaa damuxtuli.
    TiTqos kvdeboda Tbilisis Rame,
    sarajiSvilis xmebiT stiroda,
    Tars amohqonda gulis balRami
    mtkvaris marcxena sanapirodan.
    ociani wlebis Sua xanebSi dawerili am tipis leqsebiT ticianis poeziaSi
    ukve iwyeba Tvisebrivad axali periodi, ikveTeba sruliad originaluri poetu-
    ri tendenciebi, yalibdeba movlenaTa mxatvruli warmosaxvis axleburi koncef-
    cia. aviRoT bunebasTan avtoris damokidebuleba. adrindel SemoqmedebiTs nimu-
    SebSi gabatonebul koSmarul peizaJebs ukve mTlianad cvlis xalisiani ferebi
    da maJoruli ganwyobilebani.
    buneba, garesamyaro, pirovnebisagan ganyenebulad, misi sulisgan mowyveti-
    lad ki ar arsebobs, aramed lirikuli gmiris Sinagan miswrafebaTa gamosavlen
    asparezadaa qceuli. naTqvamis dasturad mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb 1927 wels daweri-
    l leqss `soRanluRidan". Tbilisuri peizaJis ferwerul suraTebs, riTac es
    leqsi iwyeba, ticianma saintereso gagrZeleba mouZebna, rodesac mkiTxvelis
    yuradReba im msoflmxedvelobriv winaaRmdegobebze gadaitana, riTac misi Se-
    moqmedeba xasiaTdeboda imxanad. am winaaRmdegobaTa TviTkritikuli gansja da
    TanamedroveobasTan damokidebulebis gzaze TavCenil siZneleTa gaazreba ori-
    ginalurad erwymis Tbilisuri peizaJis xatovan warmosaxvas:
    isedac mSvidi ufro dacxra amaRam mtkvari,
    mxolod metexTan ufro ari mainc mSfoTvare;
    angelosebma metiveebs mopares kvari,
    Rrublis tivebze gawolila qaliviT mTvare.
    soRanluRidan TaTris biWi modenis virebs
    da memwvanile erekeba cariel drogebs,
    romeli erTi an damZraxavs, an gaikvirvebs,
    rom ukan mivsdev Cems didebul Tanamedroves.
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis gzaze gamovlenili winaaRmdegobani t. tabiZem
    kidev ufro naTlad gamoxata cnobil leqsSi `nu gaikvirveb". esaa leqsi-aRsa-
    reba, romelSic poetis SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sirTuleebi Semdeg-
    nairadaa Sefasebuli:
    nu gaikvireb, roca getyvian,
    rom Cumad aris axla tician, _
    poeti dRes sxva ocnebis tyvea,
    amis Sesaxeb maT ar ician.
    ra saWiroa aq pirferoba,
    marTla mxiblavda me erT dros `dada",
    mtanjavi iyo es gaoreba,
    monanieba ki aris sada...
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi gamovlenil versifikaciul Zi-
    ebebs ociani wlebis Sua xanebidan poetma TiTqmis mTlianad aqcia zurgi da,
    garda ramdenime gamonaklisisa, am droidan moyolebuli, mis poeziaSi mxolod
    ori umTavresi saleqso sazomi mkvidrdeba: aTmarcvliani (ufro xSirad) da
    ToTxmetmarcvliani (SedarebiT iSviaTad). qarTul poeziaSi odiTganve farTod
    damkvidrebuli es saleqso sazomebi ticianis SemoqmedebaSi axal intonaciur
    JReradobasa da musikalobas iZens. swored am metruli sqemebis gamoyenebiT Se-
    iqmna im leqsebis umetesi nawili, riTac ticiani qarTuli mwerlobis istoria-
    Si poeturi sityvis gamoCenil ostatad damkvidrda.
    304
    poetma SemoqmedebiTi aRzevebis periodSi TiTqmis mTlianad uaryo is ver-
    sifikaciuli Ziebani, riTac adre misi poezia xasiaTdeboda da poeturi indivi-
    dualobis ganmsazRvrel safuZvlad qarTuli klasikuri versifikaciuli for-
    mebisadmi erTguleba gaixada.
    t. tabiZis poezia gvxiblavs poeturi mignebisa da aRmoCenis grZneuli una-
    riT. poetis leqsebis emociur STambeWdaobas arsebiTad gansazRvravs misi xat-
    werisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi specifikuri niSani, rogoricaa moulodne-
    lobis efeqti. igi gvaocebs mkveTri originalobiT aRbeWdili poeturi saxee-
    biT, romelTa individualur bunebas gonebamaxviluri xilvebi ganapirobeben.
    aseve calke, sagangebod, unda aRiniSnos t.tabiZis poeturi stiqiis ganmsaz-
    Rvreli iseTi niSan-Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa: silaRe, uSualoba da sisadave. ad-
    rindeli leqsebisTvis damaxasiaTebel bundovanebas azrisa da ganwyobilebis
    silaRe da bunebrioba cvlis. Tu Tavis erT, simbolizmiT gatacebis periodSi
    daweril leqsSi poeti miuTiTebda: `da Cemi Cangi sircxvilidan daimxsvreoda,
    Tu gitaraze misi leqsi momesmebodao", _ axla misi poeziis erT-erT ZiriTad
    Taviseburebad ritmuli mReradoba da musikalurobaa qceuli. `mival, mivdivar
    da mivimReri, Tan saqarTvelos mimaqvs ocneba, var gauTleli lerwamis Reri,
    tuCmiudeblad rom ikocneba", _ am striqonebSi, saerTod, ociani wlebis Sua xa-
    nebidan daweril leqsebSi, ukve xelSesaxebad ikveTeba adrindeli Tvalsazrisi-
    sagan principulad gansxvavebuli gageba poeturobisa.
    1927-28 wlebi yvelaze nayofieri xana iyo t. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi. esaa poe-
    turi afeTqebis periodi, roca man zedized Seqmna mewyeriviT movardnili liri-
    kuli Sedevrebi. am droisaTvis daweril leqsebSi poeti axdens Zvel Sexedu-
    lebaTa gadafasebas, azustebs Tavis esTetikur Sexedulebebs, sabolood gamo-
    dis `mtanjavi gaorebidan". sanimuSod Tundac `leqsi mewyeri" gavixsenoT, ro-
    melSic saocari ZaliTaa axsnili da warmoCenili poeziis Sinagani buneba. poe-
    turi saxeebis uCveulo elvarebiT, siRrmiTa da ganumeorebeli xibliT es leq-
    si ara marto tician tabiZis lirikis ubrwyinvalesi monapovaria, aramed mTeli
    qarTuli poeziis erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSic.
    me ar vwer leqsebs... leqsi TviTon mwers,
    Cemi sicocxle am leqss Tan axlavs.
    leqss me vuwodeb movardnil mewyers,
    rom gagitans da cocxlad dagmarxavs.
    me davibade aprilis TveSi,
    vaSlebis gaSlil yvavilebidan,
    mawvims siTeTre da wvimis TqeSi
    modis cremlebad Cems Tvalebidan.
    aqedan vici, me rom movkvdebi,
    am leqss rom vambob, esec darCeba.
    erT poets mainc gulze moxvdeba
    da es meyofa gamosarClebad
    ityvian ase: iyo sawyali,
    oripiris fSanze gazrdili biWi;
    leqsebi iyo misi sagzali,
    ar moucvlia erTi nabiji...
    da awvalebda mas sikvdilamde
    qarTuli mze da qarTuli miwa;
    bednierebas mas umalavdnen,
    bedniereba man leqsebs misca...
    leqsis, poeziis raoba t. tabiZes, rogorc am periodSi Seqmnili nawar-
    moebebidan Cans, ukve sruliad sxvagvarad esmis. Tu simbolizmiT gatacebis
    wlebSi Seqmnil leqsebs poeti `Rvrias" uwodebda, xolo Tavis Tavs `uxmo bul-
    bulad" Tvlida, axla ukve radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisaa poezia-
    ze.
    SemoqmedebiTi gamarjvebis upirveles moTxovnad, tradiciisamebr, igi poe-
    tur gulwrfelobasa da uSualobas miiCnevs. `xbo rom awvalebs rZegamSral
    Zroxas, poets da mkiTxvels es ar uxdeba", _ acxadebs is da amis miRwevas mxo-
    305
    lod maSin Tvlis SesaZleblad, roca `leqsi TviTon amoduRdeba", yovelgvari
    Zaldatanebis gareSe.
    leqsi, poetis azriT, siyvarulis nayofia, RviZli nawili xalxis gulis-
    Tqmisa, misi Wirisa da varamis anarekli. swored amitomaa, rom `sanam warmoT-
    qvam, leqsi Senia, ityvi _ sxva ucxo mas daitacebs, da Tu vaJkacis xeli sCenia,
    maSin sxvis xelSic is ivaJkacebs". am did misias poezia mxolod maSin Seasru-
    lebs, Tu leqsi `siyvarulis bolma gamura". aseTi leqsi, poetis azriT, san-
    Tlad daenTeba qveyanas. cxadia, poeziis amgvari gageba axali araa da ticianis
    es Tvalsazrisi erovnuli tradiciebis fesvmagar sayrdenebzea dafuZnebuli.
    t. tabiZis poeziaSi saocari ZaliT Seerwya erTmaneTs pirovnebis lirikul-
    intimuri gancdebi da farTo sazogadoebriv-moqalaqeobrivi interesebi. intimu-
    risa da publicisturi safiqralis Serwymis TvalsazrisiT misi lirika XX sau-
    kunis qarTuli mwerlobis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia.
    t. tabiZis poeziisaTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli romantikuli buneba
    kidev ufro mZafrdeba satrfialo leqsebSi. satrfosTan poetis damoki-
    debuleba rainduli keTiliSobilebiTaa gansazRvruli da uRrmesi Sinagani
    kdemamosilebiT gamsWvaluli. ai, rogor xsnis ticianis poeziis am specifikur
    mxares simon Ciqovani Tamunia wereTlisadmi miZRvnili leqsebis analizis dros.
    `TiTqos Tamunia wereTelsac imitom etrfoda, rom sawereTloSi `modi naxes"
    cixe arsebobda da mas SeeZlo Tavisi satrfialo arseba qarTveli xalxis mier
    ganvlili istoriis fonze daenaxa"...
    ticianis poeziaSi xSirad arian moxseniebulni sxvadasxva istoriuli pi-
    rovnebani, miTosur-legendaruli gmirebi Tu kolorituli toponimebi. poetis
    Semoqmedebis stilur TaviseburebaTagan aseve calke unda movixsenioT misi leq-
    sebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ritmuli xorklianoba da poeturi licenciis (TviT-
    nebobis) xSiri gamoyeneba emociuri efeqtis moxdenis mizniT, rac nawarmoebs
    individualur JReradobas sZens.
    ticianis leqsis ritmul-musikalur melodiurobas TaviseburebiT aRbeW-
    davs specifikuri riTmebis gamoyeneba. es riTmebi, arcTu ise iSviTad, nak-
    lebakustikuricaa da arazustic, magram maT xSirad axlavs xolme is gamorCe-
    uli xibli, riTac poetis leqsebi originalur JReradobas iZenen. t. tabiZisaT-
    vis niSandoblivia mravalmarcvlian sityvasTan erTmarcvliani sityvis gariT-
    mvis magaliTebi. poeti erTmaneTTan riTmavs agreTve marcvalTa raodenobis
    mixedviT araTanabar sityvebs (vTqvaT, ormarcvlians sammarcvlianTan). aseve
    xSirad mimarTavs is arazust riTmebs (disonansebsa da asonansebs), romelnic
    specifikuri Sinagani musikalobiT gamoirCeva. aqvs kidec Tavadve poets erT-erT
    leqsSi naTqvami: `var dalewili viT Cemi riTmao". yovelive zemoTqmuli, SeiZ-
    leba iTqvas, axal niuansebs sZens riTmis im koncefcias, romelsac t. tabiZe am-
    kvidrebda Tavisi SemoqmedebiT.
    rogorc ticianis SemoqmedebiTi praqtika adasturebs, literaturul Jan-
    rTagan igi upiratesobas lirikas aniWebda. marTalia, mas uweria poemebic, pro-
    zauli miniaturebic, novelebic, narkvevebica da werilebic, magram mwerlis Se-
    moqmedebiTi SesaZlebloba, upirvelesad lirikaSi gamovlinda. lirikuli leqsi
    misi stiqiaa, misi sulisa da bunebis, Zalisa da energiis, gamoxatvis umTavresi
    forma. maSinac ki, roca poeti sxva Janris nawarmoebebs qmnida, uwinares yovli-
    sa, swored maTSi SemoWrili mZlavri lirikuli nakadi sZenda mis STagonebas
    sasicocxlo energias.
    ticianma da misma megobrebma farTod gauxsnes gza poeziaSi biografiul
    nakads. misi leqsebis erTi nawili memuaruli xasiaTisaa. poeti xSirad wers im
    urTierTobebze, riTac igi dakavSirebuli iyo Tavis megobrebTan. leqsebSi
    moxseniebuli esa Tu is detali zogjer SesaZloa mkiTxvelisaTvis bolomde na-
    Teli da garkveuli arc iyos, magram es xels ar uSlis im ganwyobilebis Seg-
    rZnebas, ramac nawarmoebi dabada. ase Semohyavs mas Tavis lirikaSi, garda
    sayovelTaod cnobili moRvaweebisa, is pirovnebanic, romlebic aTiani da ocia-
    ni wlebis Cvens yofas raime kolorits Zendnen. eseni arian: Tamunia wereTeli,
    isia nazarova, sabaneeva, dedas levana, daniela uria, kula gldaneli da sxvebi.
    306
    t. tabiZis poeturi STagonebis sasicocxlo fesvebi SemoqmedebiTi moRva-
    weobis mTel manZilze mSobliuri miwis wiaRTan iyo Sesisxlxorcebuli. amito-
    macaa, rom samSoblos siyvarulis grZnobis gamoxatvas mis poeziaSi centralu-
    ri adgili uWiravs. gansacvifrebel gulwrfelobasTan da mgrZnobelobasTan
    erTad, es siyvaruli man tragikuli JReradobiTac aRbeWda, tragizmiT, romel-
    sac mSobliuri istoriis sisxliani siRrmeebi gansazRvravs. magram ticianis
    patriotuli ganwyobileba sasowarkveTili kacis cremlian godebad arasodes
    gardaqmnila.
    mTeli misi Segnebuli cxovreba da moRvaweoba mxolod iqeTken iyo mimar-
    Tuli, uRalatod etarebina is wminda da umZimesi uReli, romelsac samSoblos
    siyvaruli hqvia. am rwmeniT icxovra da iRvawa man, rogorc qedmodrekilma mo-
    nam Tavisi kacobis uzenaesi meufisa _ saTayvanebeli saqarTveloisa.
    t. tabiZe siWabukidanve aqtiurad iyo dakavSirebuli XX saukunis umniSvne-
    lovanes socialur da politikur movlenebTan. amgvari dainteresebis safuZve-
    li, upirveles yovlisa, is iyo, rom am movlenaTa qartexilebSi saqarTvelos
    samomavlo bedic iWedeboda. amitomac ar hqonda mas am moZraobisagan ganze gan-
    dgomis ufleba. da isic gafacicebiT adevnebda Tvalyurs irgvliv mimdinare
    gardaqmnebs da yovelive amas miseul Sefasebas aZlevda. mravalricxovan qar-
    Tvel patriotebTan erTad, ticiani TavdadebiT ibrZoda erovnuli Tavisuf-
    lebis SesanarCuneblad, ibrZoda ara marto sityviT, aramed praqtikuladac, am
    sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, roca iaraRasxmul megobar mwerlebTan erTad
    saqarTvelos damcvelTa rigebSi moxalised ewereboda.
    ticianis lirikaSi mZafri eqspresiiTaa gamJRavnebuli samSoblos siyvaru-
    lis grZnoba. Cveni samSoblos warsulsa Tu Tanamedroveobaze dafiqreba da li-
    rikuli gmiris patriotuli mizanswrafva mis patriotul leqsebSi napirebs
    gadamcdari emociurobiTaa gamoxatuli. poeti uCveulo elvarebas sZens sityvas
    da mas axal esTetikur saswaulad gardaqmnis. ra unda iyos, magaliTad, imaze
    ufro damamcirebeli adamianisTvis, vidre monad yofnaa. magram, ai, rogor iye-
    nebs am sityvasa da mis semantikur mniSvnelobas poeti saimisod, rom gamoxatos
    yoveli WeSmariti qarTvelisTvis saTayvano da saocnebo movaleoba:
    `davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona da saqarTvelos medgas uReli..."
    anda is emociuri efeqti gavixsenoT, romelic am poeturi saxis Sinaar-
    sobrivi qveteqstiTaa gamoxatuli: `Tu Cemi Zma xar, erTic mimRere da davuCoqeb
    miwas muxlebiT. maS, gamarjveba, tkbilo sicocxlev, davrCebiT erTad Cven ga-
    nuyreli!.." aseTi TviTmyofadi poeturi saxeebiT gvamcnobs poeti saTqmels. pir-
    vel yovlisa, swored amgvar mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT formaTa siRrmeSi Zevs
    ticianis poeturi individualobis didi saidumlo.
    ticianis saukeTeso leqsebSi mZafrad igrZnoba `cis gaRebisTvis Tvalis
    Seswreba". swored amgvari cis gaxsnis Jams xdeboda mis sulSi saswaulebrvi
    afeTqebani, ris Sedegadac ibadeboda gasaocari poeturi xilvebi da idumali
    cecxliT aRgznebuli striqonebi. aseTi cis gaxsnis gareSe WeSmariti poezia ar
    arsebobs. zogierTi avtori ise ganlevs wuTisofels, rom am RvTaebriv wuTs
    erTxelac ver Seeswreba. ticianis leqsebis kiTxvisas ki naTlad vgrZnobT, ra
    xSirad idga poeti ase RvTaebrivad gulgaxsnili samyaros pirispir, ris Sede-
    gadac misi poeturi STagoneba cidan moSuqebuli sinaTlis sxivebiT ivseboda.

    * * *
    marTalia, tician tabiZis literaturul damsaxurebas, pirvel yovlisa, mi-
    si lirika gansazRvravs, magram poetis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis srulyofili
    warmoCena qarTuli poeturi eposis ganviTarebaSi mis mier Setanili wvlilis
    gauTvaliswineblad SeuZlebelia. Tumca am JanrSi ticians gansakuTrebuli war-
    matebebi ar hqonia, magram isic udavo faqtia, rom mis poemebs sagulisxmo adgi-
    li uWiravs ociani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaSi.
    t. tabiZe avtoria xuTi poemisa, romelTac pirobiTad Tu mivakuTvnebT am
    Janrs. pirobiTad imitom, rom klasikuri poeturi eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
    Janruli niSan-Tvisebebi maT naklebad axasiaTebT. TavianTi moculobiTac,
    307
    siuJeturi aRnagobiTac, arqiteqtonikiTac da movlenis gaazrebis bunebiTac es
    poemebi xels uwyobs im Janrul siaxleTa damkvidrebas, riTac meoce saukunis
    qarTuli poema xasiaTdeba sazogadod. ocian wlebSi gabedulad dawyebuli
    struqturul ZiebaTa es rTuli procesi, romlis erT-erTi saintereso warmo-
    madgeneli ticianic gaxlavT, kidev ufro gaRrmavda samoc-samocdaaTian wlebSi.
    klasikuri stilis siuJetianma poemebma TandaTanobiT ukana planze gadainac-
    vles da daTmes is wamyvani funqciebi, romelnic istoriulad ekisrebodaT maT
    Cvens literaturaSi. samagierod, win wamoiwia da gabatonebuli adgili daim-
    kvidra e. w. lirikulma poemam.
    t. tabiZis poemebidan oTxi (`rioni-porti", `Tvrameti weli", `frontebze" da
    `roald amundsen") 1928 welsaa dawerli, xolo erTi (`guldagul") _ 1929 wels.
    rogorc aqedan irkveva, poetis SemoqmedebaSi poemiT, rogorc JanriT, gataceba
    droebiTi movlenaa. im droisaTvis, roca es poemebi iwereboda, ticians ukve ga-
    dalaxuli hqonda msoflmxedvelobrivi da esTetikuri gaorebis `mtanjveli"
    zRurbli. bevr rameze, rac `carciT" ki ara, gulidan mowuruli sisxliT iwe-
    reboda, man sabolood Tqva uari. ticianis poemebi mTlianad Seesabameba poetis
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore periodisTvis damaxasiaTebel literaturul
    da moqalaqeobriv principebs.
    rogorc iTqva, t. tabiZe ar misdevs poeturi eposis tradiciulad damkvid-
    rebul mimarTulebas. marTalia, igi xelaRebiT ar uaryofs siuJets, magram er-
    Ti ram aSkaraa: poeti nakleb energias xarjavs ambis Txrobaze, dramatuli
    siuJeturi situaciebis Seqmnasa da movlenaTa detalizaciaze. misTvis ufro sa-
    interesoa lirikuli gmiris Sinagani gancdebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtiT Cveneba,
    movlenaTa poeturi aRqma da meditaciuri gansja.
    ticianis poemebi yuradRebas iqcevs versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiTac. ro-
    gorc iTqva, SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore periodSi poetma uari Tqva versi-
    fikaciul Ziebebze, uaryo Tavisufali saleqso forma, romlis damkvidrebasac
    TavgamodebiT cdilobda Tavisi adrindeli leqsebiT da naazrevis gamoxatvis
    gabatonebul metrul sqemad klasikuri poeziisTvis kargad cnobili poeturi
    formebi aqcia.
    Tu erT dros mxatvruli individualobis miRwevis erT-erT saSualebad igi
    axali versifikaciuli sazomebis Semotanas miiCnevda, axla am individualobis
    mignebis gzebs sul sxva mimarTulebiT eswrafoda. ase rom, literaturuli
    TviTmyofadobis Ziebam droTa ganmavlobaSi poeti klasikur formaTa uaryofam-
    de ki ara, piriqiT, am formaTa aRiarebamde miiyvana. am kanonzomierebidan ramde-
    nadme gadaxvevas warmoadgens oriode fragmenti ticianis poemaTagan. mxedve-
    lobaSi maqvs Tavisufali saleqso formiT dawerili calkeuli adgilebi, rom-
    lebSic uaryofilia tradiciuli leqsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi saval-
    debulo atributebi, rogorebicaa: daxvewili ritmi, riTma, musikaluri melodi-
    uroba da versifikaciuli simwyobre.
    t. tabiZis poemebi aRrmaveben ociani wlebis meore naxevarSi poetis Semo-
    qmedebis mTavar Temad qceul moqalaqeobriv motivebs. maTSi xazgasmulad wina
    planze wamoweuli publicisturi problematika aSkarad metyvelebs avtoris
    msoflmxedvelobaSi momxdar Zvrebze. am poemebis moqalaqeobrivi aqtualoba im-
    denad aSkaraa, rom advilad SeiZleba paralelis gavleba zogierT maTgansa da
    mwerlis narkvevebs Soris. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis kolxeTis ganaxlebisadmi
    miZRvnil nawarmoebebze.

    * * *
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi, 1910-14 wlebSi, tician tabiZem proza-
    Sic mosinja kalami. imdroindel presaSi man samocamde miniatura da novela ga-
    moaqveyna. es nawarmoebebi, TavianTi SinaarsiTa da ganwyobilebiT, ar ganirCeva
    axalgazrda mwerlis adrindeli leqsebisagan. maTi didi nawili martoobiTa da
    cxovrebiseuli amaoebiT gulSeRonebuli lirikuli gmiris sulier gancdebs
    gamoxatavs. am miniaturebis umetesoba romantikuli da zRaprul-miTologiuri
    308
    iluziebiTaa nasazrdoebi da xSirad mowyvetilia konkretul cxovrebiseul re-
    alobas.
    maTi didi nawili lirikuli leqsis principebiTaa Seqmnili da im ganwyo-
    bilebebiT nasazrdoebi, romelnic ufro metad poeturi nawarmoebis asaxvis sa-
    gans Seadgens. swored poeturi warmosaxvis es mZlavri nakadi da misi gamovle-
    nis mxatvruli specifika ganapirobebs imas, rom t. tabiZis prozaul nawar-
    moebebs gardamavali adgili uWiravs prozasa da poezias Soris. arsebiTad, ti-
    cianis miniaturaTa umravlesoba Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi struqturiT prozad da-
    werili leqsebia. maT umetesobas ara aqvs siuJeti, naTlad da mkafiod Camoya-
    libebuli, prozauli nawarmoebisaTvis savaldebulo siuJeti, an Tu aqvs, mas me-
    orexarisxovani funqcia ekisreba.
    swored amis Sedegia is, rom t. tabiZis prozaSi ar gvxvdebian individua-
    luri niSan-TvisebebiT gamorCeuli pirovnebani da gansxvavebuli xasiaTebi.
    mwerlis mier fragmentulad daxatuli personaJebi mkrTalad gamoxataven im
    mwvave socialur da zneobriv problemebs, romelnic Cveni saukunis pirvel aT-
    wleulTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
    rogorc am miniaturebidan Cans, axalgazrda mwerali gatacebulia bibliu-
    ri wignebiTa da uZvelesi istoriiT. misi nawarmoebis Sinaarsi xSirad swored
    am kuTxiT iSleba da miTosur-zRaprul SreebSia ganfenili. istoriuli situa-
    ciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ticiani zogjer Tavadac qmnis aseT miTebsa da legen-
    debs. mis miniaturebsa da novelebSi mZlavrad iWreba romantikuli ganwyobile-
    bis nakadi, rac Tavis kalapotSi aqcevs mTels Canafiqrs. maTSi naTlad Cans
    axalgazrda Semoqmedis maZiebeli buneba, misi swrafva sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari
    saTqmelis povnisaken, mZafri survili trafaretuli formebisagan TavdaRwevisa
    da movlenaTa axleburi aRqma-gaazrebisa.
    rogorc iTqva, t. tabiZis proza mkafiod gamokveTili poeturobiT xasiaT-
    deba. misi miniaturebis poetika bevri niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT poeziis principe-
    biTaa gansazRvruli. maTSi tipebisa da xasiaTebis xatvas lirikuli personaJis
    emociaTa gamovlena sWarbobs, siuJets xSirad avtoris sulieri ganwyobilebis
    fsiqologiuri aRwera cvlis, cxovrebiseul realizms - ocnebiT warmosaxuli
    samyaro...
    mwerlis miniaturebisa da novelebis mTavari personaJi ufro metad koSma-
    ruli fiqrebiT Sepyrobili pirovnebaa, romelic zogjer sasowarkveTilebamdec
    midis. WeSmaritebis arsis Seucnobloba, sicocxlis amaoebis mtanjveli Seg-
    rZneba, adamianTa orpiroba da gautanloba, ocnebiseuli idealebis msxvreva da
    siyvarulSi xelmocarva _ yvelaferi es mwerlis gulSi badebs martoobisa da
    usasoobis mZafr tkivils. swored amgvar grZnobaTa fonze vlindeba t. tabiZis
    miniaturebis mTavari saTqmeli, poetis sulieri obloba da uperspeqtivoba.
    t. tabiZis prozaSi sakmaod Zlieria e. w. mwignobruli nakadi. axalgazrda
    mwerlis mraval nawarmoebs safuZvlad udevs sxvadasxva saxis wignebidan miRe-
    buli STabeWdilebani. mkiTxveli naTlad xedavs poetis farTo ganswavlulobas.
    mas gansakuTrebiT itacebs Zveli miTebi da legendebi. misi SemoqmedebiTi fan-
    tazia sazrdos xSirad bibliur Tqmulebebsa da antikuri xanis siuJetebSi pou-
    lobs. amgvari msgavseba Cans personaJTa da siuJetur situaciaTa igiveobaSi,
    mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebSi, frazeologiasa Tu sxva niSan-TvisebebSi.
    ociani wlebis meore naxevridan t. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi farTod
    mkvidredeba mxatvruli narkvevi. am Janris teqstebis ZiriTad Temad man axali
    epoqis miRwevaTa gamoxatva aqcia. Tematuri aqtualobisTvis xazgasmasTan erTad
    sagangebod unda aRiniSnos mxatvruli ostatobis is maRali done, riTac mwer-
    lis narkvevebi xasiaTdeba. literataruli ostatobis TvalsazrisiT t. tabiZis
    publicistika am Janris saukeTeso nawarmoebTa ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli
    mwerlobis istoriaSi.

    * * *
    saocari ZaliT poulobs gamovlenas ticianis poeziaSi sikvdilis avi wi-
    naTgrZnoba. vkiTxulobT poetis leqsebs da SemaZrwuneblad vgrZnobT im winas-
    309
    warmetyvelebas, riTac man gardacvalebamde jer kidev aTi-Tormeti wliT adre
    zustad ivarauda Tavisi tragikuli aRasasruli.
    Tavad gansajeT: `ar gamocvlila xom poezia _ muzebi ciskris karebs aRe-
    ben, mxolod Cven sxva dro wamogvewia, Cvenc albaT sadme CagvaZaRleben", _ wer-
    da ticiani 1926 wels sergei eseninisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi. anda amave nawar-
    moebidan aseTi striqonebi movigonoT: `amxanagebo, Tu Rrma ReleSi Cveni Ta-
    vebic sadme dagordes, yvelam icodes _ sxva poetebSi esenin hyavda Zmad cisfer
    ordens!" an kidev: `minda movifrTxna am Saragzaze, minda gavixsna guli alali,
    me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze, Sen Cems sikvdilSi ar gidevs brali".
    es striqonebic 1926 wels daiwera. amave welsaa naTqvami: `samjer var daba-
    debuli, monaTlulic var samjera; erTxel sikvdili ras mizams, erTxel sik-
    vdilis ar mjera... mova sikvdili, Semxedavs da Sercxvenili gaiars, roca ca
    sisxliT SeRebavs TuraSaulis ganTiads". 1927 welsaa dawerili aseTi striqo-
    nebic: `garCenili var qvebze kalmaxi da axeuli maqvs layuCebi, SemarTulia
    fexze Caxmaxi da usikvdilod ver gadvurCebi. ase kvdeboda albaT aTasi da mow-
    med hyavda es ananuri, es aris Cemi mgosnobis fasi da TviTmkvlelobis iavnanu-
    ri". anda aseTi striqonebic movigonoT: `magram leqsebze meti mimaqvs mainc naR-
    veli, ase uCemod sasikvdilod rom gamileses"... ramdeni aseTi magaliTis gaxse-
    neba SeiZleba poetis Semoqmedebidan, sadac Tavzardamcemi ZaliT vlindeba mo-
    axloebuli tragediis winaswari gancda.
    sakuTari sicocxlis tragikul aRsasrulze daweril am dramatul striqo-
    nebs, romlebSic avi winaTgrZnobis SemaZrwunebuli xmebi ismis, komentarebi
    aRar esaWiroeba.
    ticianis Tanamedroveebma da megobrebma sagulisxmo cnobebi Semogvinaxes
    poetis ukanasknel dReebsa da tragikul aRsasrulze. maTSi Zunwad, magram Se-
    maZrwuneblad mJRvandeba is ganwyobileba, riTac poeti am tragedias eloda.
    TiTqos yvelaferi dabejiTebiT icoda. icoda, rom misi bedi ukve gadawvetili
    iyo da am gadawyvetilebas win veRaraferi aRudgeboda. ase aRsrulda avi winaT-
    grZnobis Sedegad jer kidev TerTmeti wlis winaT nawinaswarmetyvelebi sityve-
    bi: `magram Cven sxva dro wamogvewia, Cvenc albaT sadme CagvaZaRlebeno". siamis
    tyupebad monaTluli megobrebi, mTeli TavianTi cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT ga-
    nuyreli paolo da ticiani, bedisweram TiTqos sikvdiliTac ar daaSora erTma-
    neTs.
    1937 wlis 11 maiss gamarTulma mweralTa kavSiris plenumma, romelzec
    moxsenebiT gamovida saqarTvelos kp(b) centraluri komitetis kulturul-sagan-
    manaTleblo ganyofilebis gamge v. gordelaZe, mkacrad gaakritika t. tabiZe, m.
    javaxiSvili, k. gamsaxurdia, p. iaSvili da sxva mwerlebi imis gamo, rom maT Se-
    moqmedebaSi igrZnoboda trockistuli gadaxvevebi. Semdeg momxsenebuli Seexo
    ociani wlebis Cvens mwerlobaSi arsebul literaturul dajgufebebSi gaerTi-
    anebul mwerlebs, romelTa damokidebuleba axal epoqasTan amgvarad Seafasa:
    `movidnen Tu ara sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan aRniSnul mimdinareobaTa wevrebi?
    rasakvirvelia, movidnen TavianTi boRCebiT (darbazSi saerTo sicili: netav ra
    iyo im boRCebSi?). marTalia, mweralTa kavSiris karebTan maT dabertyes es boR-
    Cebi, magram warsulis naSTebi Sig mainc darCa da is dResac ar aris savsebiT
    aRmofxvrili".
    aseTi iyo oficialuri xelisuflebis pozicia im sabediswero wels Cveni
    mwerlobis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebis Semoqmedebisadmi, pozicia, romelic
    wlebis manZilze yalibdeboda da mtkicdeboda. gadioda dro da daundobeli
    mrisxanebis sabediswero zvirTebi ufro da ufro Zlierdebodnen. imdroindeli
    dokumenturi masalebis gacnoba naTlad adasturebs, ra gaafTrebiT aboboqrd-
    nen es talRebi ticianis irgvliv. maTi SeCereba ukve aRarafers aRar SeeZlo.
    8 oqtombers Sedga saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumis sxdoma,
    romelmac erTxmad daadgina: `vinaidan yovelgvar eWvgareSea t. tabiZis axlo
    kavSiri xalxis mtrebTan, vinaidan mas araerTxel mieca saSualeba eRiarebina
    Tavisi danaSauli, magram man es ar isurva, tician tabiZe gairicxos sabWoTa
    mwerlebis kavSiris rigebidan".
    310
    esaa da es. mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumis am gadawyvetilebas iqve mohyva
    sabediswero ganaCenic. amis Semdeg xalxisa da samSoblos mtrad Seracxuli po-
    etis saxelis xsenebas reabilitaciamde umtkicesad daedo tabu.
    1954 wels, qarTvel mweralTa meoTxe yrilobaze, miRebul iqna gadawyveti-
    leba 1937 wels represirebuli mwerlebis _ m. javaxiSvilis, t. tabiZisa da p.
    iaSvilis reabilitaciis Sesaxeb. am droidan moyolebuli ticianis, rogorc
    qarTuli mwerlobis uniWieresi warmomadgenlis, saxeli samudamod damkvidrda
    Cveni literaturis gamoCenil ostatTa TanavarskvlavedSi.
    311
    polikarpe kakabaZe

    meoce saukunis qarTvel mweralTagan, romelTa SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba


    drom gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT warmoaCina, polikarpe kakabaZe mxatvruli
    sityvis erT-erTi gamorCeuli ostatia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis dramaturgias
    arc avtoris sicocxleSi moklebia dafaseba, mwerlis literaturuli naSrom-
    naRvawi kidev ufro metad warmoCinda Semdgom periodSi da farTo aRiareba mo-
    ipova.
    is faqti, rom p. kakabaZis piesebi Cveni Teatraluri da kinoxelovnebisaT-
    vis daucxromeli interesis sagnad aris qceuli, maT maRal literaturul da
    scenur RirsebebTan erTad imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi
    dasmuli problemebi farTo masStabebs moicavs da mxolod konkretuli movle-
    nebiT ar Semoifargleba.
    da mainc, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, Cvens literaturaTmcod-
    neobas p. kakabaZis dramaturgia jer kidev ar Seuswavlia sasurveli siRrmiT.
    wlebis manZilze misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis ganxilva arsebiTad mxolod
    ramdenime piesiT Semoifargleboda da araerTi sagulisxmo nawarmoebi darCa
    literaturuli kritikis TvalTaxedvis miRma.
    ase rom, p. kakabaZis dramaturgiis gasaanalizeblad Cvens literaturaT-
    mcodneobas saxvaliod bevri ram aqvs gasakeTebeli. Tumca aqve, am xarvezis aR-
    niSvnasTan erTad, arc is pozitiuri miRwevebi unda daviviwyoT, mwerlis
    Semoqmedebis Seswavlis saqmeSi rom miuZRviT calkeul kritikosebsa da Teat-
    rmcodneebs.
    polikarpe malxazis Ze kakabaZe daibada 1893 wels xonis raionis sofel
    kuxSi. mwerlis mama, sakmao materialuri SeZlebis kaci, xe-tyiT vaWrobas eweo-
    da da amiT arCenda ojaxs. deda _ mariam WeiSvili maxlobeli soflis _ qviti-
    ris mkvidri iyo. male malxazi ojaxTan erTad sacxovreblad baTumSi gadavida,
    sadac ganvlo p. kakabaZis bavSvobis wlebma. swored aq miabares igi mSoblebma
    gimnaziaSi 1904 wels, sadac xuTi weli swavlobda. magram baTumis havam cudad
    imoqmeda p. kakabaZis janmrTelobaze, ris gamoc is jer quTaisSi gadaiyvanes
    saswavleblad, erTi wlis Semdeg ki _ TbilisSi. aq momavali mwerali kerZo
    maswavleblebis daxmarebiT mecadineobda da intensiurad emzadeboda simwifis
    atestatis misaRebad.
    TbilisSi cxovrebis periodSi p. kakabaZe dauaxlovda SemoqmedebiTi inte-
    ligenciis warmomadgenlebs da aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda maT mier mo-
    wyobil RonisZiebebSi. am droidan moyolebuli, igi ukve amJRavnebs mwerlobiT
    profesiul dainteresebas da Tavadac wers leqsebs, novelebsa da piesebs. jan-
    mrTelobis sisustis miuxedavad, swavlis gasagrZeleblad mas ucxoeTSi was-
    vlac hqonia gadawyvetili, magram msoflio omis dawyebis gamo survilis asru-
    leba ver mouxerxebia.
    p. kakabaZe saliteraturo asparezze 1915 wels gamovida, roca Jurnal `Te-
    atrsa da cxovrebaSi" misi pirveli novela daibeWda. magram axalgazrda mwer-
    lis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobani Tavidanve gansakuTrebuli ZaliT mainc dra-
    maturgiaSi gamovlinda, risi naTeli dadasturebacaa 1917-1918 wlebSi dawerili
    pirveli piesebi: `gzajvaredinze", `sami asuli" da `sisxli sinaTlemde" (Sem-
    dgomSi avtorma mas `gaTenebis win" daarqva). cnobil mxatvar daviT kakabaZesTan
    erTad, 1919 wels polikarpe kakabaZem Jurnal `Svidi mnaTobis" ori nomeric ga-
    mosca, sadac misi es piesebicaa dastambuli (kerZod, pirvel nomerSi _ `sisxli
    sinaTlemde", meoreSi _ `sami asuli").
    1924 wlidan mwerali muSaobas iwyebs Jurnal `mnaTobis" redaqciaSi
    ganyofilebis gamged, magram avadmyofobis gamo iZulebuli xdeba 1925 wels mu-
    Saobas Tavi daanebos da drodadro abasTumanSi iaros Seryeuli janmrTelobis
    aRsadgenad.
    ociani wlebidan moyolebuli gardacvalebamde, p. kakabaZem profesionali
    mwerlis nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebiT icxovra. misi piesebi sistematurad
    312
    idgmeboda da dResac warmatebiT idgmeba qarTuli (da ara marto qarTuli) Te-
    atrebis scenaze. ase rom, Cveni Teatraluri xelovnebis araerTi TvalsaCino
    miRweva ganuyofelad daukavSirda p. kakabaZis dramaturgias. am TvalsazrisiT
    gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos is didi scenuri warmatebani, romlebic sxva-
    dasxva dros wilad xvda mis piesebs: `yvaryvare TuTabers", `kolmeurnis qorwi-
    nebasa" da `kaxaberis xmals".
    p. kakabaZe gardaicvala 1972 wels. dakrZalulia mweralTa da sazogado
    moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi.

    * * *
    polikarpe kakabaZis SemoqmedebiTi biografia, rogorc aRiniSna, aTiani
    wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba. swored am drosaa dawerili misi dramaturgiis
    pirveli nimuSebi, romlebic sainteresod gamoxataven axalgazrda mwerlis mis-
    wrafebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am piesebis literaturuli ostatobis done
    jer kidev ar Seesabameba avtoriseul SesaZleblobebs, isini mainc unda
    miviCnioT dramaturgis SemoqmedebiTi biografiis sagulisxmo nimuSebad.
    p. kakabaZis adrindel piesebSi mZlavrad ikveTeba saTqmelis simbolur-ale-
    goriuli formiT gamoxatvisaken swrafvis tendencia. axalgazrda dramaturgi
    cdilobs originaluri saxiT warmosaxos movlenebi da gabedulad eZebos saku-
    Tari TvalTaxedvis individualuri gamovlenis xerxebia da saSualebebi. am ga-
    bedul ZiebebSi did adgils iWers sinamdvilis romantikuli aRqma, saTqmelis
    qveteqsturi miniSnebebiT gamoxatva, Txrobis procesSi ararealuri, warmosaxvi-
    Ti epizodebis Semotanis aqtiuri mcdeloba, naazrevis metismetad SekumSuli
    formiT gadmocema, siuJetis maqsimaluri gamartiveba da gantvirTva araZiriTa-
    di momentebisagan da a. S.
    marTalia, avtoris mizanswrafva yovelTvis ver iRebs bunebriv saxes, mis
    mier warmosaxuli sinamdvilec zogjer metismetad fragmentulicaa da pi-
    robiTic, moqmed pirTa saxeebic sqematuria da mkafio literaturul individua-
    lobas moklebuli, magram p. kakabaZis dramaturgiis adrindeli nimuSebi wminda
    literaturuli TvalsazrisiTac da msoflmxedvelobrivadac mainc unda miviC-
    nioT movlenaTa originaluri gaazrebis warmatebul mcdelobad.
    p. kakabaZis adreuli SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli specifi-
    ka, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze metad `sam asulSia" (1918 w.) warmoCenili. am patara
    piesaSi emociuri STambeWdaobiT vlindeba movlenaTa romantikuli TvalTaxed-
    viT aRqmisa da naazrevis simbolur-alegoriuli formiT gamoxatvis tendencia.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `sami asuli" martivi siuJetis mqone nawarmoebia da masSi
    moqmedebis ganviTareba, faqtobrivad, arc ki xdeba, igi mainc mwvave Sinagani
    dramatizmiT damuxtuli dramaa. dramaturgi emociuri daZabulobiTa da fsiqo-
    logiuri gamZafrebiT warmoaCens piesis personaJTa adamianur bunebas, gviCvenebs
    maT pirovnul miswrafebebs. moqmed gmirTa xasiaTebis individualizaciis pro-
    cessa da naazrevis gamoxatvis mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT specifikas am SemTxvevaSi
    didad gansazRvravs Txrobis procesSi Warbad CarTuli poeturi elementebi,
    rac `sam asuls" mkafiod gamokveTili literaturuli TavisTavadobiT aRbeW-
    davs.
    p. kakabaZis adrindel nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba agreTve piesa `gaTe-
    nebis win", romlis pirveli varianti 1919 wels daistamba saTauriT `sisxli si-
    naTlemde". nawarmoebi fragmentuli saxiT mogviTxrobs pirvel msoflio omSi
    sasikvdilod daWrili erT-erTi jariskacis _ andrias tragikul Tavgadasa-
    vals. sabWouri periodis saliteraturo kritikas p. kakabaZis am nawarmoebis Se-
    fasebis dros mxedvelobidan gamorCa mwerlis umTavresi mizanswrafva _
    zneobrivi TvalTaxedviT dainaxos da gansajos nawarmoebis personaJTa qme-
    debani da pirovnuli samyaro. TviT yvelaze mZime da tragikul situaciebSic ki
    adamianma zneobas ar unda uRalatos da iseTi codva ar Caidinos, romelic ma-
    radiul da sabediswero daRad aRibeWdeba pirovnebis sulSi _ mokled, vfiq-
    rob, esaa piesis mTavari saTqmelis arsi, romlis gamosaxatav siuJetur fonad
    313
    dramaturgma pirveli msoflio omis erT-erTi tragikuli msxverplis cxov-
    rebiseuli bedis Cveneba airCia.
    axla mokled p. kakabaZis misteriis _ `tyis qalebis" Sesaxeb, romelic ra-
    tomRac TiTqmis mTlianad darCa saliteraturo kritikis yuradRebis miRma. am
    piesaSi dramaturgma literaturuli gansjis sagnad zneobriobis problema aq-
    cia da originaluri forma moZebna mis gasaazreblad. faqtobrivad, esaa fantas-
    tikuri ambavi, romlis personaJebi _ oTxi Zma da oTxi da _ legendaruli pi-
    rovnebebi arian. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebS moqmed pirTa saxasiaTo per-
    sonificireba ar xdeba da mwerlis mier SeTxzuli siuJeti zRapruli xasiaTi-
    saa, piesaSi dasmuli zneobriobis problema Rrmad cxovrebiseulia da sinamdvi-
    lis, adamianuri yofis, ganzogadebuli filosofiuri gaazrebis Sedegs warmo-
    adgens.
    udabur tyeSi, odesRac agebul mitovebul ZvelisZvel sasaxleSi, ganmar-
    toebiT cxovrobs oTxi Zma. yoveldRiuri yofis umiznobiT gulgatexilma Zmebma
    `qva esroles daundobel, cru sofels da aq gamoeSurnen umwikvlo, marTali,
    bednieri, namusiani cxovrebis mosawyobad". aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba maT
    STaagonaT sofelSi arsebulma `wminda dafebma", romelzec `maRali zneoba ewe-
    ra". Zmebma gulmodgined daiswavles es zneobrivi kanonebi da isini upirveles
    siwminded miiRes da aRiares, magram `sofeli uzneo iyo", `adamianebi erTmaneTs
    galesili xanjlebiT usafrdebodnen" da aravin icavda Zvel dafebze daweril
    wesebs.
    gulgatexilma Zmebma Tavad gadawyvites am zneobrivi kanonebis dacviT ae-
    wyoT cxovreba. udabur tyeSi ganmartoebulni, isini yovel diliT miemar-
    Tebodnen qveynis oTxive mxares `sanukvaris saZebrad, magram saRamos yovelTvis
    xelcarielebi brundebodnen" da `imedgacruebulni iTvlidnen dRis wamebas".
    magram erTxel Zmebi TavianT `xavsian sasaxleSi" moulodnelad Sexvdnen
    oTx das, romlebic aseve amaod daeZebdnen qveynad maTTvis kuTvnil bednie-
    rebasa da gulis sworebs. tyis qalebi alis Svilebi iyvnen da maT arsebaSic
    genetikurad budobda jadoqruli vneba da macduri silamaze. am jados wyalo-
    biT qalebma erTbaSad moxibles Zmebi da gaumijnurdnen maT. Zmebi Tavidanve Se-
    ecdebian `wminda dafebiT" nakarnaxevi zneobrivi principebiT daamyaron tyis qa-
    lebTan satrfialo urTierToba, magram debis arsebaSi Cabudebuli boroti da
    avxorci vneba aseT SeboWilobas ver iTmens. isini seqsualur Tavisuflebas mo-
    iTxoven da bedisa da erTgulebis ficisadmi morCilebas monobad, Tavisuf-
    lebis dakargvad Tvlian.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom zneobrivi siwmindis maZiebeli Zmebi Tavdapirvelad
    mtkiced aRudgebian win debis avxorcobas, tyis qalebi mainc axerxeben `kacis
    gulSi Casafrebuli mravali codvis" gaRvivebas da rayifebad qceuli Zmebi
    gaborotebiT gadaemterebian erTmaneTs. ase ulmoblad amsxvrevs cxovreba idea-
    lad dasaxul zneobriv siwmindeebs da codviT guladuRebuli Zmebi, erT dros
    namusian yofasa da adamianur umwikvloebaze meocnebeni, barbarosulad aRmarTa-
    ven maxvils erTmaneTze.
    piesis bolos, udabur tyeSi, taZris ukacriel nangrevebSi, ganmartoebuli
    daWrili Zmebi moulodnelad pouloben xavsian dafebs, romlebzec erT dros
    maT mier gafetiSebuli wminda mcnebebi iyo amokveTili. am mcnebaTa mqadagebel-
    ni, uklebliv yvelani, gawyvetiliyvnen mterTan WidilSi. ai, swored aq, am uda-
    bur da araraobad qmnil garemoSi, mixvdnen daWrili Zmebi maTi marcxis mizezs.
    marTalia, aw ukve gadaSenebuli am soflis mkvidrni `gmirulad ki icavdnen
    mtris winaSe Tavis saunjes, magram yofa-cxovrebaSi Ralatobdnen Tavis wminda
    mcnebebs da amisTvis damarcxdnen".
    ase Cawvdnen Zmebi im samwuxaro WeSmaritebis arss, yovelgvari borotebis
    saTave adamianis mier abstraqtulad gandidebuli wminda zneobrivi mcnebebisa
    da realuri yofis erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebloba romaa. tragediis safuZveli is
    aris, rom adamianebs mxolod `zneobrivi dafebi" aqvT sufTa da ara guli. ro-
    mantikuli ocnebiT Sepyrobil Zmebs egonaT, rom soflidan gandgomilni, Tavad
    314
    moawyobdnen netar da Tavisufal cxovrebas, magram maTi es amaRlebuli ideali
    mxolodRa iluzia aRmoCnda.
    piesis bolos mweralma cada ramdenadme mainc daeRwia Tavi am sasowarmkve-
    Ti ganwyobilebisagan da zneobrivi siwmindis gadarCenis gza moeZebna. mkacr
    cxovrebiseul WeSmaritebas naziarebi Zmebi axal sulier Zalas pouloben Tavi-
    anT TavSive Sinagani rwmenis gansamtkiceblad. isini paTetikuri didaqtizmiT
    saubroben imaze, rogor unda gadaarCinon adamianTa mier sityvierad gafeti-
    Sebuli da gaidealebuli zneobrivi siwmindeni. maTi rwmeniT, `adamianebi ver
    gabednierdebian velur bunebaSi gandgomiT", mxolod `sofeli qmnis sityvas da
    wers dafaze wminda kanons". adamianis movaleobaa, `is siwminde dafidan gadmoi-
    weros ara marto saxeze, gulzec" da amiT amaRldes sulierad, vinaidan `mxo-
    lod suliT amaRleba aris Tavisufleba".
    am rwmeniT STagonebuli Zmebi amieridan miznad daisaxaven ara soflidan
    gandgomas, aramed iqve, cxovrebis duRilSi, darCenas da wminda mcnebaTa
    SembRalvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. `moverioT sakuTar mankierebebs. Cveni sim-
    windiT da sikeTiT xalxs magaliTi mivceT", _ ai, ganaxlebuli da cxovrebiseu-
    li gamocdilebiT dadasturebuli rwmena, romlis praqtikuli aRsrulebis
    Znel gzas adgebian Zmebi piesis bolos da am sityvebiT, nawarmoebis finalSi
    didaqtur-momwodebluri formiT gamJRavnebuli amgvari TvalsazrisiT, naTlad
    avlenen piesis, saerTod, p. kakabaZis mTeli Semoqmedebis zneobriv mrwamss.

    * * *
    polikarpe kakabaZis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis gvirgvinad literaturu-
    li sazogadoebriobis mier erTxmadaa aRiarebuli komedia `yvaryvare TuTaberi"
    (1928-1929 ww.). dramaturgis es nawarmoebi imTaviTve moeqca yuradRebis centrSi
    da ara marto mwerlis Semoqmedebis saetapo qmnilebad iqna erTsulovnad miCne-
    uli, aramed 30-iani wlebis qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis didmniSvnelovani
    warmatebis ganmapirobebel maRalmxatvrul piesadac. rac dro gadis, misi roli
    da mniSvneloba Cveni literaturis istoriaSi ufro da ufro izrdeba da meti
    masStaburobiT warmoCindeba.
    es garemoeba, pirvel yovlisa, imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom yvaryvare Tu-
    Taberis mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT p. kakabaZem gamokveTa klasikuri tipi cxov-
    rebis asparezze SemTxvevis wyalobiT aRzevebuli medrove avantiuristi pirov-
    nebisa, romelic ganzogadebis uaRresad farTo masStabebs moicavs da, faq-
    tobrivad, adamianuri yofis maradiulad Tanamdev arsebas warmoadgens. cxov-
    reba, nebismieri sazogadoeba, met-naklebi odenobiT, yovelTvis warmoSobs xol-
    me did da patara yvaryvareebs, romlebic moxerxebulad cdiloben ara marto
    mietmasnon movlenebs, aramed, arcTu iSviaTad, maT saTaveSic ki moeqcnen da
    saqveyno procesebis warmmarTvelis rolSic mogvevlinon.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT avantiuristTa da cxovrebis asparezze daum-
    saxureblad aRzevebul-wamotivtivebul medrove karieristTa mxatvruli saxeebi
    sakmaod mravlad Seqmna Cvenma literaturam, Tavisi pirovnuli arsiT, bunebiTa
    da mizandasaxulobiT p. kakabaZis yvaryvare maTgan erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeu-
    li, TviTmyofadi da farTod ganzogadebuli tipia, romelic klasikuri
    srulyofilebiT avlens amgvari adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs.
    samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis mieqca yuradReba im garemoebas, rom
    yvaryvare TuTaberis mxatvruli saxe genetikurad xalxur nacarqeqias emsgav-
    seba. am paralelisTvis safuZvels, pirvel yovlisa, Tavad p. kakabaZe qmnis, ro-
    ca nawarmoebSi xazgasmuli sizustiTa da pirdapiri miniSnebebiT Semoaqvs na-
    carqeqiasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. magram am ori literaturuli
    gmiris msgavseba-naTesaoba mxolod garegnuli StrixebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Sina-
    gani bunebiT ki isini radikalurad, arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
    saxeldobr, nacarqeqiasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonebagamWriaxoba, sibrZne
    da windaxeduleba sruliad ucxoa yvaryvaresaTvis. es briyvi avantiuristi mxo-
    lod misTvis xelsayrel SemTxvevaTa da moulodnelobaTa wyalobiT wamotiv-
    tivdeba cxovrebis asparezze, maSin, rodesac devebTan SeWiduli nacarqeqia, Cve-
    315
    ulebriv, Tavisi sibrZniT, gonebamaxvilobiTa da moxerxebulobiT aRwevs warma-
    tebebs. Tanac, devebTan Serkinebuli nacarqeqias moqmedebis mTavar mizanswraf-
    vad, umTavresad, adamianuri borotebis dasaTrgunad mizanmimarTuli brZolaa
    qceuli. amdenad, igi, tradiciuli gagebiT, samarTlianobisaTvis mebrZoli pi-
    rovnebaa, cxovrebis asparezze wamotivtivebuli yvaryvares yoveli moqmedeba ki
    borotebisa da usamarTlobis damkvidrebas emsaxureba.
    tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro realuri Cans yvaryvares msgavseba-naTe-
    saoba m. javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebidan kargad cnobil iseT literaturul ti-
    pebTan, rogorebic arian jayo, dampatiJe da kvaWi kvaWantiraZe. meoce saukunis
    didmniSvnelovan socialur da politikur movlenebs mitmasnili es medrove
    avantiuristebi moxerxebulad uReben alRos viTarebas, sargebloben Seqmnili
    mdgomareobiT da sazogadoebrivi procesebis saTaveSi eqcevian.
    `yvaryvare TuTaberSi" siuJeturi sworxazovnebiTa da mZafri Sinagani dra-
    matizmiT viTardeba moqmedeba. mwerali zustad gansazRvravs piesaSi moTxrobi-
    li ambis drosa da adgils. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis wina dReebia. ru-
    seT-osmaleTis frontispira sofelSi wisqvilisTvis Tavi Seufarebia yvaryvare
    TuTabers, romelsac aq xidis samuSaoebi hqonia aRebuli ijariT Sesasru-
    leblad, magram sizarmacis gamo saqmisTvis Tavi ver moubams da axla, Sua
    cecxlis piras mokalaTebuli, nacars qeqavs, aTasgvar briyvul gegmas awyobs
    da mewisqvilis karze samadlod Sexiznuli maspinZels iqiT emuqreba gareT gag-
    debiT. maxvili iumoriTa da Rrmadmetyveli dialogebiT moTxrobili piesis es
    pirvelive epizodi efeqturad avlens mTavari personaJis adamianuri bunebis um-
    Tavres Strixebs, romlebic kidev ufro mkveTrdeba moqmedebis Semdgomi ganvi-
    Tarebis Sedegad.
    yvaryvares literaturuli saxis efeqturi TviTmyofadobiT gamoZerwvis
    mizniT dramaturgi mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa farTo da mraval-
    ferovan xerxebs iyenebs. am TvalsazrisiT piesaSi gansakuTrebiT didi datvir-
    Tva aqvs SeZenili p. kakabaZis stiluri individualobis ganmsazRvrel iseT
    mxatvrul saSualebebs, rogorebicaa: sinamdvilis aRqma da warmosaxva satirul-
    groteskuli formiT, siuJetur winaaRmdegobaTa mizanmimarTuli hiperbolizeba,
    moulodnelobis efeqtis aqcentirebuli gamoyeneba mkiTxvelze emociuri
    STambeWdaobis gasamZafreblad, Zaldautanebeli da maxvilgonivruli iumori,
    enobrivi silaRe da kolorituloba, mizanswrafuli siaxlove erovnul fol-
    klorul ZirebTan, bunebrivi sisadaviT aRbeWdili Rrmadmetyveli dialogebi...
    nawarmoebis yoveli personaJis umTavresi literaturuli funqcia, upirve-
    les yovlisa, yvaryvare TuTaberis mxatvruli saxis gamoxatvas emsaxureba.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom dramaturgma warmatebiT SeZlo maTi adamianuri bunebis
    individualizeba, piesis moqmed pirTa ZiriTadi daniSnuleba uwinaresad swored
    miskenaa mimarTuli da mwerali SedarebiT nakleb energias xarjavs sakuTriv ma-
    Ti pirovnuli meobis siRrmiseulad warmosaCenad. aviRoT, magaliTad, kakuta da
    quCara. piesaSi am personaJTa roli, pirvel yovlisa, swored imiTaa gansaz-
    Rvruli, ufro STambeWdavad da efeqturad warmoCindes yvaryvares adamianuri
    bunebis namdvili arsi. sibriyveSi gadazrdili maTi moCvenebiTi miamitoba da
    gulubryviloba mweralma moxerxebulad gamoiyena imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelisaT-
    vis naTeli warmodgena Seeqmna cxovrebis im gzaze, romelic yvaryvare TuTaber-
    ma ganvlo warsulSi.
    saarsebo saxsris saZieblad Sinidan gadaxvewili kakuta da quCara, rom-
    lebic frontispira sofelSi sangrebis TxriT iyvnen dakavebuli, SiSiT
    damfrTxalni samuSaos miatoveben da ukan gamoparulni im wisqvilSi moxvdebi-
    an, sadac yvaryvarea TavSefarebuli. gzaSi isini, SemTxveviT, mkvdar osmalo
    jariskacs waawydnen, micvalebuli gaZarcves da axla nadavlis gasayofad er-
    TmaneTSi Cxubi aqvT gamarTuli. kakutasa da quCaras dava sabolood imiT mTav-
    rdeba, rom maT naZarcvs yvaryvare miisakuTrebs da moCxubar mezoblebs mSral-
    ze datovebs.
    komediis dasawyisSi aRwerili am epizodiT naTlad ikveTeba yvaryvaresa da
    mis irgvliv Semokrebil pirovnebaTa uzneo adamianuri buneba. moqmed pirTa es
    316
    wre nawarmoebSi qvemoT kidev ufro ivrcoba da yvela personaJi, garda oriode
    gamonaklisisa (gulTamze, revolucioneri sevasti), uzneobis morevSi curavs.
    zneobrivad degradirebul sazogadoebaSi erTianad gacamtverebula da dam-
    dablebula adamianuri siwmindeebi. irgvliv sabediswerod aRzevebula pirmoT-
    neoba, pativmoyvareoba, Suri, saerTod, yovelgvari adamianuri boroteba.
    am cxovrebiseuli WuWyis mTavar gmirad dramaturgma, marTalia, yvaryvare
    TuTaberi warmogvidgina, magram iqve isic naTlad da araorazrovnad gviCvena,
    rom sazogadoeba savsea patar-patara yvaryvareebiT. irgvliv mimdinare epoqa-
    lurma Zvrebma da gardaqmnebma bevri pirovnebis arsebaSi aRazeves yvaryvareobis
    sindromi. aqve xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia isic, rom p. kakabaZem amgvari fsevdogmi-
    rebis mTeli galerea Seqmna Tavis SemoqmedebaSi da am mxriv mxolod aRniSnu-
    li piesa rodi iqcevs yuradRebas.
    p. kakabaZis Semoqmedebaze saubris dros literaturul kritikaSi gansakuT-
    rebuli yuradRebis sagnad `yvaryvare TuTaberTan" erTad yovelTvis iyo qceu-
    li komedia `kolmeurnis qorwineba" (zogierT gamocemaSi mas `meriqifis asuli"
    hqvia). sabWoTa periodis kritikosTa SefasebiT, p. kakabaZis es nawarmoebi mwer-
    lis saukeTeso SemoqmedebiTi miRweva iyo. `kolmeurnis qorwinebis" aseTi Sefa-
    seba, miuxedavad komediis uTuo maRali mxatvruli donisa, pirvel yovlisa, mas-
    Si asaxuli socialuri movlenebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. sakolmeurneo cxov-
    rebisa da e. w. staxanovuri moZraobisadmi miZRvnili es nawarmoebi sabWoTa pe-
    riodis kritikas myar ideologiur safuZvels aZlevda saimisod, p. kakabaZis ko-
    media 30-iani wlebis Cveni literaturis umniSvnelovanes SenaZenad rom mieCnia.
    piesisadmi amgvar damokidebulebas didad gansazRvravda is faqtic, rom nawar-
    moebi gansakuTrebuli warmatebiT daidga qarTuli Teatris scenaze.
    drom, dramaturgis mier aRwerili socialuri movlenebisadmi dRes-
    dReobiT arsebiTad gansxvavebulma poziciam, sagrZnoblad gaanela `kolmeurnis
    qorwinebisadmi" interesi da imis aucileblobamdec migviyvana, sxvagvari Tva-
    liT davinaxoT da SevafasoT es nawarmoebi. da mainc, miuxedavad yovelive ze-
    moTqmulisa, p. kakabaZis komedia kvlavindeburad rCeba dramaturgis Semoqme-
    debis erT-erT sagulisxmo qmnilebad. misi swored aseTi SefasebisTvis qmnis
    myar safuZvels didi literaturuli ostatobiTa da saxasiaTo mravalferov-
    nebiT warmosaxuli personaJTa mxatvruli saxeebi.
    `kolmeurnis qorwinebis" siuJets Worze dafuZnebuli gaugebrobani udevs
    safuZvlad. esaa xidobanis kolmeurneobis ordenosani kolmeurnis - gviristines
    gaTxovebasTan dakavSirebuli ambavi, romelic nawarmoebis siuJetur RerZadaa
    qceuli. dramaturgi Tavidanve aaSkaravebs am Woris namdvil arss da grotesku-
    li formiT aRwers im komikur situaciebs, romlebSic gaugebrobaTa Sedegad
    aRmoCndnen piesis personaJebi. nawarmoebis siuJetur safuZvlad qceuli ambavi
    imdenad wvrilmani da umniSvneloa, rom igi, albaT, arc ki Rirda amdeni yurad-
    Rebis sagnad. nawarmoebis `am siuJetur nakls" savsebiT marTebulad mieqca ki-
    dec saTanado yuradReba literaturul kritikaSi. Tumca aqve isic unda iTqvas,
    rom es faqti piesaSi aRwerili movlenebisadmi avtoris ironiuli damoki-
    debulebis Tavisebur, SeniRbul gamovlinebadac SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli.
    safiqrebelia, mwerlis swored amgvari kritikul-ironiuli poziciis gamoxatu-
    lebaa, Tundac, is faqti, rom mezobeli soflis Tavkacebs xelCarTuli ciloba
    gaumarTavT erTmaneTSi ordenosani kolmeurnis dasapatroneblad, raTa amiT
    ufro metad SeZlon TavianTi SromiTi miRwevebis saqveyno demonstrireba.
    magram nawarmoebis opoziciuri suliskveTeba mxolod am epizodiT ar gani-
    sazRvreba da misi araerTi personaJi gamoxatavs ama Tu im formiT socialistu-
    ri yofisadmi ironiul damokidebulebas. marTalia, mwerlis kritikuli Tval-
    Taxedva piesaSi sakmaod SeniRbuladaa gamovlenili da `kolmeurnis qorwineba"
    imJamindel ideologiur politikasTan aSkarad dapirispirebul nawarmoebad ve-
    raviTar SemTxvevaSi ver CaiTvleba, magram avtoriseuli Canafiqris srulyofi-
    lad Sesacnobad im qveteqstur miniSnebebsac usaTuod unda mieqces yuradReba,
    riTac komediis zogierTi personaJis metyveleba xasiaTdeba. aqve ar unda dagva-
    viwydes isic, rom dramaturgis kritikuli suliskveTebis aseTi metismeti Se-
    317
    niRbuloba da sifrTxile arsebiTad ganapiroba piesis daweris droisaTvis
    qveynad damkvidrebulma uaRresad rTulma ideologiurma viTarebam. rogorc
    cnobilia, `kolmeurnis qorwineba" 1937 welsaa dawerili.
    imisaTvis, rom avtoris es `narTauli" kritikuli TvalTaxedva ufro naTe-
    li gaxdes mkiTxvelisaTvis, moviSvelioT ramdenime konkretuli magaliTi: ada-
    mianebis bedi, rogorc es piesidan Cans, xSirad urTierTdasmenebiTa da dabez-
    RebebiT wydeboda xolme. manuCarTan saubriT ganawyenebuli xaxuli guljavria-
    nad miugebs nabatonars: `ai, Turme marTals ambobs Cveni mTavroba SenisTanebze,
    muqTaxorebi arian, sisxlis mwoveli wurbelebio da kidev raRaceebs... mTeli is
    sityvebi kakal-kakal unda movkrifo da davimaxsovro". qvemoT ki daumatebs: `ki,
    mekuTvnis, sul rom am mTavrobis ginebaSi iyavi da ar gacxadebdio". xaxulis am
    sityvebis mosmeniT gunebawamxdari manuCari SeSfoTebiT wamoiZaxebs: `uyure,
    lomis pirSi ar magdebs es unamuso!..." erT-erTi xidobneli personaJi ki _ lom-
    kaca _ ase eubneba SecdomiT korespondentad miCneul vatas: `iseT masalas mo-
    garTmevT Cvens jamleTze, rom imis mosaspobad mTel qonebas dadebs".
    axal socialur viTarebas farTod aRuzevebia cxovrebis paradul-zeimuri
    wesi. es naTlad Cans piesaSi daxatuli orive soflis magaliTze. gavixsenoT,
    magaliTad, xidobanSi moskovidan, staxanovelTa sakavSiro Sekrebidan, dabru-
    nebulTa Sexvedra TanasoflelebTan. analogiuri mdgomareobaa buqunaris kol-
    meurneobaSic. koleqtivis Tavmjdomare xaritoni daoTxili dadis kuTxidan ku-
    TxeSi da mudaragareuli xmiT SeTxovs kolmeurneebs: `aba, biWebo, dRes me-
    zobeli kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomare gvestumreba da Tqven iciT, TvalSi nacari
    miayareTo".
    gansxvavebiT `kolmeurnis qorwinebisagan", cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis kri-
    tikuli TvalTaxedviT danaxvisa da aRweris tendencia gansakuTrebuli simwva-
    viT vlindeba p. kakabaZis komediaSi `cxovrebis jara" (1964 w.), romelSic epoqis
    mankierebani ukve gaSiSvlebuli formiTa da farTo ganzogadebulobiTaa warmo-
    Cenili. amaSi moulodneli araferi iqneba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am nawarmoebTa
    Seqmnis TariRebs. im dros xom, roca `cxovrebis jara" iwereboda, gacilebiT
    meti SesaZlebloba iyo movlenaTa kritikuli TvalTaxedviT aRsaqmelad da mar-
    Tali sityvis saTqmelad, vidre `kolmeurnis qorwinebis" Seqmnis xanaSi _ ocda-
    aTian wlebSi.
    `cxovrebis jaris" personaJTa boroti qmedebani mweralma sisxlxorceu-
    lad daukavSira im adamianur mankierebebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli ZaliT
    warmoaCina sabWouri cxovrebis wesma. am TvalsazrisiT, piesa epoqis realistu-
    rad amsaxvel metad mniSvnelovan mxatvrul dokuments warmoadgens da ganzoga-
    debuli formiT warmoaCens socialisturi yofis mraval Crdilovan mxares. mar-
    Talia, dramaturgis mier kritikuli TvalTaxedviT danaxuli bevri adamianuri
    Tu yofiT-sazogadoebrivi mankiereba mxolod sabWoTa epoqis Tanamdevi movlena
    ar aris, magram sakamaTo araa is faqti, rom maTi arnaxuli aRzevebisa da far-
    Tod damkvidrebisaTvis CvenSi swored am periodSi Seiqmna gansakuTrebulad
    xelsayreli pirobebi. naTqvamis dasturad moviSvelioT konkretuli magaliTebi.
    piesaSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili adamianis fsiqologiurad damTrgun-
    veli im SiSis Cvenebas, romelsac xelisufleba unergavda xalxs `qveynis wina-
    aRmdeg mebrZol mavnebelTa" `mxilebiTa da gamoaSkaravebiT". ociani da ocdaa-
    Tiani wlebis tragikul movlenaTa uSualod momswre da TviTmxilvelma mwe-
    ralma kargad icoda amdroindeli sisxliani represiebis mniSvneloba da Tavis
    piesaSi moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebiT amxila is mzakvrobani, romlebic xSirad
    swored amgvari tragikuli devna-awiokebis ganmapirobebel mizezebad icqeodnen.
    magaliTad, nawarmoebis ori personaJi pirovnuli angarebiT gamowveuli aseTi
    dasmenebis wyalobiT xelisuflebas xalxis mtrebad Seuracxavs da Soreul
    cimbirSi gadausaxlebia. erT-erTi maTganis meuRles, aseve saeWvo pirovnebad
    miCneul qals _ JuJunas, kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomare qistostore qmris `mav-
    nebluri politikuri saqmianobis mxilebiT" upirebs xelSi Cagdebas. igi, qalis
    winaaRmdegobis gamo SurisZiebis grZnobiT Sepyrobili, niSnis mogebiT amcnobs
    mas, rom misi qmari `qveynis mtrebs dakavSirebia, sadRac imaleba da iqidan ug-
    318
    zavnis cols baraTs, romelSic `gaSanSalebul kontrrevolucias wers da afi-
    cebs, rom mas politikurad uTanagrZnobs", riTac qalsac `politikur dana-
    SaulSi agdebs".
    ciliswamebiT aRSfoTebuli JuJuna yovelive amas qistostores gamogonil
    Worad miiCnevs, razec Seuracxyofili Tavmjdomare araorazrovnad ganucxadebs:
    `Woric rom iyos, Tu vikiTxe, iseTi miTqma-moTqma atydeba, buzs spilod gadaaq-
    ceven da droze damijere, Torem, bolos, SeiZleba bevric Semexvewo, qistosto-
    re, miSvele, gadamefareo, magram me gipasuxeb: gaspetakebulma ar mimikare da
    lafSi Cavardnils rom gadagefaro, mec gavisvrebi-meTqi, maSin Tavis dasazRve-
    vad mowmeebsac moviyvan, rom uwesod laybobdi". gaocebul-gaognebuli JuJunas
    SeniSvnaze _ amas vin ityvis, vin damidasturebso, qistostore mSvidad miugebs:
    `imaTana damsmenebia, Tevzebis nalaparakebi moaqvT, gubeSi Tevzebis naTqvams
    amowmeben da tafaze aSiSxineben".
    aseTi mZafri satiruli formiTaa piesaSi mxilebuli aTwleulebiT dam-
    kvidrebuli sabWouri uSiSroebis sistemis arsi. adamianebis beds simarTle ki
    ar wyvetda, aramed samarTali, romelic, Cveulebriv, qistostoresa da lopia-
    nesnairi adamianebis mxareze iyo. sasowarkveTilebamde misuli JuJunas kiTxvaze
    _ `vin ityvis, rom Cemsas bneli adamianebi unaxavTo", qistostore darwmunebiT
    upasuxebs: `mag ki ara, qajis da Winkis mnaxvelebs vipovi am sofelSio".
    `saxelmwifoebrivi uSiSroebis" aqtiur damcvelad xSirad moaqvs agreTve
    Tavi lopianes da misTvis arasasurvel adamianebs mavneblebisa da xalxis mtre-
    bis saxeliT moixseniebs. magaliTad, Tornikesa da mis megobrebs, romlebic lo-
    pianes SekamaTebas gaubedaven, igi am sityvebiT tuqsavs: `romelma mavnebelma or-
    ganizaciam dagavalaT es yalTabandoba? ee...h...ucxoeTis dazvervam mogisyidaT?
    axlave gaimarTleT Tavi, Torem am qarxnis WiSkridan wiwilebiviT SegafrenT
    galiaSi da mere Tqvens bundRas veravin ver ixilavs".
    amave meTodiT cdilobs qarxanaSi `wesrigis damyarebas" direqtori gerasi-
    mec. roca piesis erT-erTi personaJi mdgomareobiT gaqsuebul direqtors pirSi
    miaxlis, Tqveni usamarTlobiT xalxi aRelvebuliao, gerasime mrisxaned upa-
    suxebs: `rao?! Cven aRelvebas zRvasac vukrZalavT! es rogor SeiZleba?!" `mav-
    nebelTa" da `xalxis mterTa" amgvari `mxilebis" dros imas sulac ara aqvs
    mniSvneloba, saamiso safuZveli odnavadac ki arsebobs Tu ara. roca aseTi Se-
    tevis mTavar obieqtad qceul Tornikeze etyvian, igi yvelaze cotas laparakobs
    qarxanaSio, direqtori nirSeucvleli TviTdajerebiT miugebs: `misi dumilic
    laybobaa! laybobis aseT xerxsac vicnobT".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom piesis erT-erTi personaJi Tavs iimedebs - `aseTma ci-
    liswamebam Cailulis wyali dalia da is dro araa, roca yvela adamiani sustis
    winaSe mgeli iyo da Zlieris winaSe cxvario", nawarmoebSi, pirvel yovlisa, is
    azria gatarebuli, rom `axla simarTlis Tqma marto xumrobiT SeiZleba" da
    iseT sazogadoebriv sistemaSi, rogoric piesaSia aRwerili, `kaci xalxis pati-
    viscemas mxolod mdgomareobiT ixveWs da ara WkuiT, an RvawliT".
    adamianTa politikur-fsiqologiuri Sokirebis amgvari gamovlinebani sxvac
    sakmaod gvxvdeba nawarmoebSi, riTac dramaturgi im Tvalsazriss aviTarebs,
    rom, miuxedavad viTarebis erTgvari Semsubuqebisa, qveynis mmarTvelobiTi siste-
    mis arsi arsebiTad mainc ar Secvlila.

    * * *
    polikarpe kakabaZis dramaturgiis erT-erT umTavres mimarTulebas istori-
    uli warsulis mxatvruli asaxva warmoadgens. am Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi
    mTeli ZaliT warmoaCenen mwerlis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs da axleburi
    TvalTaxedviT iazreben gardasul movlenebs. am piesebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
    niSanTagan, pirvel yovlisa, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom isini naklebadaa
    SeboWili faqtologiuri masaliT da istoriuli procesebisadmi Tavisufali
    midgomiT gamoirCeva. ase rom, warsulis mxatvruli gaazrebis dros dramatur-
    gisaTvis movlenaTa mecnieruli sizustiT Cvenebaze ufro metad mTavari yura-
    319
    dRebis sagnad adamianuri problemebia qceuli, xolo istoria samoqmedo fonis
    Sesaqmnel sivrcedaa gamoyenebuli.
    p. kakabaZe xSir SemTxvevaSi aseve ambobs uars istoriuli warsulis asax-
    vis dros Cveni mwerlobisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebel iseT tendenciebzec,
    rogoricaa warsulis gmirTa idealizacia da istoriul movlenaTa romanti-
    kuli gandideba. swored amis Sedegia is garemoeba, rom Cveni istoriidan kargad
    cnobili bevri pirovneba mis dramaturgiaSi sakmaod deheroizebulia da yovel-
    dRiuri yofis lafsa da WuWySia Cafluli. ase rom, mwerali mizanswrafulad
    uaryofs istoriul gmirTa da movlenaTa romantikul gandidebas da mamuliSvi-
    luri Tavdadebis magaliTebTan erTad im adamianur mankierebebsac da Cveni
    erovnuli yofisaTvis ganzogadebulad damaxasiaTebel iseT naklovanebebsac wa-
    moswevs wina planze, romlebic marto gardasuli drois kuTvnilebas ar warmo-
    adgens.
    istoriuli warsulis warmosaxvis zemoT xazgasmuli specifikis Tvalsaz-
    risiT, qarTvel mweralTagan p. kakabaZe yvelaze metad niko lorTqifaniZes ena-
    Tesaveba. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, amaze metyvelebs istoriuli movlenebisadmi
    Tavisufali midgoma, faqtologiuri masaliT naklebi SeboWiloba, warsulis
    gmirTa deheroizacia, gardasuli droebis araromantikuli aRqma. adamianur man-
    kierebaTa wamoweva wina planze, pirovnuli pativmoyvareobisa da miwieri zrax-
    vebis gabatoneba saqveyno-sazogadoebriv interesebze da a. S.
    p. kakabaZis istoriuli warsulis amsaxvel nawarmoebTagan erT-erTi sauke-
    Tesoa komedia `kaxaberis xmali", romelzec dramaturgi sakmaod xangrZlivi
    drois manZilze muSaobda _ 1919-54 wlebSi (Tavdapirvelad piesas `daviT merve"
    erqva). `kaxaberis xmali" Cveni istoriis uZnelesi periodis yofas asaxavs _ XIV
    saukunis dasawyiss, roca saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonoba mZvinvarebda da da-
    monebul-daTrgunuli eri sasoebiT moeloda gmirs, romelic mtrisagan daixsni-
    da da gaaTavisuflebda gapartaxebul qveyanas.
    `kaxaberis xmali" kidev ufro aRrmavebs da axali ZaliT warmoaCens im Se-
    moqmedebiT principebs, romlebic `yvaryvare TuTabers" daudo dramaturgma sa-
    fuZvlad. mxatvrul saxeTa mravalferovnebiT, literaturuli ostatobis maRa-
    li doniT, xatovanebiT, enafrTianobiT, simbolur-alegoriuli ganzogadebebiT,
    Rrmaazrovani qveteqstebiTa da gonebamaxviluri msjelobebiT p. kakabaZis `kaxa-
    beris xmali" ara marto misi Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSia, aramed qarTuli
    dramaturgiis ukvdavi Zeglicaa.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebSi, erTi SexedviT, konkretuli dro, kon-
    kretuli istoriuli viTarebaa asaxuli, p. kakabaZis mier daxatuli mxatvruli
    sinamdvile ganzogadebuli formiT warmoaCens rogorc Cveni erovnuli yofisaT-
    vis niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebel mraval mankierebas, ise, saerTod, adamianuri
    cxovrebisaTvis Tanamdev naklovan mxareebsac. dramaturgma SemaZrwunebeli
    formiT gviCvena zneobrivad, erovnulad, politikurad, socialurad dacemul-
    degradirebuli sazogadoebis saxe. `kaxaberis xmali" maRalmxatvruli ilus-
    trirebaa imisa, ra SeiZleba daemarTos qveyanas, roca mas eSmakeuli Zalebi dae-
    patronebian, tradiciuli adamianuri zneobrivi normebi moiSleba da gadagva-
    rebuli sazogadoebis bedis warmmarTvelebad patriotebis, erovnuli gmirebis,
    RvTismosavebisa Tu saqveyno saqmianobisaTvis uangarod Tavdadebuli pirov-
    nebebis rolSi gaiZverebi, pativmoyvareni, karieris maZiebelni moevlinebian.
    brbod, movlenebSi gaucnobierebel masad qceul xalxs gansjis unari dau-
    kargavs da amaod eZebs xsnis gzas. aseT viTarebaSi xan vin cdilobs mxsnelisa
    da wmindanis misiiT moevlinos qveyanas da xan vin. gawamebulma da dabneulma
    erma ar icis, vis miendos, vinaa WeSmariti gmiri. aseTi ideali, piesis mixedviT,
    mxolod warmosaxvaSi arsebobs. marTalia, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, komediis bo-
    los dramaturgi zeaweuli paTetizmiT acxadebinebs mefes, rom misi mamis _
    wminda dimitris xatiT aRsdga eri, romelsac win gmiri kaxaberi miuZRvis da
    iwyeba Tavdadebuli brZola Tavisuflebisa da WeSmaritebisTviso, magram, imav-
    droulad, nawarmoebis saerTo ganwyobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba imis eWvic ga-
    320
    uCndes mkiTxvels, am saxalxo gmiris gamocxadebac morigi cru iluzia xom ar
    aris.
    piesiT gaCenili am eWvis gasaqarwyleblad da nawarmoebis optimisturi su-
    liskveTebis gansamtkiceblad dramaturgma `kaxaberis xmlis" bolo gamocemas
    sagangebod saamisod dawerili prologic waumZRvara, romelSic Teatrali-
    zebuli formiT gviCvena kaxaberis TavkacobiT qveynis mtrisagan gansaTavisuf-
    leblad dawyebuli saxalxo brZolis Sedegi: giorgi mexuTis sazeimod morTul
    sasaxleSi Sekrebili eri mterze gamarjvebas dResaswaulobs da swored aq, sa-
    saxlis win gamarTul Teatronze, `Zilisagan daxsnili eris" Tvalwin, warsu-
    lis tragikuli Jamis mosaxseneblad, kaxaberis xmalTan dakavSirebuli is amba-
    vi gaTamaSdeba, rac nawarmoebSia moTxrobili. nodar gurabaniZis cnobiT, p. ka-
    kabaZes piesisaTvis es prologi reJisor giga lorTqifaniZis TxovniT dauma-
    tebia.
    piesis mizandasaxulobis am mokle da zogadma daxasiaTebam mkiTxveli iq-
    neb imaSic daaeWvos, ramdenad mosaxerxebeli SeiZleboda yofiliyo avtorisaT-
    vis amgvari tragikuli movlenebisa da msoflmxedvelobrivi Canafiqris gamo-
    saxatavad komediuri Janris gamoyeneba, magram faqti ukve saxezea da dabejiTe-
    biT SeiZleba Tqma imisa, rom p. kakabaZem mis mier aRwerili am uaRresad tragi-
    kuli movlenebis mxatvruli warmosaxvis bunebriv formad swored komedia ga-
    moiyena da mZafr satiraSi gadazrdili siciliT STambeWdavad da moxerxebu-
    lad amxila zemoT xazgasmuli mankierebani.
    zepirsityvierebasTan, folklorul samyarosTan p. kakabaZis Semoqmedebis
    genetikuri siaxlove TvalnaTliv SesamCnevi faqtia, romelic dramaturgis ara-
    erT nawarmoebSi poulobs mkafio gamoxatulebas. es aSkarad etyoba mwerlis mi-
    er Seqmnil tipaJs, enas, mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs. asea es `kaxaberis
    xmalSic", romlis personaJebic xalxuri suliT sunTqaven. am mxares Tavad dra-
    maturgic usvams xazs Tavidanve, rodesac piesis moqmed pirTa CamonaTvalSi sa-
    ganebod aRniSnavs Tavisi personaJebis iseT metsaxelebs, rogorebic nacarqeqia
    da qosatyuilaa.
    mwerali ukiduresad muqi ferebiT xatavs qveynis daqceva-gapartaxebis su-
    raTs. mtrisgan daTrgunul qveyanaSi iseTi mdgomareobaa Seqmnili, ZaRli pat-
    rons ver icnobs. qarTvelTa cixe-simagreebs TaTrebi dapatronebian da am `wam-
    xdar droebaSi RviZlebic ki ar zogaven erTmaneTs". zneobadakarguli adamia-
    nebi eklesiebsac ar indoben da Zarcvaven. am gaugonar borotebas kidev ufro
    aZlierebs is garemoeba, rom `CvenSi iseTebic gaCenilan", romlebic Tavad miuZ-
    Rvebian TaTrebs qveynis asaklebad.
    aseTia Seulamazeblad danaxuli sinamdvile. magram ubedureba is aris, rom
    Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamo zneobriv pasuxismgeblobas aravin grZnobs.
    piesis mravalricxovan personaJTagan, faqtobrivad, yvela pirovnuli inte-
    resebis naWuWSia Camwyvdeuli da imis mixedviT afasebs movlenebs, Tavad ra
    sargeblobas naxavs. zneobrivi keTilSobileba da patiosneba, saqveyno zrunva
    da uangaro Tavdadeba fexqveSaa gaTelili. arada yoveli personaJi swored ase-
    Ti adamianis niRbis morgebas cdilobs TavgamodebiT. usaqmuri da briyvi brZe-
    nobas iCemebs, mSiSara da mkvexara sardlobas lamobs, eSmakTan wilnayari mzak-
    vari qveynis movla-patronobis pretenzias acxadebs... erTi sityviT, yvelaferi
    Tavdayira dgas da codva-madli erTmaneTSia areuli.
    qveynis baton-patronebad swored isini qceulan da cxovreba atortma-
    nebuli codvis morevs damsgavsebia. gzakvaldabneulma xalxma, romelic upirov-
    no brbod gardaqmnila, ar icis, vis gayves, vin iwamos WeSmarit gmirad da mxsne-
    lad. namdvili gmiri ki, legendaruli kaxaberi, qveynis mtrebsa da moSurneebs
    sadRac, udabur adgilze, ormoSi hyavT Camwyvdeuli, xolo misi xmali, erT
    dros samSoblos damxsneli da mtrebis risxvad qceuli, aw ukve upatiuri da
    damcirebuli, nacarSi gdia daJanguli da gamuruli.
    erTaderTi pirovneba, romelic ramdenadme mainc arRvevs zneobrivad da
    erovnulad degradirebuli sazogadoebis am saerTo `harmonias", glexis qali
    gulqanaa. Tumca misi gamorCeuloba da amaRlebuloba sxva pirovnebaTagan, faq-
    321
    tobrivad, qveynad damkvidrebul mankierebaTa mxolodRa epizoduri sityvieri
    mxilebebiT Semoifargleba.
    imisaTvis, rom ufro naTeli warmodgena SevuqmnaT mkiTxvels mwerlis mier
    aRweril am bnel adamianur samyaroze, mokled davaxasiaToT misi yvelaze
    TvalsaCino da gamorCeuli wevrebi.
    dramaturgi pirveli moqmedebisTvis wamZRvarebuli remarkidanve gviqmnis
    naTel warmodgenas im garemoze, sadac moqmedeba unda warimarTos. gaWvartlul
    kedelze mikidebuli Zveli uvargisi iaraRi ukve naTeli miniSnebaa imisa, ra
    funqciac SeiZleba hqondes dakisrebuli mas damonebul da mtrisagan pati-
    vayril qveyanaSi. aqve vecnobiT nawarmoebis erT-erT mTavar personaJs, xalxSi
    brZnad miRebul usaxlkaro moxucs, rostoms, romelic Sua cecxlis piras, na-
    carSi, mokalaTebula dabal jirkze da fexebs ifxans.
    am garegnuli aqsesuarebis aRweris Semdeg dramaturgi ukve piradad gvac-
    nobs rostom brZens, kardakar moxetiale moxucs, romelsac Tavisi wuTisofeli
    sxvisgan nawyalobevi lukmapuriT gautarebia. Tavadac cxovrebis saxsars mok-
    lebuli gulqana TavSekavebuli dayvedrebiT eubneba rostoms, rom misi `Wreli
    sityvebi, mefis sasaxleSi rom margalitad gava", misTvis sruliad urgebia, rad-
    ganac, materialuri xelmokleobiT Sewuxebuls, Tavad mas xsnis gza da saSveli
    versad upovia. arada, mis ojaxSi rostomis stumroba rom xanmokle droisa ar
    yofila, es misi am sityvebiTac naTlad Cans: `esec movTvaloT, ramdenjer
    mobrunda mTvare, rac Cvens keriaze Tbebi". `amis daTvla Zneliao", _ mSvidad pa-
    suxobs rostom brZeni, magram iqidan wasvlas, etyoba, mainc ar apirebs.
    rac ufro axlos vecnobiT am sanaxevrod mTvlemare da erT jam fafaze ga-
    mudmebiT meocnebe moxucs, miT ufro Rrmad vrwmundebiT imaSi, rom rostomis
    sibrZne moCvenebiTi da gamogonilia da mTeli misi avtoriteti sicruesa da si-
    yalbezea damkvidrebuli. es kargad icis, pirvel yovlisa, Tavad rostommac. ami-
    tomac emaleba igi xalxs da yovel Semxvedrs mokle-mokle, rebusiseburi ale-
    goriebiTa da TiTqosda SeniRbuli da Znelad dasaxsnel-Sesacnobi SegonebebiT
    esaubreba. sinamdvileSi ki TiTqmis mTeli misi saubari futuro xes hgavs, mxo-
    lod garedan, moCvenebiTad rom SeiZleba moxiblos da Seacdinos kaci, xolo
    sinamdvileSi Sinaganad gamofitulia da carieli.
    piesis mixedviT, borotebisa da miwieri codvis WaobSi yvela socialuri
    fenisa da klasis warmomadgenlebi arian Caflulni _ dawyebuli mefiT da dam-
    Tavrebuli umdables wodebriv safexurze myofi adamianebiT. am SemTxvevaSi
    dramaturgi gansakuTrebul simkacres mainc aristokratiuli fenis warmomadge-
    nelTa mimarT iCens da gadagvarebul mefe-didebulTa mravalricxovan saxeebs
    qmnis. am TvalsazrisiT nawarmoebSi, Cemis azriT, aSkarad igrZnoba movlenaTa
    calmxrivi, negatiuri Sefasebis tendencia. marTalia, piesaSi aRwerili dro Cve-
    ni qveynis istoriaSi ukiduresad rTuli da daZabuli xana iyo, magram, ara mgo-
    nia, Tundac amgvar ukiduresad mZime pirobebSic ki, samefo karze aRzevebul di-
    debulTa Soris sanTliT saZebarni yofiliyvnen samSoblosTvis uangarod Tav-
    dadebuli pirovnebani.
    rogorc iTqva, p. kakabaZe am SemTxvevaSi istoriul movlenebs metismetad
    muqi, kontrastuli ferebiT xatavs da ramdenadme cvlis kidec dokumenturi
    wyaroebiT cnobil faqtologiur masalas. aseT damokidebulebas iCens, magali-
    Tad, igi mefe daviT mervisadmi da mas TiTqmis mxolod uaryofiTi kuTxiT xa-
    tavs. nawarmoebis mixedviT, daviT mefe Cvens winaSe warmodgeba rogorc uniaTo,
    movlenaTa arsSi gaucnobierebeli, mxdali da windauxedavi gvirgvinosani. misi
    mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis dros dramaturgma TiTqmis mTlianad uaryo yvela is
    dadebiTi niSan-Tviseba, riTac istoriul-dokumenturi wyaroebis mixedviT qar-
    Tveli xalxis Znelbedobis Jams qveynis saTaveSi moqceuli es tragikuli pirov-
    neba xasiaTdeboda.
    gansacdeliT damfrTxali mefe sasowarkveTili godebs imis gamo, rom `mka-
    liviT Semoseul Zlier mters" samefo auoxrebia, spa da vezirebi brZolis
    sarbielidan gaqceulan da aRaravin darCenila qveynis damcveli da Wirisufali.
    daviTisaTvis erTaderTi imedi am ukiduresi gansacdelis Jams mxolodRa
    322
    kaxaberia, magram misi asaval-dasavalic versad upovia da axla ase daqceul da
    gapartaxebul qveyanaSi upatronod da uTavkacod mitovebuli mdabioni TuRa Ca-
    nan sust imedad, `rogorc eris gadarCenili fesvebi".
    saxelovani mamis _ wamebuli dimitri Tavdadebulis es uniaTo memkvidre
    mxolod sityvierad Tu ocnebobs saqveyno Tavganwirvaze, praqtikulad ki araf-
    ris gakeTeba ar ZaluZs. rogorc TviTonve ambobs, gansxvavebiT wmindanad Se-
    racxuli mamisagan, romelmac `ers mSvidoba dautova", misma mefobam mxolodRa
    Wiri moitana, radganac igi Turme `mis xilul saxes baZavda", sibrZne ki miuw-
    vdomeli iyo.
    qveynad datrialebulma tragikulma movlenebma mefe sabolood daarwmunes
    imaSi, rom mtrisagan Tavis daxsnisa da eris gadarCenis erTaderTi gza kaxaberi
    iyo. amitomac uTvlis igi mas, movides, `rac sindisma ukarnaxos, mis samefoSi is
    saswor-samarTali daadginos", oRond `qaris motanili misi taxti rogorme ga-
    daarCinos, sanam isev waiRebdes qari taxtianad".
    qveynis zneobriv dacemasa da erovnul gadagvarebas gansakuTrebuli sim-
    ZafriT gviCvenebs dramaturgi didgvarovan feodalTa mravalricxovani mxat-
    vruli saxeebis SeqmniT. pirovnuli Zalmosilebis gansamtkiceblad mtris sam-
    saxurSi nebiT Camdgari es gamyidveli didebulebi iseT saqmeebs Cadian, SeZrwu-
    nebisagan kacs Tmebi yalyze dagidgeba. erT-erTi maTgani _ mTavari gvangva, _ ma-
    galiTad, amayad yveba, rogor gaaZeva ufrosi Zma Tavis samTavrodan baxtang-xa-
    nis SewevniT da Tavad daepatrona yvelafers. mTavar konstantines TqmiT, isini
    `ara marto naTesavebs, ersac baxtang-xanis SewevniT Trgunaven". vaCe batoniSvi-
    li ki regvens uwodebs sakuTar mamas mxolod imitom, rom `im ubedurma xan
    imerTa, xan amerTa dapirebaze aago Tavisi cxovreba da gaZaRlebulad dalia
    suli" imis magivrad, rom `saTaTreTSi wasuliyo, moecada - da Semdeg yaenis
    laSqari gamoereka saqarTvelos asaRebad". xolo beSqen erisTavma baxtang-xanis
    gulis mogebis mizniT mis winaaRmdeg mebrZol sakuTar mamas Tavi mokveTa, `xans
    godriT miarTva da misi miuvali samTavro" mters Tavisi neba-surviliT daumo-
    na.
    ai, rogori didebulebi dapatronebian qveynis bed-iRbals da vis xelSi Ca-
    vardnila eri. baxtang-xanis laqiebad da yurmoWril monebad gadaqceuli did-
    gvarovanni dReniadag TvalebSi Sescicineben TavianT did batons, fexebs fxanen,
    elaqucebian da am gziT cdiloben warCinebis mopovebas. isini erTmaneTs eci-
    lebian imaSi, vin ufro met qal-vaJs miarTmevs xans saCuqrad da gulis mosa-
    gebad.
    marTalia, nawarmoebis bolos Cndeba erTgvari imedi imisa, rom es di-
    debulebi codvis buranidan gamoerkvevian da kvlav Cadgebian qveynis samsaxur-
    Si, magram movlenaTa ase ganviTarebis perspeqtiva mxolodRa sityvieri iluzia
    gamodga da mamuliSviluri movaleobis Segnebis am wuTier emociur gamonaTebas
    imTaviTve uxSobs kars borotebis brma msaxurebad qceul gadagvarebul pirov-
    nebaTa pativmoyvare adamianuri buneba.
    p. kakabaZis araerT piesas Seqmnis TariRad erTmaneTisagan sakmaod daSo-
    rebuli wlebi aqvs miwerili. magaliTad, `demetre meore" dramaturgs 1945-1971
    wlebSi dauweria, `bagrat meSvide, qeTevani da kirioni" _ 1912-1968 wlebSi, `kaxa-
    beris xmali" - 1929-1954 wlebSi da a. S. es faqti naTlad adasturebs, ra gulmo-
    dgined da permanentulad muSaobda mwerali Tavisi nawarmoebebis srulsayofad.
    teqstologiuri damuSavebis kvali mkafiod etyoba p. kakabaZis piesebis TiTqmis
    yovel axal gamocemas. amgvari sworebani gamiznuli iyo rogorc nawarmoebis
    mxatvruli mxaris dasaxvewad, ise ideur-msoflmxedvelobrivi mizandasaxulo-
    bis meti ganzogadebulobiTa da STambeWdaobiT gamosakveTad.
    saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis amsaxvel nawarmoebTagan ramdenime
    sityva minda vTqva dramatul poemazec `mefe vaxtang pirveli gorgasali", ro-
    melzec dramaturgi Tumca xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, 1939 wlidan moyo-
    lebuli gardacvalebamde, muSaobda, magram sabolood mainc dausrulebeli
    darCa. rogorc saTauriTac darwmundeba mkiTxveli, p. kakabaZis piesa aris cda
    vaxtang gorgasalis droindeli saqarTvelos istoriuli yofis mxatvruli war-
    323
    mosaxvisa. ZiriTadad ToTxmetmarcvliani saleqso sazomiT daweril am drama-
    tul poemas p. kakabaZem, faqtobrivad, ver SesZina prozauli formiT dawerili
    misi piesebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebrivi sisadave, silaRe da enafrTianoba,
    ris gamoc nawarmoebis ritmi sakmaod dunea da mZime. amitomaa, rom, miuxedavad
    sakmao siuJeturi simZafrisa, nawarmoebi mainc Znelad ikiTxeba da aSkaradaa
    moklebuli p. kakabaZis saukeTeso piesebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtur emoci-
    ur zemoqmedebas.
    nawarmoebSi mravalmxrivadaa warmosaxuli vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli
    saqarTvelos istoriuli viTareba. dramaturgi farTo ganzogadebulobiT war-
    moaCens im rTul winaaRmdegobebs, romelnic tragikul bediswerad sdevda Tan
    Cveni qveynis istoriul yofas da safuZvels uryevda saxelmwifoebriv Zlie-
    rebas. esaa mefesa da didebulebs Soris gamudmebiT mimdinare faruli Tu aSka-
    ra dapirispireba, dauokebeli swrafva samefo taxtisa da Zalauflebis xelSi
    Casagdebad, saqveyno interesebze maRla piradul zraxvaTa dayeneba, pativmoyva-
    reobiTa da angari grZnobebiT gaborotebuli adamianebis qmedebani.
    istoriuli warsulis mxatvruli asaxvis dros, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, p.
    kakabaZe, upirveles yovlisa, swored am momentebs wamowevda wina planze da Cve-
    ni istoriis idealizebul gmirebsac ki am poziciebidan warmosaxavda. ase rom,
    mis mier daxatuli pirovnebani miwieri codva-madlis matarebeli adamianebi
    arian da ara xelaRebiT gafetiSebul-gaidealebuli gmirebi.
    istoriuli warsulis asaxvis dros tragikuli faqtoris xazgasmuli wamo-
    weva wina planze SemTxveviTi movlena ar iyo. amiT mwerali cdilobda mkiTxve-
    lisaTvis obieqturi simarTliT daenaxvebina Cveni gardasuli yofisaTvis gan-
    zogadebulad damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi mxareebica da naklovanebanic.
    p. kakabaZisaTvis istoriuli warsulis aRqma TviTmizani arasodes yofila.
    gardasul movlenebs mwerali, jer erTi, adamianur grZnobaTa da miswrafebaTa
    gamosavlen asparezad iyenebda, da meorec, am SemTxvevaSi igi ganuxrelad er-
    Tgulebda istoriis poetizirebis im umTavres princips, rasac ilia warsuliT
    winaswarmetyvelebas arqmevda saxelad. istoriaSi dramaturgi mizanswrafulad
    eZebda da poulobda kidec pasuxs im urTules kiTxvebze, romelTac Tanamedro-
    veoba wamoWrida mis winaSe. im Znel da rTul epoqaSi, roca mwerals uxdeboda
    moRvaweoba da marTali sityvis Tqma udides riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli, p. ka-
    kabaZe xSirad mimarTavda xolme istoriul alegoriebs da amgvari qveteqstur-
    simboluri miniSnebebiT gamoxatavda saTqmels.

    * * *
    sakmao teqstologiuri damuSavebis Semdeg, 1959 wels, p. kakabaZem mkiTxvels
    miawoda saboloo varianti Tavisi dramisa _ `qariSxali", romelic Tavdapirve-
    lad 1925 wels daidga rusTavelis Teatris scenaze `lisabonis tusaRebis"
    saxelwodebiT. moqmedebis adgiliTac, personaJTa mravalricxovani saxeebiTac
    da qronologiuradac piesa zogadi xasiaTisaa da konkretuli droiTa da samoq-
    medo sivrciT araa Semofargluli.
    marTalia, avtori ramdenadme TiTqos axdens kidec zogierTi faqtis dazus-
    teba-dakonkretebas, magram amiT viTareba ar icvleba. mis mier moqmedebis drois
    (XVII saukunis meore naxevari) da samoqmedo adgilis (gamogonili qalaqi - por-
    topolo) amgvari dakonkreteba metad pirobiTia da, faqtobrivad, bevrs arafers
    eubneba mkiTxvels. igive iTqmis moqmed pirTa erovnul warmomavlobazec. am
    SemTxvevaSi mweralma mxolod ori qarTveli personaJis erovneba daukonkreta
    mkiTxvels da am faqtorisTvis yuradRebis miqceva, arsebiTad, amiT Semoifar-
    gla. eseni arian ucxo qveyanaSi monad gayiduli qarTvelebi - woworia da guga-
    va, romlebic piesaSi aRwerili revoluciuri brZolebis aqtiuri monawileni
    xdebian.
    sabWoTa periodis araerTma kritikosma p. kakabaZis `qariSxali" avtoris re-
    voluciuri mizanswrafvis gamoxatulebad miiCnia. erTi SexedviT, garegnulad,
    es marTlac SeiZleba ase eCvenos mkiTxvels, magram sinamdvileSi, Tu siRrmiseu-
    lad davukvirdebiT, piriqiT, aSkarad davinaxavT dramaturgis mZafrad protes-
    324
    tantul damokidebulebasac revoluciisa da, saerTod, yovelgvari Zala-
    dobisadmi. revolucia, xalxis stiqiuri amboxeba, p. kakabaZis azriT, qveynis da-
    mangreveli Zalaa, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis saxeliT movlenili axali
    boroteba, romelic barbarosulad spobs da anadgurebs yovelgvar faseulobas
    _ materialursac, suliersac da zneobrivsac. es naTlad dasturdeba Tundac im
    faqtiTac, rom piesis mravalricxovan personaJTagan, garda antonionisi, faq-
    tobrivad, arc erTi pirovneba ar aris iseTi, vinc dasaxuli idealisaken wminda
    zneobrivi gziT svlas qadagebdes da saamiso magaliTs aZlevdes xalxs. ase
    rom, dramaturgi ar axdens movlenaTa da pirovnebaTa idealizacias da revolu-
    ciisadmi misi damokidebuleba sinamdvileSi sakmaod mwvavea da kritikuli.
    rogorc iTqva, marTalia, p. kakabaZem Tavisi piesis samoqmedo adgilica da
    droc ucxoeTSi, Soreul warsulSi, gadaitana, magram droisa da adgilis aseTi
    gaucxoebis miuxedavad, nawarmoebis arss, suliskveTebasa da mizanswrafvas, av-
    toriseuli Canafiqris qveteqstsa da kritikul paToss, didad gansazRvravs
    uSualod is movlenebi, romlebic revoluciam da sabWoTa xelisuflebam daa-
    texes Cvens qveyanas Tavs da romelTa uSualo TviTmxilveli Tavad dramatur-
    gic iyo.
    piesa iwyeba imis aRweriT, rom erT-erTi didi qalaqis sapyrobileSi
    datyvevebuli patimrebi cixidan gasaqcevad emzadebian. Wrelia da mravalfero-
    vani tusaRTa es brbo. aq arian amboxebis Tavkaci pedro _ erT dros samefo
    wignsacavisa da muzeumis gamge, axalgazrda filosofosi; yofili mRvdeli gon-
    zalo, SemdgomSi ajanyebul RatakTa meTauri, romelic `aravis zogavda, radgan
    icoda, rom yoveli adamiani codvilia"; francisko, romelic `mefisa da eklesi-
    is damcinavi simRerebisaTvis gaukoWavT" da CausvamT cixeSi; alfonso, romelic
    mxolod sami weli zis satusaRoSi da `Tan moyva Rvinis suni"; moxuci ioani,
    romelic ormocdaaTi weliwadia, rac cixis binadrad qceula da axla arc fiq-
    robs iqidan sadme wasvlas...
    marTalia, cixidan gaqcevis gegma CaiSala, magram Zlierma miwisZvram tusa-
    Rebs saSualeba misca patimrobisTvis Tavi daeRwiaT da daundobeli brZola ga-
    eCaRebinaT TavianTi mCagvrelebis winaaRmdeg. rogorc iTqva, amboxebis Tavkacad
    nawarmoebSi pedroa gamoyvanili. qveynad TiTqosda socialuri samarTlianobis
    dasamyareblad mebrZoli am pirovnebis mTeli cxovreba, maT Soris, yvelaze in-
    timuri grZnobebic ki, ideuri fanatizmiTaa SeboWili, miuxedavad imisa, rom zo-
    gadi TvalsazrisiT, mizani, saiTkenac pedro miiswrafvis, TavisTavad, keTil-
    Sobiluria da amaRlebuli, am idealisaken savali gza sisxliTa da sikvdili-
    Taa mofenili.
    marTalia, pedro da misi TanamebrZolebi mkacrad sjian da fizikurad spo-
    ben Zvel mCagvrelebsa da xalxis amwiokeblebs, magram dramaturgi imasac gviC-
    venebs, rom damxobili eqsploatatorebis magivrad aRzevebuli axali Zala uf-
    ro saSiSi borotebaa, romelic daundobeli barbarosobiT angrevs da anadgu-
    rebs yvelafers. mweralma farTod da masStaburad gviCvena SurisZiebis saSiSi
    grZnobiT gaborotebuli brbos fsiqologiuri ganwyoba da amiT araorazrovani
    protestantulobiT daupirispirda im romantikul-revoluciur iluziebs, ro-
    melTac socialisturi ideologia qadagebda da aidealebda sabWoTa xelisuf-
    lebis wlebSi.
    piesaSi aRwerili saxalxo-revoluciuri amboxebis Tavkaci pedro mCag-
    vrelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis ideiT fanatikurad Sepyrobili pirovnebaa. misi az-
    riT, `qveyana satusaRoa". igi Tavis Tavs RvTaebrivi misiiT movlenil im gmirad
    Tvlis, romelmac am satusaRos tyveobidan unda daixsnas adamianebi da maT so-
    cialuri Tanasworoba da bedniereba moutanos. am fanatikur ideas wiravs is
    yvelafers, maT Soris, misi sulis yvelaze wminda faseulobebsac ki. tusaRTa
    Soris gamorCeuli pativiscemiT garemosili da simarTlis mociqulad saxel-
    debuli pedro Tavdapirvelad marTlac axerxebs sxvebis gulSic daanTos ime-
    dis sxivi. `me gavimarjveb, arnaxul Zalas movikreb misTvis, rom umravlesoba
    daCagrulia, - dauokebeli TviTdajerebiT ucxadebs igi TanamebrZolebs. - me mo-
    325
    mendobian tanjvisagan Tavis dasaxsnelad monebi, glexebi da muSebi... me yvelas
    vnebebs avuSveb qariSxaliviT Zveli cxovrebis dasangrevad".
    es nanatri dRec male dadga. Zlieri miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuli sapa-
    timrodan gaqceuli tusaRebi pedros xelmZRvanelobiT daundobeli SurisZiebis
    grZnobiT azvirTebulni Seesivnen qalaqs, raTa TavianTi mCagvrel-mebato-
    neebisaTvis samagiero miezRoT. ase dgeba nanatri Jami SurisZiebisa da Zalmom-
    reobiT daCagrul-daTrgunuli xalxis brZolisa samarTlianobis mopovebisaT-
    vis.
    mwerlis umTavresi mizanswrafva swored am brZolis arsisa da mimdina-
    reobis Cvenebaa. ra mohyveba Sedegad aTasobiT amboxebuli adamianis am sabrZo-
    lo azavTebas da saiTkenaa igi mimarTuli? es kiTxva bunebrivad gviCndeba pie-
    sis gacnobis dros da masze gacemuli pasuxiT naTlad da araorazrovnad ikve-
    Teba avtoriseuli TvalTaxedva. mwerlis azriT, revolucia samarTlianobis
    damyarebis warumatebeli cdaa, vinaidan Zaladobis gziT Zalmomreobisa da usa-
    marTlobis daTrgunvis yovelgvar mcdelobas qveynad axali Zaladobisa da
    anarqiis aRzeveba mosdevs da sazogadoeba zneobrivi gadagvarebis safrTxis wi-
    naSe dgeba.
    revoluciuri fanatizmi daundoblad angrevs da anadgurebs sulier siw-
    mindeebs da adamians ideis monad, mis brma msaxurad aqcevs. amis dadasturebaa,
    magaliTad, pedros damokidebuleba sakuTar SvilTan da dedofalTan. erT
    dros samefo karze dawinaurebuli pedro dedofals gaumijnurda da misgan
    Svilic gauCnda - xelmwifis memkvidre. wlebis manZilze saguldagulod dafa-
    rul am saidumlos SurisZiebiT anTebuli pedro pirSi miaxlis mefes, riTac
    sasikvdilo risxvas daatexs Tavs yofil mijnursac da RviZl Svilsac. magram
    mas es faqti TiTqmis arc aSfoTebs, vinaidan qali, erT dros rom Tavda-
    viwyebiT uyvarda, axla misTvis mxolod klasobrivi mowinaaRmdegea, xalxis
    myvlefelTa fenis saZulveli warmomadgeneli, romlis mimarT damokidebulebam
    wlebis Semdeg aseTi saxe miiRo: `me WeSmaritad miyvarda, magram is aRmoCnda
    moCveneba. rodesac axlo davakvirdi, mivxvdi, rom igi arc minaxavs, mxolod Cemi
    sizmari myvarebia".
    rac Seexeba erTaderT pirmSosTan damokidebulebas, pedro arc am SemTxve-
    vaSi Ralatobs Tavis socialur ideals da sakuTari Svilis Sesaxeb ase eubneba
    mefes: `Tqven mas zrdiT Cemi qusliT gasasres gvelad _ daRupva es aris. mirCev-
    nia, is am kedlebSi daimarxos, vidre Tqvenebr mtarvalad ijiriTos. mirCevnia,
    simarTlisaTvis itanjos, vidre qveynis CagvriT tkbebodes. viT simarTlis moci-
    quli, gicxadebT, rom Tqven suliT mkvdari xarT da ver aRdgebiT WeSmarit
    cxovrebaSi".
    axla vnaxoT, rogoria saxe im pirovnebebisa, romelnic am saocnebo `WeSma-
    riti cxovrebis" dasamkvidreblad ibrZvian, ras akeTeben isini, rogoria maTi
    zneoba da adamianuri mizanswrafva.
    Zlieri miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuli sapyrobilidan Tavdaxsnili tusa-
    Rebi qalaqs Seesivnen da daundobeli xocva-Jleta gamarTes. gaborotebuli
    brbos es azvirTebuli talRa, romelsac gareT uamravi adamiani SeuerTda, Zar-
    cvavs, angrevs da apartaxebs yvelafers. am barbarosuli Zarcva-glejisa da
    qurdoba-yaCaRobis msxverplni gamxdaran ara marto cocxlebi, aramed mkvdre-
    bic. raRas ar SexvdebiT maT naZarcv-naqurdalSi _ Zvirfasi nivTebiT moyole-
    buli da mkvdrebisTvis gaxdili CeqmebiTa da tansacmliT damTavrebuli. sixar-
    biTa da SurisZiebiT gaborotebuli adamianebi erTmaneTsac ar indoben.
    ase ibadeba, piesis mTavari personaJis TqmiT, `axali dro". pedro pirdapir
    mouwodebs gaavebul brbos, Seesion sasaxleebs da `gaitacon oqro da ver-
    cxli", dawvan da gadabugon yovelive, ar daindon arc sulieri da arc usulo.
    `axali Jamis es fanatikosi mociquli" Tavad aZlevs gamxecebul brbos kla-
    sobrivi daundoblobis magaliTs _ igi barbarosulad daadgams fexs iqve, misi-
    ve Tvalwin, mokluli prefeqtis gvams da amayad ganacxadebs: `Cven am gziT viv-
    liT, ase davadgamT fexs mtarvalebs da maT darajebs". aseTia zneobrivi saxe
    im adamianebisa, romlebic socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
    326
    aRmdgaran, magram Tavad ufro met borotebas amkvidreben. erT-erTi personaJis
    TqmiT, `maTSi TiTqos adamianebi momkvdaran da mxecebis suli CaudgamT".
    pedros ideali, misi socialuri mizanswrafva, miuxedavad imisa, rom piesis
    mixedviT moqmedeba Soreul warsulSi _ XVII saukuneSi xdeba, dramaturgma
    sabWoTa epoqis revoluciur principebs daukavSira. pedros ocnebiseul idea-
    lad qceuli `netari cxovreba", SeiZleba iTqvas, zusti aslia im yofis, romel-
    sac socialisturi ideologia usaxavda xalxs miznad. pedros rwmeniT, ocnebiT
    warmosaxuli sinamdvilis damyarebis Semdeg sabolood `moispoba sakuTreba
    sxva sibilwesTan erTad. TqvenTvis, _ mimarTavs igi xalxs, _ misawvdomi iqneba
    yvela qoneba, maSin yvela bavSvisadmi geqnebaT mSobliuri grZnoba, mTeli ka-
    cobrioba da-Zmebi da mama-Svilebi iqnebian da icxovrebT siyvaruliT, viT
    macxovris sasufevelSi".
    aseTi iluziebiT aRagznebda xalxs socialur Tanasworobasa da bednie-
    rebaze meocnebe axali droebis es fanatikosi mociquli da TanamebrZolTa `gan-
    kacebisaken" saval gzaze `sisxlis gubeebs ayenebda". am SemTxvevaSi mas Tavisi
    Tavi RvTaebrivi misiis aRmsrulebel im gmirad hyavda dasaxuli, romelsac,
    TiTqosda gangebis ZaliT, xelT `usamarTlobis mngreveli uro" epyra. magram
    dedofali am sisxlian rainds antiqristes uwodebs da ase amxels mis Surisma-
    Zieblur adamianur bunebas: `nu aerTeb RvTis nebasTan Sens codvas. Sen gamoZra-
    vebs ampartavneba, SurisZieba da mikvirs, ram daaCirqa ase Seni umwikvlo suli.
    Cans, borotad Sobilze sastikia bediT gaborotebuli".
    droebiTi aRmoCnda pedrosa da misi TanamebrZolebis warmateba. Zalamok-
    rebilma mowinaaRmdegeebma male sabediswerod Seuties amboxebulebs da demora-
    lizebul masad qceuli es mravalricxovani brbo, aw ukve mtrisagan da Savi Wi-
    risagan damfrTxal-dafantuli, Tavqudmoglejili garbis Tavis gadasarCenad,
    TanamebrZolTagan mitovebuli pedro ki mkerdgangmiruli ecema brZolis velze.
    ase xuxulasaviT daiSala qveynad socialur Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis
    dasamyareblad `mebrZoli" pedros laSqari, romelSic, faqtobrivad, erTi kacic
    ki ar aRmoCnda iseTi, vinc simarTlisaTvis msxverplis gasaRebad aRmoCndeboda
    mzad.
    pedros klasobriv ideologias piesaSi gamokveTilad upirispirdeba socia-
    luri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg aseTive fanatizmiT mebrZoli gmiri antonio. es
    ori pirovneba dasaxuli idealisaken radikalurad gansxvavebuli gzebiT miis-
    wrafis. kerZod, pedros klasobriv daundoblobasa da barbarosul qmedebas mwe-
    ralma mkveTrad daupirispira antonios gonivruli da windaxeduli moqmedeba.
    gansxvavebiT pedrosagan, antonios miaCnia, rom `uflis sasufevels" amqveynad
    adamiani ver daamyarebs. Tumca es imas rodi niSnavs, rom igi da misi razmelebi
    eguebian da qeds uxrian socialur usamarTlobas. `Tormeti weliwadi, _ ambobs
    antonio, _ Cveni logini iyo miwa da kedeli - tye. Cven vitandiT mraval wamebas
    da oms imitom, rom ver veguebodiT swor gzidan gadaxveul samRvdeloebasa da
    usamarTlo mefes".
    magram samarTlianobisaken saval gzad, pedrosagan gansxvavebiT, antonios
    Seneba miaCnia da ara ngreva. `Cveni pirveli saqme iqneba Seneba da ara ngreva,
    ubedurTa daxmareba da ara Zarcva, siyvarulis damyareba da ara Suris daTes-
    va!" - dabejiTebiT acxadebs antonio. swored amgvar Tanamzraxvelad miaCnda mas
    sapyrobileSi gamomwyvdeuli pedro, vis gasaTavisuflebladac Tavi ar dazoges
    misma razmelebma. magram Tanamoazris nacvlad `cixidan giJi miiRes". amitomac
    mouwodebs is Tanarazmelebs, `samudamod gaimijnon am SeSlilisagan" da socia-
    luri usamarTlobis buded qceul mefis sasaxleSi Sevidnen, `rogorc patro-
    nebi, eris simdidris darajebi da ara viT avazakebi".
    antonios am gonivruli msjelobis fonze piesaSi kidev ufro meti kon-
    trastulobiT ikveTeba pedros revoluciuri radikalizmi. pedros rwmeniT
    `qveyanaze jer araferi ar yofila maT maxvilze patiosani da maT cecxlze
    wminda". im dros, roca p. kakabaZis piesis pirveli varianti iwereboda da Sem-
    dgomac, roca nawarmoebis teqsti sabolood ixveweboda, wiTeli imperiis nawi-
    lad qceuli Cveni qveynis Tavze avad laplapebda aTasobiT adamianis sisxliT
    327
    moTxvrili es `patiosani maxvili" da pedrosnairi klasobriv-revoluciuri fa-
    natizmiT aRgznebuli `axali WeSmaritebis mociqulebi" swored misebri
    barbarosuli daundoblobiT angrevdnen da Zirkvavdnen Zveli cxovrebis naS-
    Tebs. p. kakabaZis piesaSi moqmedebis droca da adgilic Tumca xazgasmulad ga-
    ucxoebulia, vfiqrobT, ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom nawarmoebis azrobriv qve-
    teqstsa da mizanswrafvas bevri ramiT, pirvel yovlisa, swored sabWoTa epoqis
    revoluciuri sinamdvile gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs.
    Tavisi xangrZlivi da nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT p. kakabaZem
    klasikuri srulyofis axal simaRleze aiyvana Cveni literaturis iseTi Seda-
    rebiT CamorCenili Janri, rogoric dramaturgiaa. qarTuli mwerlobis istoria-
    Si igi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi klasikosia, romelmac literaturuli TviTga-
    moxatvis formad mxolod dramatuli Janri aqcia.
    problemuri masStaburobiTa da ganzogadebulobiT, mxatvruli srulyofi-
    Ta da daxvewilobiT, siuJeturi dinamizmiTa da scenuri sicocxlisunarianobiT
    p. kakabaZis piesebi Cveni Teatraluri xelovnebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca da
    arsebiTad gansazRvra misi ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi miRwevebi.
    328
    giorgi leoniZe
    giorgi leoniZis gamoCenas samwerlo asparezze imTaviTve mohyva literatu-
    ruli sazogadoebis cxoveli daintereseba. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel rigSi, is
    siTbo da yuradReba unda gavixsenoT, vaJa-fSavelam rom gamoxata axalbeda poe-
    tisadmi. uwinares yovlisa, swored vaJa aRmoCnda is kaci, romelmac TxuTmetio-
    de wlis damwyeb mgosans kalami dauloca da misi Taobis momavals daimedebiT
    daukavSira tanjviT mgminavi samSoblos monobisagan Tavdaxsnisa da gadarCenis
    diadi ocnebis aRsruleba.
    es faqti 1914 wels moxda, im dros, roca g. leoniZe is-is iyo idgamda fexs
    qarTul poeziaSi da mxolod ramdenime gamoqveynebuli leqsis avtori iyo. vaJa-
    fSavela, rogorc Cans, interesiT adevnebda Tvals udrood gardacvlili me-
    gobris _ niko leoniZis Svilis literaturul debiuts, moswonda misi poeturi
    unari da imediT Sescqeroda mis SemoqmedebiT momavals. g. leoniZe Semdgom,
    mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, didi siamayiT igonebda am faqts, rac mkafiod vlin-
    deba mis SemoqmedebaSi. naTqvamis dasturad, Tundac, misi erT-erTi leqsidan es
    striqonebi gavixsenoT: `rogorc damloca vaJa fSavelam, damskdari xeli Tavze
    damado"... vaJa-fSavelas am damskdari da devkacuri marjvenisagan SeTvisebuli
    madli maradiul sulier sagzlad gahyva g. leoniZis mTel poetur STagonebas.
    farTod damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, giorgi leoniZe 1899 wlis
    27 dekembers (axali stiliT) daibada garekaxeTis sofel patarZeulSi. magram,
    rogorc patarZeulis xarebis eklesiisa da sofel ninowmindis wminda ninos ek-
    lesiis Canawerebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, g. leoniZe dabadebuli unda
    iyos ara 1899, aramed 1897 wlis 15 (27) dekembers (i. lorTqifaniZe).
    poetis mama _ niko leoniZe Tavisi droisaTvis cnobili pirovneba iyo, mwe-
    rali, literatori, maswavlebeli, xalxosani, XIX saukunis meore naxevris gamo-
    Cenil mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa axlo megobari da Tanamoazre. am
    TvalsazrisiT rad Rirs, Tundac, is urTierToba, romelic nikos vaJa-fSavelas-
    Tan hqonia. misi moTxrobebi da werilebi drodadro qveyndeboda imJamindel pe-
    riodul presaSi (`iveria", `droeba", `ciskari"...). erT Tavis mogonebaSi poeti ma-
    mis Sesaxeb ambobs: `ver mipatiebia Cemi TavisTvis, rom mamis arqivs ver movuare
    sxvisi arqivebis Wirisufalma. maxsovs 10-11 werili ivane kereseliZisa mamisadmi,
    romlebic upatronobiT daiRupa mamis sxva megobar mweralTa werilebTan er-
    Tad. Zalian kargad maxsovs baCanasa da ioseb daviTaSvilis werilebi mamasTan.
    mama adre gardamecvala _ erTi wlisa viyavi maSin, magram damrCa misi mSvenieri
    biblioTeka da etyoba, am biblioTekam Tavisi roli iTamaSa Cems cxovrebaSi".
    momavali poetis aRzrdis saqmeSi udidesi roli Seasrula dedam _ sofio
    gulisaSvilma, uaRresad saTno, keTilSobilma da qarTuli mwerlobis moyva-
    rulma qalma. miuxedavad meuRlis naadrevi gardacvalebisa, ojaxze mzrunvelma
    dedam Tavdadebuli SromiTa da garjiT Rirseulad uwinamZRvra Tavis xuT
    obols da maT Sesaferi swavla-ganaTleba misca.
    1907 wels giorgi dedam Tbilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabara. moma-
    valma poetma gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli gamoamJRavna mwerlobisadmi da Tanamo-
    azreebTan erTad aq moswavleTa literaturuli wrec daaarsa. 1913 wels man
    swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, romelic 1918 wels daamTav-
    ra. aq mas aswavlidnen iseTi cnobili pirovnebani, rogorebic iyvnen: vasil bar-
    novi, niko sulxaniSvili, korneli kekeliZe da sxv. sasuliero saswavlebelsa
    da seminariaSi swavlis wlebSi farTo gasaqani mieca g. leoniZis literaturul
    interesebs. igi ukve iwyebs aqtiur samwerlo moRvaweobas da 1911 wlidan moyo-
    lebuli sistematurad beWdavs leqsebsa da werilebs qarTul periodul presa-
    Si. 1916 wels misi redaqtorobiT gamodis literaturuli almanaxi `safironi",
    1922 wels ki gazeTi `baxtrioni".
    saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaze meocnebe poeti sixaruliT Sexvda 1917 wlis
    Tebervlis revolucias, romelmac saTave daudo ruseTis imperiis rRvevas. g.
    leoniZis damokidebuleba am faqtisadmi mkafiod gamovlinda rogorc leqsebSi,
    ise werilebSic. 1917 wlis 9 marts gazeT `saqarTveloSi" igi werda: `Crdiloe-
    329
    Tis civ gulSi ainTo CiraRdani sixarulisa. yinulis Cafxuti daadna didebuls
    saruseTos... asxivda gazafxuli... da Cveni gazafxulic Soreuls sayinuleSi
    hyavT damwyvdeuli da veliT".
    ra gazafxulis molodinzecaa aq saubari, amis gaazreba sulac ar iqneba
    Zneli mkiTxvelisaTvis. g. leoniZe, maSindeli Cveni sazogadoebis progresuli
    nawilis msgavsad, aRtacebiT xvdeboda im faqts, rom `naTdeboda mzedabne-
    lebuli saqarTvelo", rom `mziuri RmerTi moscuravda elvare-suzianis bindSi
    da janRi verRa SeaCerebda mas". poetis imJamindeli ganwyobileba leqsebSic ga-
    moixata. maTgan aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelosadmi 1917 wels miZRvnili sonetebi,
    romlebSic naTlad vlindeba Tavisuflebis sanetaro Jamis moaxloebasTan Se-
    sisxlxorcebuli sabrZolo suliskveTeba.
    1919 wels g. leoniZem swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis universitetSi. am droi-
    saTvis igi ukve farTod cnobili poeti iyo. garda poeturi nawarmoebebisa, pre-
    saSi xSirad qveyndeba misi werilebi da literaturul-istoriuli gamokvlevebi.
    Tavisi filologiuri narkvevebiT g. leoniZem didad Seuwyo xeli sulxan-saba
    orbelianis, saiaTnovas, besikis, daviT guramiSvilis, mamuka baraTaSvilisa da
    sxva mweralTa cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mecnierul Seswavlas.
    1924 wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi, rogorc cnobilia, Semzaravi sisxliani
    tragedia datrialda. miuxedavad xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli umkacresi Ro-
    nisZiebebisa, am movlenam mainc hpova garkveuli asaxva imJamindel Cvens litera-
    turaSi. am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa g. leoniZis soneti _ `saqarTvelo"
    (1924 w.), romelic naTlad avlens avtoris damokidebulebas im tragikuli mov-
    lenebisadmi, 1921 wlis Tebervlis sisxliani dReebis Semdeg rom datrialda
    CvenSi da 1924 wlis agvistoTi dagvirgvinda. am leqsSi yvelaferi pirdapir da
    araorazrovnadaa naTqvami. poeti gulistkiviliT esaubreba damonebul sam-
    Soblos da surs odnav mainc dauamos mas wylulebi.
    am erovnuli tragediis poeturi gaazreba ganuyofeladaa dakavSirebuli
    darialis karebis sabediswero gaxsnasTan. poeti uRrmes mwuxarebas gamoxatavs
    imis gamo, rom sisxlis mdinareebi milekavdnen qveyanas, romlis `daCeqmili su-
    li" SxamiT iyo savse. tragedias kidev ufro amZafrebda gacnobiereba imisa, rom
    yovelive amis Camdeni Cvenive gvar-tomis naSieri iyo, gadarjulebuli kondotie-
    ri, yvelaze didi mteri mSobeli qveynisa.
    garda SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobisa, poeti aqtiur sazogadoebriv da
    samecniero saqmianobasac eweoda. kerZod, igi iyo aqtiuri Taosani saqarTvelos
    literaturuli muzeumis daarsebisa da ori aTwleulis manZilze warmatebiT
    xelmZRvanelobda mas. 1950-1954 wlebSi muSaobda saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSi-
    ris pirvel mdivnad. 1958-1966 wlebSi ki iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
    SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis istoriis institutis di-
    reqtori.
    1944 wels g. leoniZe arCeul iqna saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis nam-
    dvil wevrad. 1949 wels didi siyvaruliT aRiniSna poetis dabadebidan ormoc-
    daaTi, xolo 1959 wels samoci wlis iubileebi. 1959 wels g. leoniZes mieniWa
    saqarTvelos saxalxo poetis sapatio wodeba. miRebuli hqonda agreTve sxva-
    dasxva saxis saxelmwifo premiebi da ordenebi. misi nawarmoebebi Targmnilia
    msoflios xalxTa mraval enaze. poets axlo megobruli urTierToba hqonda
    damyarebuli mraval ucxoel moRvawesTan da aqtiurad iRvwoda qarTuli mwer-
    lobisa da kulturis popularizaciisTvis.
    g. leoniZe gardaicvala 1966 wlis 9 agvistos. dakrZalulia mTawmindis mwe-
    ralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi.

    * * *
    giorgi leoniZis poeturi gza bavSvobis wlebSi daiwyo. poetis cnobiT, mi-
    si pirveli leqsi 1909 wliT TariRdeba. Tumca mis arqivs ufro adrindeli `na-
    warmoebic" Semounaxavs. es aris mwerlis dis _ evgenias albomSi Cawerili `ra-
    Rac prozaul-leqsiseburi amonakvnesi ilias sikvdilis gamo 1907 wels. e. i. Svi-
    di wlisas, poetis TqmiT, mas ukve ugrZvnia tkivili wiwamuris tragediisa".
    330
    g. leoniZis leqsebi qarTuli presis furclebze pirvelad aTiani wlebis
    damdegs gamoCnda. axalbeda poetis es gauwafavi striqonebi jer kidev mok-
    lebulia poetur individualobas da aSkarad etyobaT literaturuli gavlenis
    kvali. isini, erTis mxriv, mkafiodaa aRbeWdili imJamindeli qarTuli poeziis-
    Tvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebiTa da miswrafebebiT, meores mxriv ki klasiku-
    ri poeturi tradiciebis Zalumi zegavleniT daRdasmuli. SemoqmedebiTi Ziebisa
    da Segirdobis es xana TiTqmis ociani wlebis damdegamde gagrZelda. Tavdapir-
    velad, aTiani wlebis Sua xanebamde, g. leoniZe klasikos da imxanad moRvawe
    cnobil qarTvel poetTa mZlavr zegavlenas ganicdida, aTiani wlebis meore
    naxevridan ki simbolizmma gaitaca.
    samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis gamaxvilebula yuradReba poetis ad-
    rindeli leqsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel pesimizmze. kritikosTa erTma nawilma
    es sevda, pirvel yovlisa, maSindel socialur da politikur movlenebs daukav-
    Sira da g. leoniZis depresiuli sulieri ganwyobilebis ganmapirobebel umTav-
    res faqtorad pirveli revoluciis damarcxebis Semdgom xanaSi damkvidrebuli
    reaqcia da mZime sazogadoebrivi viTareba miiCnia. xazgasmiTaa agreTve aRniSnu-
    li isic, rom axalgarda poetis msoflmxedvelobriv pesimizms didad gansaz-
    Rvravda saqarTvelos koloniuri mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevdac.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom es momentebi, gansakuTrebiT erovnuli faqtori, uTu-
    od mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs g. leoniZis adrindeli Semoqmedebis naRvlian
    ganwyobilebas, sakiTxis ase dasma, garkveulwilad, ideologiuri koniunqturis
    Sedegi iyo da calmxrivad warmoaCenda g. leoniZis poeziis arssa da mizandasa-
    xulobas.
    am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom im
    dros, roca es leqsebi iwereboda, maT avtors _ jer kidev sruliad axalbeda
    Semoqmeds - saTanadod gacnobierebuli da mwyobr msoflmxedvelobriv sistemad
    Camoyalibebuli socialur-politikuri Sexedulebani ar SeiZleboda hqonoda.
    rogorc iTqva, aTiani wlebis meore naxevarSi literaturuli individua-
    lobis Ziebam g. leoniZe simbolisturi esTetikuri principebis aRiarebamde
    miiyvana. misi es interesi Tavdapirvelad werilebSi gamovlinda, Semdeg ki am
    tendenciam leqsebSic iCina Tavi. axal mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa
    maZiebeli Wabuki poeti, am droidan moyolebuli, ukve gabedulad cdilobs ra-
    dikalurad gaemijnos literaturul trafarets, gadauxvios tradiciul gzas
    da, evropuli modernizmis gamoCenil ostatTa esTetikur Sexedulebebs damowa-
    febulma, xelovnebis arsisa da daniSnulebis axleburi gageba daamkvidros.
    magram simbolistur literaturul tendenciebs g. leoniZis poeziaSi di-
    dad sagulisxmo SemoqmedebiTi warmatebani ar mohyolia. marTalia, simbolizmma
    mniSvnelovanwilad Secvala bevri ram poetis manamdel lirikaSi, magram am li-
    teraturuli mimdinareobis Sedegad damkvidrebuli stiluri siaxleni jer ki-
    dev iyo moklebuli leoniZiseul mxatvrul Zalmosilebas da srulyofilad
    ver avlenda avtoris SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs.
    `cisferyanwelTa" literaturul jgufs g. leoniZe 1918 wlidan ukavSir-
    deba. am droisaTvis mas, rogorc evropuli simbolizmiT gatacebul poets, mka-
    fiod hqonda gamokveTili da Camoyalibebuli Tavisi esTetikuri Sexedulebani.
    igi aqtiuri wevri xdeba `yanwelTa" SemoqmedebiTi jgufisa, sistematurad Tanam-
    Sromlobs maT periodul gamocemebSi, monawileobs `cisferyanwelTa" mier mo-
    wyobil RonisZiebebSi, Tavadac energiulad eweva sagamomcemlo-saredaqcio saq-
    mianobas da a. S.
    imis gasarkvevad, ram miiyvana g. leoniZe simbolisturi esTetikuri princi-
    pebis aRiarebamde, metad mniSvnelovania poetis `avtobiografia". masSi zustadaa
    axsnili da Sefasebuli is arsebiTi faqtorebi, romelTac g. leoniZe da misi
    Taobis sxva niWieri mwerlebi evropuli modernistuli xelovnebis madls azia-
    res. poetis ganmartebiT, es iyo cda maTi drois qarTul poeziaSi gabatonebul
    StampTan da trafaretTan dapirispirebisa, brZola `uferul, gacveTil sityvas-
    Tan da Zvel poetur teqnikasTan", dauokebeli swrafva literaturuli `Tavi-
    suflebisa da axal saxviT saSualebaTa" mignebisaken.
    331
    g. leoniZisa da misi TanamoazreebisaTvis, pirvel yovlisa, swored
    simbolizmi aRmoCnda is literaturuli mimdinareoba, romelic gzas uxsnida
    maT `teqnikuri simdidris, formaluri sirTulis, Ziebis, riTmisa da leqsis mu-
    sikalobisaken". 1918-1920 wlebSi bodleriT, verleniT, erediaTi, remboTi, bloki-
    Ta da anenskiT gatacebam g. leoniZe, misi TqmiT, `iseT poetur nihilizmamde
    miiyvana", rom mas `saerTod zedmetad miaCnda rembos Semdeg raimes dawera". mis
    warmosaxvaSi `mTvrali xomaldis" dawera `iliadas" Seqmnaze bevrad rTuli da
    Zneli saqme iyo". magram gavida arcTu ise didi dro da poetma `guli aicrua
    esTetobaze da ganyenebul artistizmze... TandaTan Zlia sulieri krizisi,
    simbolisturi gavlena, esTetTa kameruloba da cocxal xalxur sityvas
    daubrunda". amaSi mas `erovnul niadagTan mtkice kavSirma gauwia" upirvelesi
    daxmareba.
    rogorc iTqva, g. leoniZis simbolistur leqsebSi naklebad vlindeba poe-
    tis SemoqmedebisaTvis niSneuli sityvis ZarRvianoba da baraqianoba, grZnobis
    silaRe da uSualoba, azris sinaTle da gamWvirvaloba. saTqmeli ufro xSirad
    bundovani formiTaa gamoxatuli. poetur-azrobrivi asociaciebi aralogikuria
    da erTmaneTTan Seusabamo. magram amgvar poetur ZiebebSi mTavari mainc sul
    sxva ramaa _ gabeduli, dauokebeli swrafva saTqmelis axali poeturi formiT
    gamoTqmisaken. marTalia, azrisa da grZnobis silaRes maTSi xSirad Trgunavda
    TviTmiznuri esTetizmi, magram isic ar unda daviviwyoT, rom maTs wiaRSi, imav-
    droulad, g. leoniZis poeturi individualobis ganmsazRvrel stilur Tavi-
    seburebebsac eyreboda safuZveli.
    poeti male mivida imis aRiarebamde, rom misi literaturuli TavisTava-
    dobis safuZvlad, uwinares yovlisa, evropuli modernizmis, pirvel rigSi ki
    simbolizmis, esTetikuri principebisa da erovnuli mwerlobis tradiciaTa
    bunebrivi Serwyma-Sesisxlxorceba unda qceuliyo. es Tvalsazrisi, sxva `cis-
    feryanwelTa" msgavsad, g. leoniZis simbolisturi periodis SemoqmedebaSic mka-
    fiodaa deklarirebuli. magaliTad, `avtoportretSi" (1921 w.) igi garkveviT wer-
    da:
    artur rembosTan borot tyupad Caxutebuli
    madgamen gvirgvins Teimuraz da WavWavaZe.
    mkiTxveli advilad dainaxavs, rom artur rembos saxelSi aq ganzoga-
    debulad simbolisturi poeturi principebi da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
    siaxlenia asocirebuli, Teimurazisa da WavWavaZis saxiT ki erovnuli litera-
    turuli tradiciebis udides mniSvnelobas esmeba xazi.
    simbolizmiT yvelaze radikaluri gatacebis wlebSic ki `cisferyanwelebi"
    cdilobdnen ar mowyvetiliyvnen erovnul niadags da maTi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebani
    or umTavres fundamentze daefuZnebinaT: erTmaneTTan bunebrivad Sezrdil-Se-
    sisxlxorcebul erovnul fesvebsa da evropul modernizmze. pirvel yovlisa,
    swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom `yanwelTa" `brZola" erovnul li-
    teraturul tradiciebTan, faqtobrivad, sityvieri deklaraciebisa da lozungu-
    ri mowodebebis iqiT arc wasula.
    dRes aravin xdis sakamaTod im faqts, rom yvelaferi faseuli da mniSvne-
    lovani, rac `cisferyanwelebma" simbolizmiT gatacebis wlebSi Seqmnes da Ses-
    Zines Cvens mwerlobas, swored erovnuli fesvebisagan mouwyvetlobis Sedegi
    iyo. da Tu vinmeze iTqmis es, raRa Tqma unda, uwinaresad g. leoniZeze, romlis
    literaturuli stiqia, pirvel rigSi, erovnuli fesvebiT sazrdoobs.
    es faqtori erT-erTma pirvelma paolo iaSvilma aRniSna xazgasmiT giorgi
    leoniZisadmi 1919 wels miZRvnil leqsSi. man intuiciiT Tavidanve igrZno da ga-
    mokveTa is ZiriTadi poeturi tendenciebi, ociani wlebis Sua xanebidan g. leo-
    niZis SemoqmedebiTi individualobis ganmsazRvrel Tvisebebad rom iqca.
    arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom p. iaSvilis leqsSi megobari poetis Semoqmedebis
    gandidebis dros wina planze swored erovnuli fenomeni wamoiwia da ara maT
    mier imxanad gafetiSebuli modernistuli tendenciebi. mravlismTqmelia is faq-
    ti, rom imxanad `yanwelTa" mier SemoqmedebiT kerpebad dasaxul ucxoel poetTa
    saxelebis nacvlad, g. leoniZis pirovnuli individualobis poeturi daxasia-
    332
    Teba paolom megobari mwerlis mSobliuri kuTxis monatrebas daukavSira (kaxe-
    Ti, ninowminda, saguramo...). im dros, roca es leqsi daiwera, p. iaSvils ukve ga-
    moqveynebuli hqonda warsulisadmi mkveTrad nihilisturi damokidebulebis ga-
    momxatveli simbolisturi literaturuli manifesti _ `pirvelTqma". magram, mis-
    gan gansxvavebiT, g. leoniZisadmi miZRvnil leqss xazgasmulad gasdevs uRrmesi
    mowiweba da siyvaruli warsulisadmi.
    simbolisturi tedendenciebi g. leoniZis lirikaSi male Cacxra da ociani
    wlebis Sua xanebSi poetma sul sxva poeturi samyaro aRmoaCina. cxadia, am sam-
    yaros mignebisa da damkvidrebis gzaze mniSvnelovani roli im modernistulma
    Ziebebmac Seasrules, romelTac Sinaganad bevr raimes moumzades mkvidri safuZ-
    veli g. leoniZis poeziaSi.

    * * *
    ociani wlebis Sua xanebSi giorgi leoniZis poeturi sityva literaturu-
    li simwifis sruliad axal stadiaSi Sedis da erTbaSad iZens SemoqmedebiTi in-
    dividualobis mkveTrad gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebebs. qarTuli presis furclebze
    gamoqveynebuli lirikuli SedevrebiT mkiTxvelTaTvis ukve araorazrovnad gax-
    da cxadi, rom g. leoniZis saxiT Cvens poezias erovnul literaturul tradi-
    ciebze myarad dafuZnebuli TviTmyofadi poeturi talanti Semoemata.
    g. leoniZis poeziis yoveli sasicocxlo nervi, upirveles yovlisa, erov-
    nul wiaRTanaa Sezrdil-Sesisxlxorcebuli. Cveni saukunis qarTvel mweralTa-
    gan iSviaTad Tu Seedreba mas vinme am TvalsazrisiT. mixeil javaxiSvilma, maga-
    liTad, g. leoniZes `qarTul miwaSi yelamde Cafluli poeti" uwoda, xolo gri-
    gol robaqiZem erovnul fesvebTan goglas gansakuTrebuli siaxlove da misi
    poeziis umTavresi Taviseburebani amgvarad gansazRvra: `giorgi leoniZes ar
    esaWiroeba miwasTan dabruneba. igi TviTon aris `miwa". mis poeziaSi uTuod aris
    vaJa-fSavelas Tesli. Zviria aseTi sinoyivre da siuxve".
    m. javaxiSvilisa da gr. robaqiZis am SefasebebSi Tumca lakonurad, magram
    uaRresad zustadaa gansazRvruli da daxasiaTebuli g. leoniZis poeturi bune-
    ba, misi leqsis umTavresi Taviseburebani.
    g. leoniZis Semoqmedeba romantikul-realisturi TvalTaxedviT aRqmuli
    da danaxuli samyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis garkve-
    ul etapze, rogorc iTqva, poeti simbolizmiT iyo gatacebuli, misi saukeTeso
    nawarmoebebi, tradiciul literaturul mimdinareobaTa klasifikacias Tu gamo-
    viyenebT, realizmisa da romantizmis niSan-TvisebaTa Taviseburi urTier-
    TSerwymisa da sinTezirebis gziTaa Seqmnili.
    winamorbed poetTagan, romelTa Semoqmedebasac g. leoniZe Tavis upirveles
    sulier sazrdod miiCnevda da Tavs maT uSualo memkvidred acxadebda, pirvel
    rigSi, daviT guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela unda gamovyoT. am TvalsazrisiT,
    mravlismTqmelia leqsi `daviT guramiSvils, vaJa-fSavelas" (1938 w.). da mainc,
    miuxedavad TviT avtoris mier misi literaturuli maswavleblebis amgvari da-
    konkretebisa da TviTaRiarebisa, albaT, ufro swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom g.
    leoniZis `poeturi maswavleblebis" sia gacilebiT ufro vrcelia da, da-
    saxelebul poetebTan erTad, aq uTuod unda gavixsenoT ilia WavWavaZec, gri-
    gol orbelianic, Cveni xalxuri poeziis usaxelo avtorebic...
    meoce saukunis qarTul poeziaSi cotas Tu umReria samSoblosaTvis iseTi
    ZaliT, rogorc g. leoniZes. misi lirikis Ronieri nakadi qarTuli miwis wiaRSi
    iRebs saTaves. yoveli nervi, romelic kvebavs da aZlierebs am nakads, zedmiwev-
    niT mSobliuria da erovnuli. g. leoniZis mTeli poeturi monagari am azris
    dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tavisi niWi da unari man, uwinares yovlisa, mSobeli
    miwis siyvarulis gamoxatvas Sealia.
    literaturuli moRvaweobis mTels manZilze g. leoniZe xazgasmuli mowi-
    webiT epyroboda mSobliur sityvas. mis SemoqmedebaSi qarTuli ena brwyinavs
    Tavisi momxibvlelobiTa da leqsikuri siuxviT. enobrivi stiqiis sinoyivre da
    SeuzRudveli gamovlineba goglas poeturi individualobis erT-erTi umTavresi
    gasaRebia. mSobliuri enisadmi poetis es faqizi siyvaruli araerTi lirikuli
    333
    SedevriT dadasturebula. qarTul sityvasTan mgosnis amgvar damokidebulebas
    rwmenagaubzaravi morwmunis fanatizmi da mowiweba axlavs Tan.
    gasuli saukunis qarTul poeziaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba meore poeti, rome-
    lic Tavisi fesvebiT ise iyos Sesisxlxorcebuli erovnul wiaRs, rogorc g.
    leoniZe. marTlac rom, galaktionis sityvebiT Tu vityviT, `wveTi sisxlic ar
    aris masSi araqarTuli".
    g. leoniZis poeturi STagonebis wyarod xSirad iqceoda xolme saqarTve-
    los istoriuli warsuli. am Temaze man mravali SesaniSnavi nawarmoebi Seqmna.
    maTgan calke unda gamoiyos is leqsebi, romlebic `qarTlis cxovrebisadmia"
    miZRvnili. qarTveli xalxis istoriiT poetis aseTi daintereseba SemTxveviTi
    ar iyo. igi Rrmad da safuZvlianad icnobda Cvens warsuls da, rogorc mecni-
    eri-literaturaTmcodne, Tavadac ikvlevda mas. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT
    mniSvnelovania misi gamokvlevebi, romlebic man Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis war-
    momadgenelTa cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Seswavlas miuZRvna.
    warsulis Temaze daweril nawarmoebebSi poetma gaacocxla da originalu-
    ri TvalTaxedviT gaiazra Cveni istoriis mravali saWirboroto sakiTxi. misi
    poeturi STagonebis wyarod qceulia rogorc tragikuli epizodebi qarTveli
    xalxis warsuli yofisa, ise saamayo da gmiruli furclebi. Tumca aqve unda
    iTqvas isic, rom poeti gansakuTrebul dainteresebas mainc Cveni istoriis
    sabediswero movlenebis mimarT iCenda.
    warsulis Temaze daweril Tavis saukeTeso leqsebSi g. leoniZem STambeW-
    davad gangvacdevina samSoblos bedze mgloviare Cveni winaprebis dakodili gu-
    lis kvnesa da godeba. magram es tkivili mis poeziaSi Semodis ara rogorc su-
    lis damTrgunveli da Cveni uZlurebis maCvenebeli gancda, aramed rogorc
    zneobrivad da erovnulad amamaRlebeli da gamakeTilSobilebeli grZnoba, ma-
    radiulad ukvdavi fesvi Cveni TavisTavadobisa da TviTmyofadobisa.
    istoriuli warsulisadmi miZRvnil leqsebSi poeti xSirad iyenebs kon-
    trastis, dapirispirebis xerxs, rac, garkveulwilad, avtoris msoflmxedve-
    lobas aSkarad gamoxatuli tendenciurobiT aRbeWdavs xolme. warsuli Tavisi
    tragizmiT, sasowarkveTiT, uimedobiTa da uperspeqtivobiT xSirad Sedarebulia
    da dapirispirebuli awmyosTan, romelic mwerals ufro metad gaazrebuli aqvs,
    rogorc erovnuli ayvavebisa da bednierebis sanetaro xana.
    warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis aseTi kontrastuli gamijvna erTmaneTisa-
    gan, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirdapiri Sedegi iyo im ideologiuri diqtaturisa, rom-
    lis drosac mouwia poets cxovreba. es ideologiuri diqtatura da mis Sedegad
    qveynad aRzevebuli cru iluziebi g. leoniZes aiZulebda msoflmxedvelobrivi
    kompromisis gzas dadgomoda da movlenebi kosmetikuri, Selamazebuli tenden-
    ciurobiT warmoesaxa.
    magram amjerad es ki araa mTavari, aramed is faqti, rom warsulis Temaze
    daweril Tavis saukeTeso leqsebSi g. leoniZem metad STambeWdavad da
    grZnobierad gamoxata qarTveli xalxis istoriuli yofis tragedia, gviCvena
    Cveni eris ukvdavi Svilebis mamuliSviluri gulisZgera, gangvacdevina Zala da
    Seuvaloba im rwmenisa, romelmac sabediswero qartexilebSi gamoatara Cveni
    samSoblo.
    sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omi g. leoniZisTvis, iseve rogorc milionobiT
    Cveni TanamemamulisTvis, samamulo omi iyo. advilad gasagebi mizezebis gamo,
    maTTvis imxanad arc ki dasmula sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom am omSi monawi-
    leobiT qarTveli kaci Tavis samSoblos, mSobliur miwas ar icavda. amdenad,
    meore msoflio omis Temaze maSin dawerili nawarmoebebis patriotuli ganwyo-
    bileba gulwrfelia da am gulwrfelobaSi daeWveba yovlad gaumarTlebeli
    iqneba.
    Tumca, rogorc axla irkveva, im drosac iyvnen iseTi pirovnebani, rom-
    lebic sxvagvarad afasebdnen am oms, magram amis xmamaRla gamxela maSin sam-
    Soblos RalatTan iyo gaigivebuli. farTo sazogadoebisaTvis, magaliTad, bo-
    lo dromde TiTqmis srulad ucnobi iyo aseT `sxvagvarad" moazrovne axalgaz-
    rda mweralTa da mecnierTa saidumlo organizaciis _ `samanis" arseboba CvenSi
    334
    1941-42 wlebSi. saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaze meocnebe am axalgazrda mamuliSvi-
    lebs sastikad gausworda maSin xelisufleba da yoveli maTganis sicocxle
    tragikulad dasrulda.
    g. leoniZis poeziaSi, rogorc iTqva, meore msoflio oms aseTi `opoziciu-
    ri" Sefaseba ar miuRia. poetis mravalricxovan nawarmoebebSi es omi gaaz-
    rebulia, rogorc sabWoTa xalxebis gmiruli brZola faSizmisa da borotebis
    winaaRmdeg. avtori gansakuTrebiT wamowevs wina planze qarTveli kacis wvlils
    am omSi. swored amitomac, samamulo omis Temaze daweril leqsebSi g. leoniZes
    mTavar gmirad, TiTqmis yovelTvis, qarTveli mebrZoli hyavs gamoyvanili da
    gamZafrebuli patriotuli grZnobiT asxams xotbas mis gmirul Tavganwirvas
    mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
    poets daueWveblad swamda, rom moskovisa da leningradis dasacavad daR-
    vrili sisxli qarTuli miwis gadasarCenad Tavis ganwirvac iyo. amitomacaa, rom
    is xSirad avlebda paralelebs `samamulo" omis gmirebsa da winamorbed mamu-
    liSvilebs Soris da Tvlida, rom cxra Zma xerxeuliZeTa da samas aragvelTa
    memkvidreni misma dromac mravlad mouvlina saqarTvelos.
    g. leoniZis (da ara marto misi) es Tvalsazrisi maSin koniunqturisa da
    ideologiuri zewolis Sedegi ar yofila. igi Cveni xalxis maSindeli cnobie-
    rebis bunebrivi gamovlineba iyo. sxvanairad ar SeiZleba aixsnas cxra Zma
    xerxeuliZis Sedareba im qarTvel mamuliSvilebTan, romelnic maTi samSoblos
    dampyrobTa miwis dacvas wiravdnen sicocxles.
    samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba poetur
    folklorTan g. leoniZis poeziis gansakuTrebul siaxloveze. Cveni saukunis
    poetTagan cotas Tu gauTavisebia da Seusisxlxorcebia erovnuli xalxuri poe-
    ziis motivebi da specifikuri poeturi niSan-Tvisebebi ise bunebrivad da orga-
    nulad, rogorc g. leoniZes. mis leqsebSi zogjer gamokveTiladac ki ismis ama
    Tu im xalxuri poeturi Sedevris ritmi da intonacia. es siaxlove mizanswra-
    fuli, cnobieri aqtia. am SemTxvevaSi xalxuri poezia, sxva literaturul sa-
    fuZvlebTan erTad, g. leoniZisaTvis qceulia poeturi individualobisa da sti-
    luri TavisTavadobis ganmapirobebel erT-erT myar saZirkvlad.
    xalxur poezasTan g. leoniZis aseTi genetikuri siaxlove literaturuli
    motivebis mizanmimarTul naTesaobaSic poulobs gamoxatulebas. magaliTad, po-
    etis zogierTi nawarmoebis Temaca da saTqmelic aSkarad enaTesaveba ama Tu im
    xalxur leqss da mis Tavisebur literaturul gadamuSavebasa da gaRrmavebas
    warmoadgens. amis klasikur magaliTs g. leoniZis lirikaSi `yivCaRis paemani"
    (1928 w.) warmoadgens, xalxuri `Semomeyara yivCaRis" poeturi fesvebidan amoz-
    rdili leqsi.
    magram g. leoniZe farTod cnobili folkloruli Sedevris poetur vari-
    ants ki ar qmnis, aramed sruliad axal lirikul qmnilebas, romelic Tavisi
    poetikiTac da msoflmxedvelobiTac, SeiZleba iTqvas, radikalurad gansxvav-
    deba xalxuri leqsisagan da sul sxva suliskveTebis gamomxatveli nawarmoebia,
    mravalmxriv saintereso SinaarsiTac da mxatvrulobiTac.
    `yivCaRis paemanis" arsebiTi gamijvna xalxuri Sedevrisagan Tavidanve xde-
    ba. kerZod, Tu `Semomeyara yivCaRi" qarTveli kacis aRsarebaa, g. leoniZis leqsi
    yivCaRis monologs warmoadgens. ase rom, nawarmoebSi aRwerili mZafri adamia-
    nuri konfliqti, romelic sabediswero xasiaTs iRebs orive pirovnebisaTvis, sa-
    pirispiro poziciebidanaa danaxuli: ucnobi avtori am konfliqts zneobrivad
    marTali qarTveli kacis TvalTaxedviT afasebs, giorgi leoniZe ki am tragedi-
    is mTavari Semoqmedis _ yivCaRis TvaliT.
    `yivCaRis paemanSi", romelic, xalxuri leqsisagan gansxvavebiT, yivCaRis aR-
    sareba-monologia, folkloruli pirvelwyarodan poetma mxolod ramdenime ar-
    sebiTi yofiT-eTnografiuli da geografiuli detali SeinarCuna da axleburi
    gaazreba SesZina maT.
    rogorc iTqva, xalxur leqsSi mTavari aqcenti yivCaRis Zaladobaze, uz-
    neobasa da Tavxedobazea gadatanili, rasac Sedegad qarTvel vaJkacTan misi
    samkvdro-sasicocxlo orTabrZola mohyva. folklorul pirvelwyaroSi, uwina-
    335
    res yovlisa, swored es momentebia poeturi warmosaxvis umTavres sagnad qceu-
    li. g. leoniZis leqsSi ki yivCaRis adamianuri buneba sul sxva kuTxidanaa da-
    naxuli. kerZod, misi sabediswero moqmedebis ganmsazRvrel safuZvlad poetma
    qalisadmi siyvaruli miiCnia. `yivCaRis paemanSi" poetma swored es momenti _ yiv-
    CaRis tragikuli siyvarulis gancda - aqcia poeturi warmosaxvis ZiriTad sag-
    nad, ris gamoc folkloruli pirvelwyarodan kargad cnobili sxva momentebi
    Segnebulad gadaitana ukana planze, anda saerTodac uaryo isini. magaliTad,
    Zalze gafermkrTalda qmris saxe, metad umniSvnelo adgili daiWira rayifebis
    orTabrZolis aRweram _ leqsSi, faqtobrivad, mxolod am brZolis tragikuli
    Sedegi gamoixata oriode striqoniT da a. S.
    rac mTavaria, g. leoniZis nawarmoebSi yivCaRi daxatulia, rogorc uimedod
    gamijnurebuli pirovneba, romlis Serkinebas satrfos qmarTan, pirvel yovlisa,
    swored es didi adamianuri grZnoba udevs safuZvlad da ara xorcieli Jini da
    vneba. ase rom, es orTabrZola siyvarulSi mocile raindebis Serkinebaa. poetma
    ramdenadme daarRvia xalxuri leqsis siuJeturi struqtura da masSi aRweril
    dramatul ambavs sul sxva gagrZeleba misca. kerZod, folkloruli pir-
    velwyaros finalisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac gadamTiel moZalades klavs qarTve-
    li vaJkaci da amiT mTavrdeba yvelaferi, g. leoniZe gviCvenebs, rom yivCaRi ase
    erTbaSad ki ar iRupeba, aramed sasikvdilod iWreba da misi ukanaskneli fiqri
    da ocneba kvlav am tragikuli siyvaruliskenaa mimarTuli.
    `yivCaRis paemanis" mTavari lirikuli personaJi, faqtobrivad, moZalade
    momxvduria, ucxo da gadamTieli kaci, sjulismieri qmris mkvleli; Tumca leq-
    sSi es momentebi ki araa aqcentirebuli, aramed is faqti, rom nawarmoebis mTa-
    vari lirikuli gmiri poetma, upirveles yovlisa, tragikuli siyvarulis
    msxverplad warmogvidgina da am tragediis sabediswero siRrmeebi warmoaCina.
    leqsidan isic Cans, rom qali am siyvarulisadmi gulgrili araa da yivCaRTan
    mas, drodadro, etyoba, faruli Sexvedrebic hqonia:
    qsanzed, aragvzed isev hyvavian
    xodabunebi TavTuxebisa,
    Seni tuCebic ise tkbilia,
    rogorc badagi daduRebisas.
    yivCaRs, etyoba, Sesmulic aqvs es badagi da axla, siyvaruliT Tavda-
    viwyebamde misuli, rayifis mosaklav maxvils lesavs:
    xoxbobas gnaxe, miwurvil iyo
    roca zafxuli rusTavelisa,
    netamc badagi ar damelia
    da im dRes xmali ar amelesa!
    mijnuris qmris mokvla sxva drosac ucdia yivCaRs, magram ganzraxva ver
    Seusrulebia. es kargad Cans leqsis pirvelive strofidan, sadac naTqvamia:
    yurRanebidan gnoli afrinda,
    yabardos veli gadaiara,
    isev aRvsdeqi! muxranis bolos
    Casafrebuli vsinjav iaraRs.
    davakvirdeT citirebul strofs. aq naxsenebi sityva _ `isev~ aSkarad migva-
    niSnebs, rom rayifis mosaklavad Casafreba SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris da am
    xerxisTvis yivCaRs sxva drosac miumarTavs. magram metoqis mosaklavad alesi-
    li xmali jer sisxliT ar SeRebila da yivCaRis boroti ganzraxva kvlavac
    ganzraxvad rCeba. igi aCrdiliviT dasdevs qals, rogorc iTqva, drodadro mas-
    Tan Sexvedrebsac axerxebs da misi tuCebis badagiTac tkbeba. am sabediswero
    devnas Tan axlavs sulier siwmindeTa msxvreva da tradiciul zneobriv Ri-
    rebulebaTa xelyofa. swored es momenti unda iyos nagulisxmevi momakvdavi yiv-
    CaRis im sityvebSi, sadac naTqvamia, rogor barbarosulad lewavda da amsxvrev-
    da igi mijnurisken saval gzebze kelaptrian taZrebs:
    tramal da tramal gamogedevne,
    Semovamtvere gzebi triali,
    mcxeTas vumtvrie saketurebi,
    vlewe taZrebi kelaptriani!
    336
    da ai, am sabediswero siyvarulis tragikuli dasasrulic dadga: gadamTi-
    el rayifs muzaradianma qmarma Tavi Suaze gadauCexa. sasikvdilod daWrili yiv-
    CaRi, aw ukve Tavisi unugeSo mdgomareobis gamo sasowarkveTili da Sesabrali-
    si, ukanasknel Sendobasa da TanagrZnobas sTxovs mijnurs, ukanasknel alerssa
    da siyvaruls, rogorc am tragediis gamarTlebas: `modi, momxvie xeli Wri-
    lobas, veRara gxedav, sisxliT viclebi"...
    ase sruldeba es tragikuli drama, mTavrdeba imis xazgasmiT, rom fiziku-
    ri sikvdiliT mainc ar damTavrebula siyvaruli da am sabediswero trfialebis
    romantikuli legenda, rogorc maradiuli ukvdavyofa am grZnobisa, aTasi wlis
    Semdegac pirvelqmnili ZaliT cocxlobs da xmianobs. amis utyuar sabuTad da
    xazgasmad Semodis leqsSi imis aRniSnva, rom vardisfurclobis drois yoveli
    axali dadgoma axali paemanis sanetaro Jamis dadgomis macnecaa.
    vardis furclobisTvis, rogorc siyvarulis saocnebo droisaTvis, es
    simboluri xazgasma leqsis bolos, rac nawarmoebSi logikuri wertilis das-
    mis funqciasac asrulebs, rogorc kritikul literaturaSi marTebuladaa aR-
    niSnuli, mizanswrafulad asocirdeba `vefxistyaosanTan" da siyvarulis mara-
    diulobis Tavisebur himnadac aRiqmeba. kerZod, `yivCaRis paemanis" zemoT citi-
    rebuli strofi pirdapir exmianeba `vefxistyaosnis" Semdeg fragments:
    miwurvil iyo zafxuli, qveyniT amosvla mwvanisa,
    vardis furclobis niSani, dro maTi paemanisa...
    ociani wlebis qarTuli lirikis erT-erTi brwyinvale nimuSi _ `ninowmin-
    dis Rame" im romantikuli serobis Jams miRebuli STabeWdilebiT STagonebuli
    leqsia, romelic giorgi leoniZesa da mis megobar poetebs _ sandro SanSiaS-
    vils, paolo iaSvilsa da tician tabiZes gautarebiaT erTad 1926 wlis 26 marts
    ninowmindis taZris galavanSi. giorgi leoniZe mravaljer yofila amgvari Tav-
    gadasavlebis Tanamonawile. am TvalsazrisiTac man, `cisferyanwelTa" litera-
    turuli ordenis erT-erTma aqtiurma wevrma, waruSleli kvali datova Cveni
    mwerlobis istoriaSi. goglasa da misi megobrebis saxelTan dakavSirebuli
    araerTi faqti momavalma Taobebma lamaz romantikul legendebad gardasaxes
    da ase Semounaxes STamomavlobas. `ninowmindis Ramec" swored aseTi romantiku-
    li ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli leqsia da igi poeturi ostatobis maRaldaxve-
    wil kulturasTan erTad mkiTxvels am romantikiTac xiblavs.
    magram, rogorc es am leqsidanac mkafiod Cans, goglasa da misi megobrebis
    Sexvedra-serobani TviTmiznur Rreobad arasodes iqceoda. es iyo moWarbebul
    emociaTa gamovlenis bunebrivi forma. amgvar Sexvedrebze Sekrebili Tanamei-
    naxeni, romelTa udidesi nawili xSirad poetebi iyvnen, erTmaneTs ecilebodnen
    samSoblosa da leqsis siyvarulSi. es iyo saocnebo poeturi sityvis Ziebisa da
    qarTul mwerlobaSi axali literaturuli gzebis gakvalvis mZafri surviliT
    STagonebuli saRamoebi, sadac WeSmariti siyvaruli da bednier saqarTveloze
    fiqri mbrZaneblobda.
    simboluria is faqti, rom giorgi leoniZisa da misi megobrebis erT-erTi
    aseTi RamisTeva, romelic `ninowmindis Ramis" poeturi STagonebis wyarod iqca,
    ninowmindis uZvelesi taZris galavanSi gaimarTa, taZrisa, Cveni samSoblos is-
    toriuli warsulis saamayo Zeglad rom moaRwia dRemde; Tumca aqve xazgasmiT
    isic unda iTqvas, rom leqsis mTavari paTosi da mizanswrafva sul sxva mimar-
    TulebiT poulobs gamovlenas. pirvel yovlisa, esaa siyvaruliT sulaforia-
    qebuli lirikuli gmiris grZnobaTa eqspresiuli gamoxatva.
    Tavisi ganumeorebeli xatweriT, poetur saxeTa siRrmiT, siuxviTa da mou-
    lodnelobebiT, ritmul-musikaluri STambeWdaobiTa da TavisTavadobiT, riTma-
    Ta simdidriTa da bgeriTi daxvewilobiT, vnebis amSleli temperamentiTa da
    emociurobiT `ninowmindis Rame" g. leoniZis lirikis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCe-
    uli nimuSia. leqsis lirikuli gmiris mier uecrad SemofeTebuli mijnuris sa-
    xe pirvel striqonebSive ninowmindis taZrisa da mefeTa aw ukve ukacrieli da
    dalewili palatebis fonzea danaxuli, riTac Sinaganad esmeba xazi yovlis
    warmavlobis grZnobas, rogorc nawarmoebis sevdian qveteqstad nagulisxmev
    Tvalsazriss. istoriuli warmavlobis am grZnobas kontrastulad upirispir-
    337
    deba momdevno strofSi daxatuli suraTi _ amRerebuli sazandris vnebiani han-
    gebiT acaxcaxebuli Rame, cecxlze aSiSxinebuli avTandilis mwvadi, atmis yva-
    vilebiviT aCaxCaxebuli ca da rZis gamabruebeli surneliT vnebaaSlili ga-
    zafxuli.
    ase iqmneba Tavidanve mZafri azrobrivi kontrasti: mefeTa dalewili da da-
    dumebuli palatebis axmianeba sicocxlis xalisiTa da siyvarulis vnebiT gu-
    laCqrolebuli axalgazrda meinaxeebis azvirTebuli grZnobebiT. Tavdaviwyebam-
    de misuli es axalgazrdebi, gazafxulis am romantikul RameSi xazarebiviT
    rom Sesevian ninowmindis taZris xavsian mdumarebas, Zmobis, cremlisa da siyva-
    rulis iariT sulaforiaqebuli `saqarTvelos leqsis mexanZareni" arian.
    `ninowmindis Rames" saintereso SemoqmedebiTi istoriac aqvs. amasTan dakav-
    SirebiT sagulisxmo informacias gvawvdis Tavad giorgi leoniZe. `1926 w. mar-
    tSi, _ igonebs igi, _ me davpatiJe paolo, ticiani, sandro SanSiaSvili da sxva
    amxanagebi Cems deduleTSi _ ninowmindaSi. V saukunis taZris ezoSi gaimarTa
    didi Rreoba simReriT, cekva-TamaSiT. Sua nadimis dros paolo avarda Tormeti
    saJeni simaRlis samrekloze da iqidan daiwyo leqsebis kiTxva. Semdeg me da ti-
    ciani gamogviwvia gumbaTidan da Cvenc iqidan vkiTxulobdiT Cvens leqsebs. es
    iyo paolos saocari reJisura, ganumeorebeli suraTi. es dauviwyari saRamo, da-
    uviwyebel megobrebTan gatarebuli, STabeWdili maqvs Cems leqsSi `ninowmindis
    Rame".
    martosulobis, sulieri oblobis gamoxatvas qarTul poeziaSi didi tra-
    dicia aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, Tundac, baraTaSvilisa da galaktionis Semoqme-
    debis gaxseneba rad Rirs. maT leqsebSi gamovlenili martoobis naRveli qar-
    Tveli mkiTxvelisaTvis maradiul sulier Tanamgzavrad iqca, radganac es
    grZnoba met-naklebad maxlobelia da bunebrivi yoveli CvenganisaTvis.
    farTod cnobili es WeSmariteba aq imisaTvis gavixsene, rom g. leoniZis `o-
    lec" (1931 w.) am Temaze Seqmnili saukeTeso nawarmoebia qarTul poeziaSi. mar-
    tosulobisa da sulieri oblobis tragikuli gancdis gamoxatvas avtorma masSi
    originaluri forma mouZebna. kerZod, am sabediswero grZnobis gamovlinebad
    leqsSi qceulia liaxvis piras ganmartoebiT mdgomi oles _ miusafrobisTvis
    ganwiruli da martoobis SxamiT gulgamomwvari am namexari xis tragediis aRwe-
    ra-daxasiaTeba. albaT, gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom xis arsebaSi
    gadatanili ganwirulobisa da usasoobis SemaZrwunebeli tkivili esodeni siR-
    rmiTa da simZafriT iSviaTad Tu gamouxatavs vinmes qarTul poeziaSi.
    g. leoniZis mier daxatuli ole da mis saxe-simboloSi nagulisxmevi azri
    imdenad Rrmaa da mravalwaxnagovani, rom leqsis gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT
    wakiTxvis myar safuZvelsac iZleva. cxadia, amaSi araferia cudi. piriqiT, es ga-
    remoeba nawarmoebisadmi interess kidev ufro zrdis da myarad gvarwmunebs, rom
    igi erTganzomilebiani leqsi araa.
    `ole", upirveles yovlisa, martosulobisa da sulieri oblobis tkivilis
    gamomxatveli poeturi teqstia, romelic mTeli ZaliT avlens avtoris niWsa da
    talants, mis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobas. leqsis yoveli nervi raRac idumali
    magiuri energiiT feTqavs da grZneuli dinamikiT avsebs striqonebs. misi drama-
    tuli ritmi gamaognebeli eqspresiiT zemoqmedebs mkiTxvelze. saTqmelis gamo-
    xatvis aseT STambeWdaobas poeti saocrad mignebuli poeturi saxeebis meS-
    veobiT aRwevs.
    amgvari mkveTrad individualuri poeturi saxeebi ki leqsis TiTqmis yovel
    strofSi gvxvdeba. naTqvamis dasturad leqsSi mravlad gamoyenebuli Tundac
    mxolod epiTetebis gaxsenebac iqneba sakmarisi. avtoris daxasiaTebiT, ole
    aris martoxe, partaxi da namexari,` yornisagan Cayefili~ `erTi bewva xe.~ poe-
    tis mier gamoyenebuli bevri epiTeti ise moulodnelad da bunebrivad gadadis
    Sedarebasa da metaforaSi, rom maTi amgvari tradiciuli dayofa, faqtobrivad,
    pirobiTi xdeba.
    aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom poeturi xatovanebiT am-
    gvari gataceba, riTac gamorCeulad xasiaTdeba dasaxelebuli nawarmoebi, mTli-
    anadaa moklebuli TviTmiznurobis saSiSroebas. yoveli striqoni, yoveli poe-
    338
    turi saxe saTqmelis axal waxnags warmoaCens. oles Sinagani bunebis, misi mar-
    tosulobisa da eulobis daxasiaTebis dros yvela gziTa da saSualebiT esmeba
    xazi xis sulier udrekobas, simtkices, siamayesa da utex nebisyofas, winaaRmde-
    gobaTa winaSe qeduxrelobas, bediswerad qceuli qartexilebisadmi Seuri-
    geblobas, tragedias im arsebisas, romelic sul sxva mizniTa da ocnebiT mov-
    lenia samyaros, magram ulmobel wuTisofels frTebi moukvecavs, Tumca mainc
    ver moudrekia da mis arsebaSi Tavisuflebis amayi suli ver Cauklavs, ocnebis-
    Tvis borkili ver daudvia.
    oles amqveyniuri arseboba bediswerasTan, wuTisoflis daundobel gul-
    qvaobasTan gamudmebuli Widilia, romelic azrs aZlevs mis sicocxles. g. leo-
    niZis leqsi am uTanasworo da usamarTlo orTabrZolis poeturi aRweraa, sa-
    dac uRrmesi adamianuri TanagrZnobiT vlindeba martoobis SxamiT gulgamomwva-
    ri oles Sinagani tragizmi.
    martosulobisa da sulieri oblobis tkivils, rogorc iTqva, g. leoniZe
    oles saxe-simboloSi anivTebs. adamianuri grZnobebiT xis amgvari gamsWvalva-
    daxasiaTeba, cxadia, mxatvruli pirobiTobiTaa nakarnaxevi da sinamdvileSi aq
    martoobis SxamiT gulSeRonebuli pirovnebis tragediaa gamoxatuli. g. leoni-
    Zis leqsis umTavresi saTqmeli marto am tragediis siRrmiseuli Cveneba ki ar
    aris, aramed sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili adamianisTvis gamamxnevebeli, su-
    lieri simtkicis SemZeni sityvis Tqmaa, im rwmenis gaRviveba, rom igi marto araa
    am pirquS wuTisofelSi. cxovrebis ulmobeli qartexilebis pirispir martod-
    marto SerCenili es pirovneba, oles saxeSi rom ganasxeula poetma, leqsSi su-
    lieri simtkicisa da moudrekelobis idealur magaliTadaa dasaxuli.
    giorgi leoniZe mkafiod gamorCeuli mxatvruli individualobis mqone Se-
    moqmedia, romelmac axali ferebiT gaamdidra qarTuli lirikis mravalferovani
    samyaro. misi poeziis emociuri zemoqmedebis efeqts mniSvnelovanwilad gansaz-
    Rvravs originalurad mignebuli Rrmaazrovani poeturi saxeebi, romlebSic fan-
    taziis saocari silaRe da frTagaSliloba igrZnoba.
    aseve sagangebod unda aRiniSnos poetis Semoqmedebis leqsikuri siuxve da
    mis mierve Seqmnili neologizmebi, romlebic poeturi ganumeoreblobiTa da
    TviTmyofadobiT avlenen avtoris SemoqmedebiT energias. igive unda iTqvas g.
    leoniZis mier SerCeul epiTetebzec, romelTac xSirad naazrevis gamoxatvis Zi-
    riTadi funqcia aqvT dakisrebuli. poeturi TviTmyofadobis ganmsazRvreli am-
    gvari epiTetebi, sakmaod uxvad rom gvxvdeba poetis nawarmoebebSi, Rrmad
    aRibeWdeba Cvens cnobierebaSi movlenaTa xatovani da emociuri aRqmiT. Tumca,
    am TvalsazrisiT, epiTeti gamonaklisi ar aris da imave funqcias sxva mxat-
    vrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebanic warmatebiT asrulebs. maTi gamoyenebis
    dros poeti yovelTvis ar icavs tropul nairsaxeobaTa erTmaneTisagan mkveTri
    gamijvnis klasikur wess da Tavisebur, e. w. kombinirebul poetur saxeebsac
    xSirad qmnis.
    ase rom, leoniZiseul tropebSi, umeteswilad, erTmaneTTanaa Sezrdil-Se-
    sisxlxorcebuli is specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebi, riTac metaforebi, Sedarebebi
    da epiTetebi xasiaTdeba. pirvel yovlisa, swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli is faq-
    ti, rom poetis mier gamoyenebul mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa kla-
    sifikacia tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ar SeiZleba zusti iyos da
    man azrTa garkveuli sxvadasxvaobac SesaZloa gamoiwvios.
    g. leoniZis poetur saxeTa emociuri efeqti xSirad moulodnel, gamaog-
    neblad mignebul asociaciebs efuZneba. am TvalsazrisiT poetis mier ga-
    moyenebuli epiTetebic, metaforebica da Sedarebebic metad uxv da saintereso
    masalas gvawvdis. maT poetur efeqts xSir SemTxvevaSi didad gansazRvravs
    sityvier mimarTebaTa aratradiciuloba da moulodneloba. magaliTad, TavisTa-
    vad, calke aRebuli sityva `brdRviala~ gansakuTrebuls TiTqos arafers gveub-
    neba, magram g. leoniZe mas iseT konteqstSi xmarobs, rom poeturi saxis emociu-
    ri STambeWdaobis ZiriTadi datvirTva, pirvel yovlisa, swored masze modis:
    `Seni brdRviala kalmaxi _ acvia TiTqos CiTebi"...
    339
    aseTi moulodneli poeturi mignebebi g. leoniZis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad
    gvxvdeba xolme. zogjer isini yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi farTod gamoyenebuli
    sityva-gamoTqmebicaa; Tumca avtori maT sruliad axal emociur da Sinaar-
    sobriv datvirTvas sZens.
    g. leoniZis leqsis musikaluri JReradoba da ritmika didadaa ganpi-
    robebuli aliteraciaTa xSiri gamoyenebiTac. am TvalsazrisiT, meoce saukunis
    qarTul poeziaSi mas gamorCeulad mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis. poetis mier
    gamoyenebuli aliteraciebi moklebulia TviTmiznurobas da mkafiod gamorCeu-
    li bgeriTi keTilxmovanebiT xasiaTdeba.
    rac Seexeba riTmebs, am TvalsazrisiT raime principuli xasiaTis siaxle
    g. leoniZis poeziaSi faqtobrivad arc SeiniSneba. poeti erTgulad icavs kla-
    sikur qarTul poeziaSi damkvidrebul wess da gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT eki-
    deba riTmas. mis leqsebSi Tumca riTmis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba gvxvdeba, magram
    yvelaze metad igi mainc jvaredin riTmebs iyenebs. aqve erT garemoebasac unda
    gaesvas xazi: poetis SemoqmedebaSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba iseTi magaliTebi,
    sadac strofSi erTmaneTs mxolod luwi striqonebi eriTmeba, kentebi ki ara.
    Tu rvamarcvliani saleqso sazomebiT daweril nawarmoebebSi es wesi, Cveu-
    lebriv, farTodaa gavrcelebuli, aT da met marcvlianebSi kenti striqonebis
    gariTmvasac umetes SemTxvevebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs miqceuli.
    meoce saukunis qarTvel mweralTagan cota Tu Cawvdomia enis stiqias ise-
    Ti siRrmiTa da ZaliT, rogorc giorgi leoniZe. misi nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas
    aSkarad vgrZnobT im saocar unars, romliTac igi gvaziarebs enis jadosnur
    madls, mis idumal bunebas. poeti RvTiT momadlebuli uiSviaTesi alRoTi
    wvdeba mSobliuri enis wiaRs da manamde ganucdeli emociurobiT warmoaCens mis
    uSret saganZursa da Sinagan niuansebs. swored amisi Sedegia is garemoeba, rom
    g. leoniZis SemoqmedebaSi sityvebi TiTqos meore sicocxles iZens da axali Za-
    liTaa gabrwyinebuli.
    iSviaTia poeti, romelic ise zustad da mignebulad svamdes sityvas kon-
    teqstSi, rogorc gogla. mis poetur SedevrebSi bevri sityva saZirkvlis lodi-
    viT myarad da uRalatod devs. saocari alRoTi da gumaniT zustad mignebuli
    amgvari sityvebi xSirad ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs ganwyobilebis Seqmnis
    procesSi, radganac, pirvel yovlisa, swored maTSia kondensirebuli mTavari
    impulsi, mTavari muxti sasurveli emociuri efeqtis moxdenisa.
    gansakuTrebul datvirTvas sZens g. leoniZe agreTve farTo mkiTxvelTaT-
    vis SedarebiT naklebad cnobil eTnonimebs. aseT gamorCeulad sayvarel eTnoni-
    mebad poetis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba rogorc poetis mSobliur kaxeTTan dakav-
    Sirebuli sityva-gamoTqmebi, ise, sazogadod, sxva geografiuli toponimebi Tu
    sxva saxis kolorituli saxelwodebebi. amgvari sityva-gamoTqmebis xmarebas bev-
    ri faqtori gansazRvravs: maTTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli romantika da yo-
    fiT-eTnografiuli koloriti, bunebis egzotikuri gancda, sityvis musikaluri
    JReradoba, poeturi keTilxmovaneba da sxv. aseTi sityva-saxelwodebania: yaraia,
    yivCaRi, xazari, saracini, Cerqezi, tamerlani...
    miuxedavad imisa, rom, versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT, g. leoniZe klasiku-
    ri poeturi tradiciebis erTgulia da mis poeziaSi axali saleqso sazomebis
    damkvidrebaze naklebi energias xarjavs, misi Semoqmedeba am mimarTulebiTac
    sagangebo Seswavlas saWiroebs. amgvari interesis safuZvels is leqsebi qmnis,
    romlebic klasikur poetur tradiciebze dafuZnebuli originaluri ritmul-
    musikaluri JReradobiT gamoirCeva. maTTvis xSiradaa damaxasiaTebeli intona-
    ciuri mravalxmianoba, sxvadasxva versifikaciul sazomTa urTierTmonacvleoba
    da zogjer erTmaneTSi mizanmimarTuli aRrevac, iqamdec ki, rom amgvari poetu-
    ri Ziebani Tavisufali leqsis Taviseburi JReradobisa da struqturis nimu-
    Sebadac mkvidrdeba poetis SemoqmedebaSi.
    amgvari versifikaciuli Ziebani g. leoniZis poeziisTvis ufro metad
    simbolizmiT gatacebis periodsa da 20-30-ian wlebSi iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
    kritikul literaturaSi araerTxel aRuniSnavT xazgasmiT, rom g. leoniZe
    sicocxlisa da gazafxulis Tavdaviwyebamde momRerali poetia. Cvens poeziaSi,
    340
    albaT, cotas Tu umReria ase omaxianad, mgznebared da vnebianad sicocxlisa
    da axalgazrdobisaTvis. magram, amgvari ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli leqsebis
    gverdiT, goglas SemoqmedebaSi iseTi nawarmoebebic sakmaod gvxvdeba, romlebic
    warmavlobis grZnobis Sedegad gaCenil tkivils gamoxatavs da didi adamianuri
    sevdiT avsebs poetis lirikas. es ganwyobileba gansakuTrebiT mis bolodroin-
    del SemoqmedebaSi mZlavrobs.
    sicocxlis bolo aTwleulSi daweril leqsebSi g. leoniZem TvalsaCino
    adgili dauTmo intimuri gancdis gamoxatvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi poetu-
    ri bunebisaTvis sazogadod SeuTavsebelia sevda da wuwuni, poetis lirikaSi
    naRvliani adamianuri ganwyobilebanic sakmaod Zalumad gamovlinda.
    `me vadRegrZeleb Sens mogrZo Tvalebs, uxilav sevdiT amokirwylulebso,"
    _ werda erT bolodroindel leqsSi g. leoniZe da siberis kviraZalSi gaCeni-
    li es uxilavi sevda TavSekavebulad Seeria sicocxlis xalisiTa da sazeimo
    paTetikiT aRsavse mis lirikas. aseTi intimuri ganwyobileba zamTris naadrev
    susxs gadarCenil, melanqoliuri silamaziT savse im naz yvavilebs hgavs, ro-
    melTac ukve dahkraT moaxloebul qaraSotTa mkacrma sicivem. gavixsenoT, maga-
    liTad, `TvirTvila", romelSic axalgazrduli mSvenierebisagan drois msaxvra-
    li xeliT ganZarcvuli sayvareli arsebis portretia daxatuli:
    me maxsovs Seni TvirTvila kaba
    da Sens Rawvebze nuSis namqeri...
    ra darCa Sengan? WaRaris gabma,
    atlasis ferfli, almasis mtveri!
    Sen, gazafxulis turfa saxelo,
    gaZarcvul molze ufro sawyalo,
    erTxel Cems leqsSi Taflis Camsxmelo,
    me ra giSvelo, riT dagawynaro,
    da imedebi baRis mimWknaris,
    riT agimwvano, gaginaZvnaro!..

    * * *
    giorgi leoniZis Janrobrivad mravalferovan SemoqmedebaSi poetur epos-
    sac TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs. Tavisi poemebiT man mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo
    xeli Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis im procesebis momZlavreba-ganviTarebas, riTac meo-
    ce saukunis qarTuli poeturi eposi xasiaTdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom poemis
    xvedriTi wili am periodis Cvens literaturaSi, adrindel saukuneebTan Seda-
    rebiT, sagrZnoblad Semcirda, sakamaTo araa is faqti, rom poeturi eposi kvla-
    vac darCa araerTi poetis SemoqmedebiTi energiis gamovlenis efeqtur formad.
    am TvalsazrisiT g. leoniZis poemebi usaTuod imsaxurebs gamorCeul interess.
    imisaTvis, rom ufro naTeli warmodgena Segveqmnas am JanrSi poetis mier
    mopovebul warmatebebze, mokled SevexoT poetis im nawarmoebebs, romlebic yve-
    laze metad avlenen mis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs.
    `forToxalaSi" (1937 w.) avtoriseul mizanswrafvas ori umTavresi faqtori
    gansazRvravs. erTis mxriv, esaa qarTveli qalis istoriuli Rvawlisa da dam-
    saxurebis gansadideblad dawerili poema, romelSic ganzogadebuli formiTaa
    naCvenebi Tavisi socialuri mdgomareobiTac da cxovrebiseuli bediTac sxvaTa-
    gan gamourCeveli da ojaxisaTvis Tavdadebuli dedis saqveyno amagi, meores
    mxriv ki warsulis duxWir yofasTan kontrastuli Sepirispirebis safuZvelze
    avtorma ideologiuri tendenciurobiT Seasxa xotba socialisturi epoqis aR-
    mSeneblobas.
    nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas, pirvel yovlisa, poemis is adgilebi
    gansazRvravs, romlebic qarTveli qalis istoriul Rvawls ganadidebs. am
    SemTxvevaSi avtori mTlianadaa Tavisufali epoqaluri tendenciurobisagan. rac
    Seexeba nawarmoebis im epizodebs, romlebSic sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier gar-
    daqmnil da ganaxlebul kolxeTzea saubari, amjerad g. leoniZis poeturi
    TvalTaxedva SesamCnevadaa SeboWili 30-iani wlebis partiul-ideologiuri prin-
    cipebiT.
    341
    nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri _ forToxala ojaxisaTvis damaSvrali usaxelo
    qarTveli dedaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom poemaSi aris cda misi pirovnuli saxis
    individualizebisa, igi, pirvel yovlisa, mainc ganzogadebuli tipia Cvens war-
    mosaxvaSi idealad damkvidrebuli qalisa, romelic konkretuli droisa da epo-
    qis Svili ar aris. swored amisi dadasturebaa poemis Tundac Semdegi striqo-
    nebi:
    forToxala, Cemo dedav, daveZebdi me Sens saflavs,
    Sens cxovrebas umTenaros, sul mwares da gauTaflavs..
    meSinoda, Seni Zvlebi daviwyebam ar gaTelos,
    Sen xom qoTans aduRebdi, purs ucxobdi saqarTvelos!
    marTalia, `forToxalas" garkveuli siuJetur-kompoziciuri ConCxi gaaCnia,
    magram poemaSi moTxrobili ambavi imdenad zogadia, rom igi metad umniSvnelo
    rols asrulebs nawarmoebSi. amdenad, poemis mxatvrul Rirsebasa da azrobriv
    mizanswrafvas siuJeturi gamonagoni da masSi gacxadebuli saTqmeli ki ar gan-
    sazRvravs, aramed is lirikuli wiaRsvlebi da ganzogadebuli Sefasebani, ro-
    melTac poeti gvTavazobs qarTveli dedis mamuliSviluri Rvawlis warmosaxvis
    dros.
    am SemTxvevaSi avtoriseuli mrwamsis umTavres gamoxatulebad mainc poemis
    bolo, daskvniT-Semajamebeli nawilia qceuli, sadac g. leoniZis Tvalsazrisi
    publicistur-polemikuri paTosiTaa gamovlenili. nawarmoebis am striqonebSi
    Taviseburi formiT gaxmianda ilia WavWavaZis cnobili gulistkivili imis Tao-
    baze, rom `eg oxeri Cveni istoria... marto omebisa da mefeebis istoriaa" da rom
    masSi `eri arsada Cans". `forToxalac", pirvel yovlisa, am gulistkivilis ga-
    mosaxatavad dawerili poemaa, rac naTlad igrZnoba Tundac am striqonebidan:
    aTasi wlis manZilidan Svilur alerss gagibedav,
    saqarTvelos did cxovrebas Sena hqmnidi, tkbilo dedav!
    did vaJkacebs, did ostatebs, Seni kabis kalTa zrdida,
    vinc etratze swerda qarTuls, vinc CuqurTmas qvaze sWrida.
    saqarTvelos keris cecxli Sen gebara gaumqrali,
    Sen iyavi gulvefxuri, _ xamis kabiT glexis qali...
    Seni oflis naRvarali dRevandlamdis ar amSrala,
    yvelgan gnaxe, damivlia me samSoblos gza da Sara,
    magram `qarTlis cxovrebaSi" vera vnaxe Seni saxe,
    araferi ar sweria Sens Rvawlze da Sens Sesaxeb.
    dedoflebze bevri sweres, bevrs kalamic daeRala,
    viciT bevri dedofali, ar ki viciT forToxala!
    matiane Sen saxelze albaT mitom gainaba,
    margalitiT Caqsovili rom ar gecva oqros kaba...
    Savad Semkul Sens sicocxles dRes daenTo sxivi zeda,
    cremldauyrels me cremls gayri, usaxelo qarTlis deda!.."
    es vrceli amonaweri naTlad da siRrmiseulad gamoxatavs nawarmoebis um-
    Tavres saTqmelsa da suliskveTebas.
    `forToxalaTi" g. leoniZis leqsi kidev ufro sisxlxorceulad daukav-
    Sirda xalxur poezias, risi naTeli dadasturebacaa is ritmul-versifikaciuli
    msgavsebani, romlebic poemasa da qarTuli xalxuri leqsis poetur specifikas
    Soris SeiniSneba. g. leoniZis poemis saleqso struqtura da ritmul-musikalu-
    ri melodiuroba mkafiod da araorazrovnad avlens poeturi energiis masaz-
    rdoebel wyarod qceul am Sinagan kavSirs.
    1939 wels g. leoniZem stalinisadmi miZRvnili poeturi epopeis pirveli
    wigni gamosca _ `stalinis bavSvoba da yrmoba". miuxedavad imisa, rom dRevande-
    li mkiTxvelisaTvis principulad miuRebelia is ideologiuri suliskveTeba,
    romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnis safuZvladaa qceuli, `bavSvoba da yrmoba" mainc
    unda Sefasdes g. leoniZis poeturi Semoqmedebis erT-erT sagulisxmo qmni-
    lebad. swored am daskvnis gamotanis safuZvels iZleva poeturi ostatobis is
    maRali done, rac poemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. nawarmoebisadmi interess mniS-
    vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs is faqtic, rom igi mZlavrad avlens avtoris
    erovnul-patriotul TvalTaxedvas.
    342
    da mainc, giorgi leoniZis epikur nawarmoebTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani
    qmnileba poema `samgoria" (igive `ambavi Tbilisisa"), romelsac poeti xangrZli-
    vi drois manZilze xvewda da srulyofda poetur-teqstologiuri Tvalsazri-
    siT (nawarmoebis pirveli varianti 1947 wlis dekembersa da 1948 wlis ianvarSi
    gamoqveynda gazeT `komunistSi"). wlebis ganmavlobaSi poemis teqstze amgvari
    intensiuri muSaoba ori umTavresi garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli - Tavad avto-
    ris SemoqmedebiTi ukmarisobiTa da literaturuli sazogadoebriobis mier na-
    warmoebis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebiT.
    `samgori" didi moculobis epikuri nawarmoebia, romlis Janrobriv struq-
    turaSi mniSvnelovan adgils iWers lirikuli wiaRsvlebi da Senakadebi. am ga-
    remoebas Tavidanve imitomac vusvam xazs, rom `samgori" faqtobrivad aratradi-
    ciuli kompoziciuri aRnagobis poemaa da naTlad gamoxatavs struqturuli ga-
    naxleba-transformaciis im process, riTac meoce saukunis qarTuli poeturi
    eposi xasiaTdeba. marTalia, g. leoniZe arc klasikuri poemis xerxemlad qceul
    iseT umTavres safuZvels uaryofs, rogoric mZafrad dinamiuri siuJetia, magram
    nawarmoebSi SigadaSig iseTi epizodebic xSirad gvxvdeba, romlebSic movlenebi
    lirikuli TvalTaxedviTaa gancdil-gaazrebuli. pirvel yovlisa, swored epiku-
    ri da lirikuli mxareebis aseTi bunebrivi Serwyma-Sesisxlxorceba gansaz-
    Rvravs `samgoris" struqturul bunebas.
    Tumca aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi lirikuli nakadi
    imdenad mZlavradac ki iWreba nawarmoebSi, rom igi metismetad anelebs moqme-
    debis ganviTarebas da adunebs siuJetur simZafres. amas emateba isic, rom es
    epizodebi yovelTvis ver iZens mkafiod gamovlenil azrobriv mizanswrafvas,
    ZiriTadi teqstisagan gankerZoebulad dgas da sagrZnoblad adunebs mkiTxvelis
    yuradRebas.
    raxan poemis naklovan mxareebs Sevexe, aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nawar-
    moebi kompoziciuradac sakmaod Seukvrelicaa da personaJebiTac gadatvirTu-
    li. poemaSi gamoyvanili araerTi moqmedi piris siuJeturi funqcia, faqtobri-
    vad, maT nominalur dasaxelebamdea dayvanili da isini ver iZenen pirovnul in-
    dividualobasa da TviTmyofadobas. es iTqmis ara marto Txrobis procesSi
    fragmentulad CarTul moqmed pirebze, aramed nawarmoebSi gamoyvanil zogierT
    mTavar personaJzec, romelTa literaturuli saxeebi sqematurobisa da zedapi-
    rulobis farglebs ver cildeba.
    `samgoris" poetur Rirsebas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs ritmul-ver-
    sifikaciul formaTa mravalferovneba. marTalia, poemis ZiriTadi nawili rva
    da aTmarcvliani saleqso sazomebiTaa dawerili, magram SigadaSig poeti sxva
    versifikaciul formebsac iyenebs, riTac daZleulia ritmul-musikaluri mono-
    tonurobisa da erTferovnebis safrTxe. poeturi ritmikis daxvewilobisa da ev-
    foniurobis xarisxs ver amdablebs is garemoeba, rom TiTqmis mTeli poema e. w.
    `calfa" riTmebiTaa dawerili da poeti strofis mxolod luw (meore da me-
    oTxe) striqonebs riTmavs erTmaneTTan.
    `samgorSi" mTeli ZaliT gamovlinda g. leoniZis poeturi individualoba
    da sityvieri xelovneba. metad mdidaria poemis leqsika. am simdidres poeti xSi-
    rad aRwevs misi SemoqmedebisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebeli iseTi xerxis ga-
    moyenebiT, rogoricaa axal-axali sityva-gamoTqmebis Seqmna-damkvidreba. rogorc
    cnobilia, g. leoniZem mravali neologizmiT gaamdidra saliteraturo ena da am
    tendenciam `samgorSic" Zalumad iCina Tavi. Tumca obieqturoba moiTxovs aqve
    isic iTqvas, rom avtoris leqsikologiuri mizanswrafva da enobrivi `siTamame"
    zog SemTxvevaSi xelovnurobisa da arabunebriobis artaxebiTac iboWeba.
    calke unda aRiniSnos `samgorisaTvis" niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebeli sti-
    luri ornamentuloba da xatovaneba, rasac avtori poeturi tropebis siuxviTa
    da feradovnebiT aRwevs. g. leoniZis poemaSi axali ZaliT gamovlinda is didi
    azrobriv-emociuri datvirTva, rasac poeti TviTmyofadi originalobiT aRbeW-
    dil epiTetebsa da metaforebs sZens.
    `samgorSi" tragikuli simwvaviTaa dasmuli saqarTvelos politikuri ori-
    entaciis problema. Cveni xalxis istoriuli TviTarsebobis TiTqmis mTel man-
    343
    Zilze mZafrad aqtualuri es problema g. leoniZem amjerad vaxtang gorgasa-
    lis epoqas daukavSira. kerZod, poeti saqarTvelos samomavlo beds sjis da
    iazrebs ori didi dampyroblis - sparseTisa da bizantiis imperiuli intere-
    sebis sabediswero Sejaxebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
    rogoria am Widilis asparezad da msxverplad gamxdari qveynis samomavlo
    bedi, ra arCevani unda gaakeTos man da sadaa gamosavali? am problemis gaaz-
    reba `samgorSi" mxolod istoriuli aspeqtiT rodia saintereso. miuxedavad imi-
    sa, rom g. leoniZis poema istoriuli sinamdvilis amsaxveli qmnilebaa, poeti-
    saTvis warsuli TviTmiznad araa qceuli da nawarmoebSi wamoWrili yvela sa-
    kiTxi arapirdapir poetis droindel sinamdvilesac ukavSirdeba sisxlxorceu-
    lad.
    am TvalsazrisiT, g. leoniZis poema, SeniRbul-Sefaruli formiT, socia-
    listuri ideologiisaTvis miuRebel erovnul poziciasac aSkarad gamoxatavs.
    pirvel yovlisa, esaa `samgoris" gacnobis Sedegad gaCenili imedgacruebisa da
    erovnuli martoobis mZafri gancda, rasac mrisxane dampyroblis pirispir mar-
    todmarto SerCenili da sityvieri dapirebebiT motyuebul-gawbilebuli qveynis
    tragikuli marcxi badebs mkiTxvelis gulSi. im dros, roca sabWoTa imperiis
    nawilad gamxdari saqarTvelos samomavlo perspeqtivebs xelisufleba xalxTa
    internacionalur erTobas ukavSirebda, g. leoniZem Cveni qveynis istoriuli
    warsulidan gacocxlebuli erTi tragikuli epizodis ganzogadebuli gaaz-
    rebiT mkiTxvels kidev erTxel moagona is samwuxaro sinamdvile, rogor yalb
    iluziad da amao moimedeobad iqceoda megobruli Tanadgomis yoveli dapireba
    sxva qveynebis mxridan da uricxv dampyrobTa Sejaxebis asparezad qceuli sa-
    qarTvelo yovelTvis marto rCeboda sabediswero erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
    problemebis pirispir.
    amiT poeti, arapirdapiri gziT, erTxel kidev Seaxsenebda mkiTxvels, rom
    ers Tavisi problemebi, pirvel yovlisa, TviTon unda gadaewyvita, Tavadve yofi-
    liyo sakuTari bedis Semoqmedi da sxva qveynebis imedi naklebad hqonoda. maz-
    deanuri sparseTic, qristianuli bizantiaca da sxva mezobeli saxelmwifoebic,
    poemis mixedviT, mxolod imas cdiloben, rac SeiZleba meti sargebeli naxon
    Cveni qveynis dapyroba-damonebiT. maTi agresiul-eqspansionisturi zravebis Sesa-
    niRbad isini Cveulebrivad xan sarwmunoebriv faqtors iyeneben, xan interesebis
    Tanxvedrilobas, xan tomobriv-geografiuli naTesaobis iluziebs. g. leoniZis
    poemaSi niRabaxdili saxiTaa daxatuli sinamdvile; deromantizebuli formiTaa
    danaxuli Cveni istoriuli warsulis araerTi mwvave problema.
    rogorc Tbilisis daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli istoriuli wyaroe-
    bisa (pirvel yovlisa, `qarTlis cxovrebis") da nawarmoebis Sedareba-Sepirispi-
    reba cxadyofs, g. leoniZe safuZvlianad icnobda vaxtang gorgasalis epoqasTan
    dakavSirebul dokumentur masalebs da farTo mecnieruli ganzogadebulobiT
    iazrebda movlenebs. marTalia, poemaSi poetur fantaziasac didi gasaqani eZle-
    oda da istoriulad cnobili pirovnebebis gverdiT avtori warmosaxviT Seqmni-
    li personaJebis mravalricxovan saxeebsac qmnida, magram poetis SemoqmedebiTi
    fantazia arasodes wydeboda realobas.
    qarTveli xalxis istoriuli bedisweris ganmsazRvreli tragikuli faqto-
    rebis daxasiaTebis dros poemaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs miqceuli Cve-
    ni erovnuli TviTarsebobis maradiulad Tanamdev iseT mankierebebs, rogorebic
    Sinagani SuRli, erTmaneTisadmi Ralati da qvegamxedvarobaa. swored am mizniT
    daeTmo esoden didi adgili moRalate qarTvelTa mxatvruli saxeebis Seqmnas.
    eseni is adamianebi arian, romlebic pirad gandidebaze fiqrs daunaneblad wira-
    ven ersac, rwmenasac da mefesac da, pirvel yovlisa, Tavad xdebian yvelaze da-
    uZinebeli mtrebi Cveni samSoblosi.
    poemis mTavari moqmedi gmiria vaxtang gorgasali. avtors Zala da energia
    ar dauSurebia saimisod, erisTvis saTayvanebeli am didi mefisa da Tbilisis
    damaarseblis literaturuli saxe idealizebuli formiT rom gaecocxlebina
    mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi. igi nawarmoebSi gamoyvanilia, rogorc qveynisaTvis
    Tavdadebuli idealuri gmiri, romelic Tavad aZlevda ers samSoblosaTvis
    344
    Tavganwirvis magaliTs. poemis mixedviT, vaxtang gorgasali sruliad saqarTve-
    los gamaerTianebel-ganmaZlierebeli mefea, vinc `mklaviT mozRuda qarTli, eg-
    risi, kari Seaba darialisa". darialisTvis karis Sebmis xazgasma SemTxveviTi
    faqti ar unda iyos da igi SeniRbuli azrobrivi qveteqstis gamomxatvel deta-
    ladac SeiZleba miviCnioT.
    poemaSi aqcentirebulad esmeba xazi im garemoebas, rom Tbilisi, vaxtangis
    zrunviT, mTeli saqarTvelos guli gaxda, sadac Cveni qveynis yoveli kuTxis
    Svilebi damkvidrdnen. Semdgom ki, roca misi dacva gaxda saWiro, sparseTis wi-
    naaRmdeg gamarTul omSi Tbilisis gadasarCenad mTeli saqarTvelo ibrZoda
    TavganwirviT.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom poemaSi aRwerili ambebi Cveni warsulis uZveles pe-
    riods ganekuTvneba da saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis problema sparse-
    Tisa da bizantiis interesTa Sejaxebis fonzea gansjil-gaanalizebuli, avtori-
    seuli msjeloba mTeli Cveni erovnul-istoriuli xvedris ganzogadebuli Sefa-
    sebacaa da `meerTrjule" bizantiis daxasiaTeba bevri niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT
    `erTmorwmune" ruseTTan saqarTvelos istoriul urTierTobasTanac Zaldauta-
    neblad asocirdeba. es paraleli rom SemTxveviTi ar aris, poemis epilogic
    naTlad adasturebs, sadac `axali qarTlis" momavalze fiqri organulad Se-
    erwymis marabdiTa da krwanisiT `wanisluli" xsovnis gaxmianebas `axal fola-
    dis zaris xmiT":
    axalo qarTlis marjvenav, Tu Zveli Rala gadaxma,
    Sen amiyvave, rac sisxliT daicva xalxma, vaxtangma!
    mSromeli xalxis marjvenav, Sen amiyvave marada, -
    rac cecxliT daswva mtris xelma, rac gadamiWkno marabdam!..
    Sen momasmine, samSoblov,axal foladis zaris xma,
    Sen gaminaTe, samgoro, is, rac wanisla krwanisma!
    poemis SinaarsTan TiTqmis sruliad daukavSirebeli es Semajamebeli
    boloTqma sxvas arafers isaxavs miznad, Tu ara im azrobrivi qveteqstis kidev
    ufro metad xazgasmasa da gamovlinebas, romelic saqarTvelosa da misi dedaqa-
    laqis gadarCenisTvis TavganwirviT mebrZoli Cveni didi winapris erovnuli
    idealebis wiaRSi iRebs saTaves.
    rogorc iTqva, samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebul idealizebul pirovnebaTa
    gverdiT poemaSi moRalate qarTvelebic arian daxatuli. maTgan, upirveles yov-
    lisa, Saravel gardabneli unda gavixsenoT _ ganzogadebuli tipi qvegamxedvari
    da sakuTari Zalauflebis gansadideblad mebrZoli mzakvari didebulisa. imis
    gamo, rom misi msgavsi pirovnebani arasodes yofilan saZebari Cvens istoriaSi,
    g. leoniZe Saravelis mxatvrul saxes gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs da
    farTo ganzogadebulobiT warmoaCens mis mzakvrul adamianur bunebas.
    `samgori", gansakuTrebiT misi pirveli Tavi, garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis
    vaxtangis droindel qarTlSi arsebul sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobazec. rogorc
    cnobilia, es is xana iyo, roca qristianoba gabatonebul religiad jer kidev
    ar damkvidrebuliyo mTel saqarTveloSi da mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili, fa-
    rulad Tu aSkarad, warmarTul rwmenas aRiarebda. g. leoniZe imJamindel rTul
    socialur da politikur procesebs sarwmunoebrivi faqtorebiTac xsnis da
    mkiTxvelis yuradRebas imazec miapyrobs, religiuri aRmsareblobis wina plan-
    ze wamoweviT rogor moxerxebulad niRbavdnen agresori qveynebi TavianT dam-
    pyroblur gegmebs. pirvel yovlisa, swored ase iqceoda bizantia, romelic `me-
    erTrjule" qarTvelobis dapyroba-damonebas sarwmunoebrivi mTlianobis cru
    qadagebiT cdilobda.

    * * *
    sicocxlis mimwuxris Jams kidev erTxel gaibrwyina arnaxuli ZaliT g. le-
    oniZis SemoqmedebiTma talantma _ 1961 wels mweralma mogonebaTa wigni _ `nat-
    vris xe" gamoaqveyna. `gamoucdeli prozaikosis xeliT" (mwerlis sityvebia) dawe-
    rili es `sadebiuto beletristuli nawarmoebi" qarTuli mwerlobis saetapo
    345
    qmnilebad mogvevlina, romelmac axali literaturuli tendenciebiTa da xasia-
    TebiT gaamdidra Cveni proza.
    `natvris xe" Tvisebrivad axali movlenaa meoce saukunis qarTul litera-
    turaSi, farTo masStabebis momcveli didi wigni, SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis Se-
    degad Seqmnili mikrosamyaro, romelic literaturuli tipebisa da saxeebis
    mravalferovan galereas qmnis. miuxedavad imisa, rom `natvris xe" memuaruli
    Janris nawarmoebia da mas avtoris bavSvobis droindeli mogonebani udevs sa-
    fuZvlad, es yvelaferi mxolod masaladaa gamoyenebuli, didi saTqmelis ga-
    samJRavnebel masalad, romelsac mwerali ganzogadebis farTo masStabebs sZens.
    amitomacaa, rom g. leoniZis mogonebaTa wigni ar iboWeba memuaruli Janris Car-
    CoebiT da igi, faqtobrivad, adamianuri yofis mcire enciklopediadac SeiZleba
    iqnes miCneuli.
    `natvris xe" saukeTeso nimuSia poeturi prozisa, klasikuri magaliTi er-
    TmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli am ori Janris bunebrivi da Zaldauta-
    nebeli Serwyma-sinTezirebisa. marTalia, g. leoniZis es wigni nominalurad pro-
    zis sferos ganekuTvneba, magram darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi axali Za-
    liT avlens avtoris poeturi xelovnebis manamde ucnob siRrmeebsac da Semoqme-
    debiT tendenciebsac. `natvris xeSi" kidev ufro gaRrmavda poeturi warmosaxvis
    TavisTavadoba, axali xibli da magiuri Zala SeiZina avtoris sityvierma xelov-
    nebam, meti feradovnebiTa da literaturuli grZneulebiT gabrwyinda Semoqme-
    debiTi fantazia.
    g. leoniZis wigni siRrmiseulad warmoaCens avtoris poeziis fesvebs,
    sityvieri magiis im jadosnur wiaRs, romelic mis poetur STagonebas kvebavs da
    asazrdoebs. es aris wigni CveulebrivSi araCveulebrivis danaxvisa da aRmoCeni-
    sa, yoveldRiuri yofiTi realobis romantikul samyarod gardaqmnisa da garda-
    saxvisa, miwieri sazrunaviT cxovrebadamZimebuli adamianis sulier-zneobrivi
    amaRlebisa da mis arsebaSi RvTaebrivi sawyisis Zieba-mignebisa.
    swored am didma niWma misca mwerals SesaZlebloba imisa, Tavisi bavSvobis
    droindeli mogonebebis mTavar gmirebad qceuli ubralo adamianebis `ubiri
    cxovrebis" wiaRSi didi zneobriv-moqalaqeobrivi problemebi rom daenaxa da
    mxatvruli warmosaxviT Seqmnil am literaturul mikrosamyaroSi kondesi-
    rebulad eCvenebina adamianuri yofisaTvis sazogadod Tanamdevi araerTi mwvave
    da saWirboroto movlena.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom wignis personaJebi TiTqmis ar Sordebian TavianT ku-
    Txes, iqve ibadebian, cxovroben da kvdebian, isini mainc avlenen masStaburi gan-
    zogadebulobiT adamianuri samyaros yofiT-saxasiaTo mravalferovnebas. aq, am
    patara wignSi, erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarseboben angari da qvena grZnobe-
    biT gaborotebuli pirovnebanica da sikeTiT sulgamzianebuli adamianebic,
    daxavsebuli cxovrebiT gzadaxSuli meamboxenica da donkixoturi ocnebebiT
    Sepyrobili fantaziorebic, Cveni qveynis warsuli didebiT gulanTebuli roman-
    tikosebica da yvelaferze xelCaqneuli nihilistebic, miwieri umankoebiTa da
    mSvenierebiT gabrwyinebuli pirovnebanica da yoveldRiurobis wumpeSi CaZiru-
    li arsebanic...
    yoveli maTganis cxovreba mweralma dasrulebulad, Tavidan bolomde ga-
    azrebulad, daxata. xsovnis wiaRidan gamoxmobil am pirovnebaTa adamianuri bu-
    neba da yofa STambeWdavad vlindeba maxvilgonivrulad mignebuli da mkveTri
    koloritulobiT moxazuli saxasiaTo StrixebiT. g. leoniZe udidesi mxatvru-
    li ZaliTa da sityvieri xelovnebiT xatavs maT pirovnul saxeebs.
    wignis Janrobrivma xasiaTma didad gansazRvra is garemoeba, rom perso-
    naJTa adamianuri bunebis gamokveTis umTavres saSualebad avtoriseuli Txro-
    baa qceuli da mwerali maT pirovnul individualobas moqmedebis procesSi nak-
    lebad gviCvenebs. igi Tavad gvixasiaTebs yovel maTgans da TviTonve axdens ma-
    Ti adamianuri bunebis klasifikaciasa da Sefasebas.
    rogorc memuaruli Janris nawarmoebs, `natvris xes" mZlavrad gamovlenili
    romantikuli grZnobiereba msWvalavs. xsovnas SemorCenili bavSvobis droinde-
    346
    li mogonebani, TviT yvelaze mZime emociebis aRmZvrelnic ki, wignSi swored am-
    gvari romantikuli mgrZnobelobiTaa moTxrobili.
    da kidev mkveTrad gamoxatuli erTi niSanic, riTac mTeli wignia aRbeWdi-
    li - romantikuli sevda gardasul cxovrebaze, tragikuli gancda yovlis war-
    mavlobisa. `natvris xis" Sinaarsobriv samyarosa da mxatvrul specifikas swo-
    red es ori faqtori gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs arsebiTad.
    g. leoniZis personaJebi xSirad poeturi bunebis adamianebs warmoadgenen,
    romlebic TavianTi usafuZvlo, ararealuri da donkixoturi ocnebebiT sasaci-
    lod gamoiyurebian yoveldRiuri praqtikuli sazrunaviT grZnobebgauxeSebul
    sazogadoebaSi. amitomacaa, rom isini xSirad gariyulni da ganmartoebulni ari-
    an, xalxisagan xelnakravni da sayovelTao dacinvis sagnad qceulni. magram mwe-
    rali swored am `sxvagvarad moazrovne" adamianebis sulSi eZebs im Sinagan Za-
    las, romelmac daxavsebuli cxovreba unda Secvalos, pirovneba zneobrivad
    aRamaRlos da gza gauxsnas progresul azrovnebasa da siaxleebs. am brZolaSi
    isini umeteswilad martoni rCebian, marcxdebian da pirovnuli umweobiT mo-
    culni, imedgacruebulni midian am qveynidan. magram `natvris xis" umTavresi
    saTqmeli da azrobrivi mizanswrafva, pirvel yovlisa, swored maTTanaa dakav-
    Sirebuli.
    `natvris xe" poetizebuli mogonebebiT Seqmnili romantikuli wignia, ro-
    melSic STambeWdavad cocxldebian avtoris xsovnis burusidan cnobierebis si-
    naTleSi gamoxmobili aCrdilebi. mwerali siyvaruliT aRwers maT cxovrebas da
    yoveli maTganis mxatvrul saxes Rrma pirovnuli individualobiTa da ganzoga-
    debulobiT aRbeWdavs. TiTqmis yvela personaJis amqveyniuri arseboba Tavidan
    bolomdea gaazrebul-Sefasebuli. `natvris xeSi" Semavali novelebi esaa mxat-
    vruli daxasiaTeba erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli pirovnebebisa, maTi
    cxovrebiseuli mrwamsis ganmsazRvrel niSan-TvisebaTa kolorituli STambeW-
    daobiTa da didi sityvieri xelovnebiT warmoCena.
    g. leoniZis wignSi xasiaTebis, pirovnul individualobaTa formirebisa da
    gardaqmna-gardasaxvis procesi ki araa naCvenebi, aramed myarad Camoyalibebuli
    cxovrebiseuli mrwamsisa da adamianuri bunebis pirovnebani arian daxatulni.
    avtori statikuri formiT aRwers maT yofas, ganzogadebuli saxiT xatavs maT
    individualur arsebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavadve gamodis Tavisi gmirebis sa-
    wuTisoflo misiis ganmsjel-Semfaseblis rolSi.
    `natvris xeze" saubris dros ar SeiZleba gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sag-
    nad ar iqces mwerlis sityvieri xelovnebis uaRresad maRali done. SeiZleba
    gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom am TvalsazrisiT es wigni saetapo mniSvnelobis
    mqone movlenaa ara marto g. leoniZis SemoqmedebaSi, aramed mTel Tanamedrove
    qarTul mwerlobaSi. leqsikuri siuxviT, sityvieri xelovnebiT, neologizmebiT,
    frazis CuqurTmovnebiT, enobrivi sinoyivriTa da feradovnebiT `natvris xe" me-
    oce saukunis Cveni literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze didi wignia.
    masSi TiTqmis xelmeored ibadeba da axal suls idgams sityvebi. kiTxulob
    wigns da gaocebuli xar avtoris leqsikuri siuxviT. mweralma bevri iseTi
    sityva gaacocxla, romelic saerTod miviwyebuli iyo da xmarebidan gasuli,
    gza gauxsna araerT dialeqtur formasa da gamoTqmas da Tavadac Seqmna mrava-
    li sicocxlisunariani kompoziti. am gagebiT `natvris xe", garkveul wilad,
    leqsikonis funqciasac ki asrulebs, sadac erTmaneTis gverdigverd mraval si-
    nonimsa Tu antonims ipovis kaci, mraval ucnob da axali elvarebiT gabrwyine-
    bul `muxlad, bedaur, maZRar sityvas".
    aqve unda aRiniSnos is didi codnac, romelsac avtori yofiT-eTnografiu-
    li TvalsazrisiT avlens. `natvris xe" meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli sof-
    lis mcire yofiT-eTnografiul enciklopediadac SeiZleba miviCnioT, sadac aw
    ukve miviwyebul araerT sayofacxovrebo tradiciasa da Cveulebas gaecnoba
    mkiTxveli. avtoriseuli saTqmelisa da wignis romantikuli ganwyobilebis ga-
    movlenis formad xSirad esa Tu is xalxuri Tqmulebaa efeqturad ga-
    moyenebuli. mwerali amgvar zepir gadmocemebs Rrma simboluri SinaarsiT tvir-
    Tavs da azrobrivi qveteqstebiT aRbeWdavs. gavixsenoT Tundac wignisTvis wam-
    347
    ZRvarebuli winaTqma, romelSic xalxSi gavrcelebuli erT-erTi aseTi Tqmu-
    leba avtorma STambeWdavi saxiT gamoiyena dedisadmi siyvarulis gamosaxatavad:
    `dedis CawveTebul cremlze ia amodiso, ase ityodnen Cems yrmobaSi.
    Cemi soflis tyispirebSi yovel gazafxulzed ia bRujeulad amodioda,
    aremare sul lurjad gadaibureboda xolme. megona, mTeli qveynis dedebs aq
    etirnaT, imdeni ia amosuliyo Cemi soflis mSvenier midamoebSi".
    `natvris xe" gansacvifrebeli ZalmosilebiT avlens avtoris tropul
    xelovnebasac. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, pirvel yovlisa, ma-
    inc epiTeti iqcevs. mwerlis mier gamoyenebuli epiTetebi gvancvifrebs TavianTi
    originalobiT, feradovnebiTa da SuqelvarebiT. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, rogor
    axasiaTebs mwerali xvedias swored amgvarad mignebuli epiTetebiT. misi TqmiT,
    xvedia iyo `borgi, usminari, aRmarTi kaci", gulRorRiani, RvarZli, enidan Sxa-
    mis mdeneli, Sesaxedavadac Zneli, damSxaluli, Sekvamluli, CaRrubluli. ena
    ki, mwerlis daxasiaTebiT, ramdenimenairi arsebobs qveyanaze: enamZle, enakvesia,
    enagesli, enaqlarci, enamorbedi, enamuxlmali, ena gabneul-gamobneuli, saxriko
    ena, enabre, enawyalinayia, enaquxili, orena, enatlekia, enaWriWina... epiTetebis
    amgvari siuxve Cveulebrivi movlenaa `natvris xeSi" da amis dasturad uamravi
    magaliTi SeiZleba moviSvelioT.
    erT-erTi mkafiod gamokveTili niSani, riTac g. leoniZis mogonebaTa wigni
    aseve imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, tipebisa da xasiaTebis saocari
    mravalferovnebaa. mwerlis mier daxatuli arcerTi personaJi _ isini ki metad
    bevria _ ar hgavs erTmaneTs. yoveli maTgani mkveTrad gamovlenili pirovnuli
    individualobiT aRbeWdili literaturuli saxea, romelsac avtori adamianuri
    samyaros cocxal nawilad aqcevs da Rrma azrobriv ganzogadebulobas sZens.
    SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis simdidrem da frTagaSlilobam mwerals saSualeba
    misca konkretuli faqtebisa da cxovrebiseuli epizodebisaTvis maradiuli si-
    cocxle da gaazrebis farTo masStabebi mieniWebina.
    erT-erTi novelis bolos g. leoniZe ambobs: `poetebi mxolod qaRaldze
    riTmebiT molaparakeni rodi arian. poeturi TvaliT, poeturi guliTa da didi
    ocnebiT gasxivosnebuli sxvac bevri dadis dedamiwaze". `natvris xeSi" poeturi
    suliTa da didi ocnebiT gasxivosnebuli bevri aseTi adamianis STambeWdavi sa-
    xe gamoZerwa mweralma. isini maT mierve `SeTxzuli ucnauri ocnebebiT ifaraven
    Tavs mxeciviT Semoteuli sinamdvilisagan" da amiTRa ebrZvian da upirispir-
    debian cxovrebis sisastikes. romantikuli Saravandedis sinaTliT gabrwyinebu-
    li maTi saxeebi Rrmad aRibeWdeba Cvens cnobierebaSi da maT mier anTebuli oc-
    nebis naperwkali Cveni sicocxlis ganuyofel nawiladac iqceva.
    swored erT-erTi aseTi meocnebe kacia uRaribesi glexi eliozi (`natvris
    xe"), romelic iseTi gaWirvebuli iyo, `mSieri ZaRli purs ar gamoarTmevda". erT
    dRes Tavisi sibeCaviT daRonebulma eliozma mezobeli mRvdlisagan Seityo, rom
    sadRac veSa-wyaro arsebula, romelic ukvdavebis wamali yofila. roca ubirma
    glexma ukvdavebis arsi Seityo, sasowarkveTilma xelebi gaasavsava _ `ara, ar
    minda! am tanjvasa da siRaribeSi?" `sazizRari siRaribis ukvdaveba rad undoda
    sawyal eliozso", _ TanagrZnobiT kiTxulobs mwerali da amgvari maxvilgoniv-
    rulad mignebuli detalebiT gvacnobs novelis am ucnauri personaJis tragi-
    kul Tavgadasavals.
    eliozi gamonaklisi ar aris da amgvarad meocnebeni sxvebic arian `natvris
    xeSi". gavixsenoT, magaliTad, ToTola (`TaRria"), romelic `Tavis wil sasayve-
    duros" ar ulevda uiRblo beds imis gamo, rom ise ganlia wuTisofeli, verc
    mZinare mdinares miepara da verc oTxkuTxa balaxis mowyveta moaxerxa, ris ga-
    moc samudamod darCa siRaribis tyveobaSi.
    magram, mZime gaWirvebis miuxedavad, g. leoniZis personaJebi mainc inarCu-
    neben sulier siamayesa da pirovnul Tavmoyvareobas. erT-erTi maTgania cxov-
    rebaze xelCaqneuli glexi TaRriac, Svidi `gamuruli gogos patroni, siRa-
    ribisagan gawyalebuli, janiT mreTa-mre, siRaribis ver momrevi", kaci, romel-
    sac `gviboZesi" ara undoda ra da `jiquri siamayiT iTmenda siRaribes". `xaris
    enis tola" misi venaxi imden sarCos ver iZleoda, ojaxs rom hyofnoda. amito-
    348
    mac TaRria beds Serigebuli kacis morCilebiT miaTrevda Tavis `umTenaro
    cxovrebas" da simTvraliT mogvrili wuTieri netarebiT TuRa ebrZoda wuTi-
    soflis simuxTles.
    rogorc iTqva, `natvris xeSi" bevri meocnebe da `sxvagvarad" moazrovne
    adamiani gvxvdeba. maT pirovnul tragedias, pirvel yovlisa, is ganapirobebs,
    rom isini, qveynad sxva cxovrebiseuli xvedrisTvis mowodebulni, sul sxva yo-
    fiT sinamdvileSi ibadebian da cxovroben. `eh, ver vipove Cemi varskvlavio", _
    dananebiT ambobs erT-erTi maTgani, magram igi gamonaklisi ar aris da sakuTari
    bedis varskvlavis vermpovnelni da gzakvalareulni sakmaod mravlad gvxvdebian
    `natvris xis" personaJTa Soris, cxovrebaze gulayrilni imis gamo, rom `ar
    datkba maTi wuTisofeli".
    TavianTi usafuZvlo ocnebebisa da arastandartuli azrebis gamo es adami-
    anebi metwilad gariyulni arian sazogadoebisagan, dacinvisa da gakicxvis
    obieqtebad qceulni. isini, maTi arapraqtikulobisa da yofiTi yoveldRiu-
    robisagan mowyvetis gamo, Cveulebrivze metad mZimed da gaWirvebulad cxov-
    roben. garemomcveli sazogadoeba araviTar TanagrZnobasa da Tanamoazreobas
    ar iCens maT mimarT. magram, amisda miuxedavad, mwerali, pirvel yovlisa, am axi-
    rebuli pirovnebebis cxovrebiseuli xvedriT interesdeba da maTdami gamovle-
    nili siyvaruliani interesiT imazec araorazrovnad migvaniSnebs, rom cxov-
    rebiseuli progresis Semoqmedni da safuZvlis damdebni uwinaresad swored isi-
    ni arian.
    `natvris xeSi" gansakuTrebul azrobriv datvirTvas iZens soflis Sara. es
    marto amave saxelwodebis moTxrobaze ki ara, mTel wignze iTqmis. soflis Sa-
    ra is adgilia, romelsac `natvris xis" verc erTi personaJi ver auvlis gverds.
    soflis Sara erT-erTi `sasceno moedania", romelic TiTqmis yvela personaJs
    aerTianebs.
    “natvris xe" adamianuri tipebisa da saxeebis mTeli galereaa, mkveTrad ga-
    movlenili saxasiaTo niSan-TvisebebiT aRbeWdil pirovnebaTa metad mravalfe-
    rovani mikrosamyaro. aq erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarseboben da moqmedeben
    buntari sulis adamianebica da TavianT cxovrebiseul xvedrs morCil-Seri-
    gebuli pirovnebanic. aviRoT, magaliTad, am TvalsazrisiT iseTi metad sainte-
    reso moTxroba, rogoricaa `soflis Saraze", romlis umTavresi mizanswrafva,
    adamianuri tipaJis swored aseTi mravalsaxovnebiT warmoCenaa. soflis Saris
    binadarTagan avtori, uwinaresad, yofil seminariels, anarqist iorams gvacnobs,
    arsebuli cxovrebiseuli sinamdviliT ukmayofilo amboxi sulis kacs, romelic
    gacxarebiT epaeqreba mRvdels da aRgznebuli gamoTqvams mzadyofnas, `pirvelma
    miiRos brZola kacobriobis TavisuflebisaTvis". mefis, batonis, mRvdlisa da
    policiis damxobaze meocnebe iorami aRgznebuli elis revolucias, romelmac
    erTianad unda dalewos da gaacamtveros Zveli, daxavsebuli yofa.
    `mdore da aSmorebuli cxovrebis" damsxvreva-gacamtverebaze meocnebe io-
    ramisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba misive Zma - ZunZgli - `damkrTali, Se-
    setyvili kaci, dadunebuli xelebiT, TovliviT gawyalebuli gunebiT". maSin,
    roca `anarqisti yumbarebs amzadebada samyaros asafeTqeblad", ZunZgli `erTTa-
    vad wignebSi iyo Cafluli" da `RuRuna buxari" yvelafers erCivna. erT dros
    isic `kiTxulobda gercens, spensers, krapotkins", magram male yvelaferze xeli
    Caiqnia da qveynis ganaxlebaze ocnebas `myudro, uSfoTveli Zili" amjobina, vi-
    naidan cxovrebam Rrmad daarwmuna, rom `mTa da bari arasodes gaswordeba".
    `ram gaaCina aseTi cxovreba? vin gamoigona?" _ ufrosi Zmisagan gansxvavebiT, ga-
    mudmebiT ekiTxeboda Tavis Tavs anarqisti iorami da amaod eZebda Tanam-
    grZnobelsa da Tanamoazres. `pasuxi arsaidan iyo".
    ioramisagan aseve radikalurad gansxvavebuli tipia soflis darbaiseli
    Tavkaci _ cicikore, romlis mimarTac avtori erTgvarad gaorebul midgomas
    iCens. erTis mxriv, igi nawarmoebSi daxatulia, rogorc soflis sakeTildReod
    da saufrosod Tavgamodebuli uangaro pirovneba, meores mxriv ki rogorc Tana-
    soflelTa zneobrivi `cenzori" da diqtatori. amgvari gaorebuli midgomisTvis
    Tavad cicikore qmnida realur safuZvels. uSvilZirod darCenili `meufrosis"
    349
    `aramkiTxeobis kirTebqveS" mTeli sofeli gminavda. igi dRedaRam sxvaTa saq-
    meebze trialebda, yvelas Wkuas arigebda da miseburad patronobda. marTalia,
    misTvis sofeli aravis Caubarebia mosavlelad, magram es movaleoba sxvaTa `a-
    ramkiTxe moamagem da Wirisufalma" Tavad ikisra da uRalatodac erTgulebda
    am umadur saqmes mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.
    aseTi iyo cicikore _ yovelgvari uzneobis, uwesobis, sizarmacisa Tu sxva
    adamianur mankierebaTa winaaRmdeg TavdadebiT mebrZoli `soflis merjule, gam-
    gebeli da meufrose", gaWirvebulisa da Raribis qomagi, uangaro Wirisufali da
    muxlCauxrelad mSromeli... magram es yvelaferi mxolod erTi mxare gaxldaT
    cicikores adamianuri bunebisa. mis arsebaSi, amgvar keTilSobilebaTa gverdiT,
    meore mxarec Tanaarsebobda _ Seurigebeli brZola yovelgvar cxovrebiseul
    siaxlesTan. amitomac iyo, rom sxvaTa sakeTildReod dReniadag Tavgadadebul
    cicikores `meSurneTa mtrobac didi exvia gars. Tavisuflebis trfial xalxs
    sZulda sxvisi joxisa Tu sityvis qveS cxovreba", ris gamoc bevri `gamohkravda
    xolme wyromis naperwklebs" da buzRuniT uCioda cicikores `im susxisaTvis,
    sofelSi rom daayena".
    rogorc iTqva, `natvris xis" bevri personaJis mxatvruli saxe scildeba pi-
    rovnuli individualobis farglebs da simbolur azrobriv mizandasaxulobas
    iZens. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, marita _ miwieri mSvenierebis, romantikuli siyva-
    rulisa da saTnoebis es xorcSesxmuli simbolo, romelic adamianuri mzak-
    vrobis, angarebisa da geslis umweo msxverpli xdeba. maritasadmi garemomcveli
    ubiri sazogadoebis damokidebulebis CvenebiT mweralma ganzogadebulad
    imazec migvaniSna, xSir SemTxvevaSi ra barbarosulad da daundoblad spobs da
    anadgurebs aRzevebuli Zaladoba adamianur siwmindeebsa da amaRlebul grZno-
    bebs.
    am dapirispirebas avtori mZafri kontrastulobiT warmogvidgens, riTac
    mkveTrad gamovlenili tendenciurobiT SegvagrZnobinebs im sabediswero gaTi-
    Sulobas, romelic maritas idealizebul adamianur samyarosa da garemomcvel
    sazogadoebas Soris arsebobs. Tavisi miwieri mSvenierebiTa da sulieri harmo-
    niiT marita yvelaze gamorCeuli pirovnebaa `natvris xis" personaJTagan. magram
    is sulieri simaRle da mSveniereba, rac nawarmoebSi idealizebuli gandidebisa
    da xotbis sagnadaa qceuli, principulad miuRebelia ubiri sazogadoebisaTvis.
    brbod gardaqmnil sazogadoebas ara marto Tavad ara aqvs am siwmindeTa Sec-
    nobis unari, aramed igi barbarosulad spobs da anadgurebs mas.
    garda zemoTqmulisa, `maritas" erTi didi azrobrivi mizanswrafvac asaz-
    rdoebs, erTi didi saTqmeli da maradiuli filosofiuri safiqralic, umZafre-
    si fsiqologiuri ZalmosilebiT gamovlenili nawarmoebis bolos. imisaTvis,
    rom erTxel kidev ganvicadoT gamaognebeli Zala da STambeWdaoba yovlis war-
    mavlobis Secnoba-gaazrebis wiaRSi Sobili am maradiuli adamianuri sago-
    deblisa, kidev erTxel gavixsenoT es fragmenti: `am gazafxulis pirze vi-
    naxule Cemi sofeli da maritas naezovaric.
    irgvliv yovelive damunjebuliyo. namosaxlarze maritas saxlis nakedla-
    rebic ki aRar Canda.
    iq, sadac maritas mamiseuli saxli idga, axla qeris burdo eyara da qaT-
    mebisagan gars mtveri da bungali ireoda.
    yovelive walekili iyo `zvirTTagan mRelvarisa amis miundoblis sawuTro-
    saTa".
    aRarc erTi xe aRar gadarCeniliyo maritas ezoSi, mxolod Zveli keris
    adgilze TavisiT broweuli amovarvarebuliyo.
    Cems win axlad ayvavebuli, cecxlisfrTiani broweulis yvavili miRimoda,
    maritas saxesaviT alakruli!
    vuyurebdi mxiarul, mzian yvavils da ara mjeroda, rom marita aRar amSve-
    nebs dedamiwas! aRarc is mejereboda, rom am mtversa da nagavSi aseTi brwyinva-
    le yvaviliani xe amosuliyo TavisiT!
    marTlac, saidan modis silamaze? an sad midis? sad ikargeba, Tu droebiT
    miefareba?
    350
    vin icis?!".
    * * *
    g. leoniZis Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSebi erovnuli literaturuli
    tradiciebisadmi uRalato erTgulebis Sedegad Seiqmna. poeti Tavisi Ronieri
    qediT erTgulad ezideboda mSobeli xalxis rwmenisa da imedis momcemi leqsis
    guTans, mTeli sicocxlis manZilze darajad edga eris tkivilsa da sixaruls
    da qveynis yoveldRiuri Wir-varamis moziare iyo.
    sicocxlis bolo wlebSi daweril leqsebSi g. leoniZem gansakuTrebuli
    simZafriT gamoxata iWvneuli damokidebuleba sakuTari poeturi naRvawisadmi.
    im didi rwmenis miuxedavad, romelic poets Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZ-
    leblobebisadmi yovelTvis hqonda, bolodroindel poeziaSi SigadaSig miRweu-
    liT ukmayofilebis aSkara grZnobac araorazrovnad gaixmianebs xolme da xva-
    lindeli dRis winaSe erTgvari SiSica da pasuxismgeblobac.
    magram, am daeWvebis miuxedavad, g. leoniZe iqve imasac yovelTvis siamayiT
    usvams xazs, misi yoveli sityva mSobeli xalxis gulidan monawuri siyvaruliT
    romaa gamTbari. mas uyoymanod sjeroda am siyvarulis ukvdavebisa da, rogorc
    poets, hqonda ufleba eTqva:
    CamosWknebian es yvavilebi,
    es jam-jixvebic daiclebian,
    daecemian mTebSi irmebi,
    guls survilebi gaeclebian...
    alaznis vazebs dascvivaT oqro,
    dadneba, rac mTebs dahvercxlebiaT,
    vin ijadoqros? ukvdavebis dRes
    mxolod leqsebi daeswrebian.
    mravlismTqmelia is faqtic, rom sicocxlis bolo weliwads daweril erT-
    erT leqsSi (`mTaze iremi kvdeboda") isev gaisma g. leoniZis poeturi naTliisa
    da gzis damlocvelis _ vaJa-fSavelas saxeli. momakvdavi iremi ukiduresi saso-
    warkveTis Jams vaJas mouxmobs saSvelad. TiTqos winaTgrZnobam ukarnaxa poets,
    sicocxlis miwuruls rwmena da imedi kvlavac misi didi poeturi gzis makur-
    TxeblisaTvis SeeTxova, visi anderZic Zirsdauxrelad atara SemoqmedebiTi moR-
    vaweobis aRmarTian gzebze. maSin, roca es axladfexadgmuli bokveri saukunis
    uRran tevrSi sakuTari bilikis gawaldvas iwyebda, swored vaJas imedianma Se-
    Zaxilma ganumtkica xvalindeli dRis rwmena; da axlac, roca farTo Saragzad
    qceuli es biliki maradisobis sauflos unda Sexizvnoda, poetis sulSi isev
    gaixmiana didi winapris xatad qceulma saxelma.
    mTaze iremi kvdeboda... brunavda, rqaze dgeboda,
    xarbad hxedavda xeobebs, sicocxle dahmarcxeboda...
    irmis yvirilis naxmevi xeobebs exeTqeboda...
    mze Cadioda wiTlurad, amosvlas eeWveboda...
    Camavali mzis nabrwyeni Tvalebze ebeWdeboda,
    uZaxda vaJa-fSavelas, brunavda, rqaze dgeboda,
    mTawmindis cremlis naxmevi Carglis gors exeTqeboda,
    mTaze iremi kvdeboda...
    ase daixura g. leoniZis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis didi wigni, magram mis
    furclebze darCenili poetis mcxunvare guli arasodes gacivdeba. am gulidan
    monaberi siTbo momaval Taobebs kvlavac aRavsebs qarTuli miwis madliT da
    mSobliuri sityvis embazSi ganbanili mkiTxveli dajerebuli siamayiT gaimeo-
    rebs poetisave sityvebs: `icocxle, gogla, Sen CvenTana xar!..."
    351
    simon Ciqovani
    Tavisi nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT simon Ciqovanma sagulisxmo
    wvlili Seitana meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. marTalia,
    bolo xans mimdinare SexedulebaTa gadafasebis procesma ramdenadme daacxro
    da gaanela misi poeziisadmi adrindeli interesi, magram s. Ciqovanis poeturi
    nakalmevi kvlavac rCeba erovnuli mwerlobis angariSgasawev Senakadad. Taname-
    drove qarTuli poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi mxatvruli siaxle
    organuladaa dakavSirebuli mis SemoqmedebasTan. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTre-
    biT mniSvnelovania misi avangardistuli Ziebani, ritmul-versifikaciuli siax-
    leni, poeturi ciklis, rogorc naazrevis gamoxatvis originaluri formis, da-
    samkvidreblad gaweuli Sroma, poemis Janruli struqturis gamdidreba axali
    niSan-TvisebebiT da a.S.
    simon Ciqovani daibada 1901 wels abaSis raionis sofel naesakovoSi. poets
    deda dabadebis welsve gardaecvala. mama _ ivane Ciqovani ganaTlebuli kaci
    iyo. misi ocneba yofila, Svili samTo inJineri gamosuliyo (ix. leqsi `mamis
    ocneba"), magram sulSi Camarxulma poeturma madlma sul sxvagvarad warmarTa
    misi cxovreba.
    bavSvobis wlebi poetma ZiriTadad mezobel sofel tyvirSi gaatara. aq
    miRebuli dawyebiTi ganaTlebis Semdeg, 1914 wels, s. Ciqovanma swavla ganagrZo
    quTaisis realur saswavlebelSi, romlis damTavrebis Semdgom Tbilisis unive-
    rsitetSi Sevida filologiis fakultetze. 1924 wels muSaoba daiwyo axladda-
    arsebuli Jurnalis _ `mnaTobis" redaqciaSi.
    1922 wels, TanamoazreebTan erTad, s. Ciqovanma Camoayaliba futuristuli
    literaturuli jgufi da gamosca qarTuli futurizmis pirveli saprogramo
    manifesti - `saqarTvelo _ feniqsi". 1924-28 wlebSi ki misi aqtiuri Tanamonawi-
    leobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT gamovida qarTveli avangardisti mwerlebis peri-
    oduli organoebi: “H2SO4" `literatura da sxva", `drouli" da `memarcxeneoba".
    1928 wlidan, futuristebis literaturuli jgufis daSlis droidan, s. Ci-
    qovani energiulad ebmeba saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris saqmianobaSi da gar-
    dacvalebamde misi xelmZRvaneli organoebis ucvleli wevri xdeba. 1932 wlidan
    igi iniSneba gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerlis" mTavar redaqtorad. 1944-51 wlebSi
    iyo saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris gamgeobis Tavmjdomare. 1954-60 wlebSi re-
    daqtorobda Jurnal `mnaTobs".
    nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis s. Ciqovani
    dajildoebuli iyo ordenebiTa da premiebiT. maTgan, pirvel yovlisa, unda ga-
    moiyos sakavSiro saxelmwifo premia, romelic 1947 wels mieniWa poemisaTvis
    `simRera daviT guramiSvilze" da leqsebisaTvis: `vina sTqva", `qarTlis saRamoe-
    bi", `gamarjvebis zeimi" da `gori".
    tragikuli gamodga s. Ciqovanis sicocxlis bolo wlebi. diabetiT daavade-
    bulma poetma TvalisCini dakarga. magram, amisda miuxedavad, misi SemoqmedebiTi
    STagoneba ki ar daiSrita, aramed, piriqiT, poeturi simwifis axal stadiaSi Se-
    vida. amis dadasturebaa is SesaniSnavi nawarmoebebi, romlebic swored am perio-
    dSi Seqmna man.
    s. Ciqovani gardaicvala 1966 wlis 22 aprils. dakrZalulia mweralTa da
    sazogado moRvaweTa mTawmindis panTeonSi.
    rogorc iTqva, s. Ciqovani qarTuli futurizmis Tavkaci da yvelaze Tval-
    saCino warmomadgenelia. man da misma Tanamoazre mwerlebma _ nikoloz CaCavam,
    akaki beliaSvilma, daviT gaCeCilaZem, besarion JRentma da sxvebma 1922 wlis 23
    aprils Tbilisis konservatoriis SenobaSi pirveli futuristuli literatu-
    ruli saRamo gamarTes, imave wlis 1-7 maiss ki amave saxelwodebis Semoqmedebi-
    Ti jgufis pirveli manifesti _ `saqarTvelo-feniqsi" gamosces. aRniSnuli mani-
    festiT sakmaod pretenziulad emcno sazogadoebas axali literaturuli daj-
    gufebis Seqmna saqarTveloSi.
    352
    am saprogramo manifests sul male sakuTari perioduli organoebis dafuZ-
    nebac moyva. kerZod, 1924 wels s. Ciqovanis aqtiuri TanamonawileobiT gamoica
    Jurnali `H2SO4" (erTi nomeri), 1924-25 wlebSi _ Jurnali `literatura da sxva"
    (redaqtori nikoloz CaCava), 1925-2I wlebSi _ gazeTi `drouli" (gamovida sul
    sami nomeri), 1927-28 wlebSi ki Jurnali `memarcxeneoba" (gamovida sul ori nome-
    ri. pirvel nomers xels awers saredaqcio kolegia, meore nomris redaqtoria
    simon Ciqovani).
    s. Ciqovani da misi Tanamoazreni TavianTi avangardistuli literaturuli
    SexedulebebiTa da mxatvruli nawarmoebebiT mkveTrad gamovlenili agresiulo-
    biT daupirispirdnen rogorc winamorbed, ise Tanamedrove mwerlebs. marTalia,
    amgvari gamijvnisa da dapirispirebis precendenti imxanad Cvens mwerlobaSi uk-
    ve arsebobda (`cisferyanwelebi", proletaruli literaturuli asociaciis war-
    momadgenlebi...), magram, amisda miuxedavad, futuristebis radikalizmi am SemTx-
    vevaSi mainc aSkarad gamorCeuli movlena iyo.
    qarTveli futuristebis esTetikur-msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi, maTi pir-
    veli literaturuli manifestis Semdeg, mTeli Tavisi radikalizmiT aisaxa 1924
    wels gamocemul JurnalSi H`H2SO4." simboluri azrobrivi datvirTvis mqone am
    JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli werilebiTa da mxatvruli nawarmoebebiT mkiTxvelisa-
    Tvis naTeli xdeba Cvens mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli axali literaturuli jgu-
    fis rogorc SemoqmedebiTi, ise ideologiur-moqalaqeobrivi mizanswrafva.
    Jurnali ixsneba manifestiT, romelSic gansazRvruli da Camoyalibebulia
    qarTveli futuristebis umTavresi saprogramo principebi: 1). `qarTuli xelov-
    neba sruliad daSorda Tanadroulobas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneb-
    loba da Semoqmedeba gaimijna", 2). `qarTuli literaturuli tradicia uaryofi-
    li unda iqnes, rogorc Zveli da rogorc feodaluri da burJuaziuli gemovne-
    biT Seqmnili xelovneba", 3). `proletaruli poetebi, romelTac mxolod preten-
    zia aqvT revolucionerobisa, ar arian xelovnebis, socialistur-revoluciuri
    xelovnebis gamomxatvelni, imitom rom isini Zvelis gavlenis qveS imyofebian,
    maT ver gawyvites kavSiri literaturul memkvidreobasTan", 4). `Cveni dada" fu-
    turizmi da konstruqtivizmi ixsneba sruli revoluciuri da komunisturi
    aRmSeneblobiTi sawyisebiT".
    Jurnal `H2SO4"-s xels awerda saredaqcio kolegia, romlis Semadgenloba-
    Si Sediodnen: beno gordeziani, nikoloz CaCava, irakli gamrekeli, pavle noza-
    Ze, Jango RoRoberiZe, akaki beliaSvili, biZina abulaZe, simon Ciqovani, nikoloz
    Sengelaia, Salva alxaziSvili. es jgufi, romelsac SemdgomSi kidev daemata
    ramdenime mwerali, warmoadgenda ZiriTad birTvs qarTveli futuristebisas. re-
    dkolegiis azriT, xsenebuli Jurnalis gamocema iyo udidesi gardatexa, rome-
    lmac `daarRvia xelovnebis arsebuli poziciebi". qarTvelma `memarcxeneebma" im-
    TaviTve moindomes revoluciuri principebis meqanikuri gadatana mwerlobaSi.
    `komunisturma aRmSeneblobam, _ werdnen isini, _ mospo Zveli fsiqika. Cven para-
    lelurad gvixdeboda dagveSala qarTuli Semoqmedebis antirevoluciuri for-
    mulovka. revoluciebis Sesaxeb simbolizmi rogorc burJuaziuli gemovnebiT
    warmoSobili literaturuli mimarTuleba dekadanss ganicdis". JurnalSi gamo-
    qveynebuli mxatvruli produqcia odnavadac ki ar Seesabameba im pretenziul
    tons, futuristebis saprogramo direqtivebSi romaa araorazrovnad gamoxatu-
    li. maTi Teoriuli moTxovnebi da literaturuli cdebi xSirad, SeiZleba iT-
    qvas, srul SeusabamobaSia erTmaneTTan.
    JurnalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli radikalizmi, Tumca ramdenadme Serbilebu-
    lad, magram mainc, gagrZelda futuristebis momdevno periodul gamocemaSic _
    `literatura da sxva". aqac, sakmaod pretenziuli gancxadebebis fonze, didi
    adgili eTmoboda SemoqmedebiT Ziebebsa da sityvebiT Jongliorobas. s. Ciqovani
    werda: `Cven varT axali inteligenciis dabadebis procesSi, romelic gamova mS-
    romel masidan".
    s. Ciqovani qarTvel futuristTa yvela gamocemis aqtiuri Tanamonawile
    iyo da xsenebul Jurnalebsa da gazeTSi sistematurad ibeWdeboda misi leqsebi-
    ca da werilebic.
    353
    s. Ciqovanis ociani wlebis poeziaSi Taviseburi formiT airekla n. baraTa-
    Svilis poeturi problematika. igi Seecada axleburi TvalTaxedviT gaeazrebina
    sakiTxTa is wre, romelic winamorbedi poetis SemoqmedebisaTvis iyo mTavari da
    arsebiTi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `merani", `fiqrebi
    mtkvris piras", `miZRvna nikoloz baraTaSvils" da sxva poeturi nawarmoebebi.
    Tavis am SemoqmedebiT mizandasaxulobas _ garkveul msoflmxedvelobriv da
    literaturul gapaeqrebas did winaparTan _ Tavad s. Ciqovani ase ganmartavs:
    `Cemi `merani" ganmeoreba ki ar aris, aramed pasuxia baraTaSvilis. aq bedia ga-
    damwyveti, CemSi axali xasiaTis pirovnebis" (Jurn. `memarcxeneoba" , 1927 w. 31. gv.
    59). cota qvemoT ki ganagrZobs: Cven `baraTaSvilis pirovnebasTan dabrunebas ki
    ar moviTxovT, aramed rogorc baraTaSvilma Tavisi epoqa daiwyo, ise Cveni axa-
    li xanis mier Sesaqmnelad pirovnebis Zebnaze vlaparakobT".
    futurizmiT gatacebis periodi s. Ciqovanis SemoqmedebaSi xanmokle dros
    moicavs da ociani wlebis bolomde grZeldeba. am periodSi Seqmnili poeturi
    nawarmoebebiT igi Seecada praqtikulad Seesxa xorci im principebisaTvis, rome-
    lnic axali SemoqmedebiTi mimdinareobis damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad Cvens
    mwerlobaSi. miuxedavad garkveuli literaturuli warmatebebisa, am dros gamo-
    qveynebul nawarmoebebSi bevri ram iyo TviTmiznurad formalisturi. Tavad poe-
    tma misi Semoqmedebis am etaps `siWabukis borZikis" xana daarqva da ase Seafasa
    igi: `me TviTon gazrdili viyavi qarTul da rusul poetur kulturaze. rus po-
    etTagan puSkinisa da lermontovis garda gansakuTrebiT miyvarda tiutCevi. ami-
    tom futurizmis poziciebze gadasvla niSnavda CemTvis Cveul SexedulebaTa da
    midrekilebaTa Secvlas. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, sityvaze Taviseburi muSao-
    bis ramdenime wlis Semdeg me da Cemi megobrebis umravlesoba davcildiT `mema-
    rcxeneobas".
    es, rogorc iTqva, ociani wlebis bolos moxda da am TvalsazrisiT poetis
    SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi erTgvarad gardamtexi roli Seasrula 1929-30 wlebSi
    Seqmnili leqsebis ciklma `mTao, gadmiSvi". am droisaTvis s. Ciqovanis poeturi
    TvalTaxedva arsebiTi ganaxlebis mijnasTan rom dgas, amas Tavad mweralic aR-
    niSnavs garkveviT 1930 wels gamocemuli Tavisi leqsebis pirveli wignisTvis (`m-
    xolod leqsebi") wamZRvarebul winasityvaobaSi: `Tematiurad, krebulis zogie-
    rTi leqsi ukve ganvlili xanaa CemTvis, _ wers igi, _ maTi propaganda avtors
    saWirod ar miaCnia, magram wignis mTlianobisa da poeturi ganviTarebis aRsanu-
    sxavad, krebuli itevs wminda lirikuli xasiaTis masalasa da eqsperimentalur
    cdebis nimuSebsac. es wigni brZolaa sityvisa da Temis damorCilebis asparezze.
    amitom is novatoruli movlenaa qarTul metyvelebaSi".
    rogorc am wignidanac naTlad dainaxavs mkiTxveli, s. Ciqovanis adrindel
    SemoqmedebaSi ori ZiriTadi nakadi Tanaarsebobs erTmaneTis paralelurad —
    futuristuli da klasikuri realisturi poeturi tradiciebiT nasazrdoebi.
    Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom es gamijvna bevrwilad pirobiTia da ZiriTa-
    dad naazrevis mxatvruli gamoxatvis formebsa da saSualebebs moicavs. rac Se-
    exeba poeturi saTqmelis arssa da Sinaarsobriv mizanswrafvas, droTa ganmav-
    lobaSi, marTalia, mwerlis Semoqmedebis es mxarec sagrZnoblad Seicvala da
    gamravalferovnda, magram bevri ram, gansakuTrebiT avtoris moqalaqeobriv da
    sazogadoebriv-politikur mrwamsTan dakavSirebuli, faqtobrivad, igive darCa
    (revoluciasTan da sabWoTa epoqasTan damokidebuleba, aqtiuri dgoma mimdinare
    socialuri da politikuri movlenebis centrSi...).
    ase rom, araerTi misi Tanamedrove mwerlisagan gansxvavebiT, s. Ciqovanis
    winaSe arasodes dasmula ideologiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi rwmenis gardaqmna-
    gadafasebis problema, vinaidan igi Tavidanve, samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlis
    pirveli dReebidanve, aqtiurad dadga sabWoTa epoqis samsaxurSi da mTeli Tavi-
    si cxovrebis manZilze Tanmimdevruli erTgulebiT, yovelgvari kritikuli gan-
    wyobis gareSe, emsaxureboda da ganadidebda socialistur sinamdviles. am Tva-
    lsazrisiT igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, tipuri sabWoTa mweralia, xelisuflebis mier
    naqadagevi ideologiisadmi uRalatod erTguli Semoqmedi.
    354
    futurizmiT gatacebis periodSi s. Ciqovanma warsulis winaaRmdegac gaila-
    Sqra Taviseburi formiT. es aris pirdapiri gamoZaxili warsulTan nihilisturi
    damokidebulebis im principisa, futuristebis literaturul manifestebsa da
    saprogramo xasiaTis werilebSi romaa mocemuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom s. Ciqo-
    vanis TvalTaxedva am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad gaorebulia da Tavisi am periodis
    SemoqmedebiT igi sisxlxorceuladaa dakavSirebuli warsulis kulturul memk-
    vidreobasTan (magaliTad, n. baraTaSvili, i. WavWavaZe...), futuristuli principe-
    bisadmi erTgulebas is drodadro aseT nihilizmamdec mihyavda: `awmyo, warsu-
    lis uarmyofeli, aris mSobeli momavalisa". laibnicis cnobili striqonebis
    (`awmyo, Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli momavalisa") aseTi interpretacia
    naTlad avlens am periodSi warsulTan s. Ciqovanis damokidebulebis arss.
    magram, rogorc iTqva, s. Ciqovanis TvalTaxedva ocian wlebSi Sinaganad wi-
    naaRmdegobrivia da gaorebuli. aviRoT, magaliTad, lirikasTan damokidebule-
    bis sakiTxi. Tavisi adrindeli nawarmoebebiT poetma mwvaved gailaSqra liriku-
    li Janris winaaRmdeg da pirdapir ganacxada: `mokvdes lirika, emocia darCes
    salonebso". sxvagan ki (leqsi `mowodeba", 1927 w.) Tavisi esTetikuri mrwamsi amg-
    varad gamoxata:
    yovel naz Congurs daswyviteT simi
    da mkvdar Rimilsac CamoexseniT,
    Zveli grZnobebis davaZroT fesvi
    da gadavferoT cxovrebis leqsi,
    moqalaqeno, quCebi SevqmnaT,
    axali gegma avwonoT misxliT.
    davartyaT TavSi lirikas Ceqma
    da davadinoT cisferi sisxli.
    gaiwmindeba momavlis fesvi
    da gaimarjvebs axali leqsi.
    lirikisadmi s. Ciqovanis aseTi nihilisturi damokidebuleba siWabukis Tvi-
    Tmiznuri principebisadmi gaRebuli xarki iyo da srulebiT ar Seesabameboda
    TvalTaxedvas im Semoqmedisas, romelmac naazrevis mxatvruli gamoxatvis umTa-
    vres formad mTeli Tavisi literaturuli moRvaweobis manZilze, pirvel yov-
    lisa, swored lirika aqcia.
    s. Ciqovanis adrindeli lirikis umTavres paTossa da suliskveTebas, uwina-
    resad, revoluciuri Tematika gansazRvravda. mTeli Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi mr-
    wamsiT igi sisxlxorceulad iyo dakavSirebuli im social-politikur viTare-
    basTan, sabWoTa xelisuflebis Sedegad rom damyarda CvenSi. poeti ideologiu-
    ri tendenciurobiTa da sworxazobrivad gamovlenili klasobriv-partiuli Tva-
    lTaxedviT xatavda epoqalur sinamdviles. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba
    ar hqonda imas, mxatvruli warmosaxvis ra formebs iyenebda is naazrevis gad-
    mosacemad _ futuristulsa Tu klasikur-realisturs.
    misi TviT yvelaze avangardistuli leqsebic ki metwilad swored zemoT
    xazgasmuli tendenciurobiT iyo aRbeWdili da poeti Tanmimdevrulad cdi-
    lobda sisxlxorceulad daekavSirebina erTmaneTTan futurizmi da revolu-
    cia. es mizanswrafva naTlad gamoCnda pirvelive krebulis pirvelive poeturi
    ciklisTvis micemuli saxelwodebiTac. `futurizmi da revoluciao", _ ase da-
    arqva man am cikls saxelad da masSi Tavmoyrili leqsebiT praqtikulad cada
    axali epoqaluri sinamdvilisa da futuristuli literaturuli principebis
    organuli Serwyma-Sesisxlxorceba erTmaneTTan.
    s. Ciqovanma ocian wlebSi dawerili araerTi leqsi mogvianebiT poetura-
    dac da msoflmxedvelobrivadac arsebiTad gadaamuSava. poeturi srulyofis
    swored aseTi gza ganvlo poetis iseTma nawarmoebebma, rogorebicaa: `baraTebi",
    `qalwuli koSki", `roca TbilisSi", `Rames vaTev da...", `mgzavris simRera", `pir-
    veli miZRvna", `meore miZRvna", `wvimaSi", `miZRvna nikoloz baraTaSvils" da sxv.
    imis saCveneblad, rogori formiT xdeboda ocian wlebSi dawerili am leq-
    sebis daxvewa-damuSaveba, erTmaneTs SevudaroT s. Ciqovanis `qalwuli koSkis"
    pirveli da meore variantebi. leqsis Tavdapirveli varianti (192I w.) im socia-
    lur-politikuri viTarebis ideologizebuli anarekli iyo, romelic revolu-
    355
    ciis pirvel wlebSi mefobda CvenSi. baqoSi, zRvis piras aRmarTul koSkTan,
    dgas poeti da gardasul saukuneTa am ngreul naSTs warsulze uazro wuxils
    adarebs. `me gicqer zRvidan, koSko qalwulo, da vfiqrob, neta ra moxele xar".
    misi SefasebiT, industriisa da teqnikuri progresis im pirobebSi, axalma epo-
    qam rom daamkvidra qveynad, es koSki sruliad zedmeti da usargeblo iyo. ami-
    tomacaa, rom poeturi xotbis sagnad `qvitkiris am leSis" nacvlad baqos nav-
    Tobi da mazuTi iyo qceuli: `Sexede muSebs, Sexede mTas da Sen ki TviTon ris
    maqnisi xar, Sexede baqos navTebis Zvras, sadac Sen gvami mSvidad gvizixar".
    leqsis meore varianti (1953 w.) ara marto poeturad srulyo avtorma, ara-
    med arsebiTad gadaamuSava msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. kerZod, masSi
    ukve saerTod aRaraa naxsenebi baqos navTi da nawarmoebis umTavres mizanswra-
    fvad warsulis romantikul-patriotuli gancdaa qceuli. poeturi STagonebis
    sagnad gamxdari koSki warsulze uazro wuxilad ki ar cxaddeba, aramed isto-
    riidan moyolil koSmarTanaa Sedarebuli, dResac rom afiqrebs da anaRvlia-
    nebs adamians gardasul droTa avbedobis gamo. kaspiis zRvis piras aRmarTuli
    es koSki amjerad ukve qarTveli kacis TvaliTaa danaxuli. igi, poetis Sefase-
    biT, Tamaris cixis dobilia, Temur-lengis xmalTa jaxaniT dalewili da cre-
    mliT danestili:
    qalwuli koSkSi, swori da ruxi,
    ismens kaspiis talRebis Zaxils,
    hgavs warsulidan wamosul wuxils,
    aq rom mohqonda mongolis maxvils.
    mgoni migrZvnia koSkis tkivili,
    dobilTan wili mainc mqonia.
    da me mgonia, misi kivili
    bebris cixesTan gamigonia.
    sakuTari cxovrebiseuli gzis Sesafaseblad daweril araerT leqsSi s. Ci-
    qovanma gulwrfelad gamoxata sinanuli daSvebul SecdomaTa gamo. poeti TviT-
    kritikulad aRiarebda, rom mas, `saukunis qselsa" da burusSi gzadabneuls
    mravali mcdari nabijic hqonda gadadgmuli da gulwrfeli monaniebiT cdi-
    lobda Zveli Secdomebisgan ganTavisuflebas:
    Cems cremlebs gvanan es varskvlavebi,
    vin Camowyvita zecas Worflians,
    me saukunis qselSi gavebi
    da mTis Tavzedac Cemi oflia.
    grZeli manZili unda davZlioT,
    mTeli sicocxle gzaze viqnebiT,
    uReltexilze davxvdeT alions
    da ca avwioT Rvinis WiqebiT.
    ar damikargavs mSoblis beWedi,
    ar amomSrala wyali patara,
    damartyi rozgi, Tu daeWvdebi,
    me SemiZlia bevris atana.
    imisaTvis, rom srulyofili warmodgena Segveqmnes s. Ciqovanis adrindel
    Semoqmedebaze, calke unda SevexoT misi leqsebis cikls _ `orkestrul leqsa-
    lobas", romelSic yvelaze metad gamovlinda poetis futuristul-avangardis-
    tuli Ziebani. ocian wlebSi Seqmnili es poeturi cikli, upirveles yovlisa, im
    literaturuli principebis SemoqmedebiTi realizebis mcdelobas warmoadgens,
    romelTa damkvidrebasac aqtiurad cdilobdnen imxanad s. Ciqovani da misi Tana-
    moazreni.
    am leqsebiT Cvens winaSe axali ritmuli konstruqciebis, bgeraTSesatyvi-
    sobebisa da esTetikur faseulobaTa aqtiurad maZiebeli Semoqmedi dgas, rome-
    lic mwvaved gamoxatuli radikalizmiT upirispirdeba da angrevs poetur tra-
    diciebs. msxvrevisa da uaryofis es vnebaTa Relva umeteswilad TviTmiznur xa-
    siaTs iRebs da sityvier JongliorobaSi gadaizrdeba. `zaumuri" poeziis am ni-
    muSebis azrobrivi mizanswrafva xSirad imdenad bundovania da burusiT mocul
    asociaciur xilvebze dafuZnebuli, rom miuwvdomeli rCeba mkiTxvelisaTvis.
    magaliTad:
    356
    1. bade baidebs
    bude baidebs
    cira muxlebze gulfiltvs daidebs
    aida baidebs aido baidebs
    cira ciba, cira warbi,
    cira warbi warbenili.
    2. Rromi uremi Ramura Robi
    arxi boxi burRi
    duRs daRi
    mdore doRi
    avRiree
    gurageli bamba bundRi
    gurageli morgvi borgvi veraguli
    gurageli qufri morbi kupri
    gurageli Sori Suri gvimra ibri
    zariu zariu zoromi ori...
    saliteraturo kritikaSi araerTgzis gamaxvilebula yuradReba s. Ciqovani-
    saTvis damaxasiaTebel poetur xatweraze. igi imTaviTve mogvevlina rTuli, mou-
    lodnel azrobriv asociaciebze dafuZnebuli, TviTmyofadi da mkveTri origina-
    lobiT aRbeWdili poeturi saxeebis avtorad. es poeturi saxeebi xSirad misi
    leqsis azrisa da ganwyobilebis gasaRebs warmoadgenen. maTSi kondensirebuli
    saTqmelis Secnoba-gaazreba yovelTvis rodia ioli. futurizmiT gatacebis
    wlebSi s. Ciqovanis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd gvxvdeba koloritu-
    li plastikuri saRebavebiT aRbeWdili poeturi saxeebica da Sinaarsobrivadac
    da esTetikuradac aSkarad miuRebeli xatweris nimuSebic.

    * * *
    rogorc iTqva, 20-iani wlebis miwuruli da 30-ianis damdegi gardamtexi et-
    apia s. Ciqovanis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi. am droidan moyolebuli, igi sabo-
    lood emijneba futuristul literaturul Ziebebs da srulyofili formiT av-
    lens misi poeturi individualobis ganmsazRvrel arsebiT niSan-Tvisebebs. es
    rom kargad gacnobierebuli procesi iyo, naTlad Cans im TviTkritikuli damo-
    kidebulebidan, romelsac poeti e. w. futuristuli periodis misive Semoqmedebi-
    sadmi gamoxatavs araorazrovnad.
    siWabukis wlebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis TviTgansja da monanieba mZafra-
    daa gamovlenili 1935 wels daweril leqsSi `pasuxis magier". ai, rogor afasebs
    `bewvis xidze" gzagavlili poeti SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis adrindel etapze
    misi poeziisaTvis Tanamdev sirTuleebsa da am sirTuleTagan Tavis daRwevis
    Sinaganad winaaRmdegobriv process:
    ar daijero TiTqos odesme
    mSoblisTvis meTqvas yalbi striqoni,
    rac Cems leqsebSi cudad mogesma,
    me TviT ara var misi momgoni.
    Tu SemeSala warsulSi rame,
    es siWabukis borZiki iyo.
    me bewvis xidze gadavel Rame
    da cremli momwyda varskvlavis simsxo.
    ... me SeveCvie Cems siymawviles,
    Cemi aprilis gafrenil iebs,
    me xalxis guli gavinawile
    da is Wabukur wlebs mapatiebs.
    s. Ciqovanis Semoqmedebis pirvel da meore periodebs Soris pirobiT qrono-
    logiur mijnad 1929-30 wlebi unda miviCnioT, roca daiwera leqsebis cikli
    `mTao, gadmiSvi". am ciklis leqsebma: `gadasvla gorvaSze", `uSguli" (adrindel
    gamocemebSi `uSgulis komkavSiri"), `SemoRameba xaxmatSi" da sxvebma _ imTavi-
    Tve miiqcies literaturuli sazogadoebriobis yuradReba da isini poetis Semo-
    qmedebis TvalsaCino nimuSebad iqna aRiarebulni. magaliTad, k. gamsaxurdiam s.
    357
    Ciqovanis am nawarmoebebs `ueWveli Sedevrebi" uwoda (k. gamsaxurdia, Txz. t. mS,
    19I3 w. gv. I48).
    miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaxelebuli poeturi ciklis mimarT dRevandeli
    mkiTxvelis interesi, masSi daxatuli socialuri sinamdvilisadmi damokidebu-
    lebis arsebiTad Secvlisa da Zvel msoflmxedvelobriv principTa gadafase-
    bis gamo, sagrZnoblad ganelda, svaneTsa da xevsureTze Seqmnili leqsebis es
    rkali mainc rCeba imdroindeli qarTuli poeziis sagulisxmo SenaZenad. masSi
    daxvewili poeturi ostatobiT vlindeba epoqis romantikuli ganwyobileba. poe-
    ti ideologiuri paTetizmiT xatavs saqarTvelos mTianeTis patriarqaluri yo-
    fis gardaqmnisa da ganaxlebis process.
    marTalia, Zvel da axal yofiT sinamdvileTa mZafr urTierTSejaxebasa da
    axlis damkvidrebis garduvalobas s. Ciqovani naTlad gamovlenili klasobriv-
    ideologiuri tendenciurobiT gviCvenebs, magram ciklSi es yvelaferi daxvewi-
    li poeturi xelovnebiTaa mocemuli. gansakuTrebiT minda yuradReba mivaqcio
    Rrmaazrobriv asociaciebsa da originalur xilvebze dafuZnebul poetur saxe-
    ebs, romlebic kolorituli STambeWdaobiT warmosaxaven saqarTvelos mTiane-
    Tis bunebas, yofiT sinamdvilesa da adaT-tradiciebs.
    rogorc s. Ciqovanis wignebis ubralo gadaTvalierebiTac advilad daina-
    xavs mkiTxveli, mis poeziaSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxe aisaxa Tavisi
    bunebrivi mSvenierebiT, warsuliTa da awmyoTi. es saerTod damaxasiaTebeli te-
    ndenciaa poetis Semoqmedebisa, razec naTlad metyvelebs qarTlisadmi, kaxeTi-
    sadmi, samegrelosadmi, aWarisadmi, svaneTisadmi, fSav-xevsureTisadmi da qve-
    ynis sxva kuTxeebisadmi miZRvnili poeturi ciklebi. maTSi siRrmiseulad irek-
    leba Sesabamisi kuTxisadmi niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebeli yofiT-eTnografiu-
    li koloriti da buneba.
    s. Ciqovanma, rogorc poetma, sagrZnoblad gaafarTova lirikuli poeziis
    horizonti da epikuri Janrobrivi elementebis SemotaniT mas farTo sazogadoe-
    brivi rezonansi SesZina. amas igi aRwevs ara marto maSin, rodesac epoqalur mo-
    vlenebze wers, aramed maSinac, roca pirovnuli cxovrebis STambeWdav epizodTa
    poetur gaazrebas Tavazobs mkiTxvels. am SemTxvevaSi mas kargad esmoda, rom
    Semoqmedis, saerTod, pirovnebis cxovrebiseuli bedi sisxlxorceulad iyo da-
    kavSirebuli epoqalur movlenebTan da erTi adamianis sulieri samyaros gaxsna,
    faqtobrivad, am epoqis Sinagani arsis warmoCenasac niSnavda. swored es Tval-
    Taxedva udevs safuZvlad s. Ciqovanis ara marto im leqsebs, romlebSic sakuTa-
    ri cxovrebiseuli epizodebia poeturi gansjis sagnad qceuli, aramed d. gura-
    miSvilisa da n. baraTaSvilis biografiebze Seqmnil lirikul poemebsac.
    s. Ciqovanis erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedvis gamoxatva xSirad saqarT-
    velos istoriuli warsulis fonze xdeba xolme. istoriisadmi poetis romanti-
    kul damokidebulebas jer kidev bavSvobis wlebSi Caeyara safuZveli sofel ty-
    virSi, romlis Zveli saydari momavali mwerlis sayvareli adgili yofila. misi
    TqmiT, `mSobliuri qveynis istoriisadmi siyvaruli SesaZloa swored aq Caisaxa"
    da gaxda poeturi STagonebis ZiriTadi wyaro.
    saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis araerTi sakiTxi s. Ciqovanis poeziaSi
    polemikuri TvalTaxedviTaa gancdil-gaazrebuli. gavixsenoT Tundac misi li-
    rikis ubrwyinvalesi nimuSi _ `vina sTqva" (1943 w.), romelSic erTmaneTTan dapi-
    rispirebuli formiTaa gaazrebuli Cveni samSoblos teritoriuli sipatarave
    da sulieri simaRle. saqarTvelos warsuli didebis grandiozuli masStabebi,
    misi dRevandeloba da bunebis ganumeorebeli silamaze, avtoris SefasebiT, mT-
    lianad aclida safuZvels imaT Tvalsazriss, romlebic Cvens samSoblos pata-
    ra qveyanas uwodebdnen. s. Ciqovanis leqsSi es yvelaferi polemikuri toniTa da
    natifi poeturi xelovnebiTaa gadmocemuli.
    warsuli s. CiqovanisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, Tanamedroveobis gandidebis
    saSualebad iyo qceuli. amitomacaa, rom razedac ar unda ewera mas _ goris
    cixeze, serafitsa Tu pitiaxSis saflavze, yvelgan da yovelTvis Tavisi epoqis
    suliskveTebis gamoxatvas cdilobda Taviseburi formiT. am TvalsazrisiT misi
    Semoqmedeba, sabWoTa periodis bevri mwerlis msgavsad, xazgasmulad ideologi-
    358
    zebulicaa da tendenciuric. es naTlad igrZnoba Tundac im kritikuli gami-
    jvniT, riTac warsulsa da Tanamedroveobas TiSavda poeti erTmaneTisagan. war-
    sulis avbedobasa da tragikul movlenebs mis poeziaSi mkveTrad upirispirdeba
    awmyos sidiade da aRmSenebloba. aseTi stereotipuli ideologiuri sqemebi, ro-
    melTa damkvidrebasac Tanmimdevrulad cdilobda sabWoTa xelisufleba, imdro-
    indeli bevri mwerlis msgavsad, s. Ciqovanis SemoqmedebaSic gamovlinda sakmao
    masStabebiT.
    s. Ciqovanis poeturi STagoneba axali SemoqmedebiTi energiiT daimuxta si-
    cocxlis bolo wlebSi. swored am dros daiwera misi poeziis araerTi SesaniS-
    navi nimuSi, romelTac kidev ufro metad gaabrwyines avtoris poeturi niWi. am
    TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ciklebi `Semodgomis dReebi" da `ga-
    njis dRiuri", aseve _ leqsebi sikvdilis Semdeg gamocemuli krebulidan `gito-
    veb wigns". maTSi ganmsazRvreli adgili daikava yofna-aryofnis zRurbls miRwe-
    uli Semoqmedis filosofiurma dafiqrebam adamianuri cxovrebis arssa da
    mizandasaxulobaze.
    pirvel yovlisa, swored am TvalTaxedviT iqcevs yuradRebas `Semodgomis
    dReebi ", romelSic avtoriseuli saTqmeli Rrma azrobrivi qveteqstebiTaa dat-
    virTuli. r. jafariZis SefasebiT, `leqsebis am patara ciklSi poetma sakuTari
    biografiis yvelaze ufro dramatuli monakveTebi Catia, xolo es biografia,
    Tavisi fexiT ganvlili cxovrebis gza, mTeli Taobis gzad gaacocxla mkiTxve-
    lis winaSe da amiT didi saqveyno satkivaris farTo ganzogadeba mogvca" (r. ja-
    fariZe, awonili sityva, 1970 w. gv. 235).
    manamdeli Semoqmedebisagan gansxvavebiT, leqsebis am ciklSi, Tumca ramde-
    nadme TavSekavebulad, magram mainc, avtoris moqalaqeobriv-msoflmxedvelobri-
    vi protestantizmic gamovlinda Taviseburi formiT. am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel yov-
    lisa, 1937 wlis tragikuli movlenebisadmi poetis is damokidebuleba igulisx-
    meba, romelic im droisaTvis sakmaod mwvave formiT gamoixata Semdgom striqo-
    nebSi:
    keris cecxliviT enTo imedi,
    adre grZnobebi mudam Warbia,
    weli dagvesxa ocdaCvidmeti,
    Sin Semovarda da dagvarbia.
    mainc ar gavtydiT, ar davifukeT,
    mamuls gavyeviT gzebze mxardamxar,
    axla ar sCanxar Sen, siWabukev,
    Sen, gazafxulo, mainc sada xar?
    `mSfoTvare ocdaCvidmetisadmi", saerTod, sabWoTa epoqisaTvis Tanamdevi
    sxva tragikuli movlenebisadmi, poetis amgvari damokidebulebis gamoZaxili is-
    mis agreTve meuRlisadmi miZRvnili leqsis Semdeg striqonebSic:
    ormocdaerTi an mSfoTvare ocdaCvidmeti,
    ramden SemTxvevam gadagvala Cemi imedi.
    obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom s. Ciqovanis SemoqmedebaSi moqalaqeobri-
    vi protestantizmis aseTi gamovlinebani, mwerlis dRemde xelmisawvdomi nawar-
    moebebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, metad sustad igrZnoba da mxolod TiTo-
    orola magaliTiT amoiwureba (am TvalsazrisiT ramdenadme gamonaklisia poema
    `bedi respublika"). igi ar yofila poeti-opozicioneri, arsebul saxelisu-
    flebo reJimTan dapirispirebuli Semoqmedi. marTalia, mis SemoqmedebaSi Rrma
    adamianuri tkivilebic Warbad igrZnoba da realur sinamdvilesa da pirovnul
    idealebs Soris arsebuli Seusabamobis dramatuli TviTgancdac, magram poetis
    am msoflmxedvelobriv mizanswrafvas sul sxva safuZvlebi moepoveba da igi
    aramc da aramc ar daiyvaneba avtoris pirovnul-moqalaqeobriv protestantizma-
    mde.
    kvlav mivubrundeT aWarisadmi miZRvnil zemoT naxseneb poetur dRiurebs.
    ciklis saxelwodebaSi dafiqsirebuli Semodgoma, pirvel yovlisa, swored amg-
    vari gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT unda gaviazroT da ara am sityvis pirdapiri ga-
    gebiT. TiTqmis yvela leqsi Semodgomis mimwuxridan danaxuli da gonebis sas-
    worze misxlobiT awonili ganvlili cxovrebis zneobrivi gansaja-Sefasebaa.
    359
    zRvis piras ganmartoebuli poetis xsovnaSi mwvaved cocxldeba Zveli mogone-
    bebi da `mimwuxris hangebiTa" da `Semodgomis simReriT" avsebs sicocxlis li-
    boSeryeul mwerlis suls:
    isev zRvasTan var, rogorc dasjili,
    msurs samkurnalo balaxi vTibo,
    Sen ki Sors wevxar mxarSi daWrili
    da me meryeva sicocxlis libo.
    dReebs viTvli da bevrjer ginatreb,
    ver davasrule SenTvis ustari.
    Ramem wamarTva wuTiT sinaTle,
    Tu cisfer ciskars ver mivuswari.
    sakuTari cxovrebiseuli Rvawlis mkacrad TviTSemfasebeli poeti erTgan
    aRniSnavda: `xalxis cxovrebis alayafs vaReb da zraxvebs soflis sasworze
    vwonio". miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori aSkara orazrovnebiT gamoxatavs Semoqme-
    debiTi ukmarisobis grZnobas, mas erTgvar TviTkmayofilebasac gvris imisi Tvi-
    TSegnebac, rom mTlad xelcarieli ar eTxoveba wuTisofels: `winaT megona,
    xavss veWidebi da xelT mipyria Turme TavTavio", — wers igi da gangebas Se-
    Txovs ukvdavebis wminda wyaros dawafebul poets cota kidev adrovos da sura
    carieli ar dautovos:
    mwyurvali var da miavgaroze,
    nu damitoveb suras cariels.
    me ukvdavebis wminda wyaroze
    jer erTi peSvi wyali davlie.
    filosofiur gaazrebaTa siRrmiTa da poeturi warmosaxvis maRalmxatvru-
    lobiT `Semodgomis dReebi " s. Ciqovanis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis saukeTeso
    SenaZenia.

    * * *
    Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT s. Ciqovanma gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
    roli iTamaSa qarTul poeziaSi poeturi ciklis, rogorc naazrevis gamoxatvis
    originaluri formis, damkvidrebis saqmeSi. am TvalsazrisiT igi erT-erTi mka-
    fiod gamorCeuli figuraa Cvens mwerlobaSi. mTeli misi poezia, faqtobrivad,
    swored aseT poetur ciklebadaa dayofili. am gziT movlenaTa poetur aRqmasa
    da gaazrebas man ufro farTo masStabebi SesZina da lirikul poeziaSi kidev
    ufro metad gauxsna gza epikuri elementebis Semotanas.
    poetur cikls, rogorc saTqmelis gamoxatvis TviTmyofad formas, s. Ciqo-
    vanis poeziaSi Taviseburad gardamavali adgili uWiravs lirikasa da poetur
    eposs Soris. esaa ara erTi movlenisa Tu Temisadmi miZRvnili leqsebis ubra-
    lo, meqanikuri Tavmoyra-gaerTianeba, aramed Sinagani kompoziciuri kavSiriT
    gamTlianebuli nawarmoebebis erTiani rkali, romelic erT saerTo mizanswra-
    fvas eqvemdebareba da gamoxatavs. kompoziciur-azrobrivi gamTlianebis es ten-
    dencia zogierT SemTxvevaSi imdenad mZlavradac ki vlindeba, rom am poetur
    ciklebs zogi kritikosi poemadac miiCnevs (magaliTad, `ganjis dRiuri").
    lirikuli da epikuri Janrobrivi elementebis aseTi Serwyma-sinTezireba da
    ganvrcoba farTod damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa s. Ciqovanis mTeli Semoqmedebisa-
    Tvis. rogorc wesi, misi poeturi memkvidreoba poetur ciklebadaa dayofili. ma-
    rTalia, drodadro avtori am ciklebs saTaurebsac ucvlida da maTSi Semaval
    leqsebsac srulyofda, magram es yvelaferi ise keTdeboda, rom amiT Canafiqris
    xasiaTi da mizandasaxuloba arsebiTad ar icvleboda. imisaTvis, rom msjelo-
    bam meti konkretuloba SeiZinos, mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb s. Ciqovanis ramdenime po-
    eturi ciklis saTaurs: `Sinidan gavel samSoblos gzaze", `Semodgomis dReebi
    aWaraSi", `Tandayolili grZnobebi", `armazis aCrdilebi", `qarTlis saRamoebi",
    `mSobliuri napirebi", `kaxeTis Semodgoma", `Tbilisis CuqurTmebi" da sxv.
    kritikul literaturaSi araerTgzis gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba, rom s. Ci-
    qovani, upirveles yovlisa, poeti-fermweria da es faqtori arsebiTad gansa-
    zRvravs mis SemoqmedebiT individualobas. swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemo-
    eba, rom mis poeziaSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs SeZenili poetur xatwe-
    360
    ras, ferebsa da saRebavebs, mxatvris TvaliT danaxul bunebis suraTebs. saku-
    Tari SemoqmedebisTvis niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebel am specifikas Tavad poe-
    tmac miaqcia sagangebo yuradReba da erT-erT leqsSi aRniSna: `xmebis ostati
    ara var vici, xma miwydeba Tu miwivis yuri, me mxolod xilul mSvenebiT viwvi
    da baRs miagavs patara guli".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoTqmulSi bevri ramaa usaTuod gasaTvaliswinebe-
    li, avtoriseuli Tvalsazrisi, Cemis azriT, ramdenadme mainc saWiroebs er-
    Tgvar dazusteba-dakonkretebas. am SemTxvevaSi albaT aramc da aramc ar SeiZ-
    leba im mosazrebis gaziareba, TiTqos s. Ciqovani `xmebis ostati ar iyo" da mi-
    si poeziis musikaluri mxare dauxvewavia da naklebmelodiuri. Tu am SeniSvnas
    safuZvlad musikalur-melodiuri simsubuqe udevs, maSin es marTlac aris ase,
    magram ritmuli mravalxmianobiTa da versifikaciul formaTa originalobiT s.
    Ciqovanis poezia erT-erTi mkveTrad gamorCeuli movlenaa meoce saukunis qa-
    rTul poeziaSi. amis dasturad araerTi iseTi axali ritmul-musikaluri me-
    lodiis moSvelieba SeiZleba misi Semoqmedebidan, romelTa pirveldamamkvidre-
    belic swored s. Ciqovani iyo.
    s. Ciqovani rTuli poeturi bunebis Semoqmedia, romlis poeziaSi saTqmeli
    zedapirze ki ar Zevs, aramed siRrmiseulad unda SevicnoT da gaviazroT. Ta-
    vad poeti literaturuli Semoqmedebis specifikur arss erTgan Semdegnairad
    ganmartavs: `Semoqmedebas sirTule uyvars, gasagebad da simZafriT Tqmuli". meo-
    regan ki ambobs: `Semoqmedebas siaxle uyvars cisartyelis da quxilis feri". am
    poetur formulirebebSi uwinaresad Tavad avtoris literaturuli TvalTaxe-
    dvaa gacxadebuli, misive Semoqmedebis arsi da umTavresi specifika.
    s. Ciqovanis poeziaze saubris dros araerTgzis aRuniSnavT, rom igi `rTu-
    li" poetia da meti poeturi sisadavisaken mouwodebiaT misTvis. es problema sa-
    kmaod mwvaved rom idga avtoris winaSe, naTlad Cans misi mxatvruli Semoqmede-
    biTac da literaturuli CanawerebiTac. magaliTad, jer kidev 193I wels igi ga-
    rkveviT SeniSnavda, rom sisadavisaTvis brZola sulac ar niSnavda brZolas
    mxatvrulobis winaaRmdeg da igi mxolod udidesi poeturi siZneleebis gadala-
    xvis gziT miiRweoda.
    roca s. Ciqovanis Semoqmedebis sirTuleze vsaubrobT, ar unda dagvavi-
    wydes is garemoeba, rom es sirTule samyaros aRqmis miseuli specifikidan mom-
    dinareobs da azrisa da aRqmis xelovnuri gabundovanebis Sedegs ar
    warmoadgens. TviT poeti Tavisi poeziis `rTul bunebas" ase ganmartavda 1937
    wels daweril leqsSi `tbasTan": `ros lerwami moixreba, gadmowveba tbaze Ce-
    ro, vzivar, vfiqrob: ra iqneba, mec sxvagvari leqsi vwero. vTqva simRera sul
    ubralo, viyo wynari, gasagebi da eWiros yvela gamvlels Cemi leqsis gasaRebi".
    magram daskvna, romelsac aqve akeTebda poeti, aseTi iyo: `magram guli, Cemi gu-
    li striqonSi ar Caetevao".
    s. Ciqovanis Semoqmedeba mkafiod xasiaTdeba versifikaciul formaTa mrava-
    lferovnebiT. man mkveTrad gamorCeuli ritmul-musikaluri intonacia daamkvi-
    dra qarTul poeziaSi. poetma, erTi mxriv, wina planze wamoswia qarTul poetur
    mravalxmianobaSi SedarebiT naklebad gamoyenebuli versifikaciuli sazomebi,
    meores mxriv ki Tavad Seqmna axali saleqso sqemebi da ritmul-musikaluri var-
    iantebi. marTalia, avtoriseuli mizanswrafva am SemTxvevaSi zogjer erTgvari
    xelovnurobis STabeWdilebasac tovebs, magram es gza sabolood mainc damkvi-
    drda poetis SemoqmedebiTi individualobis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT ZiriTad fo-
    rmad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom s. Ciqovanis poeziaSi farTod gvxvdeba klasikuri qa-
    rTuli izometruli saleqso sazomebi, misi poeturi stilis versifikaciuli
    TviTmyofadoba, mainc originaluri struqturis heterometruli saleqso sqeme-
    biTaa ganpirobebuli. uwinaresad, swored amiT gamoirCeva s. Ciqovanis leqsis
    struqturul-intonaciuri buneba qarTul poeziaSi.

    * * *
    361
    simon Ciqovanis poeturi memkvidreobis ganxilva-gaanalizebis dros calke
    unda SevexoT poemebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi Cveni literaturis istoriaSi,
    lirikos poetadaa damkvidrebuli, mas sagulisxmo wvlili aqvs Setanili Tana-
    medrove qarTuli poeturi eposis Janrul-struqturuli transformirebisa da
    ganaxlebis saqmeSic. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi aqtiu-
    ri Tanamonawileoba e.w. lirikuli poemis, rogorc naazrevis gamoxatvis origi-
    naluri Janruli saxeobis, damkvidrebis procesSi, rac gamorCeuli ZaliT wari-
    marTa meoce saukunis qarTul poeziaSi.
    gansxvavebiT klasikuri tipis poemebisagan, s. Ciqovanis poemebSi lirikuli
    nakadi imdenad mZlavradaa wamoweuli wina planze, rom specialistebs arc Tu
    iSviaTad kamaTic ki mosdiT imaze, poetis esa Tu is nawarmoebi poemaa Tu leq-
    sebis cikli (vTqvaT, `ganjis dRiuri"). marTalia, lirikul poemas wina saukune-
    ebSic sakmaod angariSgasawevi tradiciebi hqonda CvenSi, magram am Janruli sa-
    xeobis damkvidrebis procesma meoce saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi gansakuTre-
    biT farTo masStabebi SeiZina. am periodis poeturi sityvis aRiarebul ostate-
    bTan erTad, am TvalsazrisiT s. Ciqovanis Rvawlic sagulisxmod mniSvnelova-
    nia.
    calke unda aRiniSnos isic, rom s. Ciqovani meoce saukunis qarTul poezia-
    Si farTod amkvidrebs e. w. biografiul poemas da Tavisi poeturi STagonebis
    masazrdoebel wyarod iseTi dramatuli biografiis mqone mwerlebs ixdis, ro-
    gorebic d. guramiSvili da n. baraTaSvili arian. am mweralTa cxovrebiseuli
    xvedris amsaxvel nawarmoebTa umTavresi Rirseba, pirvel yovlisa, imaSi vlin-
    deba, rom poetma mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobili maTi biografiis dramatuli
    epizodebi Tanamedrove TvalTaxedviT gaiazra da isini axali emociuri STambeW-
    daobiT gangvacdevina. miuxedavad imisa, rom am poemebSi Sinaarsobrivad axali
    da moulodneli, faqtobrivad, araferia, maT mimarT interesi mainc didia. am in-
    teresisa da mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi warmatebis ganmapirobebeli umTavresi faq-
    tori am SemTxvevaSi originalurad SeTxzul-mofiqrebuli siuJeti ki ar aris,
    aramed nacnob biografiul epizodebSi areklili poeturi sulia, azrisa da ga-
    nwyobilebis gamoxatvis literaturuli TavisTavadoba da TviTmyofadoba.
    `simRera daviT guramiSvilze" (1942-46 ww.) s. Ciqovanis yvelaze vrceli poe-
    turi nawarmoebia. es poema Tavidanve iqca literaturuli sazogadoebriobis
    cxoveli yuradRebis sagnad, rac mis mimarT kritikosTa mier gamovlenili didi
    dainteresebiTac dasturdeba. daviT guramiSvilis cxovrebaze daweril am nawa-
    rmoebs araerTi sagulisxmo kritikuli werili Tu gamokvleva mieZRvna. maTSi
    safuZvlianadaa gaanalizebuli poemis literaturuli Rirsebebi, gamoTqmulia
    ramdenime sagulisxmo da angariSgasawevi kritikuli SeniSvnac.
    kritikosTa Soris Tavidanve iqca kamaTis sagnad `simReris" Janrobrivi sa-
    xis gansazRvra. erTni mas uyoymanod miiCneven epikuri Janris qmnilebad, meoreni
    ki mxolod pirobiTad Tvlian poemad da nawarmoebs `erTiani ideuri Sinaarsisa
    da erTiani koncefciis niadagze gaerTianebuli leqsebis originalur ciklad"
    aRiareben, sadac `TiToeul calke leqss damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac aqvs da
    erTiani ciklis organul nawilsac Seadgens" (a. baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli
    literaturis istoriidan, t. V, 1971 w. gv. 317).
    `simReris" Janrobrivi saxis gansazRvra, rac specialistebSi dRemde iwvevs
    kamaTsa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, ufro wminda Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT sainte-
    reso sakiTxia da mas nawarmoebis Sefasebis dros sulac ara aqvs gadamwyveti
    mniSvneloba, vinaidan, Tavad avtorisave sityvebiT Tu vityviT, poeturi qmnile-
    bis `ZiriTadi Rirseba mkiTxvelze misi ideuri da emociuri zemoqmedebaa da ara
    is, ramdenad zustad Seesabameba igi Janris kanonebs". ase rom, mkiTxvelisaTvis
    arsebiTi imisi garkveva ki araa, `simRera" poemaa Tu leqsebis cikli, aramed imi-
    sa, literaturuli ostatobis ra doneze axerxebs poeti dasaxuli miznis miR-
    wevas.
    da mainc, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, `simRera" mxolod pirobiTad
    SeiZleba CaiTvalos klasikuri tipis epikur nawarmoebad da mas gardamavali
    adgili uWiravs poemasa da lirikuli leqsebis cikls Soris.
    362
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `simRera" XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli poetisa da
    mamuliSvilis daviT guramiSvilis cxovrebis amsaxveli nawarmoebia, avtors mi-
    znad ar dausaxavs masStaburad da farTo ganzogadebulobiT warmoeCina imdro-
    indeli istoriuli viTareba. s. Ciqovanis umTavresi mizanswrafva maSindeli is-
    toriuli realobis gacocxleba ki ar iyo, aramed Cveni didi winapris tragiku-
    li cxovrebiseuli xvedris gaazreba Tanamedroveobis TvalTaxedviT.
    s. Ciqovans Tavisi am survilis realizebisTvis SesaniSnav masalas aZlevda
    d. guramiSvilis biografia. Tavisi cxovrebiT ruseTTan da ukrainasTan ganuyo-
    felad dakavSirebuli am pirovnebis TavgadasavalSi xom avtors yovelgvari ze-
    dmeti gamomgoneblobis gareSe SeiZleboda epova xalxTa Zmobisa da megobrobis
    gamafetiSebeli is ideologiuri bazisi, rac sabWoTa xelisuflebas socialis-
    turi epoqis magistralur mimarTulebad miaCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom d. gura-
    miSvili, rus da ukrainel xalxebTan Tavisi xangrZlivi TanacxovrebiT ma-
    rTlac iqca xalxTa megobruli erTobis erTgvar simbolod, `simReraSi" aSka-
    rad igrZnoba am faqtoris gazviadebisa da ideologizebis mZlavri tendencia.
    marTalia, d. guramiSvilis tragikuli Tavgadasavlis moTxrobis dros s. Ciqo-
    vanis poeturi TvalTaxedvis areSi sxva sakiTxebicaa moqceuli, magram, Cemis az-
    riT, `simRera", uwinares yovlisa, xalxTa internacionaluri Zmobisa da megob-
    robis gansadideblad dawerili nawarmoebia.
    `simRera daviT guramiSvilze" poeturi sityvis daxvewili ostatis mier da-
    werili nawarmoebia. literaturuli ostatobis es maRali done da profesiona-
    lizmi Tavidan bolomde gasdevs mas da mravali kuTxiT poulobs gamovlenas _
    poetur saxeTa TviTmyofadobiTa da asociaciuri warmosaxvis farTo masStabe-
    biT, versifikaciul formaTa mravalferovnebiTa da ritmul-musikaluri JRera-
    dobis gamorCeulobiT... erTi sityviT, `simRera" mkafiod warmoaCens yvela im
    stilur niSan-Tvisebasa da mxatvrul tendencias, riTac s. Ciqovanis poezia xa-
    siaTdeba sazogadod da gamokveTilad. Tumca aqve, nawarmoebis literaturuli
    Rirsebis aRniSvnasTan erTad, obieqturoba moiTxovs isic iTqvas, rom masSi, Si-
    gadaSig, enobrivad dauxvewavi formebic gvxvdeba da azrobriv SeusabamobaTa
    wiaRSi Sobili poeturi xatweris magaliTebic.
    s. Ciqovanis lirikis saukeTeso tendenciebma Semdgomi gaRrmaveba hpoves po-
    etur ciklSi _ `ganjis dRiuri". masSi avtorma mZafri STambeWdaobiT warmosaxa
    baraTaSvilis sulieri cxovrebis umTavresi peripetiebi aRsasrulis Jams. es
    aris poeturi amonakvnesi epoqisagan gariyuli geniosisa, romelmac ucxo miwaze,
    yvelasagan mitovebulma, dalia tanjuli suli. baraTaSvilis pirovnuli samya-
    ros gancda-gaazrebas met siwrfelesa da emociur simZafres sZens saTqmelis
    gamoxatvis monologiuri forma, romelsac xSirad mimarTavs xolme s. Ciqovani.
    `ganjis dRiuri" TiTqos aRsarebaa yofna-aryofnis zRurblTan misuli Semoqme-
    disa.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom ciklSi warmodgenili leqsebi, faqtobrivad, calke,
    damoukidebeli nawarmoebebia, maT kravT da erTmaneTTan akavSirebT erTi sae-
    rTo mizanswrafva _ siRrmiseulad daanaxon mkiTxvels n. baraTaSvilis, ro-
    gorc poetisa da pirovnebis, rTuli sulieri samyaro. swored esaa xelSesaxe-
    bad da mZlavrad gamoxatuli is Sinagani Zala, romelic kompoziciurad amTli-
    anebs da lirikuli poemisTvis niSneul Taviseburebas sZens `ganjis dRiurs".
    `ganjis dRiurSi" ganzogadebulad da siRrmiseulad gamovlinda n. baraTa-
    Svilis poeziis msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebi, emociuri STambeWdaobiT ai-
    rekla misi biografiis dramatuli epizodebi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT
    sainteresoa didi winapris sulieri oblobis ganmapirobebeli pirovnuli faq-
    torebis wamoweva wina planze. n. baraTaSvilis tragikuli cxovrebiseuli xve-
    dris poeturi gansja-Sefasebis dros s. Ciqovanis SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis
    centrSi ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi uiRblo siyvarulia moqceuli. am romantiku-
    li siyvarulis sevdiani gamonaSuqi Cauqrobel sinaTled gasdevs mTel cikls
    Tavidan bolomde. bedukuRmarTobis gamo mSobliuri miwidan ucxoobaSi gadax-
    vewili yaribi mgosani, pirvel yovlisa, swored am uiRblo siyvarulSi eZebda
    Tavisi gawamebuli cxovrebis sulier sazrdos.
    363
    `ganjis dRiuris" azrobriv mizandasaxulobasa da suliskveTebas arsebi-
    Tad gansazRvravs agreTve samSoblosagan iZulebiTi daSorebiT gaCenili tkivi-
    lis mZafri gancda.
    `ganjis dRiuri" baraTaSvilis cxovrebis poeturi anareklia, romelsac
    Tavidan bolomde msWvalavs soflisadmi samduravis filosofiuri gancda. gan-
    jaSi yofnam poeti kidev ufro daarwmuna imaSi, rom `sawuTros zne mkacria".
    irgvliv Zarcva-gleja da yaCaRoba aRzevebula, qveyana areulia da miusafari.
    amitomac ismis esoden mwvaved umweobaSi Cavardnili kacis godeba im poetur
    monologebSi, romelTac s. Ciqovani warmoaTqmevinebs xolme n. baraTaSvils `ga-
    njis dRiurSi".
    martoobiT ocnebadaTrgunuli poetis fiqri xSirad datrialebda Tavs
    mSobliur miwa-wyals. ai, rogor gamoaxatvinebs erTgan s. Ciqovani n. baraTa-
    Svils Tbilisisadmi siyvaruls:
    xomliT morWmuli, fiqriT moculi,
    Seni balaxis mesmis RaRani,
    daCoqili var, Senze vloculob
    da me mlokaven mTebi maRali.
    moval da Seni CrdiliT gamkurne,
    ar momaxvio Rrublis farexi.
    cacxvis furclebiT cvari mapkure,
    ar damayvedro puris natexi.
    magram ar ewera am vedrebas aRsruleba. baraTaSvili ise ganSorda wuTiso-
    fels, rom mSobliuri qalaqi veRar ixila. s. Ciqovani didi poeturi ostatobiT
    aRwers momakvdavi poetis sulis foriaqs, mis samudamo gamoTxovebas `Wrilobe-
    biT daseril" Soreul saqarTvelosTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom `ganjis dRiu-
    rSi" moTxrobili ambebi kargadaa cnobili mkiTxvelisaTvis, s. Ciqovanma, ro-
    gorc poeturi sityvis WeSmaritma ostatma, mainc SeZlo n. baraTaSvilis cxov-
    rebiseuli epizodebis literaturuli gaazrebisaTvis axali azrobriv-emociuri
    datvirTva mieca, rac avtoris SemoqmedebiTi warmatebis ganmsazRvreli umTavre-
    si faqtoria.
    ase iqceva `ganjis dRiuri" didi Semoqmedis sulieri ganwirulobisa da mi-
    usafrobis axlebur poetur gaazrebad, yofna-aryofnis sabediswero mijnasTan
    ganmartoebuli pirovnebis sulis reqviemad.
    moxda ise, rom s. Ciqovanis Semoqmedebis ganxilvis dros literaturul
    kritikas TiTqmis mTlianad darCa uyuradRebod poema `bedi respublika" (1928
    w.). amis ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom avtors igi Tavis krebulebSi ar Sehqonda,
    rogorc sasurvel mxatvrul doneze daumuSavebeli nawarmoebi. aqve aseve gasaT-
    valiswinebelia is garemoebac, rom poemis umTavresi saTqmeli da mizandasaxu-
    loba saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis damxobisa da bolSevikuri xe-
    lisuflebis damyarebis istoriul movlenaTa mxatvruli warmosaxva iyo, prob-
    lema, romelzec msjeloba sabWoTa epoqaSi yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda rig uxer-
    xulobebsa da arasasurvel mogonebebs.
    marTalia, s. Ciqovanis poemaSi es yvelaferi imJamindeli ideologiuri ten-
    denciurobiTaa moTxrobili, magram aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom poetis im pe-
    riodis sxva nawarmoebTagan gansxvavebiT, `bedma respublikam", movlenaTagaana-
    lizebis araerTgvarovnebiTa da gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa warmoCeniT, mki-
    Txvels iseTi STabeWdilebac SeiZleba Seuqmnas, TiTqos poetis mizani saqarTve-
    los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvasTan dakavSirebul tragikul
    movlenaTa Cveneba ufroa, vidre qveynis gasabWoebiT gamowveuli sixarulis ga-
    moxatva.
    es Seusabamoba Tu msoflmxedvelobriv poziciaTa erTgvari gaoreba Sinaga-
    nad mTel poemas gasdevs da arsebiTad gansazRvravs mis suliskveTebas. da miu-
    xedavad imisa, rom, rogorc iTqva, `bedi respublika" ideologiuri tendenciu-
    robiT aRbeWdili poemaa, albaT, ar gadavaWarbeb, Tu vityvi, rom masSi, Sigada-
    Sig, ociani wlebis bolSevikuri msoflmxedvelobisTvis ramdenadme miuRebeli
    Sexedulebanic vlindeba. amis dadasturebaa, magaliTad, is faqti, rom poemaSi
    umTavresi adgili, imis Cvenebas eTmoba, menSevikuri xelisuflebis politikis
    364
    wyalobiT rogor daemxo `mcirewlovani respublika" da ara im procesebis aRwe-
    ras, rasac Sedegad saqarTvelos gasabWoeba mohyva. poema iseT STabeWdilebas
    gviqmnis, TiTqos poeti damarcxebulTa tragediis warmoCenas ufro isaxavs mi-
    znad, vidre imJamindel istoriul movlenaTa ideur-politikur Sefasebas. am
    TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulad mxolod nawarmoebis winaTqma da epilogi gamo-
    irCevian, ufro ki winaTqma, sadac avtoriseuli TvalTaxedva mkveTrad gamoxa-
    tuli ideologiuri tendenciurobiTaa aRbeWdili.
    rogorc iTqva, nawarmoebi iwyeba winaTqmiT, romelic yvelaze metad gamoxa-
    tavs avtoriseul damokidebulebas aRwerili movlenebisadmi. es damokidebule-
    ba calmxrivad tendenciuria da mTlianad Seesabameba im ideologiur politi-
    kas, bolSevikuri xelisuflebis moRvaweobis umTavres saxelmwifoebriv mizan-
    dasaxulobas rom warmoadgenda.
    rac Seexeba nawarmoebis ZiriTad nawils, masSi, rogorc iTqva, moTxrobi-
    lia saqarTvelos `mcirewlovani respublikis" damxobisa da xelisuflebis emi-
    graciaSi gaqcevis ambavi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es tragikuli istoriuli mov-
    lena nawarmoebSi socialisturi ideologiis samsaxurSi Camdgari mwerlis Tva-
    lTaxedviTaa danaxuli, `bedi respublika" mainc uaRresad saintereso nawarmo-
    ebia Tundac imitomac, rom TviTmxilvelis TvaliT aRadgens da gangvacdevinebs
    im mZime viTarebis arss, maSin rom sufevda saqarTveloSi.
    s. Ciqovani pirdapir acxadebs, rom saqarTvelos respublikis damxoba bol-
    Sevikebis mier mzaddeboda da am movlenis mTavari Semoqmedi ruseTidan mosuli
    wiTeli jari iyo. es faqti poemaSi Tavidanve xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli:
    bolSevikebi amzadeben wiTel samSoblos
    iatakqveSeTs ajanyebiT, massis torebi,
    da respublikas, menSevizmiT aRvirmiSvebuls,
    miaqrolebda dasavleTi gamxdar jorebiT...
    massebis survils respublika lukmad ar eyo,
    wiTeli jaric moevlina maSin damxsnelad...
    poemidan naTlad Cans, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba menSevikebsa da
    bolSevikebs Soris gamarTuli sabediswero orTabrZolis msxverpli gaxda. as
    Cvidmeti wlis manZilze mTeli qarTveli xalxis nanatr-naocnebari da Zlivs
    aRsrulebuli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis erTaderT Wirisuflad da
    baton-patronad nawarmoebSi menSevikebi arian gamoyvanilni da saqarTvelos res-
    publikis damxobaSi, pirvel yovlisa, maT edebaT brali. `menSevizmiT aRvirmiS-
    vebul" qveyanaSi bolSevikebs `cixeebs SigniT ergoT garemo", magram maT guli
    mainc ar gaitexes da yvelaferi gaakeTes `wiTeli samSoblos" Sesaqmnelad.
    poemis Canafiqris Sesacnobad da im sabediswero partiuli dapirispirebis
    Sesafaseblad, rasac tragikuli Sedegi mohyva saqarTvelosTvis, gansakuTrebul
    mniSvnelobas iZens nawarmoebis is fragmenti, sadac ilias aCrdilsa da qveyana-
    Si gaCaRebuli samoqalaqo omiT mogvril mis `didze did sevdazea" saubari.
    tfilisi sdumda, avWalis gzaze
    eZina jars da irgvliv bneloda.
    idga ilias qmnili aCrdilic:
    samoqalaqo ar swamda omi.
    mas sevda hqonda dRes didze didi
    da civi zurgi myinvarTan jdomiT.
    marTalia, `bedi respublika" srulqmnili poema ar aris, magram igi mainc
    iqcevs yuradRebas sakmaod mZafri siuJeturi dramatizmiTac da fragmentulad
    moxazul personaJTa saxeebiTac.
    rogorc mkiTxveli Tundac winamdebare mimoxilviTac darwmundeba,
    poeturi individualobiTa da ritmul-versifikaciuli JReradobiT gamorCeuli
    Tavisi leqsebiTa da poemebiT s. Ciqovani meoce saukunis qarTuli poeziis erT-
    erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia.
    365
    366
    irakli abaSiZe
    irakli abaSiZe meoce saukunis qarTuli poeturi sityvis aRiarebuli osta-
    ti da araerTi saqveyno saqmis Tavkaci iyo. im rTul da mkacri ideologiuri
    zedamxedvelobis periodSi, roca mas mouwia cxovreba, erovnuli moRvaweoba im-
    denad Znel saqmes warmoadgenda, rom zogjer bewvis xidzec iyo saWiro gavla.
    movlenaTa arsSi garkveuli mkiTxveli albaT gadaWarbebad ar CamiTvlis, Tu
    vityvi, rom ir. abaSiZem ara marto poeturi SemoqmedebiT moipova mSobeli xal-
    xis pativiscema, aramed aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiTac.
    irakli besarionis Ze abaSiZe daibada 1909 wels xonSi. dawyebiTi da saSua-
    lo ganaTleba iqve miiRo, 1926 wels ki swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis saxelmwifo
    universitetis filologiis fakultetze, romelic 1931 wels daamTavra. 1933-35
    wlebSi swavlobda universitetis aspiranturaSi.
    ir. abaSiZis pirveli leqsebi 1928 wels daibeWda gazeT `axalgazrda komu-
    nistSi.” 1932 wels gamovida misi pirveli poeturi krebuli _ `ramdenime leqsi,"
    1937 wels _ `leqsebi," 1941 wels _ `axali leqsebi". 1934 wels, rogorc delega-
    tma, monawileoba miiRo sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa pirveli yrilobis mu-
    SaobaSi. 1936-38 wlebSi redaqtorobda Jurnal `Cven Taobas", 1946-48 wlebSi ki
    Jurnal `mnaTobs." 1939-44 wlebSi iyo saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris gamgeobis
    jer pasuxismgebeli mdivani, Semdeg ki pirveli mdivani, xolo 1953-67 wlebSi _
    Tavmjdomare. 1960 wels arCeul iqna saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-
    mikosad, 1964 wels _ am akademiis prezidiumis wevrad, 1970 wels ki vice-prezi-
    dentad. 1966 wlidan iyo qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis mTavari redaqtori.
    1960 wels, akaki SaniZesTan da giorgi wereTelTan erTad, poetma monawi-
    leoba miiRo ierusalimis samecniero eqspediciaSi, sadac jvris monasterSi mi-
    akvlia rusTavelis portrets. 1963 wlidan iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akade-
    miasTan arsebuli `vefxistyaosnis" akademiuri teqstis damdgeni komisiis
    Tavmjdomare. misi TavkacobiT, 1966 wels Catarda rusTavelis dabadebidan rvaa-
    si wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili didi saiubileo zeimi, romelSic msoflios mrava-
    li qveynidan mowveuli stumrebi iRebdnen monawileobas. iyo rusTavelis sazo-
    gadoebis Tavmjdomare.
    calke unda aRiniSnos ir. abaSiZis aqtiuri monawileoba sabWoTa kavSiris
    mweralTa kavSiris saqmianobaSi. 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, igi am kavSiris
    xelmZRvaneli organoebis ucvleli wevri iyo. 1965 wels arCeul iqna evropis
    mweralTa gaerTianebuli sabWos wevrad. poeti xSirad iRebda monawileobas sa-
    erTaSoriso forumebSi, kongresebsa Tu sxva saxis TavyrilobebSi, saqmiani vi-
    zitebiT imyofeboda evropis, amerikisa da aziis bevr saxelmwifoSi.
    sagangebod unda mieqces yuradReba ir. abaSiZis literaturul-eseistur da
    publicistur moRvaweobas, mogzauruli STabeWdilebebisadmi miZRvnil mis nar-
    kvevebsa da memuaruli xasiaTis Canawerebs, romlebSic erovnuli, sakavSiro Tu
    msoflio kulturisa da yofis mravali saWirboroto problemaa qceuli gan-
    sjis sagnad.
    Tavisi drois cnobil moRvaweebTan erTad, ir. abaSiZem mniSvnelovani ro-
    li Seasrula yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da msoflioSi qarTuli mwerlobis po-
    pularizaciis saqmeSi. am mizniT igi moxerxebulad iyenebda im axlo megobrul
    urTierTobebs, riTac bevr ucxoelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. poeti Tvlida, rom
    `maSin es pirveli rigis `qarTuli saqme" iyo da Cveni inteligenciis did warmo-
    madgenlebTan erTad daucxromlad cdilobda `saqarTvelos megobrad gaexada
    yvela gamoCenili adamiani msoflios yvela qveynidan da maT Soris, pirvel yov-
    lisa, aseuli wlebis grZel manZilze saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli ruseTi-
    dan, miT ufro, rom rusul enaze Targmnil qarTvel mweralTa qmnilebebs Sem-
    deg msoflios sxva enebzec exsneboda gza~ (i. abaSiZe, zarebi ocdaaTiani wle-
    bidan, `mnaTobi," 1992 w. #1, gv. 174).
    nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis poeti
    dajildoebuli iyo ordenebiTa da premiebiT. kerZod, 1966 wels mas, erT-erT
    367
    pirvelTagans, mieniWa SoTa rusTavelis premia, 1972 wels ki javaharlal nerus
    premia.
    ir. abaSiZe gardaicvala 1991 wels. dakrZalulia didubis mweralTa da sa-
    zogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
    verafers qveynad ver Sevelie,
    cxovrebis yvela zvirTSi verie, _
    wers erT-erT leqsSi ir. abaSiZe da, marTlac, 20-iani wlebis dasasrulidan mo-
    yolebuli poetis gardacvalebamde, Cveni qveynis istoriaSi ar momxdara raime -
    mniSvnelovani movlena, romelTanac igi aqtiurad ar yofiliyos dakavSirebuli.
    ir. abaSiZe samwerlo asparezze im dros gamovida, roca gansxvavebul li-
    teraturul dajgufebaTa arsebobis procesi TiTqmis damTavrebuli iyo da ar-
    sebuli xelisuflebis mier dakanonebul ideologiur Tu mxatvrul-esTetikur
    principebTan met-naklebad dapirispirebuli bevri mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, neb-
    siT Tu uneblieT, ukve dgeboda axali, gardamtexi etapi. rogorc cnobilia, az-
    rovnebis sayovelTao ideologizacia-politizaciis im rTulsa da diqtatorul
    xanaSi `sxvagvarad" mofiqrali yoveli adamiani qveynisa da xalxis mtrad cxad-
    deboda da mis mimarT mkacri represiebi tardeboda.
    samwuxarod, am viTarebam ir. abaSiZis adrindeli poeziis xasiaTica da su-
    liskveTebac gansazRvra arsebiTad. misi pirveli leqsebi sagrZnobladaa
    SeboWili imJamindeli klasobriv-politikuri TvalTaxedviT da maTSi Zalze
    sustad vlindeba avtoris poeturi STagonebisTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli
    madli da temperamenti. maSindeli socialuri da politikuri movlenebisadmi
    miZRvnili es leqsebi saagitacio-propagandistuli formiT exmaureba partiisa
    da xelisuflebis mier gatarebul ideologiur politikas. amaze naTlad
    metyvelebs ir. abaSiZis pirveli poeturi krebulebi, saerTod, 40-ian wlebamde
    Seqmnili da gamoqveynebuli misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebis udidesi nawili.
    ramdenime leqsis garda, poetma mogvianebiT mTlianad Tqva maTze uari da
    metad mkacri Sefasebac misca sakuTar literaturul debiuts. am TvalsazrisiT
    gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is mosazreba, romelic Tavisi pirveli poeturi kre-
    bulis Sesaxeb gamoTqva man 1979 wels: `Cemi pirveli wigni 1931 wels gamovida
    saTauriT `ramdenime leqsi." ra dasamalia, es leqsebi Sors dgas poeturi
    srulyofisagan. maTSi igrZnoba sqematuroba, plakaturoba da zedmeti paTetika.
    amas mxolod avtoris axalgazrdoba ar ganapirobebda. poetebis umravlesobis
    msgavsad, amas maSin naklad ar vTvlidi. piriqiT, es iyo Cemi principi."
    am TviTSefasebiT ir. abaSiZem sakmaod mkacrad da ukompromisod ganmarta
    Tavisi adrindeli Semoqmedebis umTavresi suliskveTeba, im tendenciaTa arsi da
    xasiaTi, romelic 30-iani wlebis misi poeziis sasicocxlo interesebs gansaz-
    Rvravda.
    rogorc vxedavT, ir. abaSiZis adrindel Semoqmedebaze saubari 30-iani wle-
    bis Cveni literaturis saWirboroto problemasac ukavSirdeba da imJamindeli
    misi poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri tendencia, upirveles yovlisa, epoqa-
    luri azrovnebis pirdapiri Sedegia, maSindeli ideologiuri politikis uSua-
    lo gamoZaxili.
    am TvalsazrisiT, ir. abaSiZis mier imxanad ganvlili poeturi gza, SeiZ-
    leba iTqvas, sabWoTa mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi xvedris tipuri gamovlinebacaa,
    epoqis samsaxurSi Tavidanve aqtiurad Camdgari Semoqmedis literaturuli be-
    dis tipuri warmoCena. imJamindeli Cveni inteligenciis didi nawilis aqtiuri
    CarTva maSindel socialur da politikur procesebSi, i. abaSiZis SefasebiT,
    upirveles yovlisa, `qarTuli saqmeebis praqtikuli keTebis" mamuliSviluri
    surviliT iyo nakarnaxevi. `TviT im wlebis axali mniSvnelobac bevri CvenTaga-
    nisaTvis qarTuli saqmis kategorias ganekuTvneboda, _ aRniSnavs poeti. _ Cven
    Cveni qveynisaTvis gvsurda da mivyvebodiT im axali mizandasaxulobis pirvel-
    qmnil, idealur models da ara im Sedegs, rac ambiciuri da mrisxane adamia-
    nebis meoxebiT sabolood Cvens Tvalwin gamovida im usazRvrod naZaladevi so-
    cializmis mSeneblobis wlebSi. Tqma ar unda, Cvenc araerTxel mwared SegvSli-
    a, Cvenc bevrjer metad savalalod SevcdiT". mwerlisave TqmiT, es iyo Secdo-
    368
    mebi, `mTel Taobebs rom mouvida im aTeul wlebSi" (ir. abaSiZe, zarebi ocdaa-
    Tiani wlebidan, `mnaTobi", 1992 w. #1, gv. 118).
    ir. abaSiZis adrindeli Semoqmedebis Tematika ZiriTadad im movlenebiTaa
    gansazRvruli, 30-iani wlebis sabWouri yofisTvis rom iyo farTod damaxasia-
    Tebeli. amiT aixsneba poetis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba e. w. sawarmoo Te-
    mebiT. samwuxarod, es tendencia am droisaTvis imdenad mZlavrobs mis poeziaSi,
    rom TiTqmis mTlianad uxSobs gzas mogvianebiT avtoris poeturi individua-
    lobis gamovlinebis umTavres da uZiriTades formad damkvidrebul lirikul-
    meditaciur nakads. aseTi gancxadebis gakeTeba sulac ar niSnavs imis aRiarebas,
    TiTqos SemdgomSi ir. abaSiZis poeziaSi am nakadis momZlavrebam erTianad da-
    acxro da gaanela sazogadoebriv-epoqaluri movlenebisadmi avtoris aqtiuri
    interesi. rasakvirelia, ara. mis lirikaSi kvlavac didi adgili uWiravs cxov-
    rebiseul movlenebSi energiulad CarTuli pirovnebis maRalmoqalaqeobrivi
    grZnobis gamoxatvas. magram, adrindeli leqsebisagan gansxvavebiT, avtoris es
    sazogadoebriv-moqalaqeobrivi TvalTaxedva amjerad ukve pirovnuli individua-
    lobiTaa gancdil-gaazrebuli.
    roca ir. abaSiZis adrindeli Semoqmedebis ideologiur tendenciurobaze
    vsaubrobT, am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom
    sakuTari poeziisaTvis niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebeli es mxare mogvianebiT
    yvelaze mkacrad, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad poetma Seafasa. es naTlad Cans misi
    im araorazrovani gancxadebebidan, amasTan dakavSirebiT araerTgzis rom gaake-
    Ta man sicocxlis bolo wlebSi zepiradac da werilobiTac. ufro metic, 60-ia-
    ni wlebidan moyolebuli, ir. abaSiZem Segnebulad Tqva uari Tavisi Semoqme-
    debis bevr adrindel nimuSze da ganmeorebiT aRarsad aRar gamouqveynebia isini
    (`Cems obligaciebs," `tempebi"...).
    patriotizmi, samSoblosadmi siyvaruli, ir. abaSiZisaTvis arasodes yofila
    mxolod sityvieri ganacxadi. amis naTeli dadasturebaa misi ara marto poetu-
    ri Semoqmedeba, aramed daucxromeli sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. Tavisi patrio-
    tuli leqsebiT igi warmatebiT agrZelebda im tradicias, romelic saukuneTa
    manZilze iyo damkvidrebuli Cvens poeziaSi. saqarTvelosadmi miZRvnili misi sa-
    ukeTeso nawarmoebebis kiTxvis dros mkiTxveli emociuri STambeWdaobiT
    SeigrZnobs im amaRlebul siyvaruls, riTac yovel WeSmarit mamuliSvils uy-
    vars Tavisi qveyana.
    magram ir. abaSiZis patriotuli leqsebi mxolod am siyvarulis gamosavle-
    nad ar dawerila. maTi kiTxvisas, Sinaganad da SeniRbulad, im sabediswero sa-
    SiSroebis mtkivneul gamoZaxilsac vgrZnobT, romelic, samwuxarod, Cveni erov-
    nuli TviTarsebobis maradiulad Tanamdev aCrdilad qceula. miuxedavad im er-
    Tagvari maJoruli ganwyobisa, romelic sabWoTa epoqis pirobebSi saqarTvelos
    bedis avtoriseul gaazrebas axlavs Tan, poetis Semoqmedebis gacnobis dros am
    SiSis idumali gamoZaxilic Cagvesmis Sinaganad.
    naTqvamis dasturad gavixsenoT Tundac farTod popularuli `kapitani
    buxaiZe". samamulo omis mrisxane dReebSi Seqmnili am poeturi teqstis sulis-
    kveTeba, marTalia, xsenebul omSi monawile qarTveli kacis gmiruli Tavdadebis
    poeturi apologiaa, magram aTeuli wlebis Semdeg nawarmoebis zogierTma de-
    talma sul sxva simboluri gaazrebac SeiZina. aq, pirvel yovlisa, darialTan
    daRupuli qarTveli gmiris poeturi aRsarebis is adgili unda gavixsenoT, ro-
    melic Cveni erisadmi datovebuli anderZisa Tu gafrTxilebis saxes iRebs:
    `vinc damxedoT, gadaeciT saqarTvelos mTebs da velebs, rom misi Ze, buxaiZe,
    aqa vJletdi sisxlis msmelebs; ar vuSvebdi darialTan gaafTrebul yviTel gve-
    lebs... me saflavSi ara vwevar, _ aq darajad damayenes. da vubareb yovel qar-
    Tvels: misi wminda vali aris, mokvdes, magram mkerdiT Sehkras derbenti da da-
    riali."
    derbentisa da darialis Sekvrisaken mowodeba Rrmaazrovani simboluri Si-
    naarsiT itvirTeba da, cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad, im did saSiSroebas ukavSir-
    deba, romelic Cveni qveynis karibWed arsebuli am adgilidan yovelTvis emuq-
    reboda xolme mas ruseTis mxridan.
    369
    ir. abaSiZis poeziis sabrZolo-patriotulma ganwyobilebam axali mas-
    Stabebi SeiZina samamulo omis wlebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis maSindel leq-
    sebSi samSoblos cnebis avtoriseuli gageba, imxanad damkvidrebuli tradiciis
    Sesabamisad, mTel sabWoTa kavSirs moicavda da mxolod saqarTveloTi ar Semo-
    ifargleboda, ir. abaSiZis lirikaSi, sxva amdroindel qarTvel mweralTa Se-
    moqmedebis msgavsad, sabrZolo patriotuli suliskveTebis gamovlineba, upirve-
    les yovlisa, qarTuli miwis dacva-gadarCenis problemas ukavSirdeba ganuyofe-
    lad. poeti am oms uwinaresad qarTveli kacis TvaliTa da cnobierebiT aRiq-
    vamda. marTalia, misi poeziis lirikuli gmirebi _ buxaiZe, lursmanaSvili, le-
    seliZe Tu sxvani, saqarTvelosagan Sors daiRupnen, magram maTi es Tavganwirva
    imavdroulad qarTuli miwisTvis Tavdadebasac warmoadgenda. faSizmis winaaR-
    mdeg brZolaSi gmirulad daRupul am mebrZolebsac da maTi vaJkacobis ganmadi-
    debel poetsac imxanad gulwrfelad swamdaT, rom es faqtobrivad saqarTvelos
    dasacavad daRvrili sisxli iyo, mamulisaTvis Tavganwirul saxelovan winapar-
    Ta tradiciebis Rirseuli memkvidreoba. rogorc Tavadve aRniSnavda poeti er-
    Tgan, `roca me vwerdi mxedrul striqonebs, mwamda, Cems mamuls mkerdiT vicav-
    di.~
    ir. abaSiZis Semoqmedebis daxasiaTebis dros calke unda SevexoT poetur
    cikls `monadiris Rameebi," romelic 40-iani wlebis bolos Seiqmna. am leqsebis
    gansakuTrebul Rirsebad, pirvels yovlisa, is unda CaiTvalos, rom maTSi Tavi-
    seburi formiT airekla istoriulad saqarTvelos RviZli kuTxis, aw ki azerba-
    ijanis kuTvnilebad qceuli saingilos mkvidrTa cxovrebis ramdenime STambeW-
    davi epizodi. marTalia, ciklSi Zalze mkrTalad vlindeba im istoriuli avbe-
    dobis gamoZaxili, aqaur qarTvelobas rom arguna wilad bedisweram, magram am
    leqsebis kiTxvis dros mZafrad vgrZnobT avtoris erovnul-patriotul ganwyo-
    bilebas.

    * * *
    50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan ir. abaSiZis poeziaSi SemoqmedebiTi simwi-
    fis etapi iwyeba, Tvisebrivad sruliad axali periodi, romelmac avtorisaTvis
    manamde arnaxuli ZaliT gamoavlina poetis literaturuli SesaZleblobani.
    mwerluri aRzevebis am axali etapis dadgomas saTave dRes ukve farTod gaxmau-
    rebulma iseTma poeturma ciklebma daudes, rogorebicaa `miaxloeba" da `rus-
    Tavelis nakvalevze".
    am droidan moyolebuli, arsebiTad gadaxalisda da gamravalferovnda ir.
    abaSiZis poeziis mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi da saSualebani, damkvid-
    rda samyaros aRqma-gaazrebis sruliad axali TvalTaxedva, gamoikveTa axali
    poeturi tendenciebi, saTqmelma gacilebiT meti filosofiur-meditaciuri siR-
    rme da masStabebi SeiZina. wina periodis leqsebTan SedarebiT, wina planze wa-
    moiwia iseT maradiul problemebze fiqri, rogorebicaa adamianuri cxovrebis
    mizandasaxuloba, wuTisoflis arsis Secnoba-gaazreba, movlenaTa gansja yofna-
    aryofnis zRurblTan miaxloebuli pirovnebis TvalTaxedviT...
    ir. abaSiZes SemoqmedebiTi simwifis periodi SedarebiT gvian daudga _
    cxovrebis Sua xans miRweuls. am TvalsazrisiT misi poeturi biografia sag-
    rZnoblad ganirCeva meoce saukunis bevri qarTveli poetis literaturuli
    xvedrisagan. amaSi naTlad dagvarwmunebs misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis qronologiu-
    ri kuTxiT gaazreba. avtorma 50-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde, axalgazrdobis
    wlebSi, daweril Tavis bevr nawarmoebze principulad Tqva uari da isini Sem-
    dgomSi gamocemul aRarcerT krebulSi aRar Seutania. samagierod, am droidan
    moyolebuli, poetis SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebaca da poeturi ostatobis xaris-
    xic arsebiTad maRldeba da ixveweba.
    rogorc ir. abaSiZis mTeli SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba adasturebs, igi ara-
    sodes `gaqceula arc samoqalaqo da arc literaturuli frontidan" da
    `cxovrebis yovel zvirTSi gareuli" poeti aqtiurad cdilobda pirovnuli mo-
    nawileoba mieRo mis irgvliv mimdinare movlenebSi. amas mkafiod adasturebs
    mwerlis daucxromeli sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobaca da poeturi Semoqmedebac.
    370
    Tavisi cxovrebisa da poeziis umTavres principad qceuli am TvalsazrisisTvis
    ir. abaSiZes arasodes uRalatia, arasodes gandgomia mRelvare cxovrebiseul
    procesebs, yoveldRiuri yofis duRilsa da oromtrials, arasodes uZebnia Ta-
    vis TavTan ganmartoebuli esTetis myudro da mSvidi navTsayudeli. ase iRvawa
    man ara marto axalgazrdobisa da siWarmagis xanaSi, aramed Rrma moxucebulo-
    bis Jamsac. xandazmulobis miuxedavad, igi yovelTvis poulobda Tavis TavSi
    fizikur Zalasa da energias saimisod, kvlavac movlenaTa SuagulSi rom etria-
    la da am movlenebTan aqtiurad dakavSirebuli moRvawis mousvenari cxovrebiT
    ecxovra.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis dasturad mravali argumenti SeiZleba moviSvelioT
    misi biografiidanac da Semoqmedebidanac. arc erTi didmniSvnelovani epoqalu-
    ri faqti Tu movlena, romlebic Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi moxda ociani wlebis
    dasasrulidan poetis gardacvalebamde, misi poeturi STagonebis miRma ar dar-
    Cenila. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, dasamali arc isaa, rom ir.
    abaSiZis moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi, gansakuTrebiT 30-40-ian wlebSi, im principebiT
    iyo gansazRvruli, romelTac partia da xelisufleba sabWoTa epoqis ideolo-
    giur safuZvlebad amkvidrebda imxanad. droisa da epoqis samsaxurSi mamuliSvi-
    luri erTgulebiT Camdgari poeti cdilobda Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba
    ganuyofelad daekavSirebina epoqaluri procesebisaTvis. misi, rogorc mwerli-
    sa da moRvawis, mizani erTguleba iyo da ara opoziciaSi yofna, saqmis keTeba
    da ara arsebuli sinamdvilis kritika, movlenaTa SuagulSi triali da ara gan-
    ze dgoma.
    cxadia, epoqis samsaxurSi amgvari erTgulebiT Camdgari poetis naazrevSi
    dRevandeli gadasaxedidan zogierTi ram ukve yavlagasulicaa da aSkarad miu-
    Rebelic, magram aseTi Sefasebisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis dros, Tu gvsurs
    obieqturni viyoT, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes movlenaTa istoriuli
    TvalTaxedviT aRqmisa da gansjis principi.
    roca ir. abaSiZis poeziaSi epoqaluri sinamdvilis poetur-msoflmxedve-
    lobrivi warmosaxvis arsze vmsjelobT, am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda gaviT-
    valiswinoT erTi arsebiTi faqtoric: SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis e. w. pirvel pe-
    riodSi, 50-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde, Seqmnil nawarmoebSi es sinamdvile metwi-
    lad ufro saxotbo-panegirikuli formiTa da mkveTrad gamovlenili ideologi-
    uri tendenciurobiTaa daxatuli. ase daiwera misi leqsebi imJamindel ekonomi-
    kur gardaqmnebze, SromiT enTuziazmze, samamulo omze, xalxTa Zmoba-me-
    gobrobasa da a. S.
    Tavis adrindeli SemoqmedebisaTvis mkafiod damaxasiTebel am Tvisebas
    mogvianebiT Tavad poetic afasebs sakmaod mwvaved da TviTkritikulad. `Cems Wa-
    bukobaSi, - wers, magaliTad, igi erTgan, _ jer kidev savsebiT da sabolood ar
    iyo `politizebuli" poezia... sul oriode weliwadSi, rogorc yvela sxvam, mec
    bevjer avkide Cems poezias didi, misTvis uCveulo tvirTi, mTeli aTeuli wle-
    bis manZilze, vidre ormocdaaTian wlebamde" (`mnaTobi" , 1992 w. #1, gv. 154).
    ormocdaaTiani wlebis meore naxevridan ki ir. abaSiZis poetur biografia-
    Si, rogorc iTqva, gardatexis etapi dgeba, ris Sedegadac misi SemoqmedebiTi
    moRvaweoba ara marto literaturuli simwifis stadiaSi Sedis, aramed bevri
    ram msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiTac icvleba arsebiTad da radikalurad.
    Sinagani ganaxlebis am procesis dawyeba pirobiTad SeiZleba 1957-59 wlebiT da-
    vaTariRoT, rodesac Seiqmna ir. abaSiZis poeziis iseTi SesaniSnavi poeturi
    cikli, rogoric `miaxloebaa." male am cikls `rusTavelis nakvalevze" mohyva,
    Semdgom ki `palestina, palestina". es poeturi ciklebi Tvisebrivad sruliad
    axal etaps amkvidreben ir. abaSiZis poeziaSi literaturuli ostatobis mxri-
    vac da msoflmxedvelobrivadac.
    Tavis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi axali periodis dawyebas Tavad poeti ga-
    nuyofelad ukavSirebda im socialur da politikur movlenebs, romlebic imxa-
    nad ganviTarda yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi. am SemTxvevaSi igi, pirvel yovlisa,
    1956 wels gamarTul partiis meoce yrilobasa da mis Semdgomdroindel proce-
    sebs gulisxmobs. am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa misi Semdegi mogoneba:
    371
    roca yriloba TiTqmis damTavrda da gvegona, rom dRis wesrigiT gaTvaliswi-
    nebuli yvela sakiTxi amoiwura, `yrilobis daxurvis magier gamocxadda Sesve-
    neba, iqve darbazSi mogviwvies da savsebiT moulodnelad dagviriges saqaRalde-
    Si Cakruli v. i. leninis `werilebi yrilobisadmi".
    am dokumentebma Cemze umZimesad imoqmeda. igi Cemi sulieri polaruli Se-
    mobrunebis namdvil mijnad iqca. bevrs rasme sul axleburad Sevxede revolu-
    ciis Semdgom saqarTvelos bed-iRbalSic da swored iq davinaxe pirvelad sa-
    qarTvelos momavali `rusTavelis nakvalevze" (i. abaSiZe, guSin, guSinwin... 1989
    w. gv. 160).
    mraval sakiTxSi sruliad axleburad garkvevisa da Tvalis axelis es pro-
    cesi, bunebrivia, metad mtkivneulic iyo da did imedgacruebasTanac dakavSi-
    rebuli. garda imisa, rom poetis ganvlil cxovrebaSi bevr raimes erTbaSad
    eryeoda safuZveli da lamis RvTaebad dasaxulis stalinis mimarT oficialuri
    xelisuflebis damokidebuleba radikalurad icvleboda, es yvelaferi did
    erovnul Seuracxyofasac warmoadgenda. rogorc Tavad ir. abaSiZec wers, sta-
    linisadmi qarTveli kacis Tayvanismcemlur damokidebulebaSi ganmsazRvrel
    rols xom misi `erovnuli warmomavlobac, misi qarTvelobac asrulebda _ Cveni
    dedamiwis erTi meeqvsedis saTaveSi patara saqarTvelos Svilis _ qarTveli ka-
    cis gamoCena". sxva faqtorebTan erTad am garemoebamac didad ganapiroba is faq-
    ti, rom stalinisadmi aRvlenil xotbas CvenSi patriotuli aRtkinebac SeeZina.
    `pirdapir vityvi, _ werda amasTan dakavSirebiT mogvianebiT ir. abaSiZe, _ qar-
    Tvel gamoCenil mweralTa mier esec qarTul saqmed iqna im xanebSi miCneuli, (i.
    abaSiZe, zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan, `mnaTobi", 1992 w. #1. gv. 130-131).
    magram Seicvala viTareba da Cvens xalxs erovnuli siamayis kerpad da-
    saxuli es saxeli umowyalod Seugines da xelidan gamoacales. es iyo ara mar-
    to stalinis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politikuri da partiul-ideologiuri
    brZola sakavSiro xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobis mier, aramed Cveni
    erovnuli Tavmoyvareobisa da Rirsebis xelyofa-Seuracxyofac. amjerad mniSvne-
    loba ara aqvs, ramdenad marTebuli iyo stalinisa da stalinizmis dasagmobad
    gaCaRebuli es brZola da vin da ratom wamoiwyo igi. mTavari is iyo, rom qar-
    Tvel kacs aTeuli wlebis manZilze lamis RvTaebad dasaxuli da gafetiSebuli
    misi RviZli Svilis saxels uginebdnen da talaxSi usvridnen.
    ir. abaSiZis TqmiT, ai, swored maSin daibada idea imisa, rom mTeli msof-
    lios dasanaxad qarTvels Tayvaniscemis axali obieqti gaeCina, axali kerpi Tu
    RvTaeba da Cvens did istoriul warsulSi mzera rusTavelze SeaCera. `sabWoTa
    kavSiris komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze pirovnebis kultis gamomJRavnebis
    Semdeg piradad CemTvis yvelaferi sabolood gairkva da mec iqve ganvsazRvre
    Cemi Semdgomi sicocxlis da Semoqmedebis azri, _ wers ir. abaSiZe. _ diax, swo-
    red aqedan daiwyo Cemi cxovrebis axali periodi, axleburad gaazrebuli gza,
    romelsac me `rusTavelis nakvalevze" davarqvi da saiTkenac me Cemi poeturi
    kalmiT movuwode Cems mkiTxvels da Cems qveyanasac. es gaxda Cemi erTaderTi
    ideuri mrwamsic, Cemi politikuri partiac" (ir. abaSiZe, iqve, gv. 123).
    moxda ise, rom ir. abaSiZis poeziaSi Semoqmedis bedze dafiqrebam da saku-
    Tar poetur SesaZleblobaTa TviTkritikulma gansjam swored im droidan daim-
    kvidra gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani adgili, roca avtoris niWi simwifisa da
    xelxvavianobis fazaSi Sevida. es sakiTxi ir. abaSiZis lirikis erT-erT mkafiod
    gamokveTil motivad iqca. 50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, poetma am Temas araer-
    Ti leqsi miuZRvna.
    es leqsebi didi raodenobiT Seicavs kiTxvebs, romlebic mZafrad gamoxata-
    ven sakuTar SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebSi gulwrfelad daeWvebuli avtoris
    TviTkritikul sulier ganwyobilebas. ai, rogor saxes iRebs, magaliTad, es da-
    eWveba erTgan: `rad ar gaixare ciT, rogorc frinvelma? rad ar gaixare mTiT,
    rogorc iremma? rad ar gaixare mziT, rogorc balaxma? rad ar gaixare zRviT,
    rogorc napirma? rad ara gaixare dRiT, rogorc aprilma? rad ar gaixare tyiT,
    rogorc niavma? rad ar gaixare, rad ar gaixare adamianma". magram avtorisaTvis
    es msxverplSewirva ki ar xdeba sinanulisa da wuxilis safuZveli, aramed eWvi,
    372
    iyo Tu ara es tanjva-wameba saWiro da Seiwira Tu ara poetis mier daRvrili
    ofli Svidferi muzis RvTaebam. amitomac aRiqmeba ase mwvaved avtoris mier ara-
    erTgzis ganmeorebuli es daJinebuli SekiTxva: `iyo saWiro? iyo saWiro? sulo
    mdevaro, sulo aCrdilo?"
    am daeWvebidanve modis is didi Sinagani ukmarobac, romliTac lirikuli
    gmiris sulieri samyaroa moculi. did sulier satanjvelTan erTad, es ukma-
    roba erTgvarad pirovnuli bednierebis momcveli grZnobacaa, sakuTari nebiT
    msxverplad Sewirva rom axlavs Sinaganad Tan. swored amgvari ganwyobilebiT
    sazrdoobs ir. abaSiZis iseTi cnobili leqsebi, rogorebicaa: `maS, Sen xar, mu-
    za..." `o, ara gazafxulze", `iwvis aprili", `suli damcveli" da sxv.
    ir. abaSiZis leqsebis erTi mniSvnelovani nawili mimarTvis formiTaa dawe-
    rili. am poetur mimarTvebSi did adgils iWers ritorikuli SekiTxvebiT ga-
    moxatuli pirovnuli TviTdaeWveba. rogorc iTqva, am daeWvebis safuZvlad _
    gansakuTrebiT `miaxloebis" ciklis leqsebSi _ sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi miRwe-
    vebis kritikuli TviTgansjaa qceuli. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom XX
    saukunis qarTul poeziaSi es TviTkriticizmi cota vinmes Tu gamouxatavs mi-
    sebri ZaliTa da gulwrfelobiT.
    ir. abaSiZis mier sakuTari poeturi miRwevebis TviTkritikuli gansja-Sefa-
    seba ara marto calkeul leqsebSi vlindeba, aramed `miaxloebis" mTel cikls
    gasdevs gamWol nakadad. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom SemoqmedebiTi TviTda-
    eWvebis gamoxatvis simZafre mas Semdeg kidev ufro gaizarda, rac ir. abaSiZis
    poeturi STagoneba simwifisa da Tvisebrivi srulyofis sruliad axal stadia-
    Si Sevida. `miaxloebao" _ arqmevs poeti 50-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 60-ian
    wlebSi Seqmnili leqsebis cikls _ gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan monapovars
    mis SemoqmedebaSi da am saTauris simbolikas mravalganzomilebian Sinaar-
    sobriv datvirTvas sZens. erTis mxriv, esaa did SemoqmedebiT mizanTan miaxloe-
    ba-armiaxloebis iWvneuli TviTgancdis mZafri poeturi gamoxatva, meores mxriv
    ki cxovrebis Sua xans gadacilebuli da yofna-aryofnis zRurbls miRweuli
    poetis brZnuli filosofiuri dafiqreba amqveyniur yofaze.
    es da bevri sxva sakiTxi, WeSmariti poeziis maradiuli fiqris sagnad qceu-
    li bevri sxva problema, ir. abaSiZis leqsebSi farTo masStabebiTa da poeturi
    ZalmosilebiTaa gaazrebuli. am droidan moyolebuli, misma Semoqmedebam aSka-
    rad SeiZina axali sasicocxlo energia da, rogorc poeti, igi TiTqos xelmeo-
    red daibada.
    aTeuli wlebis manZilze aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi da SemoqmedebiTi moRva-
    weobiT ir. abaSiZem sruliad gadauWarbeblad moipova ufleba imisa, sicocxlis
    mimwuxris Jams TanamedroveTa winaSe warmdgariyo ara rogorc kerZo pirovneba,
    aramed rogorc mTeli Tavisi Taobis saxeliTac mosaubre kaci.
    ir. abaSiZe arasdros yofila e. w. kameruli ganwyobilebebiT SeboWili Se-
    moqmedi. maSinac ki, roca misi poeturi STagonebis sagnad uSualod misi pirov-
    nuli biografiis epizodebi iqcevian, igi mainc axerxebda am subieqturi gancdis
    Tanamonawiled mkiTxvelis gaxdomasac da saTqmelis masStabur gaSla-gaaz-
    rebasac. naTqvamis dasturad aq albaT mamisadmi miZRvnili leqsebis gaxsenebac
    iqneboda sakmarisi. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, `me veli sizmars", tragikuli
    sikvdiliT aRsrulebuli mamisadmi miZRvnili leqsi, romelSic STambeWdavi
    formiT vlindeba cxovrebis warmavlobis mZafri TviTgancda yofna-aryofnis
    zRurbls miRweuli poetis mier: `jer kidev sisxli duRs jan-RoneSi, RmerTs
    ki, RmerTs Tvisi aqvs ganaCeni, _ me veli sizmars, sizmars, romelSic kars mo-
    madgeba brma mamaCemi. kvlav im CeqmebSi, kvlav im CoxaSi, mama tanadi, mama Tvala-
    di, mama, romelsac Cems bavSvobaSi me naTel cis qveS gzas vukvalavdi. im Zvel
    alersiT, im Zvel yavarjniT, im Zvel saubriT, Zvel SekiTxvebiT... metyvis: dami-
    deq isev mklavmarjvniv, dRes am bnel gzebSi me SegiZRvebi " .
    ir. abaSiZis es nawarmoebi erTgvari poeturi gamoxmaurebaa avtorisave ad-
    rindeli leqsisa `mama", romelSic Rrma fsiqologizmiTaa daxatuli TvalisCin-
    daSretili mSoblis tragikuli saxe. am patara lirikuli CanaxatiT poetma Se-
    maZrwunebeli formiT gamoxata sulieri tkivili im adamianisa, romelic, Tval-
    373
    Si `rjulZaRl" sikvdilis `celmoxvedrili", mTeli cxovrebis manZilze `si-
    cocxlis da sikvdilis Sua gzas miikvlevda bambukis joxiT". leqsSi gamomJRav-
    nebul am mZafr adamianur tkivils avtori axal azrobriv datvirTvas sZens bo-
    lo striqonebiT, romlebSic originaluri saxiT gaiJRerebs mSobliuri qveynisa
    da misi lamazi bunebisadmi poetis siyvaruli.
    rogorc cnobilia, ir. abaSiZem didi amagi dasdo represirebul mweralTa
    reabilitaciis saqmes. pirvel yovlisa, swored misi aqtiuri mcdelobiT gaxda
    SesaZlebeli 1954 wels, mweralTa IV yrilobaze, m. javaxiSvilis, t. tabiZisa da
    p. iaSvilis reabilitacia. am didmniSvnelovanma faqtma bevri ram gansazRvra ma-
    Sindel Cvens azrovnebaSi. imxanad am saqmis Tavkacoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
    yvelaferi xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT keTdeboda, mainc sakmaod did riskTan
    iyo dakavSirebuli. magram ir. abaSiZes ukan ar dauxevia da Zala da energia ar
    dauSurebia imisaTvis, rom qarTvel xalxs kvlav dabruneboda usamarTlod rep-
    resirebuli sami didi mwerlis Semoqmedeba.
    am movlenam ir. abaSiZis lirikaSic gaixmiana im droisaTvis sakmaod Tamami
    da gabeduli leqsiT. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs paolo iaSvilisadmi miZRvnili nawar-
    moebi, romelic 50-iani wlebis qarTuli poeziis erT-erTi gamorCeuli qmni-
    lebaa, 1937 wlis tragikul movlenaTa ukompromisod da piruTvnelad
    Semfasebeli pirveli nimuSi qarTul poeziaSi. masSi bevri ramaa iseTi, romelic
    aSkarad ver Tavsdeba maSindel ideologiur CarCoebSi da dramatuli simZif-
    riT gamoxatavs `sxvagvarad" moazrovne adamianis mrwamssa da msoflmxedve-
    lobas.
    am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel yovlisa, im didi sulieri tragediis gamoxatva
    maqvs mxedvelobaSi, p. iaSvilis gulSi rom datrialda `or saqarTvelos"
    sabediswero dajaxebis Sedegad. `Sen orTav qveynis trfoba gekra gulisficar-
    ze, rogorc ymawvil kacs siyvaruli gayril mSoblebiso", _ mimarTavs ir. abaSi-
    Ze paolos da iqve imasac araorazrovani pirdapirobiT ambobs, rogor vaJkacu-
    rad iklavda gulSi `warsul droebzed dards" axal epoqasTan Sinaganad dapi-
    rispirebuli poeti.
    miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, ir. abaSiZe arasodes yofila e. w. mwe-
    rali-opozicioneri, romelic Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTad miznad epoqaluri
    sinamdvilisadmi kritikul damokidebulebas daisaxavda. Tumca, amisda miuxeda-
    vad, mis poeziaSi, gansakuTrebiT bolo xans, marTalia, sustad da TavSeka-
    vebulad, magram mainc, poetis kritikuli poziciacaa gamovlenili. am Tvalsaz-
    risiT yvelaze metad iqcevs yuraRebas misi erT-erTi bolodroindeli satiru-
    li xasiaTis leqsi `gabaaseba vladimer maiakovskisTan," romelSic sakmaod mwva-
    vedaa mxilebuli biurokratiuli mmarTvelobis is reJimi, mTeli imJamindeli
    sabWoTa kavSiris cxovrebis savaldebulo wesad rom iyo damkvidrebuli.
    nawarmoebSi satiruli formiTaa mxilebuli sabWouri yofisaTvis farTod
    damaxasiaTebeli araerTi mankiereba, upirveles yovlisa ki gauTavebeli sxdo-
    mebiT gatacebis momqancveli da momakvdinebeli tradicia, moCvenebiTi SromiTi
    aqtiurobisa da saqmisadmi gulSematkivrobis yalb iluzias rom uqmnida milio-
    nobiT adamians. `msxdomiarenio" _ arqmevs saxelad avtori amgvar SekrebaTa mo-
    nawileebs da satiruli simwvaviT xatavs tipur suraTs mTel sabWoeTSi gauTa-
    veblad mimdinare aseTi sxdomebisas, romelTa monawilenic `medgrad da umtki-
    cesad" isxednen urduliT saimedod Caketil sxdomis darbazSi da `sityviT,
    mebrZoliT, sityviT, brZnuliT da umtkicesiT, icavdnen krebis yvela kanons,
    yvela ganawess". TavianTi rigis momlodine oratorebi mgznebared kiTxulo-
    bdnen `erTi kviriT adre daweril sityvebs", Semdeg ki, Sesvenebaze, yvelani
    `mecxre sarTulze gaSlil" daxunZluli sufrisaken miiCqariodnen, raTa Zala
    da energia moekribaT da kvlav ganegrZoT `msxdomiaroba".
    gansxvavebiT misi Taobis mweralTagan, ir. abaSiZe im drosac moeswro, ro-
    ca axalma viTarebam erTianad daamsxvria is ideologiuri da socialur-poli-
    tikuri principebi, maT ganvlil cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas rom edo safuZ-
    vlad. marTalia, msoflmxedvelobriv orientirTa cvalebadobas igi manamdec,
    sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSic, araerTgzis moswrebia, magram is, rac saqar-
    374
    Tvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenasa da Zveli epoqis msxvre-
    vas mohyva Sedegad, sul sxva masStabis movlena iyo, movlena, romelic Tav-
    dayira ayenebda im msoflmxedvelobriv principebs, misi manamdeli cxovrebis sa-
    fuZvlad rom iyo damkvidrebuli. mkiTxveli advilad warmoidgens, raoden mZime
    da sasowarmkveTic iqneboda poetisaTvis ideologiur siyalbeTagan gamorkvevis
    es ulmobeli procesi da gacnobiereba imisa, rom rasac aTeuli wlebis manZil-
    ze Zalasa da energias axmarda, Turme iluziuri idealebisadmi fuWi samsaxuri
    yofila.
    magram amiT, yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, arc ir. abaSiZesa da arc
    mis Tanamedrove mamuliSvilebs ar unda mivayenoT Crdili, vinaidan bevri ma-
    Tganis moRvaweobis umTavresi principi am SemTxvevaSic saqveyno saqmeTadmi er-
    Tguli samsaxuri iyo. rogorc Tavadac ambobs poeti, `qarTul miwaze Cven
    vxedavdiT mxolod ukeTess, qarTul miwaze Cven veZebdiT azrs gamSvenebuls".
    ir. abaSiZis Semoqmedebidan am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
    bolodroindeli leqsebi, romlebSic igi umTavresad mis Tanamedrove im adami-
    anTa saxeliT esaubreba mkiTxvels, romlebic erTgulad idgnen sabWoTa epoqis
    samsaxurSi da Rrmad swamdaT, rom amiT did saqveyno da erovnul saqmes ake-
    Tebdnen. magaliTad: `gatacebuli viyaviT xvaliT, mxolod momavliT, mxolod
    siaxliT, mdinareebze avardnil aliT, Cveni rionis, mtkvris da liaxvis. da gva-
    bodebda samSoblos bedi, uaxles ritmiT da daCqarebiT; epoqis sunTqviT, epoqis
    xediT, foladiT, TujiT Tu kaSxalebiT". anda: `es iyo brZola saqarTvelos-
    Tvis, es iyo brZola rusTavelisTvis.”
    ase aSenebdnen isini, maTi rwmeniTa da romantikuli aRtkinebiT, `axali sa-
    qarTvelos" naTel da bednier momavals. magram Camodga umkacresi `wlebi gada-
    fasebisa" da poeti iZulebuli gaxda bevr raimeze, rac erT dros Rirsebisa da
    Tavmowonebis saqmed iyo miCneuli, Tavic emarTlebina, rogorc Tavisi Taobis
    erT-erT ukanasknel mohikans: "... me mnaxveli amden mkrexelTa, amden varamSi, am-
    den WirSi, amden avdarSi me zogis TvalSi kiTxvis niSans gana ver vxedav, _ Tu
    vaJkaci xar, Tu kaci xar, ratom gadarCi?"
    da mainc, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aseT umZimes sulier mdgomareobaSi Cavar-
    dnili poeti movlenaTa brZnuli gansjis unars ar kargavs da WeSmariti memati-
    anis piruTvnelobiT aRwers im rTul da sisxlian gzas, romelic sabWoTa epo-
    qaSi ganvlo misma Taobam. erTis mxriv, es iyo axirebuli survili, `SeecvalaT
    Cvenis brZanebiT droc da bunebac da bunebac adamianis", meores mxriv ki dro
    `ganuwyvetlad cecxlTan TamaSisa". `pasuxs vin agebs, pasuxs vis Txov civ akal-
    damaSi?" _ mravalmniSvnelovnad svams iqve poeti SekiTxvas da Tavadve ambobs
    garkveviT, rom `eklian gzaze dacemulnic, gadarCenilnic Svilni viyaviT Cveni
    wlebis, Cveni epoqis. momxre da moZme aRTqmul qveynis yvela mSeneblis ocnebis
    gzebze, mSobel miwis gzebze wanwaliT, me Cemi wlebis, Cemi qveynis dros vuCve-
    nebdi, _ me ciferblatis RerZs mibmuli erTi wamwami". aseTia gulwrfeli aRsa-
    reba wuTisoflis samsjavros pirispir damdgari im adamianisa, romelic Tavis
    TaobelTagan erTaderTiRa SerCenia am dedamiwas.
    me momswre qveynis amden cvlis da amden dramisac,
    me erTi SevrCi, erTi SevrCi am dedamiwas.
    msoflmxedvelobriv orientirTa radikaluri Secvla-gadafasebis zemoT
    xazgasmuli procesi yvelaze sworad da marTebulad Tavad ir. abaSiZem daaxasi-
    aTa erT Tavis gviandel interviuSi (gaz. `uqimerioni", 1990 w. seqtemberi). es in-
    terviu faqtobrivad ara marto misi moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis gasaRebia, aramed
    sabWoTa epoqaSi moRvawe bevri Cveni mamuliSvilis cxovrebiseuli rwmenis swo-
    rad SecnobaSic didad dagvexmareba, vinaidan masSi gulwrfelad, yovelgvari
    Selamazebisa da SeniRbvis gareSea saubari daSvebul Secdomebzec da ganvlili
    epoqis ideologiur iluziebzec. `axla rom amboben, ise ki ar aris! gvwamda,
    rom iwyeba axali epoqa saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi, _ wrfeli dananebiT ambobs
    mwerali, _ da Cven, qarTveli poetebi, maSinac da merec saqarTvelos intere-
    sebidan gamovdiodiT da ara msoflio proletariatis interesebidan, rogorc
    es Cvens social-demokratebs sWirdaT, menSevikebs da Cveni komunistebis pirvel
    375
    Taobasac.. Rrmad gvjeroda, rom am axalma, rac saqarTveloSi moxda, SeiZleba
    gaimarjvos, da amis msaxuri viyaviT Cven saqarTvelosTvis".
    pirveli nawarmoebi, romelmac rusTvelis Temas misca dasabami ir. abaSiZis
    SemoqmedebaSi, es iyo 1934 wels Seqmnili leqsi `rusTvelis saxe kavSirTa sax-
    lis svetebian darbazSi". am droidan moyolebuli, poetma, rogorc Tavadve am-
    bobs erTgan, `wlidan wlebSi dauRalavad sdia rusTvelis wminda nakvalevs".
    didi winaprisadmi gamovlenilma am interesma, rac ir. abaSiZis mTeli cxov-
    rebisa da Semoqmedebis erT-erT umTavres mimarTulebad damkvidrda, arsebiTad
    gansazRvra misi, rogorc poetisa da moRvawis, gansakuTrebuli Rvawli Cveni
    kulturis istoriaSi.
    rusTvelisadmi miZRvnili pirveli leqsi es iyo uSualo poeturi gamo-
    Zaxili mweralTa pirveli sakavSiro yrilobisa, romlis maRali tribunidanac
    xmamaRla, faqtobrivad, mTeli msoflios gasagonad, gaxmianda Cveni didi winap-
    ris saxeli. moskovSi, 1934 wels, gamarTul am yrilobaze, romelsac mravali
    ucxoeli stumaric eswreboda, moxsenebiT gamosulma qarTvel mweralTa
    maSindelma Tavkacma m. toroSeliZem, stalinis miTiTebiT, bevri isaubra Cvens
    did literaturul warsulze. mis am moxsenebas Sedegad is mohyva, rom meore
    dRes, kavSirTa saxlis svetebian darbazSi, sadac yriloba tardeboda, `msofli-
    os sxva did klasikosTa gverdiT, SoTa rusTvelis suraTic Camohkides. me ara
    erTxel damiweria da axlac minda gavixseno is aRtaceba, romelmac yrilobis
    darbazi moicva da, maT Soris, rasakvirelia, pirvel rigSi, Cveni qarTuli de-
    legacia," _ igonebs am faqtTan dakavSirebiT ir. abaSiZe (i. abaSiZe, guSin, gu-
    Sinwin... 1989 w. gv. 105). swored am movleniT gamowveuli STabeWdileba daedo sa-
    fuZvlad poetis zemoxsenebul leqss:
    es iyo SoTa... uceb Relva da Jruanteli,
    uceb TvalebSi bednieri almasis wveTi,
    kavSirTa saxlSi Semovida didi qarTveli
    da tribunasTan daikava darbazis sveti.
    rusTavelis Temas ir. abaSiZe isev miubrunda 50-iani wlebis miwuruls Seq-
    mnili poeturi cikliT `rusTavelis nakvalevze". rogorc iTqva, am leqsebma, im-
    Jamad Seqmnil sxva nawarmoebebTan erTad, dasabami misca Tvisebrivad axali
    etapis damkvidrebas poetis SemoqmedebaSi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom es poeturi cikli Tavisi literaturuli mas-
    StabebiT Camouvardeba `palestina, palestinas!", igi mainc mniSvnelovani SesaZe-
    nia ir. abaSiZis poeziisaTvis.
    rac Seexeba `palestina, palestinas!", romelic 60-iani wlebis pirvel
    naxevarSi Seqmna poetma, masSi poeturi warmosaxvis sagnad ukve aRsasrulis
    zRurblTan mdgari rusTvelis sulieri samyaros Sinagani TviTgamoxatvaa qceu-
    li. am ciklis leqsebSi yvelaze metad gamovlinda ir. abaSiZis poeziis filo-
    sofiuri mizanswrafva, bunebrivad Serwymuli pirovnuli gancdis simarTlesTan,
    maRali poeturi ostatobiT gamoixata didi winapris TvaliT danaxuli sawuT-
    ro, siRrmiseulad warmoCinda misi msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis yvelaze mniS-
    vnelovani mxareebi. esaa mZafri dramatizmiT moTxrobili rusTvelis sulis
    Tavgadasavali, Tanamedrove poetis TvaldaxedviT gancdil-gaazrebuli adamia-
    nuri buneba didi winaprisa.
    saTqmelis gamoxatvis umTavres formad ir. abaSiZem aRmsarebluri monolo-
    gi gamoiyena. palestinaSi, jvaris qarTul monasterSi, `mosmenil" am poetur mo-
    nologebs Tavad rusTveli `warmoTqvams". maTi udidesi nawili RvTaebisadmi aR-
    vlenili locva-vedrebaa, yofna-aryofnis zRurbls miaxloebuli brZenkacis aR-
    sarebaa, romelSic siRrmiseulad vlindeba rusTvelis sarwmuneobriv-
    msoflmxedvelobrivi da patriotul-moqalaqeobrivi TvalTaxedva, adamianis am-
    qveyniuri daniSnulebis arsisa da mizanswrafvis filosofiuri gansja.
    da es yvelaferi palestinis poetur dRiurebSi Tumca maRali sityvieri
    artistizmiTa da zeaweuli paTetizmiT, magram, imavdroulad, udidesi gulwrfe-
    lobiTa da adamianuri simarTliTaa realizebuli, sityvis WeSmariti ostatis
    uaRresad natifi da daxvewili xelovnebiT. `palestina, palestinis!" literatu-
    376
    rul TavisTavadobasa da poetur simaRles, pirvel yovlisa, is mxatvrul-gamom-
    saxvelobiTi siaxleni gansazRvraven, riTac am leqsebis struqturuli buneba
    xasiaTdeba. am TvalsazrisiT sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is didi datvirTva,
    romelsac avtori zomierad gamoyenebul leqsikur da sintaqsur arqaizmebs
    akisrebs. igive unda iTqvas azrobrivi siRrmiTa da warmosaxvis originalobiT
    aRbeWdil TviTmyofad poetur saxeebze, mkveTrad gamovlenili musikalur-into-
    naciuri individualobiT gamorCeul ToTxmetmarcvlian saleqso sazomze, ase
    bunebrivad da organulad rom exameba ciklis aRmsareblur xasiaTs.
    ciklis yvela leqsi, garda pirvelisa da ukanasknelisa, Tavad rusTvelis
    mier warmoTqmuli monologebia, Tanamedrove poetis mier jvaris qarTul monas-
    terSi _ winapari mgosnis am ukanasknel miwier savaneSi _ warmosaxviT mosmeni-
    li SoTas `xmebia", misi nafiqri da naazrevi. RvTisa da samSoblosadmi mimarTu-
    li am monologebiT Cvens cnobierebaSi mTeli Tavisi sidiadiTa da sidarbais-
    liT cocxldeba saxe aTas saWirboroto problemaze brZnulad dafiqrebuli
    Cveni didi winaprisa. mis am safiqrals, miuxedavad mravalmxriobisa, upirveles
    yovlisa, ori sayrdeni, ori dedaboZi moepoveba - RvTaebrivi rwmena da sam-
    Soblo. ir. abaSiZis mier warmosaxuli rusTveli yvela problemur sakiTxs
    swored maTTan mimarTebaSi sjis da iazrebs.
    `sxva ram ar mwamda, samSobloze wmidaTa wmida, Seminde, RmerTo, mamulis-
    Tvis yovlis daTmoba," _ aTqmevinebs poeti RvTisadmi aRvlenil erT-erT aRsa-
    rebaSi rusTvels da saqarTvelosadmi gamoxatuli es siyvaruli gamWol naka-
    dad gasdevs mTel cikls Tavidan bolomde. ir. abaSiZis mier warmosaxuli Cveni
    didi winapari, upirvelesad, samSoblos Wir-varamsa da momavalze dafiqrebuli
    brZenkacia, `uadres, uwinares, umal yovlisa" _ mamulisTvis mlocveli da da-
    maSvrali pirovneba, `gulic da sunTqvac, yvela niWi Tavis kacobis wmindad rom
    dado saqarTvelos sakurTxevelTan".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom rusTvelis droindeli saqarTvelo mZlavr qveyanas
    warmoadgenda, `palestina, palestina!" tragikuli simwvaviT warmoaCens im isto-
    riul kataklizmebs, romlebic qarTveli xalxis maradiulad Tanamdev bediswe-
    rad iqca momdevno saukuneebSi. es aris SemaZrwunebeli `glova Sori qarTlis
    samrekloebis", didi winapris winaswarmetyveluri fiqrebi imaze, raoden tragi-
    kuli SeiZleba gamodges qveynis momavlisaTvis pontos zRvis mxridan karebis
    daxSva: `rad mesizmreba xmali, tarSi gadamsxvreuli, tanjva, godeba, bedSaoba,
    cremli maluli, rad damdevs landad bedwamxdari Cemi mamuli, mamuli, Sens
    jvars mowyvetili da damwyvdeuli" (`xma samreklosTan").
    tarSi gadamtvreul xmalsa da `maRali samarTlis Semowyromaze" amgvari
    tragikuli saubari ganuyofelad ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos xsnisa da gadarCenis
    perspeqtiul gzaTa Ziebas. rogorc ukve iTqva, ir. abaSiZis mier warmosaxuli
    rusTveli aseT gzad qristes jvarsa da dasavlur samyarosTan kavSir-urTier-
    Tobas saxavs. am rusTveluri anderZis orive postulati _ erovnuli gadarCenis
    gzad qristianuli rwmenisa da dasavluri samyaros miCneva _ principulad iyo
    miuRebeli da SeuTavsebeli im politikuri ideologiisaTvis, romlis zeobis
    viTarebaSic ir. abaSiZis leqsebis cikli iqmneboda.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `palestina, palestina!" faqtobrivad miwier samyaros-
    Tan gamoTxovebis win warmoTqmuli poeturi monologebia, misTvis ucxoa grZno-
    baTa sentimentalizmi da zedapiruli emocionalizmi. am lirikuli dRiurebis
    Seqmnis safuZvlad, upirveles yovlisa, movlenaTa filosofiur-meditaciuri
    gansjaa qceuli. swored ase iazrebs ir. abaSiZis mier warmosaxuli rusTveli
    saqarTvelos istoriul misias da qveynis warsulisa da momavlis brZen Semfa-
    seblad gvevlineba.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania RmerTisadmi mimarTuli
    patriotuli vedrebis is adgili, sadac saqarTvelos samomavlo ganviTarebis
    perspeqtiva sisxlxorceuli ganuyofelobiT ukavSirdeba dasavleTis civili-
    zebul qristianul samyaros: `Sen geajebi, Sens vedrebas guliT naTmeni, sad,
    sad wasuli mona Seni, mona yaribi, ar dauketo saqarTvelos pontis karebi. ar
    momikveTo Sens jvars miwa, SeniT naTeli."
    377
    ciklis patriotul ganwyobas kidev ufro zrdis is Tayvanismcemluri mok-
    rZaleba, romelsac Tamarisadmi iCens rusTveli. xalxur gadmocemebze dayrdno-
    biT, ir. abaSiZem am urTierTobis intimuri mxarec warmosaxa romantikuli
    STambeWdaobiT, riTac meti dramatizmiT gviCvena didi winapris sulieri mRel-
    vareba. ` damamxobelman me sawuTrom damamxo, Tamar! dideba RvTis madls, _ Cems
    Wirs wamliT ar ewamleba, dasrulda Cemi udaburi sulis wameba, gasrulda Cemi
    xetiali tramal da tramal".
    magram es leqsic, iseve rogorc mTeli cikli, pirovnul zraxvebze amaR-
    lebisa da saqveyno problemebze didi dafiqrebis poeziaa, rasac arsebiTad gan-
    sazRvravs naTlad gacnobierebuli rwmena imisa, rom marTalia, pirovnebis am-
    qveyniuri sicocxle damTavrda, magram darCa mSobliuri miwa da xalxi, ro-
    gorc maradiuli gagrZeleba misi sisxlisa da jilagisa. `palestina, palestina-
    Si!" eris ukvdavebisa da maradiulobis es amaRlebuli TviTSegneba gansakuT-
    rebuli mxatvruli ZaliT gamoixata `xma katamoniT," leqsiT, romelic poeturi
    apologiaa mSobliuri enisa, rogorc qarTveli kacis upirvelesi ganZisa.
    ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobrivi da erovnul-patriotuli principebiT, Sina-
    gani polemikuri ganwyobiTa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebisaken daucxromeli
    swrafvis gamoxatviT `palestina, palestina!" socialistur ideologiasTan
    ramdenadme dapirispirebuli poeturi ciklicaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi Se-
    mavali leqsebis umTavres mizanswrafvad jvaris monasterSi RmerTTan ganmar-
    toebuli rusTvelis sulier-msoflmxedvelobrivi Tvaldaxedvis poeturi war-
    moCenaa qceuli, ir. abaSiZe arc Tavis dros wydeba da arapirdapir, siRrmiseu-
    lad gamovlenili Sinagani polemizmiT, sabWouri ideologiisaTvis miuRebel
    zogierT problematur sakiTxsac miapyrobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas.
    erT-erTi maTgania rwmenisa da urwmunoebis urTierTdapirispireba. garda
    imisa, rom ciklSi ir. abaSiZem xazgasmulad wamoswia wina planze religiuri
    faqtori da adamianis cxovrebiseuli sazrisis Zieba ganuyoflad daukavSira
    RvTis rwmenas, riTac principulad daupirispirda socialistur ideologias,
    man aseTive simZafriTa da araorazrovanebiT brma da `ganusjeli rwmenis" wina-
    aRmdegac gailaSqra. marTalia, `ganusjeli Tayvanis" uaryofasa da rwmenis Ta-
    visuflebaze msjeloba ciklSi religiuri TvalTaxedviTaa gamovlenili, magram
    am poetur-filosofiuri gansjis masStabebi gacilebiT ufro farToa da igi,
    gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, brma fanatizmTan dapirispirebadac SeiZleba iqnes ga-
    gebuli:
    me Cems gonebas, cnobas vTvlidi Cems did saunjed,
    radgan arsTagans me meboZa es saboZveli,
    Sen mTxovdi Tayvans, mxolod Tayvans, Tayvans ganusjels,
    me mxolod gansjis, mxolod gansjis viyavi mlocveli.
    magram `palestina, palestinis!" polimekur paToss, upirveles yovlisa, ma-
    inc RmerTTan Sinaganad mopaeqre da RvTaebrivi rwmenis arsze dafiqrebuli
    rusTvelis TvalTaxedvis gamoxatva gansazRvravs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ir.
    abaSiZis mier warmosaxuli rusTvelisaTvis principuladaa miuRebeli `ga-
    nusjeli Tayvanica" da brma fanatizmic da RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis maZiebeli
    poeti gonebiT dasabuTebuli rwmenis ganmadidebelia, igi sarwmunoebriv mcneba-
    Ta da siwmindeTa Semusvra-uaryofamde ar midis. uzenaesisadmi aRvlenili misi
    aRmsarebluri monologebi, uwinares yovlisa, TviT am RvTaebrivi rwmenis gan-
    mtkicebasa da misdami adamianuri Tayvaniscemis kidev ufro amaRlebas isaxavs
    miznad. `Sen Camagone zeciuri: `RmerTi SenSia," _ mimarTavs rusTveli ufals da
    aRsavlis kars miRweuli, filosofiuri SorsmWvretelobiT cdilobs ufro
    Rrmad Cawvdes sarwmunoebrivi WeSmaritebis idumalebas.
    RvTaebrivi rwmenis arsis garkvevasTan dakavSirebuli urTulesi filoso-
    fiuri sakiTxebi, mudmivad rom idga xolme mTeli simwvaviT yoveli droisa da
    epoqis adamianTa winaSe, `palestina, palestinis!" umTavresi dafiqrebis sagnadaa
    qceuli. da yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe unda iTqvas, rom maTi gaazrebis
    siRrme da poeturi warmosaxvis maRali done arsebiTad gansazRvravs ciklis
    literaturul Rirebulebas.
    378
    ir. abaSiZis mier daxatuli rusTveli, upirveles yovlisa, qristianuli
    moZRvrebis sibrZnes naziarebi RvTismosavi pirovnebaa, RvTaebrivi rwmeniT amaR-
    lebuli da ganspetakebuli qristiani, romlisTvisac jvarcmuli RmerTi `maRal
    mwvervalTa salocavi" xatia, ZleulTa nugeSi da davrdomilTa TavSesafari,
    maSvralTa imedi da bnelSi anTebuli lampari, aras mqoneTa saganZuri da mi-
    zanT mizani umaRlesi. amitomacaa, rom igi arasodes gandgomia akvnidanve zia-
    rebul mis did WeSmaritebas da arsad uZebnia `sxva sayudari." magram jvarcmu-
    li RvTaebisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba sulac ar zRudavs mas, gonebis Tva-
    liTac scados am uzenaesi WeSmaritebis arsis Secnobac, raTa amiT kidev ufro
    ganumtkicdes rwmena.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom poeturi cikli, rogorc naazrevis gamoxatvis origi-
    naluri kompoziciuri forma, imTaviTve farTod damkvidrda ir. abaSiZis poezia-
    Si, `palestina, palestina!" am TvalsazrisiT mainc mkveTrad gamorCeuli mov-
    lenaa, imdenad gamorCeuli, rom masSi Semavali leqsebi erTi mizanda-
    saxulobiT, suliskveTebiTa da siuJeturi struqturiT gamTlianebuli nawar-
    moebis nawilebad ufro aRiqmeba, vidre damoukidebel poetur qmnilebebad. swo-
    red amiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom araerTma kritikosma `palestina,
    palestina!" lirikul poemadac miiCnia. j. TiTmerias kiTxvaze, `palestina, pa-
    lestina!" lirikuli poema xom ar aris?... Tu sakiTxis ase dasmac ki gaumar-
    Tlebeliao?", ir. abaSiZem aseTi pasuxi gasca: `sakiTxis ase dasma, me mgonia, ga-
    umarTlebeli araa. me es ver `gavbede", mikola baJanma ki am nawarmoebs Tavis
    ukrainul TargmanSi `poema" uwoda" (j. TiTmeria, dro, fiqri, sityva, 1998 w.
    gv. 248).
    ase rom, `palestina, palestina!" Tanamedrove lirikuli poemisaTvis mkafi-
    od damaxasiTaebeli niSan-TvisebebiT aRbeWdili leqsebis ciklia, riTac poetma
    kidev ufro gaafarTova poeturi warmosaxvis Tvalsawieri da saTqmels gaaz-
    rebis farTo masStabebi SesZina.
    samwerlo asparezze gamosvlis pirveli dReebidan moyolebuli gardacva-
    lebamde ir. abaSiZe uRalatod erTguli darCa klasikuri literaturuli tra-
    diciebisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis poeziaSi, gansakuTrebiT 50-iani wlebis mi-
    wurulidan moyolebuli, bevri axali tendencia da mxatvruli originaloba Se-
    iniSneba, yvela es siaxle, upirveles yovlisa, poetur tradiciaTa wiaRSi iRebs
    saTaves da misi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebani principulad Sors dgas literaturuli
    novatorobis imgvari gagebisagan, e. w. modernistul-avangardistul mimdina-
    reobaTa warmomadgenlebis mwerluri moRvaweobisTvis romaa damaxasiaTebeli.
    klasikuri tradiciebisadmi aseTi erTguleba kargad gacnobierebuli faq-
    ti rom iyo, amas naTlad adasturebs ir. abaSiZis ara marto poeturi Semoqme-
    deba, aramed literaturuli Canawerebic. sxvadasxva saxis samwerlo forumebsa
    Tu Sekrebebze gamosvlisas, rogorc CvenSi, ise ucxoeTSi, igi TavgamodebiT
    icavda tradiciuli xelovnebisadmi erTgulebis princips da sakmaod mwvaved
    upirispirdeboda modernistul da avangardistul literaturul tendenciebs.
    poeziaSi `sityvam detonatoriviT unda aafeTqos striqoni," _ wers erTgan
    ir. abaSiZe da yovelTvis cdilobs saTqmelis gamJRavnebis dros gansakuT-
    rebuli funqcia daakisros udidesi sizustiT SerCeul iseT sityva-gamoTqmebs,
    romlebic poeturi xatovanebiTa da koloritulobiT warmoaCens Sesabamis si-
    tuacias. poeti Rrmad wvdeba enis stiqias da bunebrivad, xelovnuri artistiz-
    mis gareSe, gamoxatavs azrs. naTqvamis dasturad gavixsenoT fragmenti cnobili
    leqsidan “rogorc daTbeba," romelic sityvieri mxatvrobis erT-erTi mkafiod
    gamorCeuli nimuSia ir. abaSiZis lirikaSi: `Cemi aprilis vnaxo kiskisi, Cemi ri-
    onis axlad aSveba, atmis xeebis mwveli gizgizi, tyemlis xeebis gafaSfaSeba.
    bolo civ zamTris saSiSroebis, cas rom aTasjer feri ecvleba, qafmodebuli
    vaSlis rtoebi, komSis Stoebis danakvercxleba."
    marTalia, poetis SemoqmedebaSi sakmaod gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saleqso sazo-
    mebiT dawerili leqsebi, magram ir. abaSiZis poetur bunebas yvelaze metad
    ToTxmeti da aTmarcvliani versifikaciuli sqemebiT Seqmnili nawarmoebebi av-
    lenen. Tumca amgvar `versifikaciul konservatizms" srulebiTac ar SeuSlia
    379
    xeli poetisaTvis, qarTuli poeziis ritmul-musikalurad mravalferovan
    samyaroSi tonalobiTa da intonaciiT gamorCeuli sakuTari xma rom Semoetana
    da daemkvidrebina.
    ir. abaSiZes im dros mouwia samwerlo asparezze gamosvla, roca Cvens poe-
    ziaSi ukve gadavlili iyo literaturul dajgufebaTa urTierTWidilis vneba-
    Ta Relva da aRmavali tempiT mimdinareobda mwerlobis `politizaciis" proce-
    si. TviT yvelaze `moudrekeli da jiuti" mwerlebic ki iZulebulni xdebodnen,
    damcxraliyvnen, xelisuflebis neba-survils nawilobriv mainc damorCilebod-
    nen da socialisturi ideologiisaTvis miuRebel literaturul Ziebebze, una-
    yofo formalizmad da antixalxur SemoqmedebiT Cxirkedelaobad rom cxad-
    deboda, ramdenadme mainc eTqvaT uari. SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom 30-
    iani wlebidan moyolebuli, qarTul poeziaSi sagrZnoblad ganelda aTiani da
    ociani wlebis Cveni mwerlobisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebeli versifikaciuli
    Ziebanic.
    yovelive aman, bunebrivia, ir. abaSiZis poeziazec iqonia Taviseburi zegav-
    lena, ris gamoc misi poeturi individualobis formirebis procesi Tavidanve
    klasikuri literaturuli tradiciebisadmi erTgulebis gziT warimarTa da ara
    am tradiciaTa mkveTri gadafasebisa da axal mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT forma-
    Ta migneba-damkvidrebis mimarTulebiT, rogorc amas aTian da ocian wlebSi
    hqonda CvenSi adgili.
    meoce saukunis qarTul poeziaSi TiTqmis aravin iyenebs ritorikul Se-
    kiTxvebs ise efeqturad, rogorc ir. abaSiZe. mis araerT leqsSi, gansakuTrebiT
    50-iani wlebis dasasrulidan moyolebuli, saTqmeli, upirateswilad, swored
    amgvari formiTaa gadmocemuli da arsebiTad gansazRvravs poeturi zemoqme-
    debis xarisxs.
    `Cven kacTa modgmis msajulebad movdivarT qveynado," _ wers erTgan ir.
    abaSiZe mwerlis moqalaqeobriv daniSnulebaze saubris dros. saukuneebiT aRia-
    rebul am da msgavs WeSmaritebaTa xmamaRali ganmeoreba, rasac poetis Semoqme-
    debaSi aqvs xolme drodadro adgili, imitomac gaxda aucilebeli, rom `pragma-
    tistis xeliT" daurvebul qveyanaSi, sadac `daSniT gaipo kaci " da `calke
    Zgers guli, calke dgas goni", poeziis, saerTod, xelovnebis roli da mniSvne-
    loba ki ar Semcirebula, aramed, piriqiT, kidev ufro gaizarda da meti sasi-
    cocxlo funqciiT daitvirTa.
    ir. abaSiZem, rogorc poetma da pirovnebam, romelsac siRrmiseulad hqonda
    gaazrebuli es WeSmariteba, Tavisi aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi
    moRvaweobiT Zala da energia ar daiSura saimisod, adamianis gabzaruli rwme-
    nis gansamtkiceblad masac uSurvelad rom gaeRo sakuTari wili siTbo da mad-
    li.

    lado asaTiani
    ocdaaTiani wlebis meore naxevarsa da ormociani wlebis dasawyisSi sam-
    werlo asparezze TviTmyofadi mxatvruli individualobiT aRbeWdili mZlavri
    literaturuli Taoba gamovida, erT-erTi yvelaze dramatuli da tragikuli
    biografiis mqone Cveni literaturis istoriaSi. am Taobis bevri uniWieresi
    warmomadgeneli SemoqmedebiTi unaris gamovlenis pirvelive wlebSi Seiwira sa-
    mamulo omma da wuTisoflis simuxTlem.
    ramdeni uTqmeli poeturi Sedevri waiyoles Tan naadrevad wasulma am `ma-
    rad Wabukebad darCenilma" biWebma da ormociani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaSi
    amouvsebi sicariele datoves. maT udrood Camqral sicocxles ganuyoflad da-
    ukavSirda imdroindeli Cveni literaturis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis didi molo-
    dini, romlis praqtikuli realizeba yvelaze metad lado asaTianma SeZlo.
    swored l. asaTians daakisra bedma am uiRblo literaturuli Taobis poe-
    turi lideroba, kacs, romelmac ocdaeqvsi wlis asakSi, SemoqmedebiTi unaris
    380
    gafurCqvnis Jams, dakeca arwivis frTebi, Tumca Tavisi Taobis poeturi lide-
    robis es sapasuxismgeblo misia arc SemdgomSi dauTmia.
    magram l. asaTiani arc erTi romelime Taobis kuTvnilebaa da arc ama Tu
    im konkretuli literaturuli periodis warmomadgeneli. igi qarTveli poetia,
    klasikuri qarTuli poeziis brwyinvale TanavarskvlavedSi maradiulad ga-
    mobrwyinebul varskvlavad damkvidrebuli didi poeti.
    diax, didi poeti! es epiTeti dRes ukve yovelgvari uxerxulobisa da gada-
    Warbebis gareSe SegviZlia vixmaroT mis saxelTan dakavSirebiT.
    literaturis istoria xSirad mraval moulodnelobas umzadebs xolme
    sityvasTan SeWidebul kacs. ramdeni mwerlis saxeli gaxunebula da gafermkrTa-
    lebula, ramdeni Semoqmedi gamxdara Tavis sicocxleSive sakuTari literatu-
    ruli Rvawlis damcrobis ulmobeli procesis msxverpli; cocxal klasikosad
    Seracxuli ramdeni kalmosanis Semoqmedeba gauufasurebia drois mier gamota-
    nil miukerZovebel ganaCens!
    magram imave istoriam sapirispiro magaliTebic icis, roca momaval Taoba-
    Ta Tvalwin axlad ibadeba TanamedroveTagan saTanadod verSemCneuli da verda-
    fasebuli esa Tu is Semoqmedi, romlis saxelTanac dakavSirebuli yoveli sagu-
    lisxmo epizodi romantikuli sinaTliT brwyindeba da legendad gardaisaxeba.
    Cveni saukunis mweralTagan aseTi literaturuli aRzevebis iRbali Tu vin-
    mes xvda wilad, upirveles yovlisa, l. asaTians, yvela Taobis mkiTxvelisaTvis
    erT-erT yvelaze popularul da sayvarel qarTvel poets.
    l. asaTianis saxeli dRiTidRe met brwyinvalebas iZens da myarad mkvid-
    rdeba meoce saukunis qarTuli poeziis saukeTeso warmomadgenelTa gverdiT.
    rac dro gadis, saocari silaRiT, uSualobiTa da jadosnuri madliT damuxtu-
    li lados poezia, romlis yoveli sityva pirvelqmnili mSvenierebiT brwyinavs,
    ufro da ufro ipyrobs milionobiT adamianis sulsa da guls. misi cecxlovani
    leqsebi dRes TiTqmis mTelma wignierma saqarTvelom icis zepirad. meoce sau-
    kunis qarTvel poetTagan, galaktionis Semdeg, Znelia davasaxeloT meore poe-
    ti, romelsac popularobiT lado ver Seedaros.
    da mainc, l. asaTianis poeturi aRiarebis umTavres pirobad is unda
    miviCnioT, rom igi, pirvel yovlisa, axalgazrdobis sayvareli mgosania. marTa-
    lia, misi magiuri poezia yoveli TaobisaTvis Zvirfasia da maxlobeli, magram
    Cveni axalgazrdebis siyvaruli maradiulad maT Tanatolad darCenili poetis
    moguzguze leqsisadmi mainc sxvagvarad romantikulia da azartuli.
    lados omaxiani, optimisturi da sicocxlis mozeime xalisiT aRsavse poe-
    turi xma, gulisa da sisxlis Tavzardamcemad amaCqrolebeli patriotuli sia-
    mayiT romaa damuxtuli, yoveldRiuri miwieri WuWyisagan gansawmendel locvas
    hgavs. l. asaTiani erT-erTi im gamorCeul poetTagania, romlis leqsebiTac Cveni
    Svilebi pirvelad eziarebian poeturi sityvis jados da TvalebgafarToebulni
    da sisxlaCqrolebulni xvdebian im did, saswaulebriv taZarSi, rasac poezia
    hqvia saxelad. ase iwereba maT pirvel mowafur wignakebSi, aTrTolebuli xeli-
    Ta da umanko sasoebiT, l. asaTianis gauxunari striqonebi.
    l. asaTiani, pirvel yovlisa, maJoruli ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli Semoq-
    media. tkivilic ki, romelsac igi drodadro gamoxatavs, TiTqos raRac sadRe-
    saswaulo JReradobas iZens. lado ar aris Cumi intimisa da naxevartonebis mgo-
    sani. omaxiani paTetikiT savse misi poezia gulRia kacis unapiro sixaruliTa
    da mRelvarebiTaa dayursuli. poetis leqsebi saocari sulieri mxneobiT gvav-
    sebs, Zalasa da energias gvmatebs, rwmenas gvisalkldevebs, sicocxlis ZaliT
    gvmuxtavs.
    lados leqsi andamaturi ZaliT gvizidavs da gviTrevs Tavis samyaroSi.
    mis poeziaSi sityvas raRac idumali, momnusxveli jado aqvs SeZeneli. erTi
    SexedviT, trafaretuli poeturi saxeebic ki, arcTu ise iSviaTad rom gvxdeba
    poetis lirikaSi, pirvelxilvis sxivebiTaa gabrwyinebuli. am poeturi efeqtis
    miRwevis saidumlo mgosans uxvad hqonda RvTisagan momadlebuli. ase qmnida igi
    cecxlovan qmnilebebs, romlebic kldidan gadmoxeTqil Cqeralebs SeiZleba Se-
    vadaroT.
    381
    l. asaTianis poeziaSi sityvas buxarSi gaRvivebuli naRverdlis mcxunva-
    reba aqvs SeZenili. misi poeturi STagoneba qarTuli miwis baraqiT sazrdoobs.
    poetis Semoqmedebis ani da hae samSobloze fiqri da ocnebaa. samSoblo, misi
    warsulisa da dRevandelobis gmirul-peroikuli xilva, arsebiTad gansazRvravs
    lados SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis arss. am xilvas man sadResaswaulo ganwyo-
    bilebis amaRlebuli paTetika da omaxianoba SesZina. am ganwyobilebis gamoxat-
    vaSi avtori imden siwrfelesa da lirizms aqsovs, rom maqsimaluradaa gamo-
    ricxuli emociuri zedapiruloba da Sablonuroba.
    qarTul poeziaSi l. asaTianma mkafio individualobiT aRbeWdili musika-
    luri intonacia daamkvidra. sityvisa da frazis miseuli melodiuroba ganumeo-
    rebel JReradobas gamoscems. TavisTavadi poeturi silaRiTa da sityvis graci-
    iT lado mkveTrad originaluri saxelia Cvens literaturaSi. stiluri indivi-
    dualobis ganumeorebeli tvifriT aRbeWdili misi leqsebi, gulisgulamde rom
    gvwvdeba da JruanteliT gvavsebs, erTxel kidev gvidasturebs aTasgzis cnobil
    WeSmaritebas:
    rom leqsi Svelis yovelgvar tkivils
    da leqsi TviTon tkivili ari.
    lado gvaswavlis, rom poeziis upirvelesi daniSnuleba adamianebisaTvis
    sixarulisa da bednierebis motanaa, maTTvis rwmenisa da imedis gaRvivebaa. ami-
    tomacaa, rom mis leqsebSi mudam mZlavrobs zeaweuli paTetika da zeimuroba,
    imdenadac ki mZlavrobs, rom poetma TviT tkivilic aamRera da gaalamaza. Ta-
    vad gansajeT: sicocxlis ra Zala da optimizmi unda hqonoda kacs, aseTi stri-
    qonebi rom daewera:
    da radgan mergo viyo poeti _
    Cemi cxovrebis sabediswerod,
    radgan am qveynad misTvis movedi,
    rom unda mxolod leqsebi vwero,
    radgan sxva rame, simReris garda,
    axlac ver Svelis tkivilebs Cemsas, _
    mjera, am diad bunebis karTan
    me TviT sikvdilsac gardavqmni leqsad!
    l. asaTianis literaturuli Rvawlis sidiade imaSic unda davinaxoT, rom
    misma poeziam sasicocxlo impulsebi SesZina araerTi Tanamedrove poetis STa-
    gonebas. ormociani wlebidan moyolebuli, misi poeturi avtoriteti dRiTidRe
    izrdeba da Zlierdeba. amis dasturad gamodgeba Tundac is faqtic, rom dRevan-
    deli qarTuli poeziis ramdenime TviTmyofadi warmomadgenlis poeturi intona-
    cia, pirvel yovlisa, swored lados SemoqmedebiTi saganZuridan iRebs ma-
    cocxlebel energias.
    am mxriv marto murman lebaniZis gaxsenebac rad Rirs, romelmac Tavis li-
    teraturul maswavlebelTa Soris l. asaTianic daasaxela: `Cemi maswavleblebi
    iyvnen: jer lado asaTiani da ticiani, Semdeg bernsi da kiplingi, bolos _ ga-
    laktioni. iqneb maTi poeziis kvali arc aCndes Cems nawerebs, magram nasalda-
    Tarma TviTon icis, vinc iyo misi asisTavi!" aq, am amonawerSi, mkiTxvelis yurad-
    Reba marto imas ki ar gvinda mivaqcioT, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis erT-
    erTi SesaniSnavi ostati Tavis maswavleblad l. asaTiansac moixseniebs, aramed
    imasac, romeli mwerlebis gverdiT asaxelebs igi mas. da mTavari am SemTxvevaSi
    isaa, rom lados saxelis am konteqstSi moxsenieba araTu raime uxerxulobas
    ar iwvevs, piriqiT, savsebiT kanonzomier da bunebriv faqtad aRiqmeba.
    ase mkvidrdeba l. asaTianis poeturi monagari erovnuli poeziis diad sa-
    ganZurSi, rogorc qarTuli miwis baraqiani mkerdidan amobrdRvialebuli yaya-
    Coebis koconi.
    lado (vladimer) asaTiani daibada 1917 wlis 14 (Zv. st. I) ianvars quTaisSi,
    maswavlebelTa ojaxSi. 1928 wels daamTavra wyaltubos raionis sofel maRla-
    kis dawyebiTi skola, 1931 wels ki quTaisis pirveli sacdel-saCvenebeli skola.
    imis gamo, rom misi mSoblebi am droisaTvis ukve leCxumSi, mSobliur sofel
    bardnalaSi, cxovrobdnen, lado tovebs quTaiss da swavlas agrZelebs cageris
    sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikumSi, romelsac 1934 wels amTavrebs.
    382
    1934-38 wlebSi l. asaTiani quTaisis pedagogiur institutSi swavlobda,
    Tavdapirvelad, ramdenime TviT, sabunebismetyvelo fakultetze, Semdeg qarTu-
    li enisa da literaturis specialobaze.
    l. asaTianis pirveli leqsi 1933 wels daibeWda quTaisis saqalaqo gazeTSi.
    es gazeTi studentobis wlebSi mis did poetur asparezad iqca. axalgazrda po-
    etma axlo megobruli urTierToba daamyara redaqciis maSindel TanamSromleb-
    Tan: nika agiaSvilTan, giorgi jiblaZesTan da sxvebTan, romlebic guliTadi
    mzrunvelobiT ekidebodnen niWieri mwerlis SemoqmedebiT gatacebas. maTi Tanad-
    gomiT 1936-37 wlebSi quTaisis saqalaqo gazeTSi lados ocze meti leqsi
    daibeWda. xanmokle drois manZilze, studentobis wlebSi, igi am gazeTis teqni-
    kuri TanamSromelic iyo.
    l. asaTianTan erTad quTaisis pedinstitutSi imxanad SemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
    nobiT gatacebuli araerTi axalgazrda swavlobda (S. quriZe, m. alaviZe, n. dum-
    baZe, g. SalamberiZe, a. miSvelaZe...). maT axlo megobruli urTierToba hqondaT
    ladosTan da momavalSi, misi gardacvalebis Semdgom, bevri ram gaakeTes udro-
    od daRupuli poetis cxovrebisa da Rvawlis ukvdavsayofad.
    lado da misi megobrebi aqtiurad iyvnen dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos mwe-
    ralTa kavSiris quTaisis ganyofilebasTan da sistematurad monawileobdnen aq
    gamarTul literaturul ganxilvebsa Tu Sexvedra-saRamoebSi.
    1938 wels l. asaTiani sacxovreblad TbilisSi gadavida da muSaoba daiwyo
    gazeT `norCi leninelis" redaqciaSi. 1939 wels gaiwvies jarSi, magram avadmyo-
    fobis gamo male gaaTavisufles. TbilisSi gadasvlis Semdeg lados poeziam
    axali SemoqmedebiTi impulsebi SeiZina. misi leqsebi sistematurad qveyndeboda
    `Cveni Taobis", `mnaTobis", `literaturuli saqarTvelos", `axalgazrda komunis-
    tisa" da sxva Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze. garda leqsebisa, presaSi drodad-
    ro misi narkvevebica da werilebic ibeWdeboda.
    1940 wels gamovida lados leqsebis pirveli wigni. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
    droisaTvis igi sruliad axalgazrda avtori iyo, misi, rogorc niWieri da di-
    di SemoqmedebiTi potenciis mqone poetis, saxeli farTod gaxmaurda da ara
    marto mweralTa wreSi, aramed mTel literaturul sazogadoebaSic. aman, Tayva-
    nismcemlebTan erTad, axalgazrda mwerals mravali moSurneca da avismdome-
    lic gauCina, romelTac bevri gulistkena da usiamovneba Seaxvedres mas. aq,
    upirveles yovlisa, mis meore wignTan dakavSirebuli samwuxaro faqti unda ga-
    vixsenoT.
    1942 wels l. asaTianis meore poeturi krebuli _ `winaprebi" daibeWda. imis
    naTelsayofad, Tu ra didi sasoebiT elodeboda sasikvdilo sarecels mijaWvu-
    li poeti Tavisi am ukanaskneli natvris axdenas, gavixsenoT n. agiaSvilisadmi
    gagzavnili werilis fragmenti: `vinZlo misma gamosvlam, _ werda igi omSi wa-
    sul ufros megobars, - cota suli momaTqmevinos, gamaxalisos da es xanmokle
    da uRimRamo sicocxle odnav gamixangrZlivos. esaa Cemi imedi..."
    magram, samwuxarod, poetis am ocnebas aRsruleba ar ewera. xelisuflebam
    wigni ideur-politikuri TvalsazrisiT daiwuna, ris gamoc mTeli tiraJi gaa-
    nadgures. gadarCa mxolod ramdenime egzemplari. advili warmosadgenia, raoden
    tragikulic iqneboda es faqti momakvdavi ladosaTvis.
    l. asaTiani gardaicvala 1943 wlis 23 ivniss. niWieri axalgazrda poetis
    gardacvalebas imTaviTve gamoexmaurnen Cveni mwerlobis iseTi didi warmomad-
    genlebi, rogorebic iyvnen: g. tabiZe, k. gamsaxurdia, s. Ciqovani, g. leoniZe, l.
    qiaCeli, d. Sengelaia, a. gawerelia, p. ingoroyva, g. qiqoZe da sxvani. gazeT `li-
    teraturul saqarTveloSi" dastambul nekrologSi isini uRrmes gulistkivil-
    sa da sinanuls gamoTqvamdnen lados udroo daRupvis gamo. poetis neSTi gamos-
    venebul iqna mweralTa kavSiris sasaxlidan da daikrZala vakis sasaflaoze.
    1968 wels l. asaTiani gadaasvenes didubis mweralTa da sazogado moRvawe-
    Ta panTeonSi. 1971 wels ki poetis mSobliur sofel bardnalaSi gaixsna misi me-
    morialuri saxl-muzeumi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom l. asaTiani sruliad axalgazrda, poeturi niWis ga-
    furCqvnis asakSi, gardaicvala da mweralma Tavisi didi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZ-
    383
    leblobebis srulyofili gamovlineba ver SeZlo, man mainc waruSleli kvali
    datova qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. misi leqsebi Cveni sulieri kultu-
    ris ganuyofel nawilad da qarTuli poeziis qrestomatiul nimuSebad iqca.
    1937-38 wlebi uaRresad mZime periodi iyo lado asaTianis biografiaSi. man,
    ociode wlis axalgazrda kacma, ormagad iwvnia im saSinelebaTa simware, imxa-
    nad rom daatyda Tavs mTels Cvens qveyanas; es iyo jer dedis dapatimreba, Sem-
    deg ki poetis garicxva institutidan kontrrevolucionerobisa da molaybeobis
    braldebiT. am faqtebze TavianT mogonebebSi araerTxel gaumaxvilebiaT yurad-
    Reba lados megobrebs. 1937-38 wlebis tragikulma movlenebma mZime daRi daasva
    poetis mgrZnobiare guls, rac saTanadod gamovlinda kidec mis SemoqmedebaSi.
    albaT, interesmoklebuli ar iqneba erTxel kidev mivaqcioT maT yuradReba.
    1937 weli... lado asaTianis deda _ lida cqitiSvili rusul enasa da lite-
    raturas aswavlis quTaisSi, mariam yauxCiSvilis skolaSi. Semodgomis erT
    sabediswero dRes, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad, masac wilad xvda udanaSaulod
    dasjili aTasobiT adamianis mware xvedri _ rogorc xalxis mteri, daapatimres
    da samudamod gadaasaxles. advili warmosadgenia, ra mexTatexa iqneboda
    ojaxisaTvis es faqti. dedis dakargva xom TavisTavad udidesi tragediaa, mag-
    ram ubedureba isic iyo, rom represirebulis ojaxis yoveli wevri amis Semdeg
    sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi pirovneba xdeboda da maTi bedic bewvze ekida.
    miuxedavad mdgomareobis amgvari sirTulisa, lado asaTianis poeziaSic da
    pirad werilebSic mZafrad aisaxa dedis gadasaxlebiT Tavsdatexili tragedia.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania leqsi `dedisadmi", romlis
    dabeWdva mxolod bolo xans gaxda SesaZlebeli. masSi gulisSemZvreli formi-
    Taa gamoxatuli Sua aziis `urwyul mxareSi" gadasaxlebuli mSoblis monat-
    rebiT gamowveuli tkivili. leqsSi lado asaTianiseuli temperamentiTa da poe-
    turi simZafriT ikveTeba Zaladobisa da usamarTlobis TareSiT daqceuli da
    gaveranebuli qveynis suraTi. am ubedurebis Semoqmedni, poetis sityviT,
    `daubaneli glexis kacebi" arian, romlebic fexqveS Telaven yovelive wmindasa
    da zneobrivs. zemoTqmulis sailustraciod dedisadmi gagzavnili am poeturi
    baraTidan gavixsenoT Semdegi striqonebi:
    Cveni saxl-kari aawiokes
    daubanelma glexis kacebma,
    netav SensaviT bnelSi vtirode,
    ar vuyurebde qveynis daqcevas.
    ingreva Seni naamagari
    da ar gaxseno ar SemiZlia,
    aRar gahkivis rTvelSi mayari,
    venaxSi Tofebs aRar isvrian.
    ToneSi cecxli aRar tkrcialebs,
    mamam beReli valSi gayida
    da Zveleburad ar mifrialebs
    SukaSi TeTri baSilayiTa.
    Cveni marani da sawnaxeli
    ufro Zlierma daigirava,
    mama buxarTan zis Tavdaxrili,
    cecxlSi afurTxebs da igineba.
    aseTia ngrevisa da gapartaxebis es apokalifsuri, sulisSemZRvreli sura-
    Ti. qveyanas TiTqos zneobrivi sayrdeni aqvs gamoclili da borotebis saTare-
    So asparezadaa qceuli. leqsSi gamoxatuli tragikuli ganwyobileba erTi oja-
    xis ubedurebad ki ar ganicdeba, farTod ganzogadebul masStabebs moicavs da
    mTeli epoqis saSinelebad aRiqmeba.
    daiqca yvela didi jalabi,
    nagazs jaWvs arvin ar aRrnevinebs,
    winaT Tu Rvinos dagaZalebdnen,
    dRes wyalsac arvin dagalevinebs.
    danacrebulan cixe-koSkebi,
    `mravalJamier" arsad gugunebs,
    me kargad vici, male movkvdebi,
    384
    me ver gavuZleb am saukunes.
    aseTi iyo mkacri sinamdvile, gulSi moTuxTuxe gaunelebeli tkivili, rom-
    lis xmamaRla gamJRavnebis ufleba poets warTmeuli hqonda. am tkivilis Sesa-
    niRbad iwereba jansaRi optimizmiTa da sicocxlis xalisiT savse leqsebi. maT-
    Si warmosaxuli cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile xSirad radikalurad gansxvavdeba
    realobisagan. am gansxvavebis umTavresi safuZveli is aris, rom poetis mier
    daxatuli cxovreba xSirad ganridebulia wuTisoflis lafsa da talaxs da
    romantikuli ferebiTaa naZerwni. am SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrel rols, niWTan er-
    Tad, TviT lados Sinagani adamianuri buneba asrulebs.
    miuxedavad sulieri sasowarkveTisa, arcTu iSviaTad rom ewveoda axalgaz-
    rda mgosans, igi ar iyo cxovrebaze xelCaqneuli kaci. sikeTis, xvalindeli
    dRis rwmena mis arsebaSi mainc jabnida borotebisa da siavis yovel Semotevas.
    es rwmena sZenda mis leqss moqalaqeobriv sijansaResa da sulier mxneobas.
    magram im sabediswero wlebSi, faqtobrivad, bolomde veravin SeinarCuna
    SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba. cxadia, am TvalsazrisiT arc lado yofila gamo-
    naklisi da masac mouxda garkveuli xarkis gaReba irgvliv damkvidrebuli ide-
    ologiuri diqtaturisadmi. swored amis Sedegia is garemoeba, rom misi Tavanka-
    ra da saocari gulwrfelobiT aRbeWdili leqsebis gverdiT, SigadaSig, iseTi
    nawarmoebebic gvxvdeba, romlebic maSindeli ideologiuri xundebiTaa SeboWil-
    i.
    dedis dapatimrebis Jams lado asaTiani quTaisis pedagogiuri institutis
    studenti iyo. am dros mas ukve dawerili da gamoqveynebuli hqonda araerTi
    gaxmaurebuli leqsi. axalgazrda poets, romlis saxelic sakmaod popularuli
    gamxdariyo literaturul wreebSi, ukve gasCenodnen moSurneni da mowinaaRmde-
    geni. maT Sursa da boRmas kidev ufro aZlierebda lados kvimati ena, pirdapi-
    roba, simarTlis pirSi mTqmeloba da SeuniRbveloba.
    da ai, mis winaaRmdeg TandaTan iwyeba faruli Tu aSkarad xiluli brZola,
    romelic dRiTidRe Zlierdeba. am brZolam didi vneba moutana poets da bev-
    rjer atkina guli. amaze naTlad metyvelebs misi piradi werilebi da Tanamed-
    roveTa mogonebebi. am brZolis kvali SemorCa maSindel periodul presasac.
    amis dasturad gavixsenoT 1937 wlis 16 ivliss gazeT `stalinelSi" dastambuli
    saredaqcio statia, romelSic mweralTa kavSiris quTaisis ganyofilebaSi ga-
    marTuli krebis angariSia mocemuli, rogorc am werilidan Cans, krebaze, sxva
    mwerlebTan erTad, mkacrad gaukritikebiaT lado asaTianic. kerZod, momxse-
    nebelma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom `lado asaTianis bolodroindeli leqsebi er-
    Tgvari politikuri CavardniT" xasiaTdeboda da mouwoda axalgazrda poets,
    `dauyovnebliv gamoesworebina es Secdomebi". aseve mkacrad Seutia lados gazeT
    `stalinelis" redaqtormac. man poets brali dasdo yoyoCobasa da qedmaR-
    lobaSi da aRniSna, rom `Tu momavalSic aseTi xaziT ganagrZo muSaoba, misTvis
    iqneba cudio". aqve aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom Tavis sityvaSi p. Selegiam
    ganavrco momxseneblis Tvalsazrisi lados politikur CamorCenilobaze da ur-
    Cia mas Tavi gaenebebina `mavne laybobisTvis".
    rogorc gazeTSi dastambuli masaliT irkveva, msgavsi braldebebi axal-
    gazrda poets TiTqmis yvela gamomsvlelma wauyena. sityva ar Tqmula mis niWie-
    rebasa da SemoqmedebiT unarze. yoveli mokamaTe mkacrad tuqsavda lados mavne
    laybobisTvis, qedmaRlobisTvis, yoyoCobisTvis, sxvaTa gaqilikebisa da `diskre-
    tizaciisTvis". aseTi iyo mweralTa kavSiris quTaisis ganyofilebis maSindeli
    xelmZRvanelobis, saerTod, ufrosi Taobis mweralTa damokidebuleba lado
    asaTianisadmi. gamomsvlelTa citirebuli sityvebi, romlebSic dabejiTebiT es-
    meba xazi axalgazrda poetis `politikur Cavardnebsa" da `mavne laybobas", faq-
    tobrivad, dasmena iyo xelisuflebis winaSe, kacis gawirva, dasaRupad gameteba.
    aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom es dasmena mweralTa im sagangebo kre-
    baze moxda, romelzec saqarTvelos kp (b) X yrilobis Sedegebs ganixilavdnen
    da romelsac Tbilisidan specialurad movlinebuli mwerlebi: b. JRenti da s.
    euli eswrebodnen. am krebis aseTi maRali `principulobiT" Catarebas didad Se-
    uwyo xeli gazeT `axalgazrda komunistSi" gagzavnilma anonimurma saCivrebmac,
    385
    romelSic ewera, rom quTaisis samwerlo organizaciaSi `uqnarobis da doyla-
    piobis gamo... mTlianad CaSlilia saqmiani literaturuli muSaobao". swored am
    mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad iyvnen Tbilisidan gamogzavnili b. JRenti da s. eu-
    li, romlebic gansakuTrebiT ukmayofiloni darCnen axalgazrda mweralTa `ide-
    ur-politikuri aRzrdiT" da amis Taobaze moaxsenes kidec saqarTvelos mwe-
    ralTa kavSiris prezidiums maT mier wardgenili moxsenebiTi baraTiT (gaz.
    `quTaisi", 1990 w. 5 dek).
    dedis gadasaxlebam sul male is nayofi gamoiRo, rom l. asaTiani ga-
    ricxul iqna institutidan. mizezi, ris safuZvelzec es faqti moxda, SemaZrwu-
    nebeli iyo: kontrrevoluciuri layboba. es mizezi sabWouri istoriis yovel
    periodSi xom Tavzardamcemi braldeba gaxldaT, magram 1937-38 wlebis repre-
    siebis aRzevebis Jams mas ra SiSis zafrac exleboda Tan, amas komentari ar
    sWirdeba. am faqtis Sesaxeb TavianT mogonebebsa da werilebSi bevrs saubroben
    lados megobrebi: mixeil alaviZe, giorgi SalamberiZe, nika agiaSvili, neli
    dumbaZe, revaz margiani, SoTa quriZe da sxvebi, maTi monaTxrobidan mkiTxveli-
    saTvis naTeli xdeba im dReebis simware, usamarTlod represirebulma axalgaz-
    rda poetma rom gamovlo.
    quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis brZanebaTa
    wignSi (saqaRalde 97, saarqivo # 118), 1938 wlis aTi ianvriT daTariRebul #6
    brZanebaSi, vkiTxulobT: `student vladimer asaTianis garicxva.
    kontrrevoluciuri laybobisaTvis, leqtorebis da studentebis diskredi-
    taciisaTvis, normalur saswavlo muSaobaSi dezorganizaciis Setanis cdisaT-
    vis literaturuli fakultetis meoTxe kursis jg. #54 studenti vladimer asa-
    Tiani gairicxos institutidan. direqtori l. WeliZe".
    l. asaTianis garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT metad sagulisxmo cnobebs gvaw-
    vdis giorgi SalamberiZec (ix. krebuli: `ase ityvian Cemze...", quTaisi, 1987 w.),
    romelic ladosTan erTad garicxes quTaisis pedinstitutidan. kontrrevolu-
    cionerebisa da molaybeebis `titulebiT" `Semkobili" axalgazrdebi amaod da-
    diodnen instanciidan instanciaSi da maT ubralo samuSaozec ki aravin Rebu-
    lobda. sasowarkveTilebasa da materialur usaxsrobaSi Cavardnil megobrebs,
    rogorc xalxis mtrebis Svilebs (giorgi SalamberiZes mama hyavda dapatim-
    rebuli), bevrma Seaqcia zurgi, magram viTarebas sasikeTo cvlileba daetyo da
    institutSi aRdgenis imedic gaCnda.
    saqme is gaxldaT, rom ianvris bolos, partiis dadgenilebiT, Sewyda ma-
    sobrivi represiebi da daWerebi, martis dasawyisSi ki komkavSirelTa garicxvis
    dros daSvebuli Secdomebis Taobazec iqna miRebuli specialuri dadgenileba.
    am faqtebiT imedmocemulma megobrebma kvlav ganaaxles Txovna studentebad aR-
    dgenis Taobaze, magram institutis xelmZRvanelobasTan mainc veraferi gaawyves.
    maSin partiis qalaqkoms mimarTes. gamudmebulma sirbilma sasurveli nayofi ga-
    moiRo: 1938 wlis 29 marts saqalaqo komitetis biurom daakmayofila lado asa-
    Tianisa da giorgi SalamberiZis Txovna da isini aRadgina studentis uflebebSi
    (ix. dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 132).
    gaxarebuli megobrebi meore diliTve estumrnen institutis direqtors,
    magram aRdgenis brZanebis dawera, sxvadasxva biurokratiul mizezeTa moSve-
    liebiT, mainc Wianurdeboda. sabolood saqalaqo komitetis biuros gadawyveti-
    lebas win veraferi aRudga da 1938 wlis 31 marts lado institutSi aRadgines.
    zemoT aRniSnulma movlenebma saTanado asaxva pova lado asaTianis Semoq-
    medebaSi. gansakuTrebuli simZafriT ganicada poetma dedis gadasaxleba. im av-
    bediT dros, roca Zma Zmas ver gaumxelda gulwrfelad sakuTar mwuxarebas,
    represirebuli dedis bedze sajarod wuxili, cxadia, sarisko saqme iyo. magram
    poetis guli ver itevda dardsa da naRvels da maT Tanamoazred, leqsebis gar-
    da, uaxloes megobrebsac xdida. am tkivilis gamoZaxili aSkarad igrZnoba la-
    do asaTianis SemoqmedebaSi. misi cecxlovani, temperamentiani, sicocxlis xali-
    siT savse moguzguze leqsebis gverdiT arcTu iSviaTad iseTi nawarmoebebic
    gvxvdeba, romlebSic sulis siRrmidan daZruli uZiro sevda-naRvelia gamoxatu-
    li.
    386
    poetis am leqsebisa da piradi werilebis nawili misi gardacvalebis Sem-
    deg gamoqveynda. maTSi mkafiod irekleba sasowarkveTilebamde misuli pirov-
    nebis tkivili, tkivili, romelic, sxva faqtebTan erTad, avbediTi drois Sede-
    gad datrialebuli tragikuli movlenebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. gavixsenoT, maga-
    liTad, fragmenti 1937 wels dawerili leqsidan `Sen!"
    siyrmidan mwvavda melanqolia
    da damcinoda pirquSi bedi,
    sxva megobari me ar myolia
    Cemi alali leqsebis meti.
    umegobrobasa da martosulobas poeti am periodSi daweril sxva leq-
    sebSic uCivis. metad naRvliania da sasowarmkveTi is Sefaseba, romelsac maTSi
    aZlevs igi Tavis amqveyniur arsebobas: `rom iyo mudam Cemi cxovreba mkvdrebis
    mzesaviT gayviTlebulio", _ ambobs iqve da amaod eZebs gzas wuTisoflis sibne-
    lidan TavdasaRwevad.
    zemoT citirebul striqonebSi poeturad irekleba cxovrebis simuxTlis
    pirvelSecnobiT gaCenili tkivilis gancda, cxovrebisa, romelmac bevri Sxami
    da samsala Seasva jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda poets. mis irgvliv azvir-
    Tebuli borotebis talRebi lados rwmenas ubzaravda, eWvebiT avsebda da naR-
    vels umZafrebda.
    institutidan garicxvis Semdeg poets martoobis gancda kidev ufro gauZ-
    lierda. wuTisoflis muxTal bilikze eulad mavalma, TiTqos cxovrebis miza-
    nic dahkarga. am viTarebaSi myofi mwerlis gulSi xSirad ifeqebda mousavleTSi
    gadakarguli dedis monatreba. am grZnobas gansakuTrebiT amZafrebda da afaqi-
    zebda dediseuli nivTebis xilva. Zvirfas reliqviad qceuli es nivTebi ki xe-
    lis yovel gawvdenaze xvdeboda poets. yoveli maTgani sevdian mogonebas aR-
    Zravda da kidev ufro aRagznebda dedis monatrebis grZnobas. erTaderTi naTe-
    li sxivi, romelic sixaruliT avsebda lados guls imxanad, cxra mTas iqiT ga-
    dakarguli dedisgan gamogzavnili baraTis molodini iyo. ai, rogor xmas gamos-
    cems `dardiT gulgaserili" poetis tkivili leqsSi `1938 weli, 3 Tebervali":
    avdeqi dardiT gulgaserili,
    gavaRe Cemi magidis yuTi,
    vnaxe, Zvirfaso, Seni werili...
    da gamibrwyinda Tvalebi wuTiT.
    vkiTxulob, vRelav, qarTlis mTebidan
    ginatre Svilma, itira leqsma,
    am gayviTlebul werilebidan
    me Seni gulis farTqali mesma.
    hau ramdeni cremlebi vRvare,
    roca gavyevi wuxilis demons,
    netav sada xar, an romel mxares,
    sulze utkbeso dedilo Cemo?
    Tavsdatexili ubedurebiT gamowveuli depresiuli ganwyobilebidan did-
    xans ver gamovida lado. misi sulis siRrmeSi dedis gadasaxlebiT gaCenili
    naRveli mTeli sicocxlis manZilze daucxromlad Rvioda. iyo am tkivilisagan
    gaqcevis, misi SeniRbvis cdebic, iwereboda omaxiani da sicocxlis xalisiT sav-
    se leqsebi, magram am cecxlovan da cxovrebis maradiul dResaswaulad gancdi-
    li `poeturi speqtaklebis" miRma, sulis uRrmes SreebSi, daucxromel dardad
    mudam enTo bedis ukuRmarTobiT ganawamebi dedis Zvirfasi saxe.
    30-iani wlebis Sua xanebi, roca l. asaTiani saliteraturo asparezze gamo-
    vida, uaRresad rTuli da dramatuli periodi iyo Cveni cxovrebis yovel sfe-
    roSi. sabediswerod aRzevebuli sisxliani represiebi Trgunavda da ideologi-
    uri diqtaturis artaxebiT boWavda azris siTamamesa da SemoqmedebiT Tavisuf-
    lebas. ukve warsulis kuTvnilebad qceuliyvnen gansxvavebuli esTetikuri
    mrwamsis gamomxatveli literaturuli dajgufebani.
    bunebrivia, am garemoebam l. asaTianis poetur Semoqmedebazec moaxdina gar-
    kveuli zegavlena. swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli damwyebi poetis zogierTi leq-
    sis mkveTrad ideologizebuli xasiaTi. epoqaluri sinamdvilis panegirikuli
    387
    gandidebis is tendenciebi, romlebic SigadaSig lados poeziaSic iCenen Tavs,
    qveynad damkvidrebuli viTarebis uSualo zegavlenis Sedegi iyo. axalbeda av-
    tors imxanad jer arc imodena cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba hqonda da arc mo-
    qalaqeobrivi gabeduleba, movlenaTa arsSi siRrmiseulad garkveuliyo da pro-
    testantuli sityviT epoqalur procesebs dapirispireboda.
    da mainc, amisda miuxedavad, l. asaTianis poeziaSi iseTma poeturma moti-
    vebmac gaiJReres imTaviTve, romelTa azrobrivi suliskveTeba da mizanswrafva
    aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba xelisuflebis mier damkvidrebul ideologiur princi-
    pebs. aq, pirvel yovlisa, im leqsebs vgulisxmob, romlebSic poetis patriotu-
    li grZnobebia gamJRavnebuli. saqarTvelos ganmadidebeli es mgznebare poeturi
    qmnilebani aSkarad amovardnilia imJamindeli ideologiuri normativebidan da
    maTi paTosi da suliskveTeba sruliad ar Seesabameba saxelisuflebo moTxov-
    nebs.
    es rom namdvilad asea, amaze es konkretuli SemTxvevac naTlad metyve-
    lebs: 1937 wels quTaisis saqalaqo gazeTSi l. asaTianis `samSoblo" daibeWda.
    axalgazrda poetis patriotuli lirikis es mSvenieri da dRes ukve farTod po-
    pularuli nimuSi mkacri kritikuli gansjis sagnad iqca. imave wels quTaisSi
    gamarTul mweralTa da JurnalistTa saerTo krebaze Tbilisidan Camosulma
    momxsenebelma b. JRentmac da sityvaSi gamosulebmac l. asaTianis aRniSnuli
    leqsi nacionalisturi xasiaTis nawarmoebad miiCnies. ai, ras wers yovelive
    amasTan dakavSirebiT am krebis uSualo damswre m. alaviZe: `besarion JRentma
    lado asaTianis `samSoblo" nacionalistur leqsad Seafasa. jijgna da jijgna
    yoveli striqoni. man leqsi Tavidan bolomde waikiTxa zereled, duned, xelov-
    nuri toniT da damcirebiT. axlac yurSi Camesmis enamoCleqili axalgazrda
    oratoris bgerebi, mware qirqili" (gaz. `quTaisi", 1996 w. 11 aprili).
    mkiTxvelisaTvis advili warmosadgenia, raoden didi dartymac iqneboda
    axalbeda avtorisaTvis cnobili kritikosis mier wayenebuli braldeba. am
    SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom es yvelaferi
    1937 wels xdeboda _ sisxliani politikuri represiebis sabediswero aRzevebis
    Jams. imxanad momxsenebelTan SekamaTebas ara Tu azri ar hqonda, aramed amas Se-
    iZleboda kidev ufro gaemwvavebina mdgomareoba. amitomac usamarTlobiT gul-
    natkenma ladom, romelic krebas eswreboda, Tavisi protesti imiTRa gamoxata,
    rom damcirebulma da Seurcxyofilma usityvod datova sxdomis darbazi.
    rac ufro izrdeboda lados popularoba, Sesabamisad Zlierdeboda misi
    mowinaaRmdegeebis agresiulobac. mweralTa kavSirSi gamarTul sxvadasxva saxis
    Tavyrilobebzec da presaSic ufro da ufro xSirad gaismoda poetis misamar-
    TiT gamoTqmuli iseTi SeniSvnebi, romlebic profesiuli literaturuli Sefa-
    sebebisagan Sors idga da faqtobrivad xelisuflebis winaSe avtoris politi-
    kur dasmenas warmoadgenda. ase moinaTla igi Tanmedroveobisagan ganmdgar im
    Semoqmedad, romlis poeziaSi TiTqosda ideuri siRaribe da nacionalizmi iyo
    gabatonebuli.
    ai, ras igonebs yovelive amasTan dakavSirebiT l. asaTianis megobari mwera-
    li v. WeliZe: yvelgan, yvela krebasa Tu plenumze, mweralTa kavSirSic da kav-
    Siris gareTac, mudam ladoze iyo laparaki. saliteraturo presaSic gamoCnda
    werilebi - aseve mkacri da usamarTlo. `zedized akritikebdnen mis saukeTeso
    leqsebs, rogorc arajansaRi ganwyobilebis gamomxatvelebs, akritikebdnen, rom
    is siyvarulze wers. ase gaukritikes mSvenieri leqsi `albomidan", rogorc de-
    kadenturi mimarTulebis gavleniT dawerili. akritikeben mis erT-erT Sedevrs
    `cageris bazrobas", rogorc sinamdvilidan gandgomisa da istoriaSi gadasvlis
    nimuSs. akritikebdnen mis SesaniSnav leqsebs firosmanze, mis `kolxidas"... TiT-
    qos misTvis moicala kritikam, mdgomareoba metismetad daiZaba. poets mosTxoves
    sajarod eRiarebina Tavisi `Secdomebi". ra gulismomkvleli iyo es sityva:
    `me vgrZnob Cemi zogierTi leqsis ideur siRaribes, ideur CamorCenilobas...
    gamovedevne ra sasiyvarulo gancdebs, wminda adamianuri ganwyobilebebis gadmo-
    cemas, sCans daviviwye namdvili socialuri motivi. gavyevi ra pirad gancdebs,
    daviviwye misi ganzogadebis aucilebloba..." (`mnaTobi", 1987 w. gv. 12).
    388
    rogorc iTqva, SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis mTel periodSi l. asaTianma ama
    Tu im aqtualuri movlenebisadmi miZRvanili ideologizebuli leqsebic Seqmna
    da gamoaqveyna. am tendenciam gansakuTrebuli ZaliT Tavi mainc poeturi moRva-
    weobis sawyis etapze iCina. am sayoveldRiuro leqsebSi sustad gamovlinda
    axalgazrda poetis didi SemoqmedebiTi energia da literaturuli SesaZ-
    leblobani. es Tavad poetmac kargad icoda, magram igi iZulebuli iyo qveynad
    damkvidrebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT drodadro, rogorc Tavadve ambobs,
    amgvari `sakalendro leqsebic" ewera.
    aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, l. asaTianis poeziaze saubris dros
    dRemde yuradReba miuqcevel erT mniSvnelovan garemoebasac unda gavusvaT xazi
    - samamulo omad wodebuli meore msoflio omisadmi poetis damokidebulebas.
    gansxvavebaT im periodis qarTvel mweralTa udidesi nawilisagan, lados Semoq-
    medebaSi am omis gamoZaxili metad sustad da uRimRamod ismis da arsebiTad
    mxolod sami patara leqsiT Semoifargleba (`qarTvel cxenosans", `axali wlis
    xma" da `jaxievis javSnosani"). maTSic omisdroindeli Cveni mwerlobisaTvis
    farTod damaxasiaTebeli sabrZolo paTosi da suliskveTeba imdenad duned da
    araefeqturadaa gamovlenili, rom odnavadac ki ar Seesabameba l. asaTianis poe-
    tur temperamentsa da sityvier mgznebarebas.
    es faqti ise Zneli asaxsnelicaa da arsebiTad moulodnelic, rom Zalze
    rTulia misi ganmapirobebel garemoebaTa zusti garkveva. marTalia, 1941-42
    wlebSi poeti umZimesi avadmyofi iyo, magram, amisda miuxedavad, igi am droisaT-
    visac kvlavindeburad rom agrZelebda aqtiur SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas, amaze
    misi maSindeli poeturi Sedevrebic naTlad metyveleben.
    rogorc Cans, es garemoeba lados Sinagani msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsiT
    ufro unda aixsnas da misi amgvari TavSekavebis safuZveli, sxva mniSvnelovan
    faqtorebTan erTad, is didi tragediac gaxda, romelic 1937-1938 wlebSi pira-
    dad man da misma ojaxma gadaitana. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ki aSkara faqtia, rom
    am tragediis Semdgom l. asaTianis poeziaSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda e. w. ideo-
    logizebuli xasiaTis nawarmoebTa raodenoba.
    literaturul kritikaSi araerTgzis aRuniSnavT, rom l. asaTianis Semoqme-
    debaSi SigadaSig qarTuli poeziis didostatTa poeturi intonaciebis Tavi-
    seburi gamoZaxilic ismis. amas arc poeti uaryofda. magaliTad, erT-erT leq-
    sSi Tavis Tavs man galaktionis Segirdi uwoda (`erTs vityvi marto Segirdi Se-
    ni: CvenSi mgosani Sena xar mxolod, rom sicocxle da leqsebi Sveniso", _ mi-
    marTavs is galaktions).
    magram g. tabiZis poeturi intonaciebi ladom meqanikurad ki ar gadmoitana,
    aramed SemoqmedebiTad Seisisxlxorca da poeturi TviTgamoxatvis individua-
    lizebul formebad aqcia. ase rom, miuxedavad galaktionis poeziasTan aSkara
    memkvidreobiTi kavSiris arsebobisa, l. asaTianis lirika epigonobis CarCoebSi
    ar iketeba da mkveTrad gamorCeuli ritmul-musikaluri xmierebiTaa aRbeWdili.
    magaliTad:
    Cemi bavSvobis saxlTan vxvdebodi fermkrTal asuls
    da Sen magoneb axla im silamazes warsuls.
    sxva ram, Sairis garda, rogor gakadro, aba?
    rarig gixdeba da grTavs es Sindisferi kaba!
    xedav? zamTari qreba, yvavilebs gaSlis nuSi,
    yvelgan xalisi... sevda mxolod poetis gulSi.
    wuxils waiRebs qnari da striqonebad daqsovs,
    _ saRamo iyo wynari, TqvenTan viyavi, maxsovs...
    am mSvenier lirikul leqsSi galaktioniseburi ZaliT erwymis erTmaneTs
    musikaluri melodiis mReradoba da intimuri gancdis sinaze.
    winamorbed poetebTan aseT SemoqmedebiT siaxloves l. asaTiani, rogorc
    iTqva, Tavadac araerTgzis usvams xazs. `ar meSinia didi poetebis gavlena mqon-
    deso, - xSirad eubneboda, magaliTad, Turme megobrebs. _ jerjerobiT maTi ga-
    mocdilebis dauxmareblad Cems saTqmels ver vityvi. maTi SemweobiT unda dav-
    dge sakuTar fexze, Semdgom, Tu movaxerxe, mxarSic amovudgebio" (n. agiaSvili,
    Wabukebi darCnen marad, 1980 w. gv. 17). garda g. tabiZisa, l. asaTianis lirikas
    389
    versifikaciuli da ritmul-intonaciuri TvalsazrisiT garkveuli Sexebis wer-
    tilebi moepoveba agreTve, erTis mxriv, t. tabiZisa da g. leoniZis poeziasTan,
    meores mxriv ki umdidres xalxur poetur SemoqmedebasTan.
    magram winamorbed mwerlebTan aseTi poeturi siaxlove ise ar unda gavi-
    goT, TiTqos lado maTi brma mimbaZvelis rolSi gamodiodes da ukve nacnobi
    intonaciebi meqanikurad gadahqondes Tavis poeziaSi. rasakvirvelia, ara. amgvari
    kavSiri misTvis ufro SemoqmedebiTi impulsis mimcemi Sinagani Zala iyo, rome-
    lic, Tavis mxriv, axali ritmul-musikaluri xmierebis warmoqmnis safuZvlad
    iqceoda. amitomacaa, rom l. asaTianis leqsebSi zemoTaRniSnuli poeturi zegav-
    lenis kvali xSirad imdenad siRrmiseulia, rom misi migneba metismetad Zneli-
    caa da pirobiTic. sxvagvarad, sakuTari poeturi xmisa da intonaciis aseTi in-
    dividualizebis miuRwevlad, l. asaTianis Semoqmedeba epigonobis farglebs ver
    gascdeboda da misTvis esoden damaxasiaTebel sicocxlisunarianobas, magiur
    Zalasa da emociur temperaments ver SeiZenda.
    upirveles yovlisa, swored zemoT aRniSnulma faqtorebma ganapiroba is
    garemoeba, rom l. asaTianis Semoqmedeba maradiul sulier faseulobad damkvid-
    rda Cveni literaturis istoriaSi. marTalia, kritikulad ganwyobili Wirveuli
    mkiTxveli mis poeziaSi zogjer saTanadod `gaurandav, meorexarisxovan striqo-
    nebsac" ipovis da `mizansacdenil sityvebsac", magram, amisda miuxedavad, sada-
    vod da sakamaTod albaT im faqtsac veravin gaxdis, rom `misi poeziis yvela
    mTavari sityva wrfeli siyvarulis sakireSia gadamdgari" da `xalasi gancdiT"
    iwvis (g. asaTiani, saukunis poetebi, 1988 w. gv. 432). amitomacaa, rom Tavisi `na-
    perwkliani" da `almurmodebuli" leqsebiT lado saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yve-
    laze popularuli poetia, yoveli asakis mkiTxvelisaTvis gamorCeulad sayvare-
    li wrfeli poeti, romelmac miuxedavad naadrevi sikvdilisa, mainc SeZlo saku-
    Tari literaturuli samyaros Seqmna da `qarTul poeziaSi Taviseburi poeturi
    xmis damkvidreba" (s. Ciqovani, Txz. t. III, 1967 w. gv. 405).
    l. asaTiani idumali ZaliT wvdeba sityvieri xelovnebis mraval saidum-
    los. mis poeziaSi emociuri zemoqmedebis moxdenis funqcia xSirad im efeqts
    ukavSirdeba, romelsac udidesi sizustiT mignebuli magiuri sityvieri poeturi
    saxeebi axdenen mkiTxvelze. naTqvamis dasturad Tundac `krwanisis yayaCoebi"
    gavixsenoT, sadac emociuri zemoqmedebis umTavresi funqcia uwinaresad swored
    amgvar sityvier xatebsa da poetur saxeebs ekisreba:
    ei, Tqven, aragvelebo, gaumaZRarno omiTa,
    Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka mominda.
    SavCoxiano vaJkaco, Wriloba xom ar Segxsnia!
    es sisxli aris, Tu marTla yayaCoebis cecxlia.
    SavCoxiano vaJebo, ase ram gagaxalisaT,
    Jriali xom ar mogesmaT oJa jurxais farisa!
    simRera xom ar mogesmaT patara kaxis xmalisa?
    iqneb, me Tvali matyuebs, zeca mabrmavebs kriala,
    maSin Tqven TviTon aRsdeqiT da marqviT omaxianad.
    Tu arc yayaCos cecxlia da arc axali iara,
    ma es beberi krwanisi ra Zalam aabrdRviala?
    sityvieri mxatvrobisa da poeturi xatweris msgavsi magaliTebi l. asaTia-
    nis poeziaSi imdenad mravlad gvxvdeba, rom isini mniSvnelovanwilad gansaz-
    Rvraven avtoris stilur individualobas.
    l. asaTianis poeziis ritmul-melodiur mxares mniSvnelovanwilad ake-
    Tilxmovanebs da afaqizebs bgeriTi evfoniis maRaldaxvewili donec. am Tval-
    sazrisiT sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is literaturuli datvirTva, romelsac
    avtori riTmas, ritmul harmoniasa da aliteracias sZens. magaliTad:
    ra kargi iyo bardnala, bardnalelebis borani,
    vardebiani bardnari, bulbulTa naamborali.
    l. asaTianis poeziaSi saocari harmoniulobiT Tanaarsebobs erTmaneTis
    gverdigverd iseTi radikalurad gansxvavebuli poeturi tendenciebi, rogo-
    rebicaa, erTis mxriv, paTetizmiTa da zeaweuli intonaciebiT saTqmelis ga-
    moxatva, meores mxriv ki intimur grZnobaTa nazi da Cumi gamovlineba. am ori
    390
    tendenciis arsobriv Taviseburebasac da gansxvavebasac citirebuli magali-
    Tebis urTierTSedarebiTac naTlad dainaxavs mkiTxveli:
    1. Cven vaJkacoba ZvelTagan mogvdevs,
    yvelam gaigos, yvelam icodes!
    Cven, SeiZleba, brZolaSi movkvdeT,
    magram arc maSin vtovebT sicocxles.
    radgan sicocxle ase navardobs,
    sikvdilis yvela kari darazeT
    da im bednier dRes gaumarjos,
    roca Cven gavCndiT am qveyanaze!
    2. gTxovT ar gaigoT sxvanair saxiT
    es gaxumreba da es baraTi,
    me minda TqvenTan davidga saxli
    da mTawmindaze davrCe maradis.
    rom STagonebiT usazRvrod xeli
    vmRerode Tqveni trfobis TilismiT,
    Tqven moiReroT jeirnis yeli
    da giyurebdeT mTeli Tbilisi.
    l. asaTianisaTvis principulad miuRebeli iyo e. w. `gatylarWuli stili"
    da sityvaze Zaldataneba. igi mudam cdilobda saTqmeli ubralod da bunebri-
    vad, `Cveulebrivi adamianuri eniT", eTqva. misi es pozicia naTlad Cans ara mar-
    to mxatvruli Semoqmedebidan, aramed werilebidanac da sxva saxis Canawe-
    rebidanac. ai, ra darigebas aZlevs, magaliTad, poeti Tavis Zmas erT-erT baraT-
    Si: `Tu Zma xar, sityvebis korianteli, gatylarWuli stili da aTasnairi
    ucxouri ambebi nu gagitacebs. mag yvelaferi sisulelea; Cveulebrivi adamianu-
    ri eniT dawerili (ilia, akaki, vaJa) waikiTxe da iyavi Cveulebrivad ubralo".
    l. asaTianis poezia bunebriobis, uSualoebis, poeturi ubraloebis, sisada-
    visa da gulwrfelobis erT-erTi iSviaTi nimuSia Cvens mwerlobaSi. misi leqsi
    saocrad gamWvirvalea, naTeli da kaSkaSa, ganwyobileba gamorCeulad gulwrfe-
    li, uSualo da andamaturi, grZnoba _ laRi, xalasi da gulis wiaRidan momdi-
    nare. poetis tkivilica da sixarulic iseTi bunebrivi ZaldautaneblobiT gve-
    ufleba, rom Cveni grZnobadi samyaros sisxlxorceuli nawilic xdeba. lados
    poezia erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia poeturi mes Cvenad gardaqmnisa da TviT
    yvelaze intimuri grZnobebis imgvari saxiT gamoxatvisa, roca mkiTxvelic iqce-
    va am grZnobaTa Tanamonawiled da TviTganmcdeladac.
    l. asaTiani ar aris rTuli poeturi xilvebisa da Znelad gasaSifr-gasaaz-
    rebeli leqsebis avtori. mis poeziaSi verc gonebismiRmur azrobriv qveteqstebs
    SexvdebiT da verc simbolur-alegoriul miniSnebebs. mis leqsSi gamJRavnebuli
    poeturi saTqmeli imdenad naTelia da advilad Sesacnobi, rom mas `gansamarti
    da mkiTxvelTan saSuamavlo araferi sWirs. mWvirvali da uxvad mziT gajerebu-
    li, igi wyarosTvalsa hgavs, fskerze rom kenWi daiTvleba. swored amitom, _ me-
    tismeti sinaTlisa da sisadavis gamo, _ vaiTu vinmes, poeziis saidumloSi Cauxe-
    davs, lado asaTianis leqsi Cveulebrivad kargi egonos da ara is ganumeo-
    rebeli mSveniereba, romlis Seqmna erTeulebis xvedria" (m. lebaniZe, lado asa-
    Tianis 1996 wels gamocemuli `rCeulis" winasityvaobidan).
    l. asaTiani `qarTuli klasikuri poeziis magistraluri xazis mimdevari"
    poetia (g. jiblaZe, kritikuli etiudebi, t. V, 1974 w. gv. 61). marTalia, misi Se-
    moqmedeba mkveTrad gamoxatuli poeturi xmierebiTac gamoirCeva da ritmul-in-
    tonaciuri mravalxmianobiTac, magram melodiuri individualobis migneba-dam-
    kvidrebis es procesi mis poeziaSi axal versifikaciul formaTa Ziebamde ara-
    sodes misula. ase rom, yvela is saleqso sazomi Tu ritmul-musikaluri into-
    nacia, romlebic l. asaTianis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba, qarTul klasikur poezia-
    Si manamdec iyo damkvidrebuli. mTavari siaxle, romelic man am poetur for-
    mebsa da versifikaciul saleqso sazomebs SesZina, maTi originaluri aJRerebaa,
    nacnobi hangebisa da ritmebisaTvis individualuri xmierebis miniWeba. wminda
    struqturul-versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT ki l. asaTianis poezias aranairi
    arsebiTi siaxle ar axasiaTebs.
    391
    l. asaTianis bevri leqsi mimarTvis formiTaa dawerili. poetis `omaxian",
    paTetikur da zavTian leqsebSi mTis ferdobze mosxletili nakaduliviT gad-
    moCqefs samSoblosamdi siyvarulis sadResaswaulo grZnoba. poeturi aRfrTova-
    nebis sagnad iqceva Cveni qveynis awmyo da warsuli, Tvalwarmtaci buneba, qar-
    Tveli kacis yofa da xasiaTi, Cveni gmiri winaprebis mamuliSviluri Tavdadeba.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom am Tematikis avtoriseul gaazrebaSi axali da uCveulo
    faqtobrivad araferia, l. asaTiani yovelive amas mainc gangvacdevinebs axali
    emociuri mgznebarebiT da kidev erTxel gvaziarebs im idumali grZnobis
    jadosnur samyaros, rasac samSoblosadmi siyvaruli hqvia.
    misi guzguza poeturi sityva am didi siyvarulis madliT Tavadac iwvis da
    Cvenc gvwvavs. da Tumca samyaros miseuli poeturi aRqma mkveTrad gamoxatuli
    literaturuli originalobiT aRbeWdili yovelTvis ver aris, lado asaTianis
    SemoqmedebiTi magia mainc asxivebs im jados, romelic TviT poetur trafaret-
    sac ki sZens emociuri zemoqmedebis idumal Zalas. naTqvamis dasturad Tundac
    iseTi farTod cnobili leqsebic gavixsenoT, rogoric `Cemi qveynis oqroyana"
    da `Cemi samSobloa". miuxedavad imisa, rom am leqsebis poetur saxeTa mxat-
    vrul-warmosaxviTi samyaro naklebad originaluria da avtoriseuli epiTetebi,
    metaforebi da Sedarebebi umeteswilad yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi farTod dam-
    kvidrebuli poeturi xatweridanaa aRebuli, maTi emociuri zemoqmedebis xarisxi
    mainc aSkarad maRalia. am STambeWdaobas es leqsebi, rogorc iTqva, gancdis
    gulwrfelobiTa da xalasi uSualobiT iZenen, sityvisa da frazis madliani
    moqneviT, saTqmelis gamoxatvis dinamizmiTa da eqspresiiT, risi miRwevis efeq-
    tur saSualebad am SemTxvevaSi CamoTvlisa da ganmeorebis literaturuli xer-
    xicaa qceuli.
    l. asaTiani romantikuli msoflgancdis poetia. samyaros miseul poetur
    aRqma-warmosaxvas, upirveles yovlisa, swored romantikuli TvalTaxedva udevs
    safuZvlad. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT saintereso mainc misi patriotuli
    lirikaa. lado romantikuli aRtkinebiT gvimJRavnebs amaRlebul siyvaruls
    mSobeli qveynisa da gmiri winaprebisadmi. am siyvarulis avtoriseuli gancda
    imdenad mZlavri da cecxlovania, rom misi gamonaSuqi Cvens gulebsac avsebs
    naRverdlis mcxunvarebiT (`saqarTvelo iyo maTi saocnebo saxeli", `krwanisis
    yayaCoebi", `Tqven geubnebiT, Zmebo mgosnebo", `cxra Zma xerxeuliZe", `veriko
    anjafariZes", `salaRobo" da sxv.).
    l. asaTianis miZRvniT leqsebze saubris dros calke unda gamovyoT is na-
    warmoebebi, romelTa STagonebis wyarod niko firosmania qceuli. qarTul poe-
    ziaSi, garda g. leoniZisa, igi albaT ise aravis ganudidebia, rogorc l. asaTi-
    ans. ladosTvis firosmani da misi ukvdavi tiloebi Tbilisis simbolodacaa
    damkvidrebuli. amitomac aris, rom Tbilisi da firosmani poetisaTvis erTmane-
    Tisgan ganuyofelia da didi mxatvrisadmi gamovlenili siyvaruli imavdrou-
    lad Tbilisisadmi aRvlenili xotbacaa.
    yvela xevsuri da yvela svani,
    qarTveli qali Tvalebmayvala,
    Cemi Tbilisi da firosmani,
    ar vici, ase ram Semayvara!
    mokvda Tu ara, yvelam acxona,
    cocxali arvin ar miikara,
    me firosmanis quCaze vcxovrob
    da yovel diliT vxvdebi nikalas.
    Tbilisi poetisaTvis `poeziis uwmindesi adgilis deda" iyo. Cveni dedaqa-
    laqisadmi miZRvnil mis leqsebSi andamaturi ZaliT gamovlinda Zveli Tbilsis
    koloriti. lado TavdaviwyebiT ganadidebs sayvareli qalaqis quCebsa da Zve-
    lisZvel ubnebs, misi cxovrebis sisxlxorceul nawilad qceul `Tbilisis cas
    da Tbilisis havas, niko firosmans da saaTnavas" da erT-erT leqsSi Tavis yve-
    laze did miwier ocnebas amgvarad gamoxatavs: `rusTavelis prospeqtze siaru-
    li nu momiSalos RmerTma, viyo mudam ase mxiaruli, qarTveli poeti merqvas.
    puris natexi da erTi litra Rvino simdidred CamiTvaleT, Tu meti vinatro, an
    392
    es viTakilo, _ ver vnaxo samoTxis mTvare... mxolod drodadro damaretianos
    qaSveTis Semoxedvam _ rusTavelis prospeqtze xetiali nu momiSalos RmerTma!".
    saqarTvelos istoriis poetizebis dros l. asaTianis poeziaSi erT umTav-
    res tendenciasac usaTuod SeamCnevs mkiTxveli: miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni qvey-
    nis warsuli ufro metad cremliT, tkiviliTa da sasowarmkveTi epizodebiTaa
    savse, istoriuli warsulis ladoseul warmosaxvas mxolod gmirul-heroikuli
    TvalTaxedva msWvalavs xolme. istoriisamdi amgvari midgoma poetis
    msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis mizanswraful gamovlinebas warmoadgens. am
    SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli misTvis erovnuli sazrisis gan-
    msazRvreli umTavresi orientiri da zneobriv-patriotuli gmirobis magaliTi
    iyo. avtoris es keTilSobiluri survili imdenad didia da arsebiTi, rom igi
    Cveni istoriis zogierT tragikul epizodsac ki swored amgvari TvalTaxedviT
    iazrebs. naTqvamis dasturad Tundac veriko anjafariZisadmi miZRvnili leqsis
    is striqonebi gavixsenoT, sadac qarTveli xalxis istoriuli warsulis
    sisxliani epizodi _ marabdis omi _ sul sxva kuTxidanaa danaxuli:
    sxva rom ar iyos, Cven am lamazi
    qalebis eSxi dagvifaravda,
    Torem mters isic ki SeaSinebs,
    erTxel xmamaRla rom vTqvaT _ marabda!
    l. asaTianis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis umTavres mizanswrafvas misi, ro-
    gorc pirovnebis, erovnul-mamuliSviluri rolisa da misiis garkveva-gacnobie-
    reba Seadgenda. imis gasaazreblad, raoden didi patriotuli pasuxis-
    mgeblobiTa da TviTSegnebiT akeTebda poeti amas, aq Tundac am striqonebis
    gaxsenebac iqneboda sakmarisi:
    ra qarTveli xar da ra Wabuki,
    Tu mamuls Tavi ar anacvale?
    es awvalebda cotne dadians,
    mec qarTveli var da es mawvalebs.
    savsebiT bunebrivia, sakuTari erovnul-mamuliSviluri misiis amgvarad ma-
    Ziebeli poeti gulwrfeli daeWvebiT fiqrobdes imaze, `am uxeiro leqsebis gar-
    da" darCeba Tu ara saqarTvelos misgan samomavlod faseuli da Rirsaxsovari
    sxva ram simdidrec.
    erovnul-patriotuli da sazogadoebrivi miswrafebebis gamomxatveli leq-
    sebis gverdiT l. asaTianis poeziaSi iseTi nawarmoebebic sakmaod gvxvdeba, rom-
    lebic intimuri grZnobebiT arian STagonebulni. faqizi adamianuri grZnobie-
    rebiT savse es lirikuli qmnilebani lados pirovnuli bunebis axal mxareebs
    warmoaCenen da mTeli ZaliT gvaziareben im romantikul siyvaruls, riTac
    axalgazrda poeti iyo gatacebuli. am leqsebSi imdeni wrfeli ocneba, Tavda-
    viwyeba, emociuri eqstazi da romantikaa, rom avtoris lirikuli ganwyobileba-
    ni Cveni sulieri samyaros sisxlxorceuli nawilic xdeba. naTqvamis dasturad
    didi xania simRerad qceuli leqsis am strofis gaxsenebac iqneba sakmarisi:
    ra damaviwyebs Sens lamaz Tvalebs,
    ram damaviwyos es alublebi!
    icode, roca sxvas Seviyvareb,
    am siyvarulze vesaubrebi.
    l. asaTiani, upirveles yovlisa, sicocxlis ganmadidebeli poetia, romlis
    cecxlovani poeturi Sedevrebi zeaweuli paTetizmiT, sazeimo omaxianobiTa da
    emociuri mgznebarebiT gamoxataven avtoris sulier optimizmsa da adamianur
    miswrafebebs. sicocxlis uZlevelobis amgvari sadResaswaulo gancda da cxov-
    rebiT gamowveuli xalisi cotas Tu gamouxatavs Cvens poeziaSi misebri ZaliTa
    da gulwrfelobiT. miuxedavad mkacri qartexilebisa, romelnic araerTxel daa-
    texa poets Tavs wuTisofelma, igi mainc darCa sicocxlis ganmadidebel Semoq-
    medad. es naTlad Cans misi leqsebidanac da sxvadasxva saxis Canawerebidanac.
    `sicocxle, _ werda, magaliTad, igi erTgan, _ eZaxis adamianebs, sicocxle amoZ-
    ravebs materikebs, sicocxle mReris gamarjvebis xmaZarRvian simReras, si-
    cocxle wvdeba saukuneebidan saukuneebze, sicocxle darbis planetebidan pla-
    netebze... sicocxle, sicocxle da isev sicocxle..."
    393
    magram sicocxlis amgvarad ganmadidebeli leqsebisa da Canawerebis gver-
    diT, lados Semoqmedebaze saubris dros mxedvelobidan arc is nawarmoebebi
    unda gamogvrCes, romlebSic wuTisoflis usamarTlobiT imedgacruebuli axal-
    gazrda poetis Rrma sulieri pesimizmia gamoxatuli. poetur nawarmoebebze uf-
    ro metad am TvalsazrisiT mainc uaxloesi megobrebisadmi gagzavnili misi we-
    rilebia saintereso. am werilebiT Cvens winaSe ufro xSirad cxovrebis ul-
    moblobiT guldakodili poeti warmodgeba, romelic sasowarkveTili kacis ui-
    medobiT godebs Tavis unugeSo mdgomareobasa da pirovnul ganwirulobaze.
    umZafresi emociuri TviTgancdiT dawerili am poeturi baraTebis kiTxvis
    dros Sinaganad sulieri oblobisa da adamianuri umweobis im didi tkivilis
    gamoZaxilsac SevigrZnobT, n. baraTaSvilis epistolaruli memkvidreobis umTav-
    res suliskveTebas rom gamoxatavs. marTalia, l. asaTianis werilebis mxatvru-
    li srulyofileba da saazrovno masStabebi n. baraTaSviliseburi Zalisa ver
    aris, magram zemoTxazgasmul Sinagan kavSirs mainc usaTuod igrZnobs mkiTxve-
    li.
    naTqvamis dasturad aq neli dumbaZisadmi gagzavnili werilebis fragmen-
    tebis gaxsenebac iqneboda sakmarisi. dedis dapatimrebisa da institutidan ga-
    ricxvis Semdeg dawerili am werilebis sasowarmkveT ganwyobilebas arsebiTad
    gansazRvravs gacnobiereba imisa, rom cxovreba ulmobelia da usamarTlo. naad-
    revad dakacebuli da adamianebze gulgatexili poeti Tavis Tavs `riyeze darCe-
    nil Tevzs" adarebs da Camqrali xmiT ambobs: `raRac sicarieles vgrZnob, TiT-
    qos raRac davkarge, TiTqos odesRac SemeZlo adamianebis sityvebiT daeleq-
    troneba da dRes aRar SemiZlia... TiTqos es guli amomaglijes, waiRes sadRac
    da mere, gvian damibrunes _ gaZarcvuli da gakawruli".
    imave 1938 wlis 17 ianvars, institutidan garicxvis mesame dRes, daweril
    werilSi ki poeti Tavis sulier sasowarkveTas sityvebiT gamoxatavs: `vzivar
    Cems oTaxSi (Tu sakanSi)... Tambaqos vewevi... qalaqSi avlisdari nisli wevs da
    unda gamogityde _ Cems sulSic nislia exla... nacrisferi xeebi, nacrisferi
    nisli, nacrisferi martooba. ai, ilustracia garemoisa, romelic martyia ir-
    gvliv. hoda... am nislian garemocvaSi, keTilo dao, mecxadeba abadon ufskru-
    lebis Savi angelosi.
    mecxadeba da mikiJinebs, daswere himni xeebisa, nislisa, martoobisa... dardi-
    sagan welmocelils gvelis marTves dari klakvna dameCvia da vwuxvar ise, viT
    aqvariumSi damwyvdeuli Tevzi".
    cxovrebis usamarTlobiT Tavsdatexili ubedurebis TviTgancda axalgaz-
    rda poets iseT sulier pesimizmamde mihyavs, rom igi qveynad Tavisi gaCenis
    dResac wyevlis, vinaidan misebri `urviani da meocnebe" adamianis adgili am
    samyaroSi arsad eguleba. ufro adre ki (1935 w.) imave neli dumbaZisadmi miZ-
    Rvnil leqsSi _ `gedis simRera" msgavsi sulieri sasowarkveTa asea gamoxatu-
    li:
    ukanasknelad me am leqsSi ar vimRerebdi,
    Savi mantia mogvxvevia, gvelo, me da Sen,
    jojoxeTidan damiZaxebs martvilis bedi,
    ratom gauCndi, ubeduro, sawyal dedaSens.
    marTalia, lados es leqsebi da werilebi, upirveles yovlisa, avtoris pi-
    rovnuli grZnobebisa da miswrafebebis gamomxatveli dokumentebia, magram Siga-
    daSig poetis TvalTaxedva maTSi gaazrebis farTod ganzogadebul masStabebsac
    iZens. iqve, zemoT naxseneb werilSi, avtoriseuli wuxilis sagnad, magaliTad,
    imis tragikuli gacnobierebac iqceva, `adamianebs, Cveulebriv, WleqTan erTad
    sulieri Wleqic rom RrRnis da anadgurebs".
    yovelive amiT SeZrwunebuli `urviani da meocnebe" poeti, romelic Tavis
    Tavs WaobSi amozrdil amRerebul lerwmis Reros adarebs, amaod eZebs sulieri
    umankoebisa da siwmindis gadarCenisTvis myudro navTsayudels: `saqarTveloSi
    wminda eklesia rom arsebobdes, _ wers igi, _ Sevevedrebodi sujunis wminda gi-
    orgis, Cemi suli wmindanebTan waeRo zecaSi, daerRvia maTTvis myudroeba. Cemi
    mZori ki luciferisaTvis eCuqebia... magram ar aris".
    394
    da mainc, miuxedavad amgvari koSmarisa, lado Tavis arsebaSi mainc pou-
    lobs im did Sinagan Zalas, romelic pirovnul sasowarkveTas sicocxlis
    xalisad da sixarulad gardaqmnis. es rom namdvilad asea, amas neli dumbaZi-
    sadmi gagzavnili imave werilis Tundac es fragmentic naTlad adasturebs: `uk-
    ve gafrinda Savi abadon _ ufskrulebis angelosi da CemTan isev Semofrinda
    sicocxlis mtredi... mze cxraTvaleba da sixaruli".
    l. asaTianis poezias humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis amaRlebuli grZnoba
    msWvlavs. im mZime da uimedo avadmyofobam, romelmac Wabuki poeti sasikvdilo
    sarecels miajaWva, sicocxlisa da adamianebisadmi misi didi siyvaruli ki ar
    gaanela, piriqiT, kidev ufro gaamZafra. es naTlad Cans lados rogorc leq-
    sebSi, ise pirad werilebsa da sxvadasxva saxis CanawerebSic. `vici, Cemi cxov-
    reba xanmokle iqneba da Tveebs saukuneebad vTvlio", _ werda, magaliTad, er-
    Tgan. meoregan ki Tavis sulier sasowarkveTas amgvarad gamoxatavda: `... Zalian
    unugeSoa Cemi yofa. xandaxan, rogorc ityvian, marto sakuTari landi Tu Crdi-
    li damrCa megobrad da isic mzian dReSi - avdarSi sul marto var da suli
    amomZvra. paraSutze Camokidebul adamians vgavar, cisa da miwis Sua daki-
    debuls". xolo sikvdilamde samiode TviT adre n. agiaSvils aseTi Sinaarsis
    werils ugzavnida: `saerTod, veRar vZleb Sin myofi, viwro oTaxSi, TiTqos ku-
    boSi var cocxlad mdebare, mzis monatruli. rom movkvde, netavi amaze uaresi
    Tu iqneba is kubo. amis bralia, albaT, rom TiTqmis yovel RamiTa da dRisi-
    Tac, roca odnav wavTvlem, sul Tavaxdili kuboebi mezmaneba".
    magram amgvarma sulierma sasowarkveTam da sikvdilis moaxloebulma sun-
    Tqvam l. asaTianis arsebaSi mainc ver Cakla momavlis optimisturi rwmena. Tve-
    obiT abasTumanSi samkurnalod myofi da col-Svilsa da did literaturul
    samyaros mowyvetili poeti mainc poulobda Tavis TavSi Sinagan Zalas saimi-
    sod, kvlavindeburad aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebiT rom ecxovra. mravlis-
    mTqmelia is faqtic, rom l. asaTianis poeturi Sedevrebis udidesi nawili swo-
    red sneulebis umZimes periodSi daiwera. ase rom, uimedo avadmyofobam igi su-
    lierad ki ar daTrguna, piriqiT, axali poeturi energiiT damuxta da aRanTo.
    erT-erT leqsSi lado asaTianma Tavis Tavs `sxva drois kaci" uwoda.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveldRiuri cxovrebis WirvaramSi aqtiurad CarTuli
    poeti konkretul drosa da epoqaSi cxovrobda, igi marTlac `sxva drois kaci"
    iyo, yofiT yoveldRiurobasa da warmavlobaze amaRlebuli bajaRlo poeti, ro-
    melic gangebam imitom moavlina qveyanaze, rom momaval TaobaTaTvis samudamo
    sulier ganZad daetovebina Tavisi yvelaze didi qoneba - `adre wasuli kacis
    fiqrebi".
    395
    murman lebaniZe
    1972 wels, dabadebidan 50 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, gamocemul Tavisi rCe-
    uli poeturi nawarmoebebis erTtomeulisaTvis wamZRvarebul avtoriseul wi-
    naTqmaSi, murman lebaniZem Tavadve daasaxela konkretulad misi SemoqmedebisaT-
    vis Sinagani impulsis mimcemi literaturuli wyaroebi da poeturi maswav-
    leblebi. meti sicxadisaTvis kidev erTxel gavixsenoT sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi
    samyaros TviTSesafaseblad gamoTqmuli es mosazreba: `aRmosavleTis poeziaSi
    maraduWknobi sparsuli lirika miyvars, dasavleTis poeziaSi _ inglisuri. Cemi
    maswavleblebi iyvnen: jer lado asaTiani da ticiani, Semdeg bernsi da kiplin-
    gi, bolos _ galaktioni. iqneb maTi poeziis kvali arc aCndes Cems nawerebs, mag-
    ram nasaldaTarma TviTon icis, vinc iyo misi asisTavi!".
    es striqonebi im dros iwereboda, roca m. lebaniZes Tavisi poeturi Sedev-
    rebis mniSvnelovani nawili ukve Seqmnili hqonda. aseTi gulwrfeli TviTaRia-
    rebiT poetma kidev ufro naTeli warmodgena Segviqmna Tavisi Semoqmedebis li-
    teraturul wanamZRvrebsa da poeturi Ziebis im gzaze, romelic man sakuTari
    mwerluri samyaros migneba-damkvidrebamde ganvlo.
    winamorbed maswavlebelTa am did kohortasTan m. lebaniZis genetikur-mem-
    kvidreobiTma kavSirma umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula klasikuri da misi
    drois qarTuli poeziis saukeTeso tradiciaTa pirdapir memkvidred da erT-erT
    Ronier gamgrZeleblad poetis damkvidrebis saqmeSi.
    am SemTxvevaSi sagulisxmo isicaa, rom Tavis qarTvel literaturul wina-
    morbedebTan m. lebaniZis amgvari SemoqmedebiTi siaxlove da memkvidreobiTi kav-
    Siri erTgvar simbolur mniSvnelobasac iZens. garda imisa, rom lado asaTianis,
    ticianisa da galaktionis poeziisadmi gamorCeuli siyvaruli m. lebaniZis mTel
    poetur Semoqmedebas anaTebs da aciskrovnebs, xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi am Tval-
    sazrisiT amjerad isicaa, rom misi mwerluri biografia swored im wels da-
    iwyo, roca lado asaTianma Tavisi tragikuli miwieri sicocxle daasrula _
    1943 wels. gangebam m. lebaniZes TiTqos naadrevad Sewyvetili am didi poeturi
    gzis uSualod gagrZelebis misiaca da pirdapiri SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobac
    daakisra.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom m. lebaniZis poeziis adrindeli nimuSebi (poeturi
    moRvaweobis pirveli aTi-TxuTmeti wlis manZilze dawerili leqsebi) avtorise-
    uli ZalmosilebiT jer kidev ver avlens mis did literaturul SesaZ-
    leblobebs, mwerlobis arsSi Rrmad garkveuli kaci maTSi mainc igrZnobs im
    did SemoqmedebiT potencias, romelic cxadad da aSkarad Cans maT miRma.
    am didi poeturi energiis gamomvlen niSan-TvisebaTagan, romlebic Semdgom-
    Si m. lebaniZis mwerluri individualobis ganmsazRvrel umTavres faqtorebad
    iqca, unda davasaxeloT: ritmul-versifikaciul saleqso formaTa siaxle da
    mravalferovneba, warmosaxviTi individualobiT mkveTrad gamorCeuli poeturi
    xatwera, pirovnul grZnobaTa da miswrafebaTa xazgasmulad wamoweva wina plan-
    ze, 40-50-iani wlebis ideologiuri viTarebisaTvis arsebiTad Seusabamo lirizmi
    da epoqaluri sinamdvilis arapanegirikuli aRqma-warmosaxva...
    poetis adrindel leqsebSive Tumca sustad, magram mainc TvalnaTliv war-
    moCenilma am da msgavsma niSan-Tvisebebma 50-iani wlebis bolosa da 60-ian wleb-
    Si sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo da mTeli ZaliT gamoavlina m. lebani-
    Zis didi poeturi SesaZleblobani.

    * * *
    m. lebaniZe daibada 1922 wels daba aRstafaSi, dalaq silovan lebaniZis
    ojaxSi. poetis mama pirveli msoflio omis aqtiuri monawile yofila _ 1914-17
    wlebSi mas rumineTSi, bulgareTsa da avstriaSi ubrZolia, 1917-22 wlebSi ki
    gangebam igi samoqalaqo omis monawilec gaxada da rostovis mxareSi, uralSi,
    Sua aziasa da baikalispireTSi aZebnina bedi. omidan dabrunebuli silovani xan-
    mokle droiT jer aRstafaSi damkvidrda, 1923 wlidan ki col-SvilTan erTad
    TbilisSi, gogolis quCaze, dasaxlda.
    396
    ai, rogor igonebs poeti Tavisi cxovrebis am periods: `gogolis quCa, sa-
    dac me gavizarde da saidanac cxrameti wlisam fexi Sevdgi cxovrebaSi, Wreli
    iyo erovnuli SemadgenlobiT. `silovan firaniCiT" mimarTavdnen da quds
    uxdidnen mamaCems: somxebi da TaTrebi, qurTebi da arabebi, malaknebi da germa-
    nelebi, profesiiT mewaReebi da mequdeebi, mefurneebi da menavTeebi, kalatozebi
    da maliarebi, qurdebi da meetleebi. am xalxis SvilebTan vTamaSobdi ymawvili
    maSindel primitiul TamaSobebs Cvens navTisfer qvafenilebze, romlebic TeT-
    rad moififqeboda xolme, maisis bolos, raki gogolis quCis asobiT akacia
    ifeTqebda da erTis xniT fanjrebs gagvixalisebda. aq iyo Zmobac da mtrobac,
    ganurCevlad Cveni erovnuli warmomavlobisa".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom poetis mSoblebi qalaqSi cxovrobdnen, maT arc ze-
    mo raWaSi arsebul mSobliur sofelTan hqondaT kavSiri gawyvetili. swored aq
    zafxulobiT gatarebulma dReebma agrZnobines mas, rogorc Tavadve wers, `meo-
    re didi siyvaruli", ramac SemdgomSi gansakuTrebuli poeturi muxti da roman-
    tikuli xibli SesZina mTel mis Semoqmedebas.
    1939 wels m. lebaniZem Tbilisis 35-e saSualo skola daamTavra da Tbili-
    sis saxelmwifo universitetSi, filologiis fakultetze, ganagrZo swavla. 1942
    wels igi gawveul iqna samamulo omSi da monawileobas iRebda maruxisa da
    qluxoris uReltexilebTan da yuban-krasnodaris mxareebSi mimdinare saomar
    operaciebSi. 1943 wels krasnodarTan gamarTul brZolaSi poeti mZimed daiWra,
    ris gamoc omidan gaaTavisufles. 1945 wels frontidan dabrunebulma mweralma
    kvlav ganagrZo swavla Tbilisis universitetSi, romelic 1948 wels daamTavra.
    sxvadasxva dros m. lebaniZe muSaobda Jurnal `dilisa" da gazeT `norCi
    leninelis" redaqciebSi, 1950-60 wlebSi iyo Jurnal `pioneris" pasuxismgebeli
    mdivani da redaqtoris moadgile, 1966-67 wlebSi _ gamomcemlobaTa da poligra-
    fiis saxelmwifo komitetis mTavari redaqtori, 1975-1994 wlebSi _ literatu-
    ris, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis dargSi saxelmwifo premiebis mimniWebeli ko-
    mitetis pasuxismgebeli mdivani, 1994 wlidan gardacvalebamde ki am komitetis
    Tavmjdomare.
    nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis poeti
    dajildoebuli iyo SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo premiiTa (1973 w.)
    da sxvadasxva saxis ordenebiTa da medlebiT.
    m. lebaniZe gardaicvala 2002 wels. dakrZalulia didubis mweralTa da sa-
    zogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi

    * * *
    rogorc iTqva, m. lebaniZe ormocian wlebSi gamovida samwerlo asparezze
    _ misi leqsebi 1943 wlidan qveyndeba presaSi. pirveli wigni ki poetma 1950 wels
    gamosca. am droidan moyolebuli man didZali originaluri poeturi memkvid-
    reoba Seqmna. aseTive intensivobiT eweoda igi mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac.
    im didma siyvarulma da pativiscemam, romelsac m. lebaniZe yovelTvis ga-
    morCeulad grZnobda mkiTxvelTa farTo sazogadoebisagan, igi kidev ufro
    TviTkritikuli da mkacrad momTxovni gaxada sakuTari Tavisadmi. amiT aixsneba
    is faqti, rom Tavis rCeulebsa da tomeulebSi man principulad Tqva uari Tavi-
    si Semoqmedebis araerT nimuSze da, pirvel yovlisa, Tavadve mogvevlina sakuTa-
    ri literaturuli memkvidreobis ukompromiso Semfaseblad.
    am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania da mravlismTqmeli is Sefaseba, ro-
    melic poetma 1972 wels gamocemul rCeuli nawarmoebebis erTtomeulisTvis wam-
    ZRvarebul winasityvaobaSi manamdel mis Semoqmedebas misca. meti sicxadisaTvis
    gavixsenoT fragmentebi am winaTqmidan: `50 wlisa vxdebi da erTtomeuls vadgen.
    vSli, vxev, vyri, striqon-striqon vwoni Zvelsa Tu axals; erTi amdeni wigni ga-
    reT mrCeba da samudamod uars vambob erT dros sayvarel nawerebze"; qvemoT ki
    umatebs: `mkiTxvels vTxov, dRemde gamoqveynebuli Cemi originaluri nawe-
    rebidan am wigniT dakmayofildes da sxva araferi waikiTxos. `es aris sul Cemi
    qoneba, rac dResdReobiT ocdaaTi wignidan SemiZlia striqon-striqon gamov-
    kribo, gulze xeli davido da damSvidebuli sindisiT gadavce mkiTxvels".
    397
    dRes ukve erTsulovnadaa aRiarebuli, rom poetis mier sakuTari Semoqme-
    debidan aseTi didi pasuxismgeblobiT SerCeuli da `striqon-striqon gamok-
    rebili" saukeTeso poeturi nawarmoebebi meoce saukunis qarTuli poeziis mniS-
    vnelovani monapovaria, Tvisebrivad axali furceli Cveni didi mwerlobisa.
    m. lebaniZis poeturi individualobis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT umTavres faq-
    torad Tavidanve damkvidrda ritmul-versifikaciul formaTa mravalferov-
    nebisaken aqtiuri swrafva. aTiani da ociani wlebis qarTul poeziaSi farTod
    gamovlenili es tendencia, romelic 30-40-ian wlebSi TiTqmis mTlianad micxra
    da miinavla, m. lebaniZem SemoqmedebiTi mizanswrafvis umTavres sagnad aqcia da
    mwerluri individualobis TviTdamkvidrebis procesi sisxlxorceulad daukav-
    Sira axali da naklebad cnobili poeturi ritmebisa da saleqso formebis aqti-
    ur Ziebas.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom mis poeziaSi Tavidanve mZlavrad gamovlenili es
    tendencia mogvianebiT kidev ufro farTo masStabis momcveli gaxda da m.
    lebaniZis stiluri TavisTavadobis ganmsazRvrel umTavres faqtorad iqca, Se-
    moqmedebiTi moRvaweobis arc erT etapze poeti klasikuri qarTuli poeziis
    tradiciebs arasodes mowyvetila.
    m. lebaniZis poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebel TvisebaTagan aseve xazgasmiT unda
    aRiniSnos mkafiod gamovlenili musikaloba da mReradoba. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom mis lirikaSi Zalze didia klasikuri konvenciuri leqsis kanonikas dau-
    morCilebel TaviseburebaTa xvedriTi wili, amiT misi leqsebis ritmul-melodi-
    uri harmonia ki ar mcirdeba da iboWeba, aramed Tavisebur intonaciur JRera-
    dobas iZens.
    versifikaciul sazomTa araerTgvarovneba da mizanswrafuli monacvleoba,
    riTac xSir SemTxvevaSi xasiaTdeba m. lebaniZis poezia, mis leqss polifoniur
    JReradobas aniWebs da xmierebiT mkveTrad ganarCevs sxva poetebis Semoqme-
    debisagan. es tendencia Tavidanve gamokveTilad rom axasiaTebda poetis liri-
    kas, amis dasturad mravali konkretuli magaliTi SeiZleba moviSvelioT misi
    poeziidan. erT-erTi maTgania `netav sul ar mexile". am patara leqsis yoveli
    strofi sxvadasxva versifikaciuli sazomiTaa dawerili. magram metrul sqemaTa
    amgvar mizanswraful monacvleobas poeti mainc uZebnis ritmul-musikaluri me-
    lodiis Sinaganad gamamTlianebel iseT saleqso formas, rac nawarmoebis met-
    rul Wrelsaxovnebas erT melodiur mTlianobad kravs. meti sicxadisaTvis ga-
    vixsenoT fragmenti leqsidan:
    netav sul ar mexile, sul ar damenaxe,
    xalxo mezvrev, mexilev, miwav savenaxev!
    Seni oqrosferi alazani menatreba,
    Seni oqtomberi ianvarSi melandeba.
    vkocni, vkocni Cxebs, zvars mivyvebi aRmarTians.
    saqarTvelos Rerbs Seni Cxebic axatia...
    m. lebaniZis leqsebis ritms aseve xSirad qmnis erTi da imave strofis kent
    da luw striqonebSi JReradobiT mkveTrad gansxvavebul striqonTa SeTanawyoba
    erTmaneTTan.
    calke, xazgasmiT, unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom farTod cnobili
    ritmul-versifikaciuli saleqso sazomebis gverdiT m. lebaniZis poeziaSi xSi-
    rad naklebad cnobili metruli sqemebic gvxvdeba. am TvalsazrisiTac misi
    leqsi Tavidanve rom mkafiod gamoirCa qarTul poeziaSi, amis naTelsayofad mo-
    viSvelieb oriode magaliTs misi adrindeli lirikidan:
    1. roca moicavs bindi stadions,
    roca yuCdeba bindSi radio
    da miegdeba burTi,
    roca moTxrobas Slegsa da lamazs
    da TbiliselTa nervebze TamaSs
    Sewyvets diqtori wuTiT...
    2. meSvide dilas caze gadmodga cieri,
    axalgaWrili samarxi unda ixilos,
    miswi-moswia frTxilad kortoxze ieli, _
    398
    ayalos beltze mwvane bayayi yiyinobs.
    Tavisi ritmul-versifikaciuli ZiebebiT m. lebaniZem mkvidri safuZveli mo-
    umzada poeturi novatorobis im etaps, romelic 60-70-iani wlebis qarTul poe-
    ziaSi dgeba da verlibris anu Tavisufali leqsis farTod damkvidrebis erT-
    erT mTavar faqtorad iqceva. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom am SemTxvevaSi m.
    lebaniZe marto am yofila da zemoT xazgasmuli tendencia aseve mZlavrad
    vlindeba 40-50-iani wlebis iseTi cnobili poetebis SemoqmedebaSic, rogorebic
    arian: m. maWavariani, S. niSnianiZe, S. CantlaZe da sxvebi.
    ritmul-versifikaciuli Tavisufleba m. lebaniZis leqsebSi ori sapirispi-
    ro mimarTulebiT warmoCindeba. pirveli, roca amgvari verlibrizmi mkafiod ga-
    movlenil ritmul-musikalur melodiurobas efuZneba da meore, roca Tavisufa-
    li leqsis elementebis SemotaniT nawarmoebis melodiuri harmonia da ritmul-
    musikaluri xmiereba ukana planzea gadanacvlebuli. sailustraciod moviSveli-
    oT konkretuli magaliTebi:
    1. burnuSi dagixatia, zazuli,
    iqve dagisvams marto,
    im nuSqveS, fiqrSi wasuli didedaSeni kato...
    mixaris Seni trfiali, rad ara!
    ferSi moTxvrili TiTi!
    magram gafrTxileb, ar memetebi, patarav,
    Znelia mxatvris tvirTi!
    2. rom Semxvedroda diogeni Cvens axal gzebze
    da ganuyreli Tvisi farniT zRva xalxSi mavals
    `kacs veZebo!" _ rom eTqva CemTvis,
    arc davfiqrdebodi, Cavuqrobdi eWvian farans,
    xels Cavkidebdi, moviCxrekdi jibeSi maneTs,
    `taqsi!" _ viyvirebdi
    da `saCqarod _ delisisaken!" _ vetyodi Sofers...
    gamobrZandebodiT zaris wkrialze
    erTi SexedviT RrubeliviT kuSti da mkacri...
    da mere, roca gaSlidiT mklavebs
    da netarad CaiRimebdiT,
    mivubrundebodi saocar berZens
    da vetyodi _ Tqven kacs eZebdiT? agera _ kaci!
    versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT m. lebaniZis poeziaSi pirobiTad sami saxis
    leqsi SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1). klasikuri anu mowesrigebulmarcvliani (konvenciu-
    ri), 2) verlibri da 3) e. w. saSualo saxis leqsi, romelsac gardamavali adgili
    uWiravs pirvel da meore saxeobebs Soris. maTgan avtoriseuli SesaZleblobebi
    yvelaze metad pirveli da mesame saxis leqsebSi vlindeba.
    rogorc iTqva, amgvari klasifikacia xSir SemTxvevaSi metad pirobiTia da
    dasaxelebuli saxis leqsebi, gansakuTrebiT meore da mesame saxeobebisa, mkveT-
    rad yovelTvis arc ki imijnebian erTmaneTisagan.
    m. lebaniZis leqsis ritmul-musikalur xmierebas umetes SemTxvevaSi melo-
    diuri JReradobiT gansxvavebul striqonTa erTmaneTTan originaluri SeTa-
    nawyoba ganapirobebs. pirvel yovlisa, swored aseTi saleqso sazomebi da rit-
    mul-musikaluri poeturi formebi sZens mis poezias originalur JReradobas. am
    TvalsazrisiT ara marto is versifikaciuli saleqso kombinaciebi iqcevs gansa-
    kuTrebul yuradRebas, romlebic Tavad poetma Seqmna da daamkvidra qarTul po-
    eziaSi, aramed manamde arsebuli poeturi formebisa da metruli sazomebis ori-
    ginaluri gamoyenebac. magaliTad:
    1. gadaiara armiam uReltexili berxinidan.
    yubanis SaveTs mivalT maruxis SaveTiT...
    gadaviareT Tovl-WyapSi uReltexili da
    Ramis oTxia _ gariaCi-kliuCSi CavediT...
    gadavaTrieT: Tuji, rkina da rvali,
    gadavaTrieT, gadavaTrieT saWurveli.
    gadavaTrieT: suli, xorci da Zvali
    da ha, ficruli, Ramis saTevi sasurveli!
    2. teleteqnika! lazeris sxivi eldad!
    399
    kosmonavtikac anazdad gamoWendeba...
    me is maxarebs, me is makvirvebs metad,
    fetvis marcvlidan fetvi rom aRmocendeba.
    versifikaciuli da ritmul-musikaluri individualobis damadasturebeli
    msgavsi magaliTebi kidev bevri SeiZleba moviSvelioT m. lebaniZis poeziidan.
    marTalia, siRrmiseulad Tu CaveZiebiT, drodadro maTSi im poetebis ritmul
    intonaciaTa Soreuli gamoZaxilic SeiZleba miwvdes smenas, romlebic Tavad m.
    lebaniZem Tavis maswavleblebad gamoacxada, magram winamorbed avtorebTan ase-
    Ti genetikur-memkvidreobiTi siaxlove SemoqmedebiTi energiis masazrdoebel
    wyarod ufro aRiqmeba, vidre poeturi individualobis SemboWvel zegavlenad.
    naTqvamis dasturad moviSvelieb erT konkretul magaliTs, romlis ritmul-mu-
    sikaluri intonacia galaktionis poeziis grZneuli wiaRidan momdinareobs:
    _ tevri, daxunZluli tevri _ iadonebiT...
    _ Tqvens wigns waikiTxavs bevri _ siamovnebiT...
    _ kevri, dauRvlili kevri _ niamorebiT...
    _ Tqven wigns waikiTxavs bevri _ siamovnebiT...
    _ gkocniT, gegebebiT xvevniT _ geamborebiT!
    rogorc damowmebuli magaliTebiTac naTlad Cans, individualuri ritmul-
    musikaluri xmierebis miRwevis ZiriTad saSualebad poeti upirateswilad hete-
    rometrul saleqso formebs iyenebs. pirvel yovlisa, swored am versifikaciu-
    li sazomebiT Seqmnil leqsebSi vlindeba yvelaze metad m. lebaniZis poeziis
    originaluri ritmul-musikaluri buneba. Tumca aqve mxedvelobidan arc is unda
    gamogvrCes, rom aseT musikalur efeqts poeti, arcTu iSviaTad, izometruli sa-
    zomebiT Seqmnil leqsebSic warmatebiT aRwevs. naTqvamis dasturad misi liriki-
    dan amgvari monoritmuli leqsebis araerTi STambeWdavi nimuSi SeiZleba ga-
    vixsenoT (`boRCebiT da yavarjnebiT", `vwerdi SairiT, vwerdi oqtaviT", `Sen gu-
    guliani saaTi giyidia", `me xelT mipyria nazad"...).
    m. lebaniZis leqsis ritmul-musikaluri zemoqmedebis efeqts mniSvnelovan-
    wilad gansazRvravs agreTve poeturi refrenis mizanswrafuli gamoyenebac. ase-
    Ti refrenis rols mis poeziaSi xan mTeli strofebi asrulebs, xan calkeuli
    striqonebi, xan ki sityvebi. magaliTad, Tamunia qavTaraZisadmi miZRvnili leq-
    sis ritmul-musikaluri efeqti ZiriTadad refrenad qceul strofTa periodul
    ganmeorebazea damyarebuli (`mTaSi iremi ayvirda, _ tirili gauria... Sen am qa-
    laqSi ra ginda, patara Tamunia?!"). leqsSi `trial tramalSi..." aseT funqcias
    yovel strofSi mizanmimarTulad ganmeorebuli striqoni (`puSkinze ukeT kaci
    ar grZnobs zamTris saRamos!") asrulebs, xolo soso ioramiSvilisadmi miZ-
    Rvnil nawarmoebSi sityva _ maxsovs, romelic yoveli striqonis Semdeg meor-
    deba:
    es erTi sityva unda avixiro _ maxsovs!
    Seni daTvissisxla Savi Rvino _ maxsovs!
    Sengan moZRvnili aryis boco _ maxsovs!
    Sengan mowvdili taxis xorci _ maxsovs!
    m. lebaniZis literaturuli individualobis ganmsazRvrel niSan-Tvi-
    sebebze saubris dros im gamorCeviT mniSvnelovan rolzec usaTuod unda iT-
    qvas ramdenime sityva, romelsac misi poeturi xatwera asrulebs. movlenaTa aR-
    qma-warmosaxvis individualobiTa da efeqturi STambeWdaobiT gamorCeuli bevri
    avtoriseuli strofi waruSlelad aRibeWdeba Cvens cnobierebaSi. magaliTad:
    `viRviZeb: sarkmliT tye moCans, hgavs wvima aTas cxenosans, aTiaTasi cxenosnis
    CorTiT sofelSi Semosvlas"; `nawvimar asfalts hqonda gaWril sazamTros su-
    ni"; `mze gadiRala da gadixara, Rames ukoSko xaldeSi vaTev; Sen rqamotexils
    hgavxar wiqaras, Sen vin dagtova ukoSkod, xaldev?", `aprils mgosnebi etrfod-
    nen odiT: mogiva coli erT dRes bazridan da iasamnis galumpul totiT amogi-
    recxavs zamTars azridan".
    m. lebaniZis leqsis efeqturi zemoqmedebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTagan xaz-
    gasmiT unda gamoiyos misi intimuri bunebac. amgvar intimur `gasaRebs" poeti
    xSirad TviT yvelaze `araintimur" Temebsac da sakiTxebsac ki uZebnis. intimuri
    ganwyobilebis Seqmnis erT-erT aseT efeqtur xerxad m. lebaniZe moxerxebulad
    400
    iyenebs ama Tu im situaciasTan dakavSirebul TiTqosda metad umniSvnelo da
    wvrilman detals. magram pirvel yovlisa, swored es detalebi sZens nawarmoebs
    emociuri zemoqmedebis im mZlavr muxts, romelic avtoriseul ganwyobilebas
    Cveni sulis nawiladac aqcevs. magaliTad:
    1. moganatre saTibi da tye,
    suni qusliT gasresili anwlis,
    Sors gumbaTi beTaniis taZris
    da cisferi, uborkilo dRe...
    moganatre saTibi da tye...
    2. Seni oqros wiwiliT
    da mglis lekviT sad xar axla, elen!
    melandeba oxvriT
    fiWvis tyeSi qoxi da yavarze koxi, elen!
    citirebul magaliTebSi emociuri zemoqmedebis efeqti, pirvel yovlisa,
    swored zemoT xazgasmulma detalebma Seasrula (qusliT gasresili anwlis su-
    ni, fiWvis tyeSi mdgari qoxis yavrian saxuravze koxis xmis molandeba da a. S.)
    ramdenime sityva poetis mier gamoyenebul riTmaTa Sesaxebac unda iTqvas.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom m. lebaniZis riTmebi xSir SemTxvevaSi arc originalu-
    robiT gamoirCeva da arc bgeriTi sizuste-keTilxmovanebiT, isini mainc mniSvne-
    lovanwilad ganapirobeben misi leqsebis musikalur melodiurobas. poetis Se-
    moqmedebaSi Cveulebriv ambad iTvleba erTi da imave metyvelebis nawilebis
    (zmnisa zmnasTan, arsebiTi saxelisa arsebiT saxelTan...) gariTmva erTmaneTTan.
    aqve uyuradRebod dasatovebeli arc is faqtia, avtori faqtobrivad riTmis
    TiTqmis yvela saxeobas rom iyenebs. ase rom, riTma m. lebaniZis poeturi indivi-
    dualobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi arsebiTi atributia.
    imisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad gavicnobieroT riTmis roli avtoriseuli
    saTqmelis efeqturi formiT gadmocemis saqmeSi, gavixsenoT farTod popularu-
    li leqsi `lado". versifikaciul sazomTa monacvleobiTa da araerTgvarov-
    nebiT gamorCeuli es Tormetstrofiani leqsi yuradRebas riTmaTa siuxviTa da
    didmniSvnelovani funqciuri datvirTviTac iqcevs. garda imisa, rom igi mono-
    riTmuli leqsia (yoveli strofis bolo striqonis sariTmo erTeulad poeti
    erT sityvas _ lados iyenebs), jvaredinad gariTmul am leqsis ritms gansakuT-
    rebul JReradobas sZens e. w. vaJur (erTmarcvlian) riTmaTa xSiri da efeqturi
    gamoyeneba. sailustraciod moviSvelioT fragmenti nawarmoebidan:
    kortoxze puris Zna, Walis yanaSi marto _
    Cemi ufrosi Zma, Cemi lado.
    simindi idga tyed _ svreli gahqonda farTo,
    yanas Toxnida mxned Cemi lado.
    yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, aqve isic usaTuod unda iTqvas, rom m.
    lebaniZem TeTri anu uriTmo leqsebis araerTi nimuSic Seqmna. uriTmobis kom-
    pensacia am tipis leqsebSi mZlavrad gamovlenili ritmuli melodiiT xdeba. av-
    tori yvelafer amas ise maRalprofesiulad da ostaturad akeTebs, rom
    mkiTxveli faqtobrivad verc ki grZnobs nawarmoebis uriTmobas. magaliTad:
    es gaumarjos saqarTvelos awmyos da myobads!
    es gaumarjos saqarTvelos diad momavals!
    me rom SevZaxo rusTavelis prospeqtze axla,
    viTomc mqonia xelisgulze glexkacs marili,
    vici, Rvinia xarebiviT gamiCerdebiT...
    calke, sagangebod, unda aRiniSnos is didi emociuri datvirTvac, romel-
    sac avtori udidesi fsiqologiuri sizustiT SerCeul sityvebs akisrebs xolme
    sasurveli ganwyobilebis efeqturi formiT gamosaxatavad. m. lebaniZis bevri
    leqsi swored aseTi maxvilgonivrulad mignebuli sityvebiTa da xatovani Tqme-
    biT gvamaxsovrebs Tavs. magaliTad, ai, rogor axasiaTebs erTgan poeti abasTu-
    mans: `qalaqi _ didi imedis! qalaqi _ tyupi meqis! dadian brZnuli xvelebiT ve-
    teranebi Wleqis..." meoregan ki lirikuli gmiris depresiuli sulieri ganwyobi-
    leba amgvari saxiTaa gamoxatuli: `imnairi martia da imnairi amindi _ ZaRliS-
    vili viyo, Tu vicode, ra minda!..."
    401
    m. lebaniZis lirikaSi sakmaod mZlavradaa gamoxatuli poetis elegiuri
    sulieri ganwyobilebani. am sevda-mwuxarebisa da pirovnuli naRvlianobis ga-
    momwvevi mizezebi mravalgvaria da sxvadasxva movlenebTan dakavSirebuli. ad-
    rindel leqsebSi avtoris sulier pesimizms upirateswilad piradadamianuri
    tkivilebi da yofiTi problemebi gansazRvravdnen, mere da mere ki misi pirovnu-
    li sevda-naRvelis ganmapirobebel umTavres faqtorebad cxovrebis amaoebisa da
    adamianuri yofierebis filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi gansja-gaazreba iqca.
    poetis elegiur-pesimistur ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli bevri leqsi m. lebani-
    Zis farTod popularul nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba da mkiTxvelTa didi
    siyvaruliT sargeblobs. magaliTad:
    1. veraferi gamigia cxovrebaSi ra xdeba,
    yvelaferi wamigia _ megobrebi makldeba,
    brauningiT ar momkvdaran, vinc dRes CemTvis mkvdaria,
    arc fanjridan gadmomxtaran _ mSvenierad arian.
    ufro xSirad axla Sin var, wvimas vnatrob Sxapunas:
    SevsvaT! yvela Tavis wvrilman sazrunavSi Caflula!
    2. am cxovrebam _ brZnulman, rTulman, am brZolebma _ krulman, mtrulman,
    am SekiTxvam _ gvelaZuam, im pasuxma _ iqednurman,
    Zmobam, ymobam, mtrobam, Surman, aqeTurman, iqeTurman _
    xom ar gamogWama guli, xom ar daiRale, murman?!
    _ oradori nabijia sikvdilamde daRalvidan...
    RmerTo, daZineba minda, gaRviZeba aRara minda!
    m. lebaniZem SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba im periodSi daiwyo, roca Cvens
    qveyanaSi ideologiuri diqtatura mZvinvarebda da azrovnebis Tavisufleba cen-
    zuris rkinis artaxebiT iyo SeboWili. am tragikulma movlenam, imxanad moRvawe
    yvela mwerlis msgavsad, m. lebaniZezec moaxdina saTanado zegavlena da arc
    mas misca literaturul SesaZleblobaTa bolomde srulyofilad gamovlenis
    saSualeba. qveynad damkvidrebuli damTrgunveli sazogadoebriv-politikuri vi-
    Tareba masac iZulebuls xdida SigadaSig garkveul ideologiur kompromisze
    wasuliyo da drois moTxovnisaTvis kuTvnili xarji gaeRo.
    magram, sabednierod, m. lebaniZes eyo moqalaqeobrivi gabeduleba ara mar-
    to maqsimalurad Seekavebina Tavi ideologiuri kompromisebisagan, aramed pir-
    dapirac da qveteqsturi miniSnebebiTac sakmaod mZafrad da mwvaved gamoexata
    Cveni xalxis WeSmariti erovnul-patriotuli idealebica da imJamindeli yofi-
    saTvis damaxasiaTebeli mankierebebic.
    naTqvamis naTelsayofad mravali STambeWdavi magaliTi SeiZleba moviSve-
    lioT poetis Semoqmedebidan. imisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad gavicnobieroT mwer-
    lis moqalaqeobrivi gabeduleba da principuloba, aqve usaTuod isic unda ga-
    vixsenoT, ra drosa da viTarebaSi iqmneboda es nawarmoebebi. magaliTad, 1968
    wels daweril erT-erT leqsSi poetma pirdapir da araorazrovnad gamoacxada,
    rom misi, rogorc qarTveli poetis, uzenaesi mizani erovnuli Tavisuflebis
    mopoveba iyo:
    rogorc poeti, rogorc kaci, rogorc qarTveli
    da rogorc Svili Seni drois,
    garkveviT xedav Sen Sens mizans
    da is gaxlavs Tavisufleba,
    romlisTvis _ ginda iqce Zaxilad,
    romlisTvis _ sikvdils marad daxvdebi!
    romlisTvis _ bevri sisxli daRvrila
    da daiRvreba _ aranaklebi!
    60-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, m. lebaniZis poezia SemoqmedebiTi aRzevebis
    axal stadiaSi Sedis. 60-70-80-ian wlebi, Cemis azriT, yvelaze nayofieri da sain-
    tereso periodia poetis SemoqmedebaSi. swored am dros Seqmna man Tavisi liri-
    kis yvelaze saukeTeso nimuSebi. zemoT xazgasmuli moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebac
    swored am periodSi daweril nawarmoebebSi gamovlinda yvelaze metad.
    m. lebaniZem, erT-erTma pirvelma im periodis Cvens mweralTagan, principu-
    lad dagmo da amxila imJamindeli Cveni yofis mravali mankiereba. naklovaneba-
    Ta amgvar mxilebas safuZvlad is maRali zneobriv-mamuliSviluri TviTSegneba
    402
    udevs, romelic erTgan asea formulirebuli: `kaci momca _ Rondebodes, qveynis
    satkivari sWirdes, Wiqa miewodebodes, dalaparakeba Rirdes!!!"
    poetis azriT, `qveynis satkivariT" ase guldakodili adamianebi Zalze co-
    tani TuRa ipovebodnen mis irgvliv. pirvel yovlisa, swored am samwuxaro WeS-
    maritebis gacnobiereba sZens m. lebaniZis Semoqmedebas mwvaved gamovlenil kri-
    tikul paToss, rac epoqalur mankierebaTa moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebiT warmo-
    Cenis safuZveli xdeba.
    am SemTxvevaSi uwinaresad 60-70-ian wlebSi dawerili misi is leqsebi unda
    gavixsenoT, romlebSic saqarTvelos mTianeTis dacarielebisa da zneobrivi
    degradaciis tragikuli procesia asaxuli. m. lebaniZe erT-erTi pirveli iyo,
    vinc Cveni qveynis Zlierebis safuZvlis Semryev am process daupirispirda da
    xmamaRali gangaSi atexa erovnul katastrofad saxeldebuli am movlenis gamo.
    es tkivili gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gamovlinda raWisadmi miZRvnili leqsebis
    ciklSi. ai, rogoraa, magaliTad, erTgan soflis dacema-gapartaxebis es tragi-
    kuli procesi gamoxatuli:
    sircxvili Cveni! _ aRarc `raSovra",
    aRarc `qvedrula"! mwveli, mdagveli!
    momarbenineT yurZnis saSovrad,
    momamaTxovreT mTeli Tavkveri!
    me movitane yurZeni tona,
    saxlikacebi SeverTdiT Zmurad,
    gavyaviT tolad, gavyaviT sworad
    da usindisod sxvis yurZens vwuravT...
    sircxvili _ CvengniT argasamxeli!
    sircxvili _ Cveni damamxobeli!
    aRarc venaxi! aRarc namyeni!
    aRarc mynobeli! aRarc sofeli!
    meoregan ki saqarTvelos mTian soflebSi Seqmnili tragikuli mdgomareoba
    aseTi publicisturi simwvaviTaa daxatuli:
    es Tavmjdomare miyurebs elmad,
    arc xnavs da arc sxlavs, arc rame mohyavs,
    Svidi sofeli gviqcia fermad,
    daakinkilebs asiod Zroxas.
    am Cemi brZoliT, am CxubiT, daviT,
    am Cemi sofliT, am Cemi mTebiT,
    me movaZule qveyanas Tavi
    da daviRale amdeni yefiT.
    magram, rogorc Tavad poeti wers iqve, xsenebuli ciklis leqsebSi gamJRav-
    nebuli tkivili lokaluri masStabis mankierebaTa mxileba ki ar iyo, aramed
    zogaderovnul katastrofad gardaqmnili tragediisa: `risi leCxumi da risi
    raWa, risi svanur da Wanur-megruli!" avtorisave TqmiT, misi am `yefisa" da `go-
    debis" safuZveli `uxv, Zlier, muStad Sekrul" saqarTveloze ocnebaa da ara
    mxolodRa romelime erTi kuTxis sawuxari. m. lebaniZis am poetur wuxils, gar-
    da socialurisa, erovnuli safuZvelic udevs, SiSi imisa, Cvens mier upatronod
    mitovebul da gapartaxebul samoTxes gadamTielebi ar daepatronon:
    es soflebi: es liqoki, es arxoti,
    cariela es partaxi saigavo,
    meSinia, es samoTxe, es walkoti
    sxva aravin movides da daikavos!..
    Sqmers saTibze ar davoben mezoblebi,
    ZaRli ar hyefs, ZaRli ar hyefs barisaxos,
    vaiTu vinmes moewonos es soflebi,
    vaiTu vinme movides da daesaxlos!
    erovnul da socialur faqtorebTan erTad, m. lebaniZis zemoT da-
    saxelebuli ciklis leqsebSi gamovlenili SeSfoTebis safuZvlad mwerlis
    droindeli qarTvelobis zneobrivi dacema-gadagvarebis safrTxecaa qceuli. es
    ambavi poets gacilebiT ufro saSiS movlenad miaCnia, vidre saqarTvelos mTia-
    neTis mosaxleobisagan dacla-gaukacurebaa. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sa-
    403
    interesoa leqsi `eg _ araferi" (1971 w.), romelSic eris zneobrivi damdablebis
    tragikuli procesi asea warmoCenili:
    eg _ araferi, Cemo qristo, Cemo Ralako,
    Cemo firana, winaparo da amxanago,
    Cemo silovan, uwin glexo, merme dalaqo,
    eg _ araferi, rom glexkacma gaiqalaqos...
    eg _ araferi, Cemo sefe da Cemo raJden,
    Cemo Rintora, rom faraxeTs miwebi gacden,
    Cemo oqrua, rom kvaSxieTs buxrebi daSten,
    rom Jangiani boqlomebi WiSkrebze gaCden.
    eg _ araferi, rom Cvenebi, Zvelebi, gawyden,
    xolo axlebi maRrCobela daxlebSi dasxden.
    Tqven, es miTxariT, es miTxariT, ra varT, ra sjuli!
    garda imisa, rom davkargeT Tavad warsuli,
    rom axma vazi, Caqra kera mravaltanjuli,
    rom muclis qoniT dRes samosi gvaqvs aCaCuli,
    rom ube-jibe xelis WuWyiT gvaqvs dajarjuli,
    patiosnebac xom ar waxda Cveni, raWuli?!
    m. lebaniZem qarTuli patriotuli lirika ramdenime saanTologio leqsi-
    Tac gaamdidra (`ufliscixesTan sisxlisferi yayaCos wveTi", `upirvelesad vaR-
    merTeb qarTvels", `odesme didi yofila saqarTvelo"..). es leqsebi dRes faq-
    tobrivad mTelma wignierma saqarTvelom icis zepirad. maT amgvar popularobas
    avtoriseuli saTqmelis emociuri gulwrfelobiTa da maRali poeturi osta-
    tobiT gamoxatva ganapirobebs. Rrmaazrovani qveteqsturi miniSnebebiTa da mamu-
    liSviluri gulistkiviliT aRbeWdili es leqsebi polemikuri simwvaviT gvafiq-
    rebs Cveni qveynis istoriisa da dRevandelobis problemur sakiTxebze. sabWoTa
    ideologiis mier gafetiSebuli internacionalizmis aRzevebis epoqaSi daweri-
    li am poeturi SedevrebiT m. lebaniZem qarTvel xalxs kidev ufro gauRviva ma-
    muliSviluri TviTSegnebisa da samSoblosadmi siyvarulis uwmindesi grZnoba.
    advili warmosadgenia, qveynis bed-iRbliT dainteresebuli poetisaTvis ra
    Tavzardamcemi tragedia iqneboda is movlenebi, romlebic 1990-iani wlebis sa-
    qarTveloSi ganviTarda. m. lebaniZis amdroindel leqsebSi am tragikulma pro-
    cesebma yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe poves gamoxatuleba. igi sasowarkveTi-
    lebaSi Cavardnili kacis imedgacruebiT godebs im adamianur simdableTa da
    ubedurebaTa gamo, rac am periodis saqarTvelos daatyda Tavs. magaliTad:
    me arc Zvels vumReri `lales" da
    arc axals vugalob `harales"...
    me rom gaminaTebs Tvalebs,
    es is saqarTvelo ar aris,
    ... suli swuxs WuWyian qarebs,
    mkvdradSobil ocnebebs valalebs...
    me rom gaminaTebs Tvalebs,
    es is saqarTvelo ar aris!
    erovnuli gulgatexilobisa da sasowarkveTis es grZnoba rom afeqturi
    ganwyobilebis Sedegi ar aris, amaze poetis sxva leqsebic naTlad metyvelebs.
    magaliTad:
    me rom megone, Turme is ar xar,
    Ralatiano, yruv da mkvexarav...
    aRara miyvarxar, aRar miyvarxar,
    aRar miyvarxar, Cemo qveyanav!
    umartivesi dagiges maxe,
    ki, uafTresi Semogveyara...
    ra abdaubda or-sam wels Cmaxe _
    aRar miyvarxar, Cemo qveyanav!
    amas rom gkadreb, guls sisxli swveTavs,
    ki cocxali var viTom jerxanad,
    RmerTi xom xedavs, RmerTi xom xedavs,
    muxlze tiriliT gexvevi dedas -
    `aRar miyvarxar", Cemo qveyanav!
    404
    1943 wels, frontze yofnis dros, daweril erT-erT leqsSi m. lebaniZem am
    striqonebiT mimarTa sakuTar Tavs: `dajeq, galeqse, roca dro geqnes, farajia-
    ni kacis cxovreba". da marTlac, samamulo omis droindel STabeWdilebaTa ga-
    moxatva m. lebaniZis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mTavari Tema gaxda. am Temaze dawe-
    ril leqsebSi axali ZaliT vlindeba avtoris poeturi SesaZleblobani, emociu-
    ri STambeWdaobiT cocxldeba xsovnas SemorCenili frontuli STabeWdilebani.
    gansxvavebiT sabWoTa periodis bevri poetisagan, romelTa omis Semdgomi
    periodis SemoqmedebaSi am omis Tema ZiriTadad gmirul-heroikuli TvalTaxed-
    viTaa gancdil-gaazrebuli, m. lebaniZe kacobriobis istoriis am tragikul mov-
    lenas upirateswilad zneobriv-eTikuri poziciebidan afasebs da mas adamianTa
    modgmis udides sircxvilad miiCnevs, moraluri da humanisturi grZnobebis
    barbarosul xelyofad. erT-erT leqsSi es Tvalsazrisi poets ase aqvs ga-
    moxatuli:
    arc raindoba, arc ubralod eTika omis,
    gaxrwna, dacema, damcireba adamis tomis!..
    damesizmreba: sisxlis webo CeqmaSi Camdis
    da rogorc kurdRels, meserSmiti mindorSi damdevs.
    vdgebi, vecemi, ver wavuvel motoris xrotins,
    sisinebs tyvia, Cems garSemo balaxebs kortnis.
    m. lebaniZe, rogorc imJamindel tragikul movlenaTa mkacri da ukompromi-
    so Semfasebeli, viTarebas ar alamazebs da ara marto maTi TviTmxilveli ka-
    cis poziciebidan sjis yovelives, aramed Tavadac inawlebs Tavis wil zneobriv
    pasuxismgeblobas. omis damTavrebidan sakmao drois gasvlis Semdeg daweril am
    leqsebSi poeti adamianuri gulaxdilobiT ixsenebs mis pirovnul Tanamonawi-
    leobas imJamindel tragikul movlenebSi da sindisis mqenjneli gulwrfe-
    lobiT inaniebs bevr rames.
    gavixsenoT, magaliTad, leqsad dawerili moTxroba `Tagvisferi, romelic
    mwvaneSi gadadis", sadac poetis frontuli cxovrebis erTi epizodia naambobi _
    gariaCi-kliuCSi, `Tovlis udabnoSi" lazareTisken mimavali daWrili mwerali,
    romelsac sami dRea Warxlis kudebiTa da panta-kuneliT gaaqvs Tavi, erTgan
    germanelTa daxvretil oceuls gadaawyda. meomrebi wels zeviT titlikanebi
    eyarnen TovlSi _ viRacas mkvdrebisTvis frenCebi gaexada, wasaRebad moegro-
    vebina, magram raRac mizezis gamo ganzraxva bolomde ver moeyvana sisruleSi.
    daWrilma poetma, SimSiliTa da siciviT daosebulma, gadawyvita, Tavad esar-
    gebla am SemTxveviT. ai, rogor yveba TviTon avtori yovelive amas:
    `ra vuyo axla me am frenCebs?! - vuTxari Cems Tavs, _
    kaci Tu ara, RmerTi xom xedavs,
    gasagebia, rom frenCebi wasaRebia,
    wasaRebad aris gaxdili...
    viRacam didi Sroma gaswia,
    magram sawyali jariskacic, vgoneb, kacia,
    da saZraxisi albaT arc kia,
    gamoviyenoT sxvisi Sroma amjerad CvenTvis!"
    ase miisakuTra meomarma poetma daRupuli germaneli mebrZolebis frenCebi,
    romelTac Semdeg, misive TqmiT, `mSieri hospitlidan" gamoparuli, mezobel sta-
    nicaSi TiTo Tav Warxalsa da kartofilSi cvlida. rogorc vxedavT, ormoci
    wlis Semdeg `yovelgvari Seferadebisa da xrikebis gareSe" gaxsenebuli
    `dawyevlili kacis es Semzaravi warsuli" poetis mier mkacri zneobrivi TviT-
    gancdisa da monaniebis sagnadaa qceuli.
    ganxiluli nawarmoebebisaTvis poets SemTxveviT ar daurqmevia leqsad da-
    werili moTxroba. msgavsi xasiaTis nawarmoebebi m. lebaniZis poeziaSi, gansa-
    kuTrebiT 60-70-iani wlebidan, sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba. pirobiTad maT mini po-
    emebic SeiZleba vuwodoT. avtoriseuli TvalTaxedvis gamoxatvis umTavresi
    funqcia maTSi, pirvel yovlisa, swored siuJeturi dramatizmiT gamorCeul am-
    bavs aqvs dakisrebuli.
    rogorc iTqva, am tendenciam Tavi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT omis Temaze Seq-
    mnil nawarmoebebSi iCina. omisdroindeli STabeWdilebebi uwinaresad swored
    405
    xsovnas SemorCenili amgvari dramatuli ambebis gaxsenebas ukavSirdeba. erT-er-
    Ti maTgania `1943", romelSic aseTi ambavia moTxrobili: 1943 wlis zamTarSi
    daWrili poeti mtrisgan gapartaxebul rusul sofels miadga. soflis Sesas-
    vlelSi qali da bavSvi saflavs Txridnen iqve, marxilze dasvenebuli moxucis
    dasamarxad. daWrili mebrZoli mieSvela deda-Svils micvalebulis dasafla-
    vebaSi, mere ki stanicaSi gahyva maT Tan. poeti didi siyvaruliT ixsenebs im
    adamianur siTbosa da gulisxmierebas, romelic ucnobma qalma gamoiCina mis mi-
    marT. m. lebaniZis es leqsi, pirvel yovlisa, swored moyvasisadmi siyvarulis
    am keTilSobiluri grZnobis gansadideblad dawerili nawarmoebia.
    aseve unda gavixsenoT omis Temaze dawerili is leqsic, romelSic aseTi
    ambavia moTxrobili: umZimesi sabrZolo operaciis Sesrulebis Semdeg araqaTga-
    moclilma meomrebma Ramis gasaTev banaks miaRwies. da ai, roca jariskacebi
    Tvalis mosatyueblad moemzadnen, zemdegma brZaneba gasca, saswrafod cecxli
    daenToT, yvelas erTianad gaexada yvelaferi da sacvlebidan sisxlis mwoveli
    mkbenarebi moeSorebinaT. imis naTelsayofad, es yovelive leqsSi rogori mxat-
    vruli ZalmosilebiTaa moTxrobili, gavixsenoT fragmenti nawarmoebidan:
    daberilia cecxliT mxurvale sacvlebi,
    gaxarebuli jariskacebi JRivian.
    _ tkac! _ feTqdebian saldaTis sisxliT mTvralebi
    da dgafadgufiT molurjo alSi cvivian...
    ocdaCvidmeti weliwadia gasuli,
    kidev kargi, rom sizmaria da Zilia,
    gamaxsendeba, TamaSad miCans warsuli _
    rac Cavlilia, mwarec rom iyos tkbilia.
    trial tramalSi dediSobila vdgavarT,
    yinva Wrialebs, cecxli gvinTia, viyinebiT,
    varT saldaTebi _ sxva araferi ar varT _
    Ramis oTxia, brZanebisamebr vixilebiT.
    m. lebaniZis poeziaSi calke unda gamoiyos leqsebi, romlebSic avtoris
    moqalaqeobriv-esTetikuri TvalTaxedvaa Camoyalibebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    poetis rolsa da daniSnulebaze msjelobis dros igi axalsa da uCveulos faq-
    tobrivad arafers ambobs, es leqsebi mainc iqcevs mkiTxvelis did yuradRebas.
    am interess, garda maTi maRali mxatvruli donisa, is garemoebac arsebiTad
    gansazRvravs, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi dawerili es nawarmoebebi
    imJamindeli ideologiuri politikisadmi Sinagani protestis grZnobiTaa da-
    muxtulni. meti sicxadisaTvis moviSvelioT konkretuli magaliTebi poetis Se-
    moqmedebidan.
    1981 wels daweril erT-erT leqsSi m. lebaniZem poetisa da poeziis WeSma-
    rit daniSnulebad arsebul sinamdvilesTan opoziciuri damokidebuleba miiCni-
    a. avtoris amgvari kritikuli TvalTaxedva nawarmoebebSi mkveTrad gamovleni-
    li aseTi araorazrovnebiTaa Camoyalibebuli:
    win miiwevs neba-neba, ama soflis mdgmurTa wyobileba...
    evaleba, poezias evaleba arsebuliT ukmayofileba!
    arsebuli sinamdvilisadmi amgvari kritikul-opoziciuri damokidebuleba m.
    lebaniZis SemoqmedebisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. mis poeziaSi am
    tendenciam gansakuTrebuli ZaliT jer kidev maSin iCina Tavi, roca marTali
    sityvis Tqma did moqalaqeobriv gabedulebasTan da riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
    amisda miuxedavad mwerali xSirad yovelgvari mikibv-mokibvisa da SeniRbvis ga-
    reSe ambobda simarTles im mankierebebze, romlebic sabWoTa periodis Cvens
    yofaSi iyo farTod damkvidrebuli. poetis rolisa da daniSnulebis swored am-
    gvarma gagebam miiyvana m. lebaniZe imis aRiarebamde, rom mwerali, romelic
    xelisufals Caujdeba navSi da mSobeli xalxis wiaRs mowydeba, sabediswero
    marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. ai, rogor ayalibebs igi am Tvalsazriss leqsSi _
    `rudaqi ityvis" (1979w):
    ar SegeSalos, ar gabriyvde, ar iyo bavSvi_-
    aramc da aramc ar Caujde xelmwifes navSi.
    406
    imisaTvis, rom ufro naTeli warmodgena Segveqmnas m. lebaniZis amgvari
    kritikul-opoziciuri mxilebis masStabebsa da xasiaTze, gavixsenoT konkretu-
    li nimuSebi misi Semoqmedebidan. ai, rogor amxila poetma 1970 wels daweril
    leqsSi _ `Segonebani" sabWoTa kavSiris imJamindeli xelisufleba, romelic
    mTlianad mxolodRa fizikuradac da gonebrivadac mixrwnili moxucebisagan
    Sedgeboda:
    lamazi ar aris:
    don Juani saydrisTvis scdebodes!
    episkoposi bardelSi dadiodes!
    barem esec iTqvas, eseTic xdebodes,
    samSoblo xelT epyras berikacs aTiodes!
    es mxileba imdenad cxadi da aSkara iyo, rom poeti iZulebuli gaxades
    leqsis Tavdapirveli varianti Semdgom gamocemebSi saxecvlili formiT daebeW-
    da da leqsis namdvili mizanswrafvis SeniRbvis mizniT sityva berikaci sityva
    bobolaTi Seecvala.
    avtoris kritikuli TvalTaxedva kidev ufro mwvave xasiaTs iRebs erov-
    nul-patriotul problemebze msjelobis dros. 60-70-ian wlebSi dawerili bevri
    Tavisi leqsiT m. lebaniZe aSkarad daupirispirda imJamindel ideologias da sa-
    qarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri momavali im ideologiisaTvis princi-
    pulad miuRebeli polemikuri TvalTaxedviT gaiazra. magaliTad, ai, rogor aqvs
    gamoxatuli es azri poets 1971 wels daweril erT-erT leqsSi:
    axla rom dReebia CvenTvis gaWenebuli,
    axla rom tyeebia CvengniT gaSenebuli.
    es dReebi wavlen da warsuls Cabardebian,
    es tyeebi _ ar gsurs da mainc daberdebian.
    kriala najaxebiT, kai mWreli waldebiT,
    myvirala yaCaRebad movlen weliwadebi.
    movlen, movlen sxva droni kiTxviT: visTan amqrobdi,
    ra tyeebis patroni ra etlebiT dahqrodi?!
    dro yvelafers aberebs, cxel planetebs acivebs,
    Zirs daamxobs nafereb tyeebs _ dekoraciebs.
    codvis kiTxva iqneba _ civi rkinis prialiT,
    jag-rcxilebis migneba, wyalTxmelebis wriali.
    kritikuli mxilebis obieqtebad m. lebaniZis poeziaSi, arcTu iSviaTad, is
    adamianebic arian qceulni, romelTa niRabaxdili saxe erT-erT leqsSi asea
    daxasiaTebuli: `kaci _ gafuyuli dadis, kaci RrubeliviT dadis, spasalaris
    mixra-moxriT, mkacri gamoxedviT yadis. anu aris brZeni vinme, anu qatod ar
    Rirs mWadis, amas vwux da amas vstir me _ Cveni motyueba swadis... arca qveynis
    bostans baravs, arca - qveynis bostans xardnis, dResa yovels esreT sCadis;
    zustad naxevarze aTis `volgis" savarZelSi jdeba miRma _ abreSumis fardis".
    m. lebaniZis poeziaSi kritikul-iumoristuli formiT aseve xSirad arian
    mxilebulni garemoebaTa wyalobiT daumsaxureblad aRzevebuli fsevdotalan-
    tebi. swored maT gasafrTxileblad ambobs erTgan poeti sakmaod mkacrad da
    susxianad, rom
    kacuri kacis cxovreba, _ gza, wigni sisxliT naferi, _
    xelaxla aiwoneba, xelaxla suyvelaferi.
    marTalia, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis kritikuli TviTgansjis ten-
    dencia m. lebaniZis poeziaSi Tavidanve iyo damkvidrebuli, magram am grZnobis
    gamoxatvam gansakuTrebuli ZaliT Tavi mainc xandazmulobis wlebSi daweril
    leqsebSi iCina. poetis Sinagan wuxils imis Taobaze, rom `ise advilad ar mo-
    dis leqsi, rom modioda oci wlis winaT", mkiTxvelis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis
    grZnobis kidev ufro amaRleba da gaZliereba daemata, rac, pirvel yovlisa, im
    didi siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiTaa ganpirobebuli, riTac poetis Semoqmedeba
    sargeblobs xalxSi. swored am pasuxismgeblobis TviTSegnebam ukarnaxa m.
    lebaniZes sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTuli amgvari leqsis Seqmna:
    `ar gaTamamde _ sibereSi!
    ar gaTavxedde, Se RvTiSvilo!
    ar gagiTavdes _ mwife leqsi!
    407
    ar gagiwyaldes _ Zelgi Rvino!
    xandazmulobis Jams daweril leqsebSi kidev erTma grZnobam imZlavra m.
    lebaniZis poeziaSi _ cxovrebis warmavlobasa da adamianur martoobaze fiqrma.
    literaturidan kargad cnobil am Temas man poeturi warmosaxvis axali muxti
    SesZina, lirikuli gancdis simZafre da STambeWdaoba. poetis leqsebSi xSirad
    vlindeba martoobiT gulSeRonebuli adamianis sulieri sasowarkveTa da pesi-
    mizmi. erTgan pirovnuli simartovis es tragikuli gancda amgvari saxiTaa ga-
    moxatuli: RamiT ukacriel adgilas cxeniT mimaval poets uecrad wyalgaRmi-
    dan mglebis tirili Semoesma - `iwyebda erTi, bans aZlevdnen Tvistomni Rre-
    niT". agodebuli mglebis amgvarma Tanxmobam mwerals kidev ufro mwvaved daa-
    naxa Tavisi adamianuri martooba da aseTi striqonebi aTqmevina:
    da vTqvi: _ oh, murman, Sen Sens xrioks mihyvebi kentad,
    Sen marto Sesvam sawamlavebs da yvela Sxamebs,
    roca mglebic ki, Se sabralo, mglebic ki erTad,
    mglebic ki erTad Sehymuian am zamTris Rames!
    pirovnuli martoobis es grZnoba afeqturi ganwyobilebis Sedegi rom ar
    aris, amas sxva leqsebic naTlad adasturebs.
    m. lebaniZis poeziaSi farTo speqtriTaa warmoCenili amgvari sulieri ob-
    lobisa da sasowarkveTis ganmapirobebeli mizezebi. maTgan poeti gansakuT-
    rebul yuradRebas adamianTa urTierTobaSi farTod damkvidrebul zneobriv
    simdableebze amaxvilebs. pirvel yovlisa, swored piradad araerTgzis gancdi-
    li aseTi ukeTurobani udevs mkvidr safuZvlad pirovnuli gulgatexilobis im
    mZafr grZnobas, romelic m. lebaniZis Semoqmedebis erT-erT mTavar Temadaa qce-
    uli. magaliTad:
    viTom cixe xar asaRebeli
    da irgvliv TaTris spa-banakia:
    Sen zixar SenTvis TavCaRunuli,
    zurgsukan _ Senze laparakia...
    laparakobdnen qe mainc mtrebi!
    pirdapir getyvi, raxan agrea;
    magaTTan Tvrebi, magaTTvis kvdebi,
    rom hkiTxo, _ yvela amxanagia...
    ... maSasadame, raRacad Rirxar
    da Seni yofna dasanania...
    pirumtkicobas kacisas stirxar,
    mas, rom... wumpea da talaxia.
    TanamedroveebTan urTierTobaSi drodadro TavCenili amgvari gulisgam-
    texi da pirovnulad damTrgunveli ganwyobileba poets imier qveynisken mi-
    apyrobinebs Tvals da imis rwmenas ganumtkicebs, rom mas mkvdrebTan ufro meti
    aqvs saerTo, vidre cocxlebTan (ix. leqsi `mkvdrebi"). am TviTrwmenis safuZve-
    li, pirvel yovlisa, imis gacnobierebaa, misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi da maxlobe-
    li adamianebi didi xania ukve imier samyaroSi rom arian gadasaxlebulni.
    akaki mokvda, mokvda vaJac, ilia mohkles,
    galaktionma, viciT, TviTon gaSala frTebi.
    fasSeuvali da mwuxare xomaldi mohqris,
    mohqris xomaldi daxunZluli Zvirfasi mkvdrebiT.
    xolo cocxlebi Cems napirze, Cems gverdiT dganan,
    mgonia, vdgevar erTdroulad ZmebTan da mtrebTan.
    xels varTmev cocxlebs, magram mkvdrebi sxva nislSi Canan
    da kargad vici, rom saerTo meti maqvs mkvdrebTan.
    TanamedroveobasTan poetis amgvari gamwvavebuli damokidebuleba bunebri-
    vad erwymis im did samzadiss, rasac am qveyanasTan saboloo angariSis gaswo-
    reba da suleTis samyaroSi Rirsebuli gadasaxleba hqvia. ai, rogor gamoxatavs
    poeti am azrs 1978 wels daweril erT-erT leqsSi:
    aRaraviTari pirovnuli! _
    aRaraviTari _ piraduli!
    murmano, sakuTriv SenTvis
    TiTis ganZreva damzardeba!
    fiqrebi, fiqrebi saxalxo,
    408
    erTi wertilisken mimarTuli!
    ujrebis milag-molageba
    da mere wasasvlelad gamzadeba!
    m. lebaniZis poeziaSi didi adgili eTmoba poetur miZRvnas. misi miZRvniTi
    leqsebis adresatebi, garda cnobili pirovnebebisa, xSirad farTo sazoga-
    doebisaTvis sruliad ucnobi adamianebic arian. magram, amisda miuxedavad, misi
    saukeTeso leqsebi kamerulobis farglebs scildeba da Cvenc vxdebiT bunebrivi
    Tanamonawile im adamianuri siaxlovisa da gulTbili urTierTobisa, rac amg-
    var miZRvnaTa safuZveli xdeba (`gaxsovs, gigi", `Tamunia qavTaraZes", `maxsovs",
    `aTi wlis Semdeg Tamunia qavTaraZes", `oTar WeliZes", `gvaSayan", `TeTri leq-
    sebi fiqrias", meuRlisadmi miZRvnili leqsebi da a. S.).
    m. lebaniZis miZRvniTi leqsebis umetesoba biografiul-memuaruli xasiaTi-
    saa. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa galaktionisadmi miZRvnili
    poeturi cikli, romelSic g. tabiZis pirovnuli cxovrebis araerTi legendaru-
    li epizodia didi emociuri STambeWdaobiT moTxrobili. poeti udidesi adamia-
    nuri siyvaruliTa da Tayvanismcemluri mokrZalebiT gviambobs g. tabiZis miwie-
    ri yofis legendarul epizodebs, maRalostaturad warmoaCens didi mwerlis
    idumali adamianuri bunebis arssac da misi poeturi samyaros grZneul mxareeb-
    sac.
    leqsebis am ciklisadmi interess mniSvnelovanwilad zrdis is garemoebac,
    rom galaktionis poeturi Rvawlis sidiade meoce saukunis qarTuli poeziis
    didostatebTan mimarTebaSia warmoCenili. am TvalsazrisiT uTuod sainteresoa
    is leqsebi, romlebSic Tavisi drois poetebTan galaktionis rTuli adamianuri
    urTierTobis calkeuli waxnagebia maxvilmignebulad warmoCenili (gavixsenoT
    leqsebi: `legendad darCes", `Cems galaktions me vkiTxe erTxel", `iq irCeoda
    romeliRac poetis bwkari", `leqsis mwerali xSirdeba"...).
    marTalia, cikls Tavidan bolomde msWvalavs galaktionisadmi qarTveli
    xalxis gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli, magram am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad
    yuradRebas mainc is leqsi iqcevs, romelic didi poetis dasaflavebisadmia miZ-
    Rvnili. meti sicxadisaTvis gavixsenoT fragmenti nawarmoebidan:
    yvavilebis mdinares kubo cisken mihqonda;
    iwva galaktioni da Tavisas fiqrobda.
    raRac paTetikuri mas sikvdilSic dahkravda:
    iwva, rogorc yovelTvis axlac arvis ar hgavda.
    es sikvdili, es dafna, es mze oqrocurvili _
    iyo es yvelaferi mxolod misi surviliT,
    diriJori TviT iyo! rac moxda da gaTavda
    da rac axla xdeboda _ misi Jini marTavda...
    ... sdumden didostatebi, idgnen mxrebis kankaliT,
    dawyeboda mTawmindas saukunis samkali.
    win gviZRoda sikvdiliT sivrceebis mxilveli.
    midioda amayi da sikvdilSic pirveli.
    ... erTi-ori sxvac hyavda, vinc mSoblisTvis ibrZoda,
    magram visac marxavda, saqarTvelom icoda!
    garda leqsebisa, m. lebaniZe ori poemis avtoricaa _ `cimbiris papisa" (1960
    w.) da `anisis aRebisa" (1970 w.). pirveli maTgani cimbirSi mebrZol cnobil revo-
    lucionersa da samoqalaqo omis gmirs _ nestor kalandaraSvils eZRvneba, meo-
    re ki Cveni qveynis istoriidan kargad cnobil faqts _ daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
    anisis ganTavisuflebas TurqTa tyveobidan.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom m. lebaniZis poezia, mwerlis Tanamedrove bevri avto-
    ris Semoqmedebisagan gansxvavebiT, epoqaluri ideologiuri koniunqturis dam-
    Trgunvel zegavlenas SedarebiT naklebad ganicdis, sabWoTa xelisuflebis
    wlebSi dawerili misi zogierTi nawarmoebi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, swored am
    ideologiisadmi xarkis mosaxdelad Seiqmna. erT-erTi maTgania `cimbiris papac",
    romelic paTetikur-romantikuli aRtkinebiT mogviTxrobs cimbiris lomad
    saxeldebuli Cveni Tanamemamulis revoluciuri brZolebis ambavs. marTalia, am
    poemaSi avtoriseuli siamayis sagnad nestor kalandaraSvilis qarTvelobis
    409
    faqtic araerTgzisaa qceuli, magram obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom `cimbi-
    ris papis" umTavres mizanswrafvad poeti, pirvel yovlisa, mainc revoluciisa
    da samoqalaqo omis am legendaruli gmiris sabrZolo Tavgadasavlis moTxro-
    bas miiCnevs.
    `cimbiris papisagan" gansxvavebiT, `anisis aReba" mZafrad gamovlenili erov-
    nul-patriotuli suliskveTebis poemaa, Rrmaazrovani qveteqsturi miniSnebiT
    datvirTuli nawarmoebi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, pirvel
    yovlisa, poemis prologi iZens, romelSic mxatvruli eqspresiulobiT ga-
    moixata avtoriseuli saTqmelis umTavresi arsi da mizandasaxuloba.
    uwinaresad, swored prologis meSveobiT migvaniSnebs poeti, rom nawar-
    moebSi moTxrobili ambavi _ daviT aRmaSeneblis mier somexTa Zveli dedaqala-
    qis _ anisis ganTavisuflebisa da somxebisaTvis gadacemis faqti _ marto Cveni
    qveynis istoriuli Zlevamosilebis gasaxseneblad ki ar aris gamiznuli, aramed
    gacilebiT ufro didi da keTilSobiluri surviliTaa nakarnaxevi. amiT avtori
    damoukideblobadakargul da ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebad qceul qarTvelobas ki-
    dev ufro umZafrebs da ucxovelebs erovnuli Tavisuflebisaken swrafvis da-
    uTrgunvel grZnobas. pirvel yovlisa, sabWoTa ideologiisaTvis principulad
    miuRebeli swored es patriotuli mizanswrafva udevs safuZvlad Semdeg stri-
    qonebs:
    am poemaSi ambavi xdeba, _
    ara, ar mkiTxo, ratom da risTvis,
    aTas xuTasi qarTveli kvdeba
    ara TavisTvis, aramed sxvisTvis!
    Seewebeba balaxi balaxs,
    daemsgavseba mindori riyes _
    qarTvelTa mefe somexTa qalaqs
    qarTuli sisxliT somxisTvis iRebs!
    ... did moednebze iyofen alafs,
    qarTveli somxis imedebs anTebs:
    `aTina _ berZens! baRdadi _ arabs!
    anisi _ somexs! Tbilisi _ qarTvels!..
    `jan, daviT-mefev!" _ somxeTi grgvinavs,
    jaWvis zaradi uxdeba lomebs
    da megobrobis yvavili brwyinavs,
    sisxlisferi aqvs furceli romels!..
    prologisa da saerTod mTeli nawarmoebis suliskveTebis ganmsazRvreli
    es gmirul-patriotuli apologia, ramdenadme moulodneladac ki, poemis epi-
    logSi anisis umTavresi gmiris sulieri sasowarkveTis warmosaxvaSi gadaiz-
    rdeba. mterTan Zlevamosili gamarjvebis mopovebis Semdeg ukan dabrunebul da-
    viTs uecrad idumali sevda moeZala. ocdaaTze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi Cveni
    qveynis mtrebTan gmirulad mebrZoli mefis am sevdas poeti ori umTavresi gare-
    moebiT xsnis: erTis mxriv, im istoriuli avbedobiT, romelic momaval sauku-
    neebSi damangrevel-gamanadgurebel Zalad daatyda Tavs saqarTvelos da meores
    mxriv, yofna-aryofnis sabediswero zRurbls miaxloebuli pirovnebis im sulie-
    ri SeWirvebiT, romelmac aRmaSenebels qarTuli lirikis iseTi ubrwyinvalesi
    nimuSi Seaqmnevina, rogoric `galobani sinanulisania". naTqvamis naTelsayofad
    gavixsenoT fragmenti epilogidan:
    mag sevdaSi _ daRla da siberea!
    sxva ra rCeba ukanasknel gzamde?!
    ukve gqonda veberTela imperia
    gadaSlili, daviT, zRvidan zRvamde!
    ra Tqma unda, ra Tqma unda, mtriani,
    magram qristed, aRgdenilad mkvdreTiT,
    ukve gqonda saqarTvelo mTliani
    da mTlianze bare orjer meti!
    ... aResrulnen ocnebani feradni:
    sxvad aTinad da uaRres misad,
    ukve gqonda, ukve gqonda gelaTi,
    410
    saydrad qveynis da saZvaled Tvisad...
    ararais iyav, daviT, mTxoveli,
    ukve gqonda wilad uflisani
    wyalobani, wyalobani yovelni,
    galobanic sinanulisani.
    poemaSi, gansakuTrebiT saomari bataliebis aRweris dros, aSkarad ismis
    `vefxistyaosnis" poeturi gamoZaxili. kerZod, brZolaSi daviTis Cabmis epizodi
    Sinaganad xataelebis winaaRmdeg tarielis brZolas mogvagonebs. m. lebaniZe am
    SemTxvevaSi TiTqos mizanmimarTuladac ki eswrafvis, Segnebulad da gacnobie-
    rebulad daesesxos `vefxistyaosnis" poetur ritmsa da leqsikas da amiT kidev
    ufro efeqturad gamoxatos daviTis droindeli epoqaluri sinamdvile.
    mokled, aseTia murman lebaniZis poeturi samyaro. meoce saukunis qarTuli
    mwerlobis didmniSvnelovan monapovrad qceuli am poeturi samyaros siRrmiseu-
    li analizi amiT ar amoiwureba da masze kidev ufro meti iTqmeba momavalSi,
    ufro metad gamoikveTeba gansakuTrebiT faseuli is roli, romelic murman
    lebaniZes miuZRvis meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi.
    411
    Wabua amirejibi
    literaturis istoriaSi gvxvdebian mwerlebi, romelTa SemoqmedebiTi uk-
    vdaveba erT nawarmoebTanaa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom Wabua ami-
    rejibis literaturuli Rvawlis Sefasebis dros mkvlevari gverds verc mis
    sxva qmnilebebs auvlis, sayovelTao aRiareba da maradiuli mwerluri si-
    cocxle mas, rogorc mxatvruli sityvis didostats, upirveles yovlisa, mainc
    `daTa TuTaSxiam" moupova.
    dRes, romanis Seqmnidan skmaod didi drois gasvlis Semdeg, ukve sruliad
    gadauWarbeblad da dabejiTebiT SeiZleba Tqma imisa, rom `daTa TuTaSxia" qar-
    Tuli prozis erT-erTi yvelaze didi miRwevaa, maRalzneobriobis, sikeTisa da
    moyvasisadmi rainduli siyvarulis mqadagebeli monumenturi wigni, romlis cen-
    traluri gmiris idealizebuli saxe waruSlelad damkvidrda mkiTxvelis
    cnobierebaSi, rogorc maradiuli xateba adamianuri keTilSobilebisa, humaniz-
    misa da znesrulobisa.
    `daTa TuTaSxias" literaturuli ukvdavebis dasturad is saerTaSoriso
    aRiarebac usaTuod unda gavixsenoT, romelic man msoflios mraval qveyanaSic
    moipova. qarTuli mwerlobis didi SemoqmedebiTi warmatebis gamomxatveli es
    monumenturi wigni dRes ukve sayovelTao siyvaruliT garemosili popularuli
    qmnilebaa, myarad damkvidrebuli Tanamedrove msoflio literaturis saukeTeso
    nimuSebis gverdiT.
    Wabua (mzeWabuk) amirejibi daibada 1921 wels TbilisSi, advokatis ojaxSi.
    mwerlis mama _ irakli amirejibi uaRresad ganaTlebuli kaci yofila, moskovis
    universitetis kursdamTavrebuli, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri. W. ami-
    rejibisa da misi ojaxis wevrTa cxovrebiseuli xvedri mniSvnelovanwilad gan-
    sazRvres im tragikulma movlenebma, romlebic sabWoTa epoqam daatexa Tavs
    Cvens qveyanas. garda imisa, rom Tavad mwerals xangrZlivi patimroba hqonda mis-
    jili, 30-iani wlebis politikur represiaTa msxverpli misi mSoblebica da
    uaxloesi naTesavebic gaxdnen.
    W. amirejibi, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze dramatuli biografiis
    mqone pirovnebaa qarTvel mweralTagan. cixeebsa da sapatimro banakebSi man 16
    weliwadi gaatara, patimrobidan eqvsjer gaiqca, orjer ki daxvretac hqonda
    misjili, magram, sabednierod, gadarCa. Tavdapirvelad igi ocdaori wlisa dau-
    patimrebiaT politikur braldebaTa niadagze. rogorc misi da murman lebaniZis
    dialogiT irkveva (W. amirejibi, axali didi wignidan, 1995 w.), 1942 wlidan W. ami-
    rejibi aralegaluri antisabWoTa politikuri organizaciis wevri yofila. pi-
    radad mas tyeSi gasuli antisabWoTa razmebisaTvis iaraRis SeZena hqonia dava-
    lebuli, ris gamoc prokurors misi daxvreta mouTxovia, magram sasamarTlo
    ocdaxuTwliani patimrobis misjiT dakmayofilebula.
    W. amirejibisa da misi Tanamoazreebis brZolis umTavresi mizani saqarTve-
    los damoukidebloba yofila. `Cven gvindoda, _ aRniSnavs igi miTiTebul
    `saubarSi", _ gvesargebla sabWoTa imperiis mosalodneli kraxiT da saqarTve-
    los sxvadasxva kuTxeSi SeiaraRebuli razmebis SeqmniT dagvemtkicebina msof-
    lio sazogadoebisaTvis, TviT ruseTis mokavSireebisaTvisac, rom saqarTvelos
    damoukidebeli arseboba swyuroda" (dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 34). cixeebsa da sa-
    patimro banakebSi gatarebul wlebs W. amirejibi cxovrebis did skolad miiC-
    nevs da am periods aramc da aramc ar Tvlis Tavisi sicocxlis `sananur" xanad.
    W. amirejibis buntarul sulsa da vaJkacur Seupovrobaze naTlad metyve-
    lebs misi xSiri gaqcevebi sapatimro banakebidan, rac SemdgomSi sainteresod
    aisaxa `gora mborgalSi". ai, rogor igonebs Tavad mwerali Tavisi cxovrebis am
    dramatul periods: `pirvelad Cekistebs gaveqeci gzidan. meored Sampanuri qar-
    xnis koloniidan gaviqeci. im dResve dapatimrebuli, exla milicias gaveqeci _
    orjer gaviqeci yaragandis banakebidan. eg ukve _ xuTi, xom?! meeqvse gaqceva gaq-
    cevis warumatebeli mcdeloba iyo buxta vaninaSi. ese igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, eq-
    vsi gaqcevis avtori var" (iqve, gv. 48).
    412
    am gaqcevaTa Sedegad pirveli gasamarTlebis dros misjili 25 wliani pa-
    timrobis vada saboloo jamSi 83 wlamde gaizarda. magram amnistiis wyalobiT
    mwerali 16 wliani tusaRobis Semdeg cixidan gaaTavisufles. patimrobis xan-
    grZlivi periodis manZilze W. amirejibma sabWoTa kavSiris mravali cixe da
    banaki moiara. rogorc Tavad ambobs, am xnis ganmavlobaSi `xuTTvenaxevarze
    metxans igi arc erT banakSi ar darCenila da sul aqeT-iqiT" daaTrevdnen, rad-
    gan `marbenali" erqva. patimrobaSi yofnis dros mwerals, sxva mraval saqmesTan
    erTad, liTonis mxatvruli damuSavebac Seuswavlia da cixidan gaTavisuflebis
    Semdeg or weliwads am xelobiT umuSavnia.
    W. amirejibis moRvaweoba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli `qarTul filmTan".
    sxvadasxva dros igi jer kinogaqiravebaSi muSaobda, SemdgomSi ki dokumenturi
    filmebis studiis direqtorad. misi TaosnobiT daarsda Jurnali `axali fil-
    mebi" da almanaxi `kino".
    sxvadasxva dros, Tavisi `grZeli, awewili da aburduli cxovrebis" manZil-
    ze, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, W. amirejibs, `sxvadasxva ojaxi hqonda wa-
    mowyebuli". ase gaxda igi mama eqvsi Rirseuli Svilisa, romelTaganac erTma _
    iraklim _ 1992 wels `kacurad dado Tavi qveynisaTvis".
    garda mxatvruli nawarmoebebisa, presaSi xSirad ibeWdeboda mwerlis
    publicisturi da literaturuli werilebi. W. amirejibis romanebi mraval ena-
    zea Targmnili. igi iyo rusTavelis, sabas, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da
    ramdenime sxva premiis laureati.
    W. amirejibi 2010 wels aRikveca berad da saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
    patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis _ ilia meoris lpcva-kurTxeviT saxelad
    ewoda daviTi.
    gardaicvala 2013 wels.

    * * *
    Wabua amirejibis mwerluri biografia 60-ian wlebSi iwyeba: misi pirveli
    moTxroba _ `ratom ar damacade" 1960 wels daistamba Jurnal `mnaTobis" pirvel
    nomerSi.
    1962 wels W. amirejibma gamosca moTxrobebis pirveli wigni _ `gza", 1965
    wels ki meore krebuli _ `Zia SoTas badia". am droisaTvis igi ormoc wels ga-
    dacilebuli kaci iyo, metad rTuli cxovrebiT nacxovrebi da aTasgvar faTe-
    rakgamovlili pirovneba. magram romantikul-idiliuri suliskveTebiT ganmsWva-
    lul mis am moTxrobebSi, romelTa didi nawili mozardis sulieri samyaros
    Cvenebas isaxavda miznad, avtobiografiulad gancdili cxovrebiseuli sinamdvi-
    le jer-jerobiT TiTqmis mTlianad iyo darCenili mwerluri interesebis miRma.
    W. amirejibis sakmaod nagvianev literaturul debiuts win uZRoda Semoqme-
    debiTi Ziebis faruli periodi, romelic, rogorc Tavad mwerali ambobs, bav-
    Svobis wlebSi jer leqsebis, SemdegSi ki moTxrobebis weriT daiwyo. `mere, da-
    axloebiT oci wlis asakidan moyolebuli, _ aRniSnavs igi erT-erT interviuSi,
    _ karga xans arafers gavkarebivar. pirveli moTxrobis gamoqveynebamde aTiode
    wliT adre literaturas ukve specifikuri mizniT vkiTxulobdi _ vin, ra saSu-
    alebebiT aRwevs ama Tu im mxatvrul efeqts" (`ganTiadi", 1982, #1, gv. 147).
    W. amirejibis moTxrobebis umetesoba bavSvis, mozardis pirovnuli samya-
    ros formirebis rTul process gviCvenebs. mwerali cdilobs fsiqologiuri da-
    majereblobiT warmosaxos, rogori dramatizebuli gziT mihyavs cxovrebas ada-
    miani zneobrivi srulyofisa da patiosnebisaken. am procesis Cveneba Tavidanve
    iqca W. amirejibis moTxrobebis mTavar Temad da, rogorc cnobilia, es proble-
    ma mogvianebiT misi romanis mizanswrafvisa da suliskveTebis ganmsazRvrel ma-
    gistralur mimarTulebad damkvidrda.
    W. amirejibis TiTqmis yvela saymawvilo moTxroba erTi pirovnebis _ aCiko
    bakuraZis cxovrebis ambavs mogviTxrobs. am patara biWis dramatul Tavgadasav-
    lebSi dainteresebuli mkiTxveli usaTuod dainaxavs zneobrivi keTil-
    Sobilebisa da samarTlianobisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli im adamianis saxasiaTo
    niSan-TvisebaTa Tavisebur gamovlinebebs, romelic mogvianebiT misi romanebis
    413
    mTavari gmiri xdeba. aCiko bakuraZe daTa TuTaSxiasa da gora mborgalis lite-
    raturul saxeTa erTgvari winamorbedia. W. amirejibis moTxrobebis umTavres
    Rirsebad, Cemis azriT, pirvel rigSi swored es garemoeba unda CaiTvalos.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerlis romanebTan, uwinares yovlisa ki `daTa Tu-
    TaSxiasTan" SedarebiT, am moTxrobebs aSkarad dabali mxatvruli Rirebuleba
    gaaCniaT, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT isini mainc faseuli qmnilebania, vinaidan
    garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis W. amirejibis romanebis centralur personaJTa
    SemoqmedebiTi saxeebis istoriaze.

    * * *
    `daTa TuTaSxia" Tavdapirvelad 70-ian wlebSi daibeWda Jurnal `ciskarSi"
    da gamoqveynebisTanave moeqca rogorc mweralTa, ise farTo mkiTxveli sazoga-
    doebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom romanis das-
    tambvidan sakmaod didi dro gavida, misadmi interesi araTu ar damcxrala, pi-
    riqiT, kidev ufro gaizarda. `daTa TuTaSxia", CvenTanac da ucxoeTSic, dRes
    erTsulovnadaa aRiarebuli Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis erT-erT yvelaze
    didmniSvnelovan miRwevad. amis dadasturebaa is mravalricxovani werilebi da
    gamokvlevebi, romlebic nawarmoebis Seswavlasa da kritikul-literaturul ga-
    analizebas mieZRvna.
    kritikosebi daucxromeli interesiT saubroben romanis mxatvrul Rir-
    sebebsa da problemebze da zogjer arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxiTac ki iaz-
    reben mis calkeul epizodebsa da avtoriseuli mizanswrafvis sakvanZo sa-
    kiTxebs.
    magaliTad, kritikosTa da literaturaTmcodneTa swored amgvari azrTa
    sxvadasxvaobis sagnad iqca `daTa TuTaSxias" Janrobrivi saxeobis gansazRvra.
    erTni mas fsiqologiur romanad miiCneven, meoreni saTavgadasavlo nawarmoebad,
    mesameni filosofiurad, meoTxeni roman-parabolad da a. S.
    `daTa TuTaSxias" Janrobrivi saxeobis gansazRvris dros SexedulebaTa
    aseTi mravalferovneba, Cemis azriT, savsebiT gamarTlebuli movlenaa da mis
    mxatvrul bunebas arsebiTad ganapirobebs movlenaTa araerTgvarovani aRqma da
    mxatvruli warmosaxva. am TvalsazrisiT, albaT, ufro swori iqneba, Tu vity-
    viT, rom `daTa TuTaSxia" e. w. sinTezuri romania, romelic aramc da aramc ar
    SeiZleba SeiboWos erTi romelime Janruli saxeobis specifikis ganmsazRvreli
    normatiuli niSan-TvisebebiT.
    `daTa TuTaSxia" qarTuli prozis erT-erTi yvelaze didi miRwevaa, sityvie-
    ri xelovnebis erT-erTi umaRlesi mwvervali da sasiamovnod gamaognebeli nimu-
    Si. am romaniT kidev erTxel warmoCinda qarTuli enobrivi samyaros amouwuravi
    SesaZleblobani da axal-axali waxnagebi. albaT, ar gadavaWarbeb, Tu vityvi,
    rom W. amirejibis mier am nawarmoebiT damkvidrebulma stilur-enobrivma into-
    naciam xalxis farTo fenebis yoveldRiur metyvelebaSic ki hpova Taviseburi
    asaxva da garkveuli gavlenac moaxdina masze. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel yovli-
    sa, is Sinagani intonaciur-frazeologiuri musika unda aRiniSnos, riTac daTa
    TuTaSxias metyveleba xasiaTdeba.
    romanis personaJTa metyvelebis stilsa da xasiaTs mniSvnelovanwilad gan-
    sazRvravs im kuTxeTa enobrivi koloriti, romelTa warmomadgenlebic isini
    arian. imis gamo, rom nawarmoebis personaJTa didi nawili samegrelos mkvidria,
    maTi saxasiaTo da sametyvelo individualobis warmoCenis dros avtori gansa-
    kuTrebul datvirTvas sZens megrulis melodiur JReradobas, rac ise didosta-
    turad xdeba, rom arsebiTad gansazRvravs nawarmoebis enobriv individualobas.
    mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom am individualobis ganmapirobebeli bevri fraza
    da gamoTqma farTod gavrcelda mTel saqarTveloSi.
    Tumca megruli gamonaklisi sulac ar aris da romanis personaJTa enobri-
    vi individualizeba sxva kuTxeebis mkvidrTa dialeqturi metyvelebis efeqturi
    gamoyenebis gziTac xdeba xolme. sanimuSod, vfiqrob, kaxeli yaCaRis _ beqara
    jeiranaSvilis es sityvebic iqneba sakmarisi: `siRnaRidan alaznis vels ga-
    daxedav _ iseTi sanaxavia, tiali, rom yelSi javris gorgals mogayenebs. egeTi
    414
    Zala aqvs iqaur adgilebs, _ sulze fexs dagadgams, Sen naklebi xaro! adgebi
    da gulis mosafxanad Sensave xarebs patronis dedas Seagineb da amay simReras
    ityvi. maSin.. guria-aWaraSi rogor aris, rom iqaur mTa-barisa da ca-zRvis Sem-
    xed varis fiqri elvasaviT dagirbis, gonebas sisxarte emateba, Seni Tavi sxvaze
    ukeTesi ggonia da aki simRerac qedmaRali da Tavmomwone aqvT. samegrelosa da
    samurzayanoSi kidev, serze Sedgebi, aremares Tvals moavleb da raRacnairi mo-
    wiwebuli xdebi".
    avtoriseuli mrwamsisa da mizanswrafvis Sesacnobad nawarmoebSi gansakuT-
    rebuli datvirTva aqvs SeZenili romanisa da misi oTxive karisaTvis wamZRva-
    rebul winaTqmebs. ZvelqarTuli enobrivi normebis dacviT dawerili mra-
    valmxriv mniSvnelovani es epigrafebi siRrmiseulad gamoxataven mwerlis kon-
    cepciis umTavres arss. maTSi avtori ganzogadebuli saxiT ayalibebs Tavis
    msoflmxedvelobriv TvalTaxedvas romanis centraluri personaJis amqveyniuri
    arsebobis daniSnulebasa da mizandasaxulobaze. ase rom, es winaTqmebi erTgva-
    ri komentarebis rolsac asruleben da kidev ufro naTlad warmoaCenen mwer-
    lis mrwamssa da suliskveTebas.
    swored am winaTqmiT xdeba Tavidanve cnobili, rom romanis centraluri
    personaJis miTologiur arqetipad dasaxuli mTvaris RvTaeba TuTaSxa _ `Wabuki
    pirmSvenieri da raindi keTilaRnagi" _ faqtobrivad `krebiTi sulia", `arsi,
    myofi kacTa wiaRsa Sina, viTa waxnagTagani maTi upirvelesi" da ara `suldgmu-
    li erTi da Ze xorcieli". TuTaSxa wminda giorgis gansxeulebuli da xor-
    cqmnili oreulia, uZveles miTologiur gadmocemaTa wiaRidan amozrdili ale-
    gorizebuli mxatvruli saxe-simbolo. miuxedavad imisa, rom TuTaSxas miTi qar-
    Tuli zepirsityvierebis erT-erTi uZvelesi da Rrmad STambeWdavi nimuSia, W.
    amirejibis epigrafebSi bevri ram aSkarad modernizebulia da ganzogadebuli
    saxiT gamoxatavs nawarmoebis dedaazrs.
    romanis mTavari personaJi _ daTa TuTaSxia qveynad zneobrivi siwmindis,
    humanizmis, sayovelTao samarTlianobis, sikeTisa da uflismieri siyvarulis
    dasamkvidreblad TavganwirviT mebrZoli raindia, romlis miwieri arsebobis mi-
    zanswrafva arsebiTad scildeba erTi konkretuli adamianis cxovrebiseuli da-
    niSnulebis farglebs da RvTisgan `eris ganmgeblad da moriged" warmogzavni-
    li wmindanis idealizebul saxes iZens. amitomac ar gveuxerxuleba, mis pirov-
    nul arsebaSi gankacebuli uflis miwier qmedebaTa gamovlinebanic rom aRmova-
    CinoT SigadaSig.
    kritikul literaturaSi araerTgzis mieqca yuradReba im garemoebas, rom
    `daTa TuTaSxia" miTologiuri wiaRidan aRmocenebuli romania. magram es miTo-
    logiuri warmosaxvebi da uZvelesi folkloruli arqetipebi nawarmoebSi xSi-
    rad imdenad modernizebulia da SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmnil-transformirebuli,
    rom avtoriseuli saxe-simboloebi da miTologiuri arqetipebi zogjer mxolod
    Sinaganad da asociaciurad Tu avlenen erTmaneTTan genetikur kavSirs.
    Cemis azriT, ufro mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi mainc movlenaTa mizan-
    swrafuli miTologizebis is procesia, romelsac Tavad avtori mimarTavs xol-
    me romanSi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, pirvel yovlisa,
    swored zemoT moxseniebul winaTqmebs eniWebaT, romlebSic nawarmoebis centra-
    luri personaJis miTologizebul arqetipad moazrebul TuTaSxasa da mis RvTa-
    ebriv-adamianur misiazea saubari.
    TuTaSxas miwieri yofis umTavresi etapebi ganzogadebuli formiT warmoa-
    Cenen cxovrebiseuli sazrisis Ziebasa da msoflmxedvelobrivi evoluciis im
    rTul da Sinaganad winaaRmdegobriv gzas, romelic am miTologiuri raindis
    literaturul memkvidres arguna RmerTma wilxvedrad.
    TuTaSxa `eris ganmgeblad da qveyniur saqmeTa moriged" xorcieli adamia-
    nis saxiT adamianebs maSin moevlina, roca gonebis Tvali daexSoT da maT ar-
    sebaSi `imZlavra fesvman ukeTurma... STaswvda geeniasa Sesrutvad codvisa Sxam-
    Ta da aRmoCnda yvavili kekluci _ garna damalpobeli xorcisa, surnelovani _
    garna damTrgunveli sulisa". ase dadga eri zneobrivi gadagvarebis winaSe da
    kacTa gulebi `moicva Sxamman sixarbisaman da daabnela goneba Surman".
    415
    ai, swored aseT ukiduresad kritikul situaciaSi mouvlina ufalma `gaTi-
    Tokacebul" da `mamonis monad" qceul ers TuTaSxa, rogorc idealizebuli
    zneobrivi gmiri da adamianur ukeTurebaTa dasaTrgunad TavganwirviT mebrZoli
    `keTilaRnagi raindi". igi TavganwirviT Seeba `satkivarTa qveynierTa, meox eqmna
    SeWirvebasa Sina myofsa mravalsa, miago samarTali mankierebiTa aRzevebulTa
    romelTame da iRvawa saxsnelad mimZlavrebiT damdablebulTa".
    romanis pirveli karis umTavres mizandasaxulobas adamianur ukeTurebaTa
    winaaRmdeg daTa TuTaSxias pirovnul arsebad gardasaxuli miTologiuri Tu-
    TaSxas Tavganwiruli brZolis Cveneba warmoadgens. magram, miuxedavad im amaR-
    lebuli romantikuli ganwyobilebisa, riTac Wabua amirejibis mier moTxrobili
    es gmirul-heroikuli ambavi xasiaTdeba, `daTa TuTaSxia" mkacri cxovrebiseuli
    realobis realisturad amsaxveli mwuxare wignia, romelic principulad Sors
    dgas sinamdvilis iluziuri idealizebisagan.
    samwuxarod, daTa TuTaSxia sul male daarwmuna cxovrebam imaSi, rom ada-
    mianur ukeTurebaTa winaaRmdeg mis Tavganwirul brZolas araTu sasikeTo Sede-
    gi ar mohyva, aramed, piriqiT, amiT adamianebs Soris `ufrore imata: gamcem-
    lobaman ZmaTa da mru Sobaman meuRleTa; umadurebaman madlfenilTa da ampar-
    tavnebaman xelisufalTa; liqnman xelqveiTTa da mzakvrobaman mecnierTa; sim-
    didrisa wyurvilman mconareTa, aRzevebisa survilman umecarTa da sicruveman
    merjuleTa".
    ase aRmoCnda imedgacruebuli, gawbilebuli da sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavar-
    dnili gmiri `urkvevel viTarebasa Sigan, rameTu ara uwyida, romliTa ZaliT
    miezRo vali qveynisaTvis Tvisisa, moekveTa unari mizezTa ganWvretisa. uqm eq-
    mnen Zalni aRsrulebisTvis saqmeTa sagmiroTa da hrqva:
    _ arRa maqvs cnoba, keTilsa viqm anu avsa. umjobes ars davikrifo mklavni
    mkerdsa zeda da vipyra Zali Cemi umoqmedobad.
    gandga TuTaSxa qveynisagan Tvisisa, dainTqa Wvretad da arRa gulisxma hyo
    sadardebeli erisa, rameTu RmerTi ara iyo TuTaSxa".
    romanis pirveli karisTvis wamZRvarebul am winaTqmaSi, rogorc ukve iTqva,
    Sejamebulad da ganzogadebuladaa warmoCenili umTavresi arsi Tavisi
    RvTaebrivi misiis aRsasrulebel uZneles gzaze wminda giorgis TavganwirviT
    gamosuli daTa TuTaSxias cxovrebiseuli mizanswrafvisa. mwerali umaRlesi
    sityvieri xelovnebiT aRwevs msoflmxedvelobrivi metamorfozis im uZneles
    gzas, romelsac nawarmoebis centraluri personaJi gaivlis qveynad adamianur
    ukeTurebaTa winaaRmdeg Tavganwirulad mebrZoli raindobidan RvTiuri valis
    aRsrulebisgan gandgomamde da xelmocaruli kacis uimedo sasowarkveTamde.
    daTa TuTaSxias mxatvruli saxis efeqts met STambeWdaobas sZens is mZafri
    da ukompromiso dapirispireba, romelic masTan aqvs misgan msoflmxedvelobri-
    vad radikalurad gansxvavebul misive mamidaSvils _ muSni zarandias. erTsa da
    imave ojaxSi RviZli ZmebiviT aRzrdili daTa da muSni, romlebic udidesi ada-
    mianuri SesaZleblobebis mqone pirovnebebi arian, amqveyniuri yofis or sapiris-
    piro polusze dganan _ Tu erTi maTganis amqveyniuri cxovrebis umTavresi azri
    zneobrivi keTilSobilebis dasamkvidreblad da adamianur ukeTurebaTa dasaT-
    rgunad brZolaa, meore satanuri Zalis samsaxurSi Camdgari kacia. sikeTisa da
    borotebis amgvari dapirispirebis CvenebiT mwerali simboluri ganzoga-
    debulobiT usvams xazs am brZolis maradiulobas.
    marTalia, nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambavi konkretul drosa da epoqaSi
    xdeba, kerZod, XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, magram samoqme-
    do droisa da sivrcis aseTi dakonkretebis miuxedavad, `daTa TuTaSxias"
    msoflmxedvelobrivi mizanswrafva ganzogadebis farTo masStabebs moicavs da
    simboluri formiT warmoaCens sikeTesa da borotebas Soris maradiulad mimdi-
    nare ukompromiso brZolas, romlis simZafres kidev ufro zrdis is garemoeba,
    rom, rogorc ukve iTqva, TavianTi zneobrivi da msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsiT
    erTmaneTTan samkvdro-sasicocxlod Sejaxebuli es ori pirovneba erTi saerTo
    fesvidan amozrdili adamianebi arian.
    416
    miuxedavad daTasa da muSnis amgvari ukompromiso brZolisa, maTi urTier-
    Toba arsebiTad scildeba sworxazobrivad gamovlenili dapirispirebulobis
    farglebs da Tavisi arsiT metad rTulia, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi da moCve-
    nebiTad keTilSobiluric. romanSi araerTgzis esmeba xazi im garemoebas, rom
    muSni iudas rolis Semsruleblad saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis samsaxurSi
    monuri erTgulebiT dgomam aqcia. igi TiTqos sakuTari rwmeniTa da SegnebiT ki
    ar moqmedebs, aramed arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi reJimis karnaxiT. magram sinam-
    dvileSi es erTguleba misi pirovnuli bunebis bneli wiaRidan momdinareobs, im
    wiaRidan, romelic mxolod sakuTari Tavis ganmadidebel energias badebs da si-
    keTes borotebad gardaqmnis. da es yvelaferi imitomacaa gansakuTrebiT saSiSi,
    rom am bneli Zalis Semoqmedi uniWieresi pirovnebaa, did cxovrebiseul aspa-
    rezze warmatebulad aRzevebuli umdidresi SesaZleblobebis kaci.
    rogorc cnobilia, daTas winaaRmdeg muSnis mravalwliani SeniRbuli brZo-
    la sabolood imiT damTavrda, rom TuTaSxia misive mamidaSvilis mier da-
    gebuli xafangis msxverpli gaxda. riT aris es ganpirobebuli, ras emyareba muS-
    nis aseTi Tavganwiruli brZola daTas winaaRmdeg? nawarmoebSi es yvelaferi
    Rrmad da safuZvlianadaa motivirebuli. am dapirispirebis upirveles da umTav-
    res safuZvlad W. amirejibi, uwinares yovlisa, imas miiCnevs, rom muSnisa da da-
    Tas saxiT erTmaneTs `ori, sruliad gansxvavebuli zneoba upirispirdeba". Tu
    daTas moqmedebis safuZveli qveynad borotebis daTrgunva da sayovelTao sike-
    Tis dasamkvidreblad brZolaa, muSnis mTel saqmianobas saxelmwifoebrivi inte-
    resebisadmi brma morCileba da erTguleba warmarTavs.
    msgavsad daTa TuTaSxiasi, muSni zarandias, rogorc literaturuli perso-
    naJis, mxatvruli saxis gaazrebis dros mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is
    garemoeba, rom igi erTsa da imave dros konkretuli pirovnebacaa da Rrma
    simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli arsebac. Cveulebrivi adamianis gverdiT
    mis pirovnebaSi `gancalkevebulad cocxlobda, damoukideblad moqmedebda saku-
    Tari rwmenebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba". mis
    brZolas daTa TuTaSxiasTan, kacTan, romelic `Tavdadebuli siyvaruliT uyvar-
    da da alal Zmad Tvlida", pirvel yovlisa, swored saxelmwifoebrivi val-
    debulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis es grZnoba edo mkvidr safuZvlad.
    faqtobrivad, muSni daTas ki ar ebrZoda, rogorc kerZo adamians, aramed
    `zogadad im fenomens, romelic daTa TuTaSxias saxiT arsebobda". ase rom, mis
    sulSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd da erTi meorisagan ganuyofelad radikalurad
    gansxvavebuli ori mxare arsebobda _ adamianuri da demonuri. `es ori sawyisi
    paralelurad moqmedebda da sulis gaorebas ki ar qmnidnen, aramed muSni za-
    randias erTob Taviseburi naturis mTlianobis Sedegi iyo".
    muSni zarandia Tavis adamianur movaleobad, pirvel yovlisa, misive sulis
    demonuri sawyisisadmi erTgul msaxurebas miiCnevda. misi da daTa TuTaSxias
    urTierTdapirispirebis arsSi gasarkvevad uaRresad mniSvnelovania romanis is
    epizodi, sadac muSni, grafi segedi da sandro kariZe maT mierve gaSifruli
    alegoriebiT saubroben daTa TuTaSxias zneobrivi fenomenis raobaze. sandro
    kariZis azriT, TuTaSxias zneobrivi fenomeni, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi yvela
    drosa da epoqaSi anaqronizms warmoadgenda, kacobriobis dasabamidan mudam ar-
    sebobda, rogorc `maradis saWiro da aucilebeli". TuTaSxias fenomeni `ka-
    cobriuli sulgrZelobisa da maRali zneobis" gamovlinebaa, romlis sikvdili
    SeuZlebelia. `ramdenjerac unda gairyvnas da daeces kacTa modgma, ram-
    denjerac unda gaimetos mosaSTobad RmerTebma igi, imdenjer gadaarCens gangeba
    daTa TuTaSxias, rogorc kveTsa da mawvnis dedas".
    daTasagan gansxvavebiT, muSni marto ar aris da misebri erTgulebiT impe-
    riis samsaxurSi sxvadasxva masStabebisa da SesaZleblobebis mqone bevri sxva
    moxelec dgas. erT-erTi maTgania grafi segedi, muSnis faqtobrivi oreuli, Ta-
    namoazre da TanamebrZoli. arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi reJimis SesanarCu-
    neblad da gansamtkiceblad brZolaSi isini erTad arian da saamisod Zalasa da
    gamocdilebas ar iSureben.
    417
    am SemTxvevaSi mTavari da mniSvnelovani, pirvel yovlisa, is aris, rom maT
    odnavadac ki ar eparebaT eWvi TavianTi brZolis simarTlesa da sikeTeSi. isini
    Rrmad arian darwmunebuli imaSi, rom arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis dam-
    xobiT, rac mxolod ZalmomreobiTaa SesaZlebeli, `gaubedurdebian milionebi,
    datrialdeba kvla, boroteba da yovelive es imisTvis, rom adamiani Tavisma va-
    ramma, daukmayofileblobam da gaumaZRrobam uwindeburad da iqneb ufro meta-
    dac stanjos, rac aramc Tu saR gonebasa da azrs aris moklebuli, aramed sike-
    Tisa da saTnoebis principebsac ewinaaRmdegeba". amitom, maTi azriT, `yvela we-
    sieri kaci movalea ebrZolos amas, radgan aseTi brZola adamianTa bednierebis-
    Tvis brZolaa".
    grafi segedis am sityvebSi naTladaa warmoCenili arsi im monuri erTgu-
    lebisa, riTac isa da muSni zarandia dganan imperiis samsaxurSi. saxelmwi-
    foebrivi interesebis amgvarma gafetiSebam maT cnobierebaSi mTlianad Cakla
    movlenaTa sakuTari TvalTaxedviT aRqma-Sefasebis survili da isini mxolod
    arsebuli sistemis mier nakarnaxevi principebiT moqmedeben. amas Tavadac araer-
    Tgzis aRiarebs muSni zarandia gulwrfelad. misi TqmiT, igi arc erTi saxel-
    mwifoebrivi movaleobis aRsrulebis dros ar fiqrobs misi moqmedebis zneobriv
    mxareze. `me vfiqrob mxolod imaze, Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli, xolo rogor, ra
    xerxiT, ra saSualebiT unda gakeTdes, amas intuicia mkarnaxobs. am nakarnaxevs
    Cemive zneobis normebTan arasodes ar vaTanxmebo", _ eubneba erTgan is graf se-
    geds.
    muSni zarandias gulwrfelad swams, rom saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisad-
    mi misi aseTi erTgulebiT igi erTi gojiTac ki ar scildeba sakuTar Tavsa da
    zneobas da `mosalodneli katastrofis winaSec ki ver wava kompromisze, Tavis
    sul umcires nawilsac ver gaiRebs msxverplad". am logikis mixedviT, misi
    brZola daTas winaaRmdeg zneobrivadac gamarTlebuli ambavia da saxelmwi-
    foebrivadac.
    albaT, ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom muSni zarandias cnobierebasa da ar-
    sebuli saxelmwifoebrivi sistemisadmi mis aseT erTgulebaSi garkveulwilad
    im qarTvel saxelmwifo moRvaweTa karieristuli miswrafebanic irekleba, rom-
    lebic muSniseburi uRalatobiT idgnen rogorc caristuli ruseTis, ise sabWo-
    Ta imperiis samsaxurSi.
    igive unda iTqvas graf segedzec. SemTxveviTi ar mgonia is faqti, rom
    msgavsad zarandiasi, arc segedia rusi, magram orive maTgans cxovrebis umTav-
    res daniSnulebad sxva saxelmwifos Zlierebis samsaxurSi uRalatod dgoma mi-
    aCnia. am samsaxurs Seswira segedma Tavisi pirovnuli bedniereba da Tanam-
    debobidan gadadgomis Semdeg yvelasgan miviwyebul, miusafar da martoxela mo-
    xucad iqca.
    imisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad gaviazroT graf segedis cxovrebiseuli mi-
    zanswrafvis arsi, gavixseneb fragments misi erT-erTi monaTxrobidan: `... mTeli
    kacobrioba warmodgenili myavda, rogorc `Cven" da `sxvebi". `Cven" viyaviT yve-
    la, vinc Segnebulad iziarebda taxtis erTgulebas, ruseTis imperiis mTlia-
    nobas, misi msoflio-istoriuli rolis zrdis aucileblobas da am ideas em-
    saxureboda. moyvanili principis yvela saxiT mowinaaRmdegeebi CemTvis `sxvebi"
    iyvnen".
    daTasa da muSnis dapirispireba Taviseburi formiT imeorebs qristesa da
    iudas urTierTobis models. Tavisi mzakvruli gegmiT, rasac Sedegad daTas
    tragikuli daRupva unda mohyves, muSni TiTqos Segnebulad umzadebs TuTaSxias
    mowameobrivi gmiris RvTaebriv gvirgvins, Tavis Tavs ki Segnebulad wiravs sa-
    mudamo zizRisa da siZulvilisTvis. daTas winaaRmdeg brZolis yvela detali
    mas Rrmad gaazrebuli da gacnobierebuli rom aqvs, es naTlad Cans romanidan.
    rogorc graf segedTan misi saubridan irkveva, muSnim Segnebulad ikisra iudas
    rolis Sesruleba da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, bevri ram gaakeTa saimisod, daTa
    TuTaSxia gmirad rom eqcia.
    `TviT qristesganac ki araferi darCeboda, iudas igi ocdaaT vercxlad
    rom ar gaeyidao", _ mravalmniSvnelovnad eubneba muSni grafs da am sityvebiT
    418
    ukve aSkarad avlens pirovnul mzadyofnas Tavad manac gaimeoros Segnebulad
    iudas saqcieli da amiT daTas `ukvdavebasa da aRiarebas udidesi samsaxuri ga-
    uwios".magram roca mosaxdeni moxda da xangrZlivi devnis Semdeg misive Svilis
    xeliT gangmirulma daTam miwieri sicocxle daasrula, muSnis sicocxlemac
    dakarga azri da igi sul male gardaicvala umZimesi melanqoliis Sedegad.
    rogorc romanis bolos kidev erTxel gvamcnobs mwerali, muSnis sikvdili
    kanonzomieri movlena iyo, vinaidan `udavod didi talantis" mqone es adamiani,
    romelsac `Tavisi SesaZleblobebis sazomad da etalonad daTa TuTaSxia hyav-
    da" dasaxuli, usaTuod `unda wasuliyo am qveynidan _ miT umetes, rom man Tavi-
    si sulieri cxovrebis modeli sakuTari xeliT mospo".
    ragind paradoqsadac ar unda gveCvenos, daTa TuTaSxias adamianur buneba-
    Si donkixoturi niSan-Tvisebebis Tavisebur gamovlinebebsac aSkarad vxvdebiT
    xolme. swored saamiso STabeWdilebas gviqmnis misi aqtiuri brZola qveynad
    sayovelTao sikeTis, zneobrivi siwmindisa da samarTlianobis dasamyareblad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom am amaRlebuli idealebis praqtikuli aRsrulebisTvis
    daTasa da lamanCeli raindis qmedebani principulad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTi-
    sagan, orive maTganis mizanswrafva sabolood mainc erTnairad savalalo Sede-
    giT mTavrdeba _ mkacri cxovrebiseuli realoba ulmoblad amsxvrevs maT ilu-
    ziur ocnebebsa da idealebs.
    adamianTa aseTi zneobrivi marcxi daTa TuTaSxiam pirvelad budarasTan da
    budarixasTan urTierTobis dros ganicada. yubanis erT-erT stanciaSi SemTxve-
    viT Sexvedril am Rarib-Ratak adamianebs, romlebic tyeSi dRiuri samuSaoTi
    saarsebo lukma-purs Zlivs Soulobdnen, daTam fuli asesxa da ojaxis gamar-
    TvaSi daexmara. mis am uangaro moqmedebas imis keTilSobiluri rwmena edo sa-
    fuZvlad, welmomagrebuli budarebi Tavadac ase rom moiqceodnen da sxva ga-
    Wirvebulebs iseve daexmarebodnen, rogorc daTa moeqcaT maT.
    magram, samwuxarod, sul sxvagvarad moxda. welmodgmulma budarebma me-
    zoblebs maRlidan cqera dauwyes da maT umsgavso saqciels sazRvari ar hqon-
    da. daTa da misi megobari kargad xedavdnen, rom `sanamde araferi ebadaT, buda-
    rebi piridan lukmas iclidnen da sxvas uyofdnen", xolo roca gamdidrdnen,
    budara wekosac ki ar moawevinebda vinmes.
    budarebis amgvarma usindisobam pirvelad agrZnobina daTas imedgacruebis
    simware, pirvelad gauCina bzari mis romantikul rwmenas qveynad sayovelTao
    sikeTisa da zneobrivi keTilSobilebis damyarebis Sesaxeb. `ar gamovida sikeTe
    budarebis xelidano", _ ukiduresi dananebiTa da guliswyvetiT ambobs igi amis
    gamo da imedgacruebuli gaecleba iqaurobas.
    magram, samwuxarod, sasurveli adamianuri harmoniis povna daTam verc sxva-
    gan SeZlo. mkacri cxovrebiseuli realoba mas ufrodaufro arwmunebda imaSi,
    rom zneobriv ukeTurebaTa winaaRmdeg misi Tavganwiruli brZola imTaviTve da-
    samarcxeblad iyo ganwiruli. ase moxda, magaliTad, selimasTan urTierTobis
    drosac. selimasa da misi wris wevrTa mzakvruli fandebis mxilebas sikeTis
    nacvlad Sedegad axali usiamovnebani mohyva. sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili
    daTa cxovrebam kidev erTxel miiyvana im samwuxaro WeSmaritebis aRiarebamde,
    `xalxs, Cans, ise cxovreba rom ar unda, vinmem Tu ar daCagra, moatyua da ga-
    atyava".
    `ar gamovida Cemi moqmedebidan araferio", _ imedgacruebiT ambobs daTa da
    es sulieri pesimizmi ufrodaufro Trgunavs mis moqalaqeobriv aqtiurobas.
    swored am adamianuri sasowarkveTilebis erT-erTi pirveli gacnobierebuli ga-
    movlinebaa is sityvebi, riTac igi zneobrivi ukeTurebis dasaTrgunad wa-
    mowyebuli misi brZolis uperspeqtivobas afasebs: `... iqneb ar Rirdes adamianis
    modgma wesieri kacis zrunvad da arc qveynis areul-dareul saqmeebSi Carevad.
    vin icis?... TviTon ar vici, simarTle raSia da sadaa..."
    daTas brZolis ganwirulobasa da uperspeqtivobas romanSi sxvebic araer-
    Tgzis usvamen xazs. naTqvamis dasturad Tundac is Sefaseba gavixsenoT, romel-
    sac zemoT ukve naxsenebi selima aZlevs TuTaSxias moqmedebas: `CemisTanebi bev-
    ria, daTa. CemisTanebis qveyanaa Cveni qveyana. Seni xnisa mec SenisTana, iqneb co-
    419
    ta uaresi, viyavi. drom gaiara - qveynis gasworebaze xeli aviRe, kasrebiT vvaW-
    rob. amisTanebis qveyanas ra gaasworebs!..."
    xalxs ise cxovreba, `Tu vinmem ar daCagra, moatyua da gaatyava", marTlac
    rom ar SeuZlia, amaSi daTa sairmeSi momxdarma ambebmac naTlad daarwmunes.
    romanSi aRwerili seTuris samflobelo faqtobrivad sabWoTa imperiis Rrmad-
    metyvel daxasiaTebas warmoadgens. am samflobelos Tavkacis mxatvruli saxe ki
    imperiis upirvelesi diqtatoris STambeWdavi literaturuli variantia. xalxis,
    sazogadoebis arqifo seTuriseul SefasebebSi niRabaxdili saxiT vlindeba is
    cinikuri damokidebuleba, romelic xelisuflebis umaRles saWeTmpyrobelebsa
    da pirovnul Rirsebadakargul masas Soris iyo damkvidrebuli sabWoTa epoqaSi.
    daTasTan da mis megobarTan saubarSi arqifo seTuri gulaxdilad axasia-
    Tebs xalxis yvlefisa da damonebis im wess, romelic mas daumkvidrebia saku-
    Tar sabrZanebelSi. da ubedureba am SemTxvevaSi marto is ki ar aris, yovelive
    amas seTuri isev xalxis keTildReobaze gamudmebuli zrunviT rom xsnis, ara-
    med isic, adamianur Rirsebadakarguli xalxi damonebul brbod rom qceula.
    `xalxze Tu ar vizrune da sul maT kai cxovrebaze Tu ar vifiqre, apa risTvis
    var me! moxvide am qveyanas, Wamo, sva, dro ataro da xalxisTvis araferi sikeTe
    ar qna, ra cxovreba iqneba aseTi cxovreba?!" _ mzakvruli TviTkmayofilebiT am-
    bobs erTgan arqifo seTuri da Tavmomwoned ixsenebs xalxis keTildReobaze mi-
    seuli `mzrunvelobis" im magaliTebs, romlebic SemaZrwunebeli cinizmiT gviC-
    veneben adamianuri sazogadoebis brbod qcevis tragikul process.
    seTuris mier damonebuli adamianebis bediT Tavzardacemulma daTam Tavi
    veRar Seikava da kidev erTxel scada borotebas win aRdgomoda, magram ara Tu
    amjeradac araferi gamovida, aramed xalxma masac da mis megobarsac Tavs udi-
    desi risxva da siZulvili daatexa. ase nel-nela da TandaTanobiT miiyvana ul-
    mobelma cxovrebiseulma realobam daTa TuTaSxia im samwuxaro WeSmaritebis
    aRiarebamde, romelic am ambis Semdeg mas mweralma am sityvebiT gamoaxatvina:
    `me rom adamians da mis znes vxedav, mose batono, yvela kaci ise cxovrobs da
    ise iqceva, rogorc TviTon moswons, da sxva kaci mis saqmeSi ar unda Caerios,
    ar unda SeuSalos xeli... iq rom miTxari, unda, albaT, mag xalxs ymoba da mo-
    nobao, _ mase yofila marTlac. ager Sen, ager me da iq, maRla, RmerTi _ fici
    damidvia, aRar Caverevi aRaravis saqmeSi, sanamde ar davrwmundebi, Careva sjobs
    Tu Caurevloba. mgonia, arc erTi kaci araa qveyanaze misTana, sxvisi Carevis da
    daxmarebis Rirsi rom iyos".
    ase mTavrdeba erTi umniSvnelovanesi etapi daTa TuTaSxias cxovrebisa da
    sayovelTao adamianuri sikeTis dasamkvidreblad da zneobrivi harmoniis da-
    samyareblad TavdadebiT mebrZoli es uSiSari raindi aqtiuri cxovrebiseuli
    asparezidan ganmdgar im pirovnebad iqceva, romelic borotebis winaaRmdeg mxo-
    lod maSin aRmarTavs maxvils, rodesac igi an uSualod mas Seexeba, anda sanam
    danamdvilebiT ar darwmundeba imaSi, `CareviT ufro eSveleba wamxdar saqmes,
    Tu CaurevlobiT".
    romanis meore karSi kidev ufro mZafrad gamovlinda borotebasTan brZo-
    laSi xelmocaruli daTa TuTaSxias sulieri sasowarkveTa. misi am sevdisa da
    imedgacruebis saTave cxovrebiseuli sazrisis vermiwvdenaa, miznad dasaxuli
    idealisa da realuri sinamdvilis Seusabamoba, ukuTurebasTan WidilSi sakuTa-
    ri umweobis TviTSecnobiT ganpirobebuli pirovnuli tragedia.
    nawarmoebis meore karisTvis wamZRvarebul epigrafSi mweralma kvlavac
    ganzogadebuli formiT gamoxata daTa TuTaSxias cxovrebis am axali etapis um-
    Tavresi mizanswrafvis arsi. borotebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZolis asparezs
    iZulebiT CamoSorebuli daTas irgvliv ganaxlebuli ZaliT iCina Tavi aTas-
    gvarma adamianurma ukeTurebam. zneobadakninebuli sofeli siZulvilis saTare-
    So moednad iqca, `eri _ asparezad nivTTa moxveWisa da xnulad mimoTesvisTvis
    sicruveTa", `ganmgeblad da moriged qveynierTa saqmeTa TvisTa urCxuli igi sa-
    Sineli" aRiara, romelmac Tavis `sazrdelad" adamianTa suli da xorci gaixa-
    da. msgavsad daTa TuTaSxiasi, mwerlis TqmiT, arc es urCxuli iyo `arseba er-
    420
    Ti da nadiri xorcieli, aramed suli krebiTi, arsi myofi kacTa wiaRsa Sina,
    viTa waxnagTagani erTi misi, ganZlierebuli aw".
    TuTaSxasa da urCxulis sulTa krebiTobasa da ara xorciel-konkretu-
    lobaze yuradRebis amgvari gamaxvilebiT kidev erTxel esmeba xazi am dapiris-
    pirebis maradiulobasac da simbolur xasiaTsac. faqtobrivad, esaa is maradiu-
    li Widili, romelic sikeTesa da borotebas Soris arsebobs kacobriobis da-
    sabamidan. daTa TuTaSxias uZlurebasa da xelmocarulobas am brZolaSi misi
    faqtobrivi erTaderToba ganapirobebs. gansxvavebiT daTasagan, romelic boro-
    tebasTan aqtiurad mebrZoli erTaderTi mZlavri Zalaa, boroti suli uamrav
    adamianSia gansaxebuli da ers swored es Zala gauxdia Tayvaniscemis sagnad da
    cxovrebis idealad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom daTa TuTaSxia naTlad xedavs qveynis zneobrivi
    waxdenis am tragikul process, Tavisi cxovrebis meore periodSi igi principu-
    lad aRar ibrZvis adamianur ukeTurebaTa dasaTrgunad, vinaidan cxovrebam ara-
    erTgzis daarwmuna am brZolis uperspeqtivobaSi. swored ase moxda duru Zigu-
    as duqanSi, sadac daTam nabijic ki ar gadadga iq datrialebuli tragediis Ta-
    vidan asacileblad. TuTaSxias amgvari umoqmedoba amjerad misi saerTo
    msoflmxedvelobrivi gulgatexilobiTa da imedgacruebiTaa ganpirobebuli. `a-
    raa Cemi saqme, ar Caverevi me... aravis ar Wirdeba... aravin araa Rirsi". am da
    msgavsi sityvebiT, romelTac daTa TuTaSxia xSirad warmoTqvams xolme Tavisi
    cxovrebis am yvelaze sasowarkveTil periodSi, naTlad da araorazrovnad
    vlindeba misi pirovnuli gulgatexilobisa da sazogadoebisagan gandgomis ar-
    si.
    daTa TuTaSxia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze aqtiurad eZebda saimiso Zalasa
    da rwmenas, romelic mas am sasowarkveTilebisagan daixsnida da mis amqveyniur
    arsebobas azrsa da gamarTlebas SesZenda. magram mis am mcdelobas sasurveli
    Sedegi mainc ar mohyva. adamianis cxovrebiseul mizanswrafvasa da daniSnu-
    lebaze filosofiurad dafiqrebuli daTa ufrodaufro rwmundeba imaSi, rom
    misi sulieri tanjvis mizezad qceul bevr saWirboroto sakiTxze zusti pasuxi
    ara marto mas, aramed mis irgvliv myof adamianTaganac faqtobrivad aravis moe-
    poveba.
    daTa TuTaSxias msoflmxedvelobrivma sasowarkveTam da gzaabneulobam ki-
    dev ufro gacnobierebuli saxe miiRo advokat irakli xurciZesTan da mis me-
    gobrebTan urTierTobis dros. rogorc romanidan naTlad Cans, maTTan daTas
    misvlis umTavresi mizani cxovrebiseuli sazrisis ZiebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
    magram am urTierTobam igi kidev ufro daarwmuna imaSi, rom is gza, romelic
    kacis arsebaSi borot sawyiss daTrgunavs, qveynad sayovelTao sikeTesa da zne-
    obriv siwmindes daamkvidrebs da adamianebze xelCaqneul pirovnebas moyvasisad-
    mi rwmenas daubrunebs, faqtobrivad maTTvisac ucnobia da miuwvdomeli.
    yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad gavixsenoT Sesabamisi fragmenti ro-
    manidan. axladSeZenil megobarTa wreSi moxvedrili daTa naRvlianad saubrobs
    miseuli mizanswrafvis uSedegobasa da uperspeqtivobaze da gulwrfeli sinanu-
    liT svams misi cxovrebis maradiul sulier satanjvelad qceul filosofiur
    kiTxvas: `miTxras vinmem, ra qnas RvTis Svilma da sad rogor moiqces?".
    daTa TuTaSxias sicocxlis umTavresi azri am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis
    mcdelobaa, cxovrebiseuli sazrisisa da mizandasaxulobis amao Zieba, ramac
    igi adamianebze gulgatexilobamde miiyvana, sikeTis rwmena daukarga da imed-
    gacruebul kacad aqcia. axlad gacnobil megobrebTan misi misvlis upirvelesi
    mizani, rogorc iTqva, swored am dakarguli rwmenis dabrunebis mZafri survi-
    liTaa nakarnaxevi. `vvedreb gangebas, damibrunos rwmenao", sasoebiT umxels igi
    maT Tavis umTavres gulisnadebs, magram, samwuxarod, arc am mcdelobas moyva
    raime Sedegi.
    ai, rogor gamoaxatvinebs mwerali daTa TuTaSxias irakli xurciZisa da mi-
    si megobrebisadmi mimarTuli sityvebiT msoflmxedvelobrivi sasowarkveTi-
    lebisa da uperspeqtivobis im mtanjvel grZnobas, romelic mas Tavisi boboqari
    cxovrebis am periodSi eufleba: `vici, gainteresebT yvelas, risTvis var aq, ras
    421
    veZeb da ratom movedi Cemi wili borkilis Tu yulfis dasawierze. getyviT maga-
    sac. arc mglis modgma var, rom saWmlis SovnisTvis vicxovro mxolod da arc
    kuro xari, rom balaxi da Zroxebi mWirdebodes marto. eris Svili var me. fiq-
    ri mWiria da sazrunavi!.. movedi TqvenTan, vnaxav, vifiqre, riT asazrdoebs es
    xalxi Tavis guls da gonebas. arc Tqven iciT, mgonia, raa sakeTebeli da nam-
    dvili saqme".
    ase mTavrdeba daTa TuTaSxias `mowifuli cxovrebis" meore umniSvnelova-
    nesi periodi, dro aqtiuri samoqmedo asparezidan faqtobrivi gandgomisa, pi-
    rovnuli gankerZoebisa da didi mesianisturi idealebis praqtikuli aRsru-
    lebisTvis brZolaze Segnebulad uaris Tqmisa.
    daTa TuTaSxias cxovrebis mesame etapi, romelic romanis mesame karSia aR-
    werili, ganaxlebuli ZaliT warmoaCens mis gaaqtiurebul brZolas sayovelTao
    samarTlianobisa da zneobrivi siwmindis dasamkvidreblad. rogorc iTqva, daTa
    cxovrebiseuli sazrisis aqtiurad maZiebeli raindia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebisa da dasaxuli idealebis aRsrulebisTvis brZolis
    yovel etapze is damarcxebuli da sasowarkveTilebiT moculi tovebs samoqme-
    do asparezs, igi Tavis TavSi mainc poulobs mZlavr Sinagan Zalas, romelic
    mas gangebisagan dakisrebuli RvTaebrivi misiis aRsrulebaze xelis Caqnevisa
    da ganze sabolood gandgomis uflebas ar aZlevs.
    ase moxda amjeradac da meored gaabragebulma daTa TuTaSxiam winandel-
    Tan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro masStaburi da Seurigebeli brZola daiwyo
    borotebis winaaRmdeg. W. amirejibi arc amjerad Ralatobs tradicias da roma-
    nis am karsac umZRvarebs epigrafs, romelSic Tumca mokled, magram Rrmaazrov-
    nad da ganzogadebulad aris ganmartebuli nawarmoebis am nawilis umTavresi
    mizandasaxulobis arsi. meti sicxadisaTvis, gavixsenoT epigrafis zogierTi
    fragmenti.
    daTa TuTaSxias miTologiuri arqetipi TuTaSxa ganaxlebuli ZaliTa da
    rwmeniT SeebrZola piridan cecxlgadmomdinare urCxuls, romelsac qveyana dae-
    monebina da `STasca Subi xaxasa Sina, ganarTxo miwasa zeda da mohkveTa Tavi
    igi". magram mzakvrobasa da borot vnebebs adamianebi ise daumdablebia da gada-
    ugvarebia, rom TuTaSxas gamarjveba mis farulad moTayvane mxolodRa `cota
    kacTa" Tu gauxarda. sazogadoebis umetesi nawili ki, `rameTu ganmdgar da gan-
    yril iyvnen WeSmaritis daniSnulebisagan kacisa sofelsa Sina da sZuldaT
    yoveli", gaborotebuli klavda da musravda yvelas, viszec xeli miuwvdeboda
    da TavianT borot qmedebas TuTaSxas magaliTiT amarTlebda.
    Tavis mxriv, verc urCxuli ganigmira sabolood: man yoveli mokveTili Ta-
    vis adgilze Svid - Svidi axali Tavi amoiyara da `amdenjerve ganmravalda
    boroteba ersa Soris". am ambavma kidev erTxel dasca Tavzari TuTaSxas da `mo-
    icva igi rwmenam, rameTu verca vin argos modgmas kacTa, Tu ar kacmave".
    rogorc iTqva, damowmebuli epigrafis meSveobiT W. amirejibma ganzoga-
    debulad gamoxata daTa TuTaSxias cxovrebis mesame periodis msoflmxedve-
    lobrivi mizanswrafvis umTavresi arsi da suliskveTeba. misi miTologiuri wi-
    namorbedis msgavsad, TuTaSxia maxvilaRmarTuli ebrZvis aRzevebul borotebas
    da Zalis gamoyenebiT cdilobs mis daTrgunvas. winandelisagan gansxvavebiT, am-
    jerad es brZola ufro masStaburia da cxovrebis kargad gacnobierebul idea-
    lad damkvidrebuli. Tanac, am keTilSobiluri miznis aRsrulebis dros igi uk-
    ve marto aRaraa da beqara jeiranaSvilis saxiT Tanamoazreca hyavs. borotebis
    dasaTrgunad donkixoturi rwmeniTa da gulubryvilobiT maxvilaRmarTuli es
    ori raindi, pirvel yovlisa, jer Tavad cdilobs gaarkvios, ra undaT da ra mi-
    siis Sesrulebas isaxaven miznad.
    sulieri sasowarkveTilebidan da uperspeqtivobidan Tavdasaxsnel gzaTa
    Ziebam adamianebTan urTierTobaSi xelmocaruli daTa sabolood RmerTTan
    miiyvana. rogorc romanis meoTxe nawilisTvis wamZRvarebuli epigrafiT naTlad
    Cans, swored RvTaebriv rwmenasTan ziarebam daubruna mis miTologiur arqeti-
    pad qceul TuTaSxas dakarguli mrwamsi, ramac miwieri arseba xorciel Rmer-
    Tad gardasaxa.
    422
    vidre es moxdeboda, aTasgzis imedgacruebuli TuTaSxa gulgatexili am-
    cnobs uzenaess, rom misma miswrafebam maxvilis meSveobiT ganekurna kacTa mod-
    gma snebaTagan, `vera moiRo nayofi keTili", radganac misgan `niWi gardaqcevis-
    Tvis sikeTed borotebisa" momadlebuli ar hqonia. igi SeTxovs ufals, gauna-
    Tos goneba da daexmaros sakuTari misiis WeSmaritad Secnobasa da gacnobie-
    rebaSi. RvTis SegonebiT TuTaSxam mtkiced irwmuna, rom amis gakeTeba mxolod
    TviTSewirvisa da kacTaTvis magaliTis micemis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli, vinaidan
    mxolod amiT miiRweva kacobriuli sulis srulqmnileba da borotebis urCxu-
    lis damarcxeba. maSin, uflisgan STagonebulma da rwmeniT Zalmicemulma, `gani-
    po mkerdi TuTaSxam, aRmoiglija guli Tvisi, uboZa urCxuls, xolo ara danTqa
    man, aramed hrqva metyvelebiTa kacebriTa: _ arRa var mwyurvali sisxlTa, arRa
    maqvs survili Wamad kacTa".
    damowmebuli epigrafiTa da mis miTologiur personaJTan dakavSirebuli
    Rrmaazrovani alegoriuli CanafiqriT kidev ufro ganzogadebulad da STambeW-
    davad vlindeba mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedva. daTa TuTaSxias
    cxovrebis bolo epizodebi simboluri gardasaxvaa moyvasis sikeTisa da `ka-
    cobriulis sulis srulqmnilebisaTvis" sakuTari nebiT TviTSewiruli miTo-
    logiuri TuTaSxas miwieri sicocxlis aRsasrulisa da `xorciel RmerTad cad
    aRvlenisa".
    W. amirejibis romanSi moqmedeba XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebsa da XX sauku-
    nis dasawyisSi xdeba. magram, rogorc iTqva, `daTa TuTaSxia" istoriuli romani
    ar aris, ris gamoc im periodis istoriuli movlenebi masSi mxolod imdenadaa
    warmosaxuli, ramdenadac es nawarmoebis centralur personaJTa adamianuri bu-
    nebis gamosavlenad da mwerlis zneobriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalTaxedvis
    warmosaCenad iyo saWiro.
    da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, W. amirejibis romanSi imdroindeli qarTuli is-
    toriuli sinamdvilis araerTi problemaa qceuli mwvave gansjisa da analizis
    sagnad. maTgan, uwinares yovlisa, is adgilebi unda gavixsenoT, romlebSic sa-
    qarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv misiasa da ruseTis mier Cveni qveynis dapyrobis Se-
    degad qarTveli xalxis didi nawilis erovnuli cnobierebis moSla-degradaci-
    azea saubari.
    nawarmoebSi dasmuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi problemebis Sefasebis
    dros mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom es yvelaferi 70-iani
    wlebis dasawyisSi iTqva, im dros, roca sityvis Tavisufleba jer kidev iyo
    SeboWili mkacri cenzurul-ideologiuri artaxebiT. magram, amgvari SeboWi-
    lobis miuxedavad, W. amirejibis gmirebi mainc aferxeben Cveni erovnul-saxel-
    mwifoebrivi arsebobis bevri mwvave problema originaluri TvalTaxedviTa da
    niRabaxdili saxiT gaiazron.
    daTasTan muSnis mravalwliani brZola sabolood daTas tragikuli sik-
    vdiliT dasrulda. miuxedavad imisa, rom daTam kargad icoda, rogori daun-
    doblobiT adgenda muSni misi daRupvis mzakvrul gegmas da yvelanairad cdi-
    lobda xifaTisgan Tavis daxsnas, mosaxdeni mainc moxda _ igi muSnisgan
    mosyiduli da gonebaaRreuli Tavisive Svilis msxverpli gaxda. `ram moafiq-
    rebina es!... majoba mainc", _ pirvel yovlisa, swored es sityvebi aRmoxda sasik-
    vdilo tyviiT kefaSengreul TuTaSxias.
    daTas sicocxlis amgvari aRsasruliT kacs erTi SexedviT iseTi STabeWdi-
    leba SeiZleba Seeqmnes, rom am sabediswero WidilSi gamarjveba muSnis rCeba.
    magram sinamdvileSi, arc pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da arc romanis am epizodiT
    nagulisxmevi simboluri azrobrivi qveteqstiT, ase ar aris. garda imisa, rom
    momakvdavi daTa yvelafers gaakeTebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari sikvdilis kvali
    dafaros da amiT Svils misi mokvlisTvis dawesebuli sisxliani jildo aacdi-
    nos, igi ukanasknel ZalTa mokrebiT imasac SeZlebs, zRvaSi gadavardes da
    wylis stiqias SeuerTos sxeuli. a. baqraZis marTebuli SefasebiT, daTas amgva-
    ri aRsasruli Rrmaazrovani simboluri qveteqstis momcveli faqtia. `wyali
    xom, yoveli miTologiis Tanaxmad, ganaxleba-aRorZinebas gulisxmobs". ase rom,
    daTas `zRvaSi ukvalod danTqma mis kvlav aRorZinebas" niSnavs (a. baqraZe, rwme-
    423
    na, 1990 w. gv. 357). amdenad, daTa TuTaSxias miwieri sikvdili amqveyniuri sinam-
    dvilidan mxolod droebiTi ganSorebaa da momavalSi, mkvdreTiT aRmdgari da
    amjerad ukve sxva zneobrivi gmiris saxeSi gansxeulebuli, igi kvlav daubrun-
    deba adamianebs, rogorc ukvdavi simbolo qveynad sayovelTao sikeTisa, kac-
    Tmoyvareobisa da samarTlianobis dasamkvidreblad TavganwirviT mebrZoli ra-
    indisa.

    * * *
    `daTa TuTaSxias" Semdeg literaturuli sazogadoebis interesi Wabua ami-
    rejibis Semoqmedebisadmi, bunebrivia, arnaxulad gaizarda. yvela udidesi inte-
    resiT moeloda mwerlis axal romans, romelzec igi xangrZlivi drois ganmav-
    lobaSi - 1984-94 wlebSi muSaobda. da ai, es droc dadga _ 1995 wels mkiTxvelma
    calke wignad miiRo beletristis vrceli epikuri tilo _ `gora mborgali".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom, obieqturad Tu vityviT, W. amirejibis axali romani
    `daTa TuTaSxias" tolfasi mxatvruli qmnileba ar aris, `gora mborgali" mainc
    unda Sefasdes, rogorc mwerlis uTuo SemoqmedebiTi gamarjveba, Tanamedrove
    qarTuli romanistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani miRweva.
    epoqalur movlenaTa warmosaxvis literaturuli specifikiT, mxatvruli
    struqturiTa da aRnagobiT, mwerluri individualobis ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi
    mxareebiTa da msoflmxedvelobriv principTa saerToobiT `gora mborgali" `da-
    Ta TuTaSxias" SemoqmedebiTi wiaRidan amozrdili romania, misi Taviseburi gag-
    rZeleba da ganaxlebuli literaturuli varianti, romelSic aSkarad SesamCnevi
    formiT meordeba mwerlis pirveli romanisTvis niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebeli
    araerTi stiluri xerxi da saSualeba: moqmedebis ganviTarebis msgavsi specifi-
    ka, epoqaluri sinamdvilis warmosaxva TavisTavadi da damoukidebeli mxatvru-
    li Rirebulebis mqone novelebisa da moTxrobebis saxiT, romanis centralur
    gmirad Tavisi adamianuri monumenturobiT sxvaTagan mkveTrad gamorCeuli pi-
    rovnebis gamoyvana, naazrevis simboluri qveteqstebiTa da mxatvruli alego-
    riebiT gadmocemis xelovneba da sxv.
    `daTa TuTaSxiasa" da `gora mborgalis" msgavseba-naTesaobas Tavad mwe-
    ralmac miaqcia yuradReba. misi TqmiT, amgvari msgavseba mniSvnelovanwiladaa
    gansazRvruli imiT, rom es nawarmoebebi `garkveuli epizodebisgan arian Sek-
    rulni da warmosaxaven wignis avtoriseul Canafiqrs".
    `gora mborgali" SeiZleba `cnobierebis nakadis" principebTa safuZvelze
    Seqmnil romanad miviCnioT, romelSic ambis Txroba siuJeturi Tanmimdevru-
    lobiT ar xasiaTdeba.
    nawarmoebis arsebiTi Tavisebureba isic aris, rom igi personaJTa simrav-
    liT gamorCeuli qmnilebaa. Tavad mwerlis ganmartebiT, esaa gza epoqis warmo-
    Cenisa `adamianTa xasiaTebis xatviT". swored am garemoebam ukarnaxa mas ara mar-
    to raodenobrivad gaemravlebina personaJTa wre, aramed socialur-sazoga-
    doebrivi daniSnulebiTac mravalferovani adamianebis mxatvruli saxeebiTac.
    ase cocxldebian masSi rogorc istoriulad kargad cnobili pirovnebani, ise
    Tavad mwerlis mier SeTxzul-warmosaxuli is pirovnebebic, romlebic STambeW-
    davad gamoxataven epoqaluri sinamdvilis calkeul mxareebs.
    ai, rogor axasiaTebs `gora mborgalis" `am ZiriTad stilobriv Canafiqrs"
    Tavad avtori erTgan: `Cveni mematianeni scodaven imiT, rom gvawvdian karis
    cxovrebas, omebs, bunebriv kataklizmebs, diplomatiis wvrilmanebs, magram arc
    erT maTgans ar aqvs gaxsnili Tavisi Tanamedrove adamianis xasiaTi da buneba,
    Tu ar vigulisxmebT mefeebs da samefo karis mesveurT. matianeebi Cven ver mog-
    viTxroben, Tu rogori iyo uCino, ubralo adamiani. Cemi azriT ki epoqis xatva
    mxolod maSinaa srulyofilad miRweuli, rodesac igi adamianebiT da xasia-
    TebiT aris warmoCenili. adamiani xom Tavisi epoqis Svilia da sazogadoeba ki
    im epoqas ganmartavs da warmoaCens, romelSic igi moqmedebs da cxovrobs. aseTi
    iyo am wignis ZiriTadi stilobrivi Canafiqri" (`lit. saq". 1996 w. 9-16 Teb.).
    `gora mborgalis" mxatvrul Taviseburebebze saubris dros aseve unda aRi-
    niSnos isic, rom masSi saTqmeli xSirad Sinagani monologis formiTaa gadmoce-
    424
    muli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs romanis is epizodebi, romlebSic gora mborgali Ta-
    vad gamodis ambis mTxrobelis rolSi. am SemTxvevaSi igi ubralo mTxrobeli
    ki araa, aramed erTgvari aRmsarebelic, movlenaTa zneobrivi TvalTaxedviT
    ganmsjel-Semfasebeli da cxovrebiseuli sazrisis aqtiurad maZiebeli pirov-
    neba.
    `gora mborgalis" kompoziciur struqturas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is ga-
    remoeba, rom misi magistraluri siuJeturi mdinareba calkeul, damoukidebel
    qvesiuJetebadaa gantotvili. faqtobrivad, esaa erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis damou-
    kidebeli novelebisa da moTxrobebisagan Semdgari romani, romelTac am ambavTa
    mTxrobeli centraluri personaJi amTlianebs.
    nawarmoebSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarseboben da paralelur siuJe-
    tur nakadebs warmoqmnian sapatimro banakidan gaqceuli goras dramatuli Tav-
    gadasavlebi da `am jojoxeTur savalze" misi mexsierebidan amotivtivebuli
    gardasuli drois mogonebani. imierpolareTis Tovlian udabnoSi xangrZlivi
    droiT martodmarto moxetiale marbenali patimari Tanmimdevrulad ixsenebs
    rogorc piradad misi, ise misi winamorbedebis cxovrebis STambeWdav epizodebs
    da epoqalur movlenebTan sisxlxorceul kavSir-urTierTobaSi sjis da aanali-
    zebs maT.
    am TvalsazrisiT romanidan bevri metad STambeWdavi magaliTis gaxseneba
    SeiZleba. sanimuSod Tundac zemelis baRis ambavi movigonoT, balRobis droi-
    danve rom aRibeWda waruSlelad goras mexsierebaSi. misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
    `am baRSi ZiriTadad axali drois mier gariyulebi iyridnen Tavs _ Rrma moxu-
    cebi, mecxramete saukunis qarTvel mamakacTa is mcire nawili, romelsac Rmer-
    Tma erTob xangrZlivi sicocxle dardiviT aCuqa". mainc vin iyvnen es moxuci
    sulebio? _ erTgvari ritorikiT kiTxulobs romanis mTavari gmiri da Tavadve
    upasuxebs: `upirveles yovlisa, aTascxraas ocdaoTxi wlis ajanyebis masobriv
    daxvretebs saswaulebriv gadarCenili mohikanebi; revoluciamde gakotrebuli
    an revoluciiT gaRatakebuli aristokratebi.... komkavSirlebis mier ZaliT gak-
    reWili Tu amiT daSinebuli da nebayoflobiT gakreWili sxvadasxva wodebis
    sasuliero pirebi... `aseTi iyo `zemelis sasaflaos" binadarTa vinaoba.
    rogorc am fragmentuli daxasiaTebiTac naTlad Cans, eseni is adamianebi
    arian, romlebic `bolSevikebi rom Semovidnen, maSin daixocnen" da axla am ba-
    Ris cocxali sasaflaos mkvidrad qceuli tragikuli bedis pirovnebebs warmo-
    adgenen. maTi cxovrebiseuli tragediis ganmapirobebeli umTavresi faqtori,
    uwinares yovlisa, maTive erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedvaa. TavianTi warsu-
    liTac da awmyo cxovrebiTac isini im saqmis erTguli adamianebi arian, rac ma-
    Ti sicocxlis umTavres mizanswrafvad eris saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis sa-
    darajoze mkvidrad dgomas saxavs. amgvari rwmenisa da msoflmxedvelobis mamu-
    liSvilebi ki axali epoqis fanatikosma msaxurebma revoluciis mtrebad gamo-
    acxades da ulmoblad daiwyes maTi fizikuri ganadgureba. pirvel yovlisa, eq-
    vsiode wlis asakSi Sexvedrilma swored am adamianebma gansazRvres gora mbor-
    galis mTeli `danarCeni cxovreba da bed-iRbali".
    `gora mborgali" mkveTrad gamoxatuli erovnuli suliskveTebis romania. am
    TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT saintereso nawarmoebis is epizodebia, romlebSic
    Cveni qveynis warsulidan kargad cnobil pirovnebebTan dakavSirebuli ambebia
    moTxrobili. saqarTvelos istoriuli yofis araerTi problematuri sakiTxi
    maTSi xSirad sakmaod polemikuri simwvaviTaa dasmuli da gaazrebuli (magali-
    Tad, ilia WavWavaZesa da saguramoel glexebs Soris realurad arsebuli urTi-
    erToba, stalinis biografiis calkeuli epizodebi, XX saukunis dasawyisis
    erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, wiTeli ruseTis mier saqarTvelos xe-
    laxali aneqsia, rusuli bolSevizmisa da socializmis saxis warmoCena ni-
    Rabaxdili formiT da sxv.).
    am movlenaTa gansja-gaazreba zog SemTxvevaSi avtors imdenadac ki ita-
    cebs, rom romanis zogierTi epizodi garkveulwilad cildeba kidec mxatvruli
    nawarmoebis specifikas da mecnieruli msjelobis saxesac iZens. imisaTvis, rom
    ufro naTeli warmodgena Segveqmnas movlenaTa gaazrebis am stilze, moviSve-
    425
    lieb fragments romanidan: `ruseTis imperiis Cagruli xalxebis brZolas ori
    faqtori udevs safuZvlad _ socialuri da erovnuli. isini, erTi mxriv,
    gabatonebuli fenebisagan mwvave eqsploatacias ganicdian, meore mxriv _ imperi-
    isagan erovnul diskriminaciasa da Cagvras. imperia mpyrobeli eris saxelmwi-
    foa da ara yvela Semadgeneli erisa erTad. ruseTis imperiis saSinao politi-
    kis ZiriTadi niSani isaa, rom igi zRudavs xalxebis erovnuli kulturis ganvi-
    Tarebas, uspobs maT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis perspeqtivas...".
    erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTebis gamoxatva romanSi, pirdapir Tu ara-
    pirdapir, TiTqmis yovelTvis ganuyofelad ukavSirdeba mwerlis antirevoluci-
    uri ganwyobilebis Cvenebas. nawarmoebis mTavari gmirisa da sxva personaJebis
    cxovrebiseuli gzis gamrudebaSi revolucia da misi Sedegad damkvidrebuli
    xelisufleba ganmsazRvrel rols asruleben.
    mwerlis aseTi antirevoluciuri pozicia romanSi xazgasmuli tendenciu-
    robiTaa gamJRavnebuli. magaliTad, gora mborgalis papis _ iagoris SefasebiT,
    `revolucia aris qaosi, sadac politikuri avantiuristebi fanatikosebis xeliT
    amRvreuli wylidan amoyvanil zvigens inteleqtualebis xorciT kvebaven". revo-
    luciis Sedegad qveynad datrialebuli ubedureba balRobidanve waruSlelad
    aRibeWda goris cnobierebaSic. igi didi mwuxarebiT ixsenebs revoluciuri qao-
    sis dReebSi ruseTidan samSoblosken momaval 117 qarTvels, romlebic `armavir-
    Si viRac `revolucionerebma" matareblidan gadmoiyvanes da erTad, ganu-
    kiTxavad gaJlites". msgavsi epizodebi romanSi mravlad gvxvdeba.
    revoluciis saxeliT daRupul adamianTa udidesi nawili eris saukeTeso
    Svilebi iyvnen. mwerlis TqmiT, `ganadgurebuli inteligenciis statistika ara-
    vis uwarmoebia iseve, rogorc dRemde aravin icis, ramdeni revolucioneri
    daixvrita revoluciisave saxeliT".
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `gora mborgali" klasikuri formis istoriuli ro-
    mani ar aris, masSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, XIX-XX saukuneebis Cveni istoriis mra-
    vali movlenaa fragmentulad asaxuli. am movlenaTa gansja-gaazreba nawar-
    moebSi, arcTu iSviaTad, tradiciulad damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebisagan radi-
    kalurad gansxvavebuli saxiT xdeba.
    rogorc aRiniSna, W. amirejibis romani 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-iani
    wlebis dasawyisSi iwereboda, im dros, rodesac Cveni qveynis istoriaSi saetapo
    gardatexebi xdeboda, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas mkvidri sa-
    fuZveli eyreboda da sabWouri azrovnebis ideologiuri xundebi imsxvreoda. am
    procesebma arsebiTad gansazRvres `gora mborgalis" suliskveTeba. W. ami-
    rejibis romani im periodis qarTuli mwerlobis is erT-erTi monumenturi nimu-
    Sia, romelic mTlianadaa Tavisufali cenzuruli SeboWilobisa da ideologiu-
    ri daTrgunvilobisagan da SeuzRudvelad avlens avtoris Tavisufali azrov-
    nebis did SesaZleblobebs.
    Seqmnilma mdgomareobam mwerals saSualeba misca sabWoTa periodis Cveni
    istoriis bevr problematur sakiTxze erT-erT pirvelTagans gamoeTqva tradi-
    ciuli Tvalsazrisisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli Sefasebani. es garemoeba mniS-
    vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs `gora mborgalisadmi" interess. marTalia, sityvis
    amgvari Tavisufleba dRes aRaravis ukvirs da romanSi aRwerili movlenebis-
    Tvis SemdgomSi ufro mwvavedac araerTgzis miuqceviaT yuradReba, magram nawar-
    moebze msjelobis dros mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom am
    movlenebis deideologizebuli mxatvruli warmosaxvis saqmeSi W. amirejibi
    erT-erTi pirveli xnulis gamvlebia CvenSi.
    gadauWarbeblad unda iTqvas, rom W. amirejibis romani sabWouri xanis epo-
    qaluri sinamdvilis realisturi monumenturobiT amsaxveli wignia. miuxedavad
    imisa, rom `gora mborgali" mxatvruli nawarmoebia, masSi movlenaTa istoriul-
    dokumenturi sizustiT aRwerasa da publicistur-mecnierul gansja-gaazrebas
    didmniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili. mxatvruli gamonagonisa da dokumen-
    tur-publicisturi masalis aseTi bunebrivi da Zaldautanebeli SerwymiT avto-
    riseuli saTqmeli met STambeWdaobas, azrobriv siRrmesa da gansja-ganzoga-
    debis masStabebs iZens. istoriulad kargad cnobili Cveni araerTi didi pirov-
    426
    nebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis bevri sagulisxmo mxare W. amirejibma sruliad
    axleburi TvalTaxedviT gaiazra, riTac gabedulad daupirispirda am Tvalsaz-
    risiT farTod damkvidrebul dogmatur ideologiur Sexedulebebs da sruliad
    axali versiebiT gaamdidra Cveni codna am pirovnebaTa cxovrebiseuli xvedris
    Sesaxeb.
    Cveni xalxis istoriidan kargad cnobil pirovnebebze romanis mTavari per-
    sonaJis amgvari arastandartuli saubrebi konkretuli faqtologiuri masalis
    gansjis Sedegia. am msjelobebsa da gora mborgalis cnobierebaSi erTmaneTis
    miyolebiT gacocxlebul gardasuli drois adamianTa mravalricxovan mxat-
    vrul saxeebSi STambeWdavad vlindeba epoqaluri sinamdvilis umTavresi arsi
    da suliskveTeba.
    gansxvavebiT `daTa TuTaSxiasagan", `gora mborgali" avtobiografiul roma-
    nadac SeiZleba miviCnioT. rogorc Tavad avtoric araorazrovnad adasturebs,
    piradad mas Zalze bevri ram aqvs saerTo romanis centralur gmirTan. es msgav-
    seba-siaxlove zogjer imdenad TvalnaTlivac ki vlindeba, rom yovelgvari Zal-
    datanebis gareSec SeiZleba zusti analogiebis gavleba mwerlis biografiasa
    da gora mborgalis calkeul cxovrebiseul Tavgadasavlebs Soris. Tavisi dra-
    matuli biografia am TvalsazrisiT mwerals metad mniSvnelovan da saintereso
    masalas awvdida.
    magram `gora mborgali" aramc da aramc ar miekuTvneba dokumentur-memua-
    ruli Janris nawarmoebTa kategorias. igi, upirveles yovlisa, romania, romel-
    Sic TviT yvelaze konkretuli dokumentur-faqtologiuri masalac ki farTo
    mwerluri ganzogadebis sagnadaa qceuli da literaturuli warmosaxvis grZne-
    ul madls naziarebi.
    Tavad avtorisave ganmartebiT, `gora mborgali" `sami Taobis yofacxov-
    rebiTi da sulieri biografiaa. romanis centrSi gora kargareTeli _ gora
    mborgali dgas, mTavari mTxrobelic is aris da misi TvaliT danaxuli da misi
    guliT gancdilia yovelive, rac meoce saukuneSi sam Taobas gadaxdenia: papa-
    miss _ iagor kargareTels, mamamiss _ irakli kargareTels da maTs naSiers,
    TviTon mas _ gora kargareTels, anu gora mborgals. zneobriobis da samar-
    Tlianobis, amasTan erTad mebrZoli, mborgali sulis matarebeli gora karga-
    reTeli, _ koridazea espaneTSi, Tu imierpolareTis purgaSi, _ avtoris ideuri
    mrwamsis qadagi da, dasamali ar aris, Wabua amirejibis moralur-eTikuri prin-
    cipebis gansaxierebaa.. romani miznad isaxavs gaaanalizos xsenebuli sami Tao-
    bis manZilze adamianis xasiaTis, misi damokidebulebisa da, _ am bolo wlebSi
    farTod Semosuli termini rom vixmaroT, _ mentalitetis Camoyalibebis proce-
    si" (W. amirejibi, axali didi wignidan, 1995 w. gv. 19).
    rogorc am avtoriseuli ganmartebidanac naTlad dainaxavs mkiTxveli, `go-
    ra mborgalis" umTavresi mizanswrafva im urTulesi epoqaluri movlenebisa da
    moralur-eTikuri principebis mxatvruli warmosaxva da gaanalizebaa, romelTa
    centrSi romanis centraluri personaJi da uSualod mis winamorbed TaobaTa
    warmomadgenlebi dganan. am movlenebze saubari gora mborgalis cnobierebas
    Tumca bundovnad, magram waruSlelad SemorCenili bavSvobis droindeli tragi-
    kuli mogonebiT iwyeba. es aris ocian wlebSi kargareTelebis ojaxisTvis revo-
    luciis Sedegad Tavsdatexili ubedurebis gaxseneba.
    am droidan moyolebuli, Zaladoba, usamarTlo devna-Seviwroeba da pirov-
    nuli TavisuflebisTvis Tavganwiruli brZola goras sicocxlis maradiulad
    Tanamdev movlenebad iqcnen. romanis mTavari gmiris mTeli cxovreba am movle-
    nebis tragikul msxverplad qceuli adamianis erT-erTi STambeWdavi magaliTia.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom buntaruli sulisa da rainduli gambedaobis mqone es ma-
    Ralzneobrivi pirovneba Tavis TavSi mudam poulobs dauTrgunav Sinagan Zalas
    epoqis diqtatorul reJimTan dasapirispireblad, sabolood igi mainc am reJi-
    mis msxverplad qceuli pirovnebaa.
    marTalia, gora mborgalis buntarul suliskveTebasa da marbenalobas, ro-
    gorc ukve iTqva, arsebiTad gansazRvravs gabatonebuli politikuri reJimis mi-
    marT misi protestantuli damokidebuleba, magram romanis mTavari gmiris suli-
    427
    eri amboxebis arsi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa da farTo masStabebis momcveli da
    mas aramc da aramc ara aqvs erTniSna Sefaseba. esaa daucxromeli Zieba im
    kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisa, romelic mtanjveli simwvaviT mudam idga xolme go-
    ra mborgalis winaSe: `ise nu waxval am qveynidan, _ xSirad eubneboda xolme
    gora sakuTar Tavs, _ rom ar gasce pasuxi kiTxvas: ratom var aseTi, ra da-
    marbeninebs?".
    gora mborgalis am maradiul sulier amboxsa da marbenalobas, garda kon-
    kretulad saxeldebuli faqtorebisa, Rrmad filosofiuri safuZvelic moepo-
    veba. esaa pirovnuli martobisgan, wuTisoflis simuxTlisa da amaoebisgan gaq-
    cevis mZafri survilic, sakuTar arsebaSi im sasowarmkveTi grZnobis daTrgun-
    vis aqtiuri mcdeloba, rac erTgan Tavad goras mier amgvaradaa Sefasebuli:
    `mTeli sicocxlis manZilze marto xar. exla aRmoaCine?"... miuxedavad imisa, rom
    goras arc siyvaruli hklebia odesme, arc pativiscema da aRiareba, igi mainc
    mudam mwvaved ganicdida sulieri martoobis am mtanjvel grZnobas.
    W. amirejibis romanis Rirseba isic aris, rom igi msoflmxedvelobrivi
    sworxazovnebiT ar warmosaxavs epoqalur sinamdviles. es sinamdvile nawar-
    moebSi konkretul mxareTa mZafri dapirispirebis fonzea naCvenebi. sikeTisa da
    borotebis, sinaTlisa da sibnelis dapirispirebis erTi mxaris umTavres warmo-
    madgenlad romanSi gora mborgalia gamoyvanili, meorisa ki mitileniCi. pirve-
    li, miuxedavad Tavisi buntaruli sulisa da rainduli SemarTebisa, rogorc
    ukve iTqva, gabatonebuli reJimis msxverplad qceuli adamiania, meore ki am re-
    Jimis mier Seqmnili despoti, romlis cxovrebis warmmarTvel mizans arsebuli
    saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis gansamtkiceblad Tavdadebuli brZola warmoadgens.
    gora mborgalisa da mitileniCis rTul adamianur urTierTobasa da mZafr
    ideologiur dapirispirebulobaSi Taviseburi formiT gardaisaxa is mwvave da
    mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic daTa TuTaSxiasa
    da muSni zarandias Soris arsebobs. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom gora
    sabWour epoqalur sinamdvileSi gardasaxuli daTaa, iseve, rogorc mitileniCi
    muSnis tipologiur memkvidred SeiZleba miviCnioT.
    nawarmoebis azrobrivi mizanswrafvis bolomde Sesacnobad da gasacnobie-
    reblad gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens finaluri epizodi. romanis siuJetu-
    ri sivrcisgan erTi SexedviT gankerZoebuli da kompoziciurad mowyvetili am
    epizodiT, romelSic espanuri koridis ambavia moTxrobili da Taviseburi
    TvalTaxedviT axsnil-ganmartebuli, mweralma simbolur-alegoriulad gaiazra
    da ganzogadebuli formiT warmoaCina nawarmoebis umTavresi saTqmelis arsi da
    mizandasaxuloba.
    koridaze gamoyvanili xarisa da Subosani mxedrebis brZolas W. amirejibi
    kacobriobis istoriis Tavisebur alegoriad miiCnevs. xaris saxeSi igi bneleTi-
    dan gamovardnil im Zalas xedavs, romelic harmonias qaosad gardaqmnis, `adami-
    anTa, erTa da saxelmwifoTa mSvidobian urTierTobas" arRvevs da maT dapyro-
    bas cdilobs. faqtobrivad, esaa sikeTesa da borotebas Soris permanentulad
    mimdinare brZola, romlis arsic romanis mTavari gmiris mier asea ganmar-
    tebuli: `me Tu mkiTxavs vinme, koridis dedaazri swored eg aris - amaoeba ama-
    oebaTa. visganac ginda iyos, qveynierebis dawiokeba, erebis damarcxeba, saxel-
    mwifoebis ganadgureba, gana uazro, uTavbolo sirbili da gamokideba ar aris?!
    uzogadesad rom mivudgeT, romel dampyrobels ra SerCa da misi danapyrobidan
    ra darCa?!"
    gora mborgalic, romlis Tavgadasavali mwerlis mier Cveni qveynis isto-
    riuli yofis Tavisebur modeladac moiazreba, Rrmaazrovani qveteqstebiT gaaz-
    rebuli am maradiuli koridis erT-erTi mTavari gmiria, `Selewili da miwasTan
    gasworebuli cixe-simagreebis qva-RorRiT nagebi" kaci. `vina xar Sen, gora
    mborgalo, xari Tu espada?!" - mravalmniSvnelovnad mimarTavs romanis bolos
    mwerali Tavis gmirs da nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambis Semajamebeli am Rrmaaz-
    rovani SekiTxviT erTxel kidev mwvaved Cagvafiqrebs im urTules problemebze,
    romelTa mimarTac mkiTxvels arc erTgvarovani midgoma SeiZleba hqondes da
    arc erTniSna pasuxi.
    428

    ana kalandaZe
    omisSemdgomi wlebis Cveni literaturuli cxovrebis ganaxlebis procesi
    ganuyofeladaa dakavSirebuli ana kalandaZis saxelTan. Tanamedrove qarTul
    poeziaSi, albaT, ar moiZebneba meore poeti, romelic Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moR-
    vaweobis pirvelsave weliwads erTbaSad amdeni srulqmnili leqsiT warmdga-
    riyos mkiTxvelTa winaSe. es leqsebi Tavidanve damkvidrdnen Cveni lirikis sau-
    keTeso nimuSebis gverdiT da imTaviTve gansazRvres ana kalandaZis, rogorc
    mxatvruli sityvis SesaniSnavi ostatis, SemoqmedebiTi saxe.
    dResac, am literaturuli debiutidan sakmao drois gasvlis Semdeg, roca
    poetis SemoqmedebiTi monapovari araerTi SedevriT gamdidrda, mkiTxvelTa di-
    di nawilisaTvis ana kalandaZis poetur warmatebaTa daxasiaTeba, upirveles
    yovlisa, swored am leqsebis gaxsenebiT iwyeba. 1945-46 wlebi yvelaze nayofieri
    da warmatebuli xana iyo poetis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi. swored am dros
    Seqmna man mniSvnelovani nawili im leqsebisa, romelTac mkveTrad gamorCeuli
    individualobiT aRbeWdes misi lirika.
    imisaTvis, rom naTqvamma ufro meti konkretuloba da dasabuTebuloba Sei-
    Zinos, kidev erTxel gavixsenoT is leqsebi, romelnic swored 1945-46 wlebiT -
    poeturi moRvaweobis pirveli wlebiT _ TariRdeba: `Sen ise Rrma xar", `TuTa",
    `saqarTveloo lamazo", `karSi gamo, Wia-Wia maria", `Semodioda CvenSi kalanda",
    `pawawina rto var", `ra var? stviri var!", `am suriT svamen", `boSa qali", `arabi
    xar?", `da rodesac mzes Sevxede gvirgvinosans", `Weqda mazurka", `modioda nino
    mTebiT", `Soria, Tamar", `qeTevan dedofali", `aseTi dari Tu iyo maSin", `viwro
    bilikebs biliki Casdevs"...
    rogorc am arasruli CamonaTvaliTac Cans, dasaxelebuli leqsebis gamoq-
    veynebiT ormociani wlebis literaturuli sazogadoeba erTbaSad gaxda mowme
    mkafiod individualuri da dasrulebuli profesionali poetis dabadebisa,
    romlis leqss ukve amkobda avtoris xelwerisTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli
    yoveli kargi niSani.
    rac Seexeba ana kalandaZis literaturuli daostatebisa da ganswavlis
    wlebs, amis Taobaze metad sainteresoa Tavad avtoris mogoneba, romelic kri-
    tikos koba imedaSvilisaTvis micemul interviuSi man ase gagvacno: `Cemi pirve-
    li damoukidebeli mxatvruli sityva 1945 wels dawerili leqsebidan iwyeba -
    swored ukanaskneli ori wlis (1945-46 ww.) ganmavlobaSi dawerili leqsebi gax-
    ldaT is pirveli leqsebi, 1946 wels rom gamoqveynda. 1941-dan 1945 wlamde Cemi
    SemoqmedebiTi procesis faruli, intensiuri da ucxo TvalTagan ganridebuli
    periodia".
    ase aRmoaCina ana kalandaZe qarTvelma mkiTxvelma ara rogorc mwvervalis
    dasapyrobad uval bilikze fexSemdgari Semoqmedi, aramed rogorc misive liri-
    kis umaRles safexurze ukve saimedod damkvidrebuli da gamarjvebuli poeti.
    ra Tqma unda, mis poetur biografiaSi SemdgomSic iyo did warmatebaTa da
    afeTqebaTa periodebi, magram am pirveli leqsebiT gamowveuli sixaruli mainc
    gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania a. kalandaZis niWis TayvanismcemelTaTvis.
    bevri am efeqts imiTac xsnis, rom ana kalandaZis gamoCena qarTul poezia-
    Si omis Zlevamosili damTavrebiT aRZrul sixaruls daemTxva. omis mrisxanebiT
    grZnobebgamkacrebul garemoSi marTlac rom uCveulo ZaliT gaxmianda poetis
    locvasaviT nazi da yvaviliviT saTuTi leqsebi.
    im dros, roca yvelafers sisxlis oxSivari asdioda da sikvdilis elda
    akrTobda, ana kalandaZis lirikaSi gamovlenilma qalurma intimma da romanti-
    kulma sinazem mkiTxvels uCveulo ZaliT ganacdevina es monatrebuli sixaruli.
    429
    rasakvirvelia, am faqtormac mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli ana kalanda-
    Zis poeturi talantis erTsulovan aRiarebas, magram mTavari mainc avtoris
    araCveulebrivi niWierebaa. ana kalandaZis pirvelive leqsebSi imdenad gamokve-
    Tilad da Tvalxilulad vlindeba samyaros originaluri mxatvruli aRqma,
    rom am siaxlis Secnoba advilad xelmisawvdomia mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebis-
    Tvisac da natif mSvenierebad dabadebuli es poeturi striqonebi Rrmad aRibeW-
    debian Cvens cnobierebaSi. swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom pir-
    veli leqsebis Seqmnidan sakmao drois gasvlis Semdeg maTi mxatvruli zemoqme-
    debis funqcia ki ar Sesustda, aramed, piriqiT, kidev ufro gaizarda.
    ase daibada qarTul poeziaSi gamorCeuli xmierebis mqone mZlavri poeturi
    nakadi, romlis gareSec omisSemdgomi wlebis Cveni literaturuli cxovrebis
    daxasiaTeba warmoudgenelia.

    * * *
    ana kalandaZe daibada 1924 wels Coxatauris raionis sofel xidisTavSi. sa-
    Sualo skola daamTavra quTaisSi. 1941-46 wlebSi swavlobda Tbilisis saxel-
    mwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetze, romelic daamTavra kavkasiuri
    enebis specialobiT. 1952 wlidan gardacvalebamde muSaobda saqarTvelos
    mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis leqsi-
    kologiis ganyofilebaSi mecnier-TanamSromlad.
    a. kalandaZe gardaicvala 2008 wels. dasaflavebulia mweralTa da sazoga-
    do moRvaweTa mTawmindis panTeonSi.
    rogorc poeti, farTo literaturuli sazogadoebis winaSe a. kalandaZe
    pirvelad 1946 wels wardga jer saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirSi mowyobili mi-
    si leqsebis sajaro ganxilviT, Semdgom ki maTi rCeuli nimuSebis presaSi ga-
    moqveynebiT. axalgazrda poetis saxeli erTbaSad gaxmianda farTo literatu-
    rul sazogadoebaSi da cxoveli interesis sagnad iqca. amaze metyvelebs is ma-
    Rali Sefaseba, romelic a. kalandaZis poeziis pirvelive nimuSebs misces
    imJamindeli qarTuli mwerlobis cnobilma ostatebma.
    1953 wels gamoica poetis pirveli wigni. am droidan moyolebuli misi wig-
    nebi sistematurad gamodioda rogorc qarTul, ise ucxo enebze. nayofieri Se-
    moqmedebiTi moRvaweobisaTvis qarTuli leqsis dedoflad saxeldebul poets
    miRebuli hqonda mravali jildo, romelTaganac, upirveles yovlisa, unda aRi-
    niSnos SoTa rusTavelis premia.
    ana kalandaZis leqsi Tavisi ritmuli JReradobiT musikaluri nawarmoebis
    efeqts axdens. poetma Seqmna da daamkvidra mkafio individualobiT aRbeWdili
    intonacia, romlis melodiur JReradobas didad ganapirobebs poeturi refre-
    nis kanonzomieri gamoyeneba leqsSi. xSirad nawarmoebi imave striqonebiT mTav-
    rdeba, riTac iwyeba. aseTi ganmeoreba, garda imisa, rom igi ganwyobilebas das-
    rulebul saxes aZlevs, zrdis melodiurobis efeqts da mniSvnelovanwilad aZ-
    lierebs musikaluri zemoqmedebis xarisxs.
    Cveulebriv, am leqsebis didi nawili fragmentulia Tavisi ganwyobilebiTa
    da SinaarsiT. aseTi fragmentuloba lirikuli gmiris sulieri samyaros impre-
    sionistuli xilva, ana kalandaZis poeturi individualobis ganmsazRvreli
    erT-erTi arsebiTi niSania.
    aqve aseve sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT misi leqsebis ferwerulobac. peizaJi
    _ ara ganyenebulad da TviTmiznurad danaxuli, aramed pirovnebis sulieri
    TrTolvis organul nawilad qceuli _ anas lirikis umniSvnelovanesi at-
    ributia. magram Rrma ferweruli feradovnebiTa da kolorituli saxierebiT
    aRbeWdili amgvari peizaJebi ana kalandaZis poeziaSi samkaulis funqcias ki ar
    asrulebs, aramed poeturi ganwyobilebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebadaa damkvid-
    rebuli.
    Tovli aWara-guriis mTebis, Cemeul mTaTa...
    mcire wisqvili gubazoulze Cems ezos karTan...
    wyavis foToli, nams rom frTxilad inaxavs TrTolviT...
    Tovli aWara-guriis mTebis, nisli da Tovli...
    430
    poetis SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatul amgvar impresionistul xilvaTa gamTlia-
    nebuli aRqma Cvens warmosaxvaSi mtkiced amkvidrebs ana kalandaZis lirikul
    gmirs Tavisi mravalferovani miswrafebebiT, tkiviliTa da sixaruliT.
    ana kalandaZis poeziisaTvis niSneul zemoTxazgasmul ferwerulobas Tavi-
    seburi formiT ganamtkicebs avtoris gansakuTrebuli daintereseba ama Tu im
    kuTxisaTvis specifikurad damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis gamoxatviT, rac ki-
    dev ufro STambeWdavad gangvacdevinebs am kuTxis eTnografiul Tu folklo-
    rul kolorits.
    pirvel yovlisa, swored am gziT Semodis ana kalandaZis lirikaSi roman-
    tikul sinazed gardaqmnili siyvaruli adgilis fuZisadmi. poeturi STagonebis
    sagnad aseve xSirad iqceva saintereso epizodebi lrikuli gmiris cxovrebidan,
    gansakuTrebiT ki misi bavSvobisa da yrmobis droindeli mogonebebidan. swored
    am gziT mkvidrdeba poetis lirikaSi guriisa da fSavis yofiT-eTnografiuli
    da folkloruli Taviseburebani, maWaxela, sindieTi, jamjama, qedqeda, sacxeni-
    si Tu CvenTvis sruliad ucnobi sxva geografiuli saxelebi, romelTa moxse-
    nieba avtoris mier garegnuli efeqtis moxdenis martivi funqciiT ar ganisaz-
    Rvreba.
    bavSvobisa da yrmobisdroindeli STabeWdilebebiT nasazrdoebi es leqsebi
    sinanulnarevi naTeli romantikiTaa savse. mexsierebas SemorCenili aseTi mogo-
    nebani ki xSirad axseneben poets Tavs da lirikuli gancdis obieqtad iqcevian.
    da me vigoneb CaxlarTul Robes, serebs Tovlians...
    xmobda qaTami guriis sofels, yefda Tolia...
    idga bermuxa RamismTevari TovlSi nabdiTa...
    diliT misdevda serze mwevari nakvlevs nadirTa...
    qari Tvreboda RviniT naqebiT grZneul maranTan...
    Semodioda CiCilakebiT CvenSi kalanda...
    ana kalandaZis natif da naTel poetur saxeebSi idumalebis grZneuli sxi-
    vic gamokrTis. uSualoba da Zaldautaneloba, qaluri kdemiT Semosili gu-
    lubryviloba da samyaros mSvenierebiT gaocebuli da TvalebgafarToebuli
    lirikuli gmiris saTuTi gancdebi misi poeziis emociuri mxaris ganmsazRvreli
    niSnebia.
    da miuxedavad imisa, rom es gulubryvilobaca da gancvifrebac zogjer
    gansakuTrebul azrobriv datvirTvasacaa moklebuli, igi mainc qmnis mSvenie-
    rebisa da pirobiTobis im zRaprul-romantikul samyaros, romelic ana kalanda-
    Zis poezias natif silamazesTan uecari SexvedriT mogvrili JruanteliT mux-
    tavs: gavixsenoT Tundac poetis erT-erTi mSvenieri leqsi `TuTa":
    lamis saxlSi SemoiWras TuTa,
    lamis Tavze gadamisvas xeli...
    damiZaxebs, Tvals Camikravs mudam
    xe maRali, xe zurmuxtisferi...
    aqve isic unda SevniSnoT, rom ana kalandaZis lirikaSi farTodaa damkvid-
    rebuli yvavilebis, xeebis, frinvelebisa da cxovelebis mravalferovani samya-
    ro. Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi albaT gagviWirdeba dasaxeleba meore poeti-
    sa, romelic misebri siyvaruliT esaTuTebodes bunebas da wvdebodes mis idu-
    mal arss. magram yvavilebisa Tu mcenareebis es poeturi demonstrireba ana ka-
    landaZis leqsebis mxolod garegnulad damamSvenebel samkaulebad rodia qceu-
    li. mas gacilebiT ufro didi mizanswrafva aqvs dakisrebuli. poetisaTvis es
    aris mSvenierebis wvdomisa da lirikuli gmiris ganwyobilebaTa gamovlenis sa-
    Sualeba.
    bunebas avtori ganicdis rogorc Tanamedrove urbanistuli sinamdviliT
    moRlili pirovnebis energiiTa da sicocxliT avsebis dauSretel wyaros. poe-
    tis siyvaruli garesamyarosadmi xazgasmulad nazi da faqizia, radganac am
    leqsebis ganwyobilebas qmnis Tanamedrove qalaqis mkvidri adamiani, visTvisac
    bunebis mSvenierebiT Tavdaviwyeba misi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Semadgeneli na-
    wili ki araa, aramed bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT masTan SexvedriT mogvrili
    sixarulis gamovlineba. ana kalandaZis peizaJur lirikas gamokveTilad axasia-
    Tebs bunebis mSvenierebiT gaocebis saocrad faqizi da natifi grZnoba. es gao-
    431
    ceba _ aRfrTovanebad gardaqmnili da sulis unazes TrTolvasTan Serwymuli
    _ samyaros idumal arsSi wvdomis Sedegad ibadeba.
    qalaqur garemoSi damkvidrebuli lirikuli gmiri, romelic mowyvetilia
    bunebis pirvelyofil mSvenierebas, mZafrad grZnobs am mSvenierebisgan daSo-
    rebiT sulSi gamefebul sicarieles. marTebulad SeniSna nodar CxeiZem: `man ga-
    aqalura yovelive da gviCvena iseTi silamaze, rogorsac Cven arasodes an iSvia-
    Tad vxedavdiT. man gviCvena, Tu Zalis gverdiT ra uflebiT sargeblobs sinaze
    da rogor SeiZleba iqces Cumi alersis sagnad is, rac TiTqos Sordeba aseTi
    grZnobis sferos. man gaaqalura ara marto buneba da istoria, aramed tradici-
    uli SegrZneba samSoblos siyvarulisa".
    erT-erTi mkafiod gamokveTili niSani, riTac anas peizaJuri lirikaa aRbeW-
    dili, miwis nedl fesvebs mowyvetili adamianis sulSi gaCenili sicarielis ga-
    moxatvaa, romantikuli monatreba am fesvebisa, maTi andamaturi miziduloba.
    swored am kuTxiT miiqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba fSavze dawerilma misma
    poeturma Canaxatebma, romlebSic mizanswrafulad iWreba vaJas poeziisa da
    xalxuri leqsis intonaciuri gamoZaxili. qalis TvaliT danaxul am peizaJur
    xilvebSi natifi ostatobiT gamoikveTa Cveulebrivi TvalisTvis miuwvdomeli
    uCinari feradebi. striqonebSi SigadaSig margalitebiviT mimobneuli fSauri
    dialeqtizmebi efeqturi enobrivi koloritiT gamoxataven avtoris romantikul
    mizanswrafvas:
    fSavelo qalav, Tuluxi zurgze moigde TokiTa...
    gamogedevna aragvi mTidan mosuli rokviTa...
    ro SemogZaxis mudariT, es misi lurji zvirTia:
    _ dedukav, Cemo dedukav, bataras daicdidia,
    Cem napirs Camojdebode, damamSvidebde miTia...
    nu aagznebde ufrore, gulSi ro cecxli minTia.
    risTvis waiReb wyaros wyals, Cemze lamazi riTia?
    fSavze daweril leqsebSi imdenad Zlierad gamovlinda ana kalandaZis
    mxatvruli individualoba, rom es cikli poetis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mniSvne-
    lovani monapovari gaxda.
    natifi poeturi ferebiT daxatul am peizaJur CanaxatebSi ganmsazRvrel
    adgils xSirad Sesabamisi kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnografiuli kolori-
    ti da miTosur-legendaruli wiaRidan aRmocenebuli ganwyobileba ikavebs. naT-
    qvamis naTelsayofad Tundac svaneTisadmi miZRvnili es patara leqsic gavixse-
    noT, romelSic erT mTlian STabeWdilebad SenivTda bunebis xiluli mSvenie-
    reba, svaneTis eTnografiuli Taviseburebis gancda da xalxuri zRapridan mo-
    naqroli romantika:
    lahilze isev didebuli da savse mTvarea...
    da yvelaferi zRaprulia da idumalia _
    Zveli muryvami, uSba, TeTnuldi da lamaria...
    lahilze isev didebuli da savse mTvarea...
    ana kalandaZem qarTul poeziaSi erTma pirvelTaganma moitana da daamkvid-
    ra qaluri alersis gancda. misi poeziis lirikuli gmiri Cvens winaSe warmod-
    geba mTeli Tavisi umankoebiTa da kdemamosilebiT. mis leqsebSi xSirad gvxvde-
    ba iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa: cremli, sevda, tkivili...
    magram amgvari minoruli ganwyobilebis wiaRSi mudam anTia imedis naTeli
    Suqic, Tumca zogjer Zalze Soreulad da miuwvdomladac ki, magram mainc.
    cremli da naRveli aq pirovnebis umweobis gamovlenis forma rodia. es
    sityvebi avtoris mier xSirad protestis, Zalisa da Ronis sinonimebadacaa
    naxmari da poeti maTi meSveobiT avlens lirikuli gmiris mebrZol bunebas, mis
    mZafr dapirispirebas miwier simdablesTan, sicruesTan da orpirobasTan. ra-
    gind ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, ana kalandaZis poeziaSi cremls zogjer
    sazeimo ganwyobilebac ki Semoaqvs. ase rom, avtors sityvebi: `es sixarulis
    cremlebia, rodi vtirivar?" _ misi poeturi bunebis Taviseburi gasaRebicaa.
    marTalia, a. kalandaZis mTeli poeturi Semoqmedeba mkafiod gamovlenili
    melodiurobiTa da musikaluri sinatifiTaa aRbeWdili, magram am TvalsazrisiT
    mis poeziaSi mainc ikveTeba erTi sagulisxmo tendencia: saxeldobr, adrindel
    432
    leqsebTan SedarebiT 60-iani wlebis dasasrulidan poetis lirikaSi erTgvarad
    iklo am melodiurobis xarisxma. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori kvlavac xSirad
    mimarTavs amRerebul musikalur saleqso formebsa da xalxur poetur intona-
    ciebs, misi leqsis melodiur uSualobas TiTqos mainc moaklda is Sinagani si-
    laRe, temperamenti, sinarnare da mReradoba, riTac adrindeli leqsebi xasiaT-
    deboda.
    aman TiTqos erTgvarad daamZima poeturi melodia da ragind paradoqsadac
    ar unda mogveCvenos, leqsi zomaze metad SeiboWa teqnikuri profesionalizmiT.
    aRniSnuli tendenciis momZlavreba iqneb imanac ganapiroba, rom poetis
    bolodroindel lirikaSi farTod SemoiWra e. w. mwignobruli nakadi. kerZod,
    70-iani wlebidan Seqmnili araerTi leqsis ganwyobileba sasuliero mwerlobis
    wiaRidanaa amozrdili da Tanamedrove adamianis sulier zraxvebTan Sezrdil-
    Sesisxlxorcebuli, rac naTlad igrZnoba rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise intona-
    ciuri TvalsazrisiTac. es imdenad aSkaraa, rom naTqvamis dasturad SegviZlia
    Taviseburi paralelebic ki gavavloT ana kalandaZis am e. w. sasuliero liri-
    kis intonaciebiTa da STabeWdilebebiT nasazrdoeb leqsebsa da qarTuli him-
    nografiis nimuSebs Soris.
    magaliTad, swored amgvari genetikuri siaxlovis gamovlinebad unda miviC-
    nioT leqsebis dawyeba sasuliero poeziaSi farTod gavrcelebuli iseTi sity-
    vebis gamoyenebiT, rogorebicaa: aha da he (`ha, Saravandi uxilavi ucxoTa Tval-
    Ta"... `aha, momago ese saunje me uxilavman _ saunjeT mata..." `aha, lamazi samose-
    li Cemi macvia"... `ha, daSretila kvlav sasoeba" da mravali sxva), aseve arqauli
    enobrivi formebis mizanswrafuli Tanaxvedriloba, bibliuri TemebiT daintere-
    seba, qristianul-sarwmunoebrivi epizodebis poetizeba da a. S.
    aseTi genetikuri kavSiris gaRrmavebas RirsebebTan erTad erTi saSiS-
    roebac mohyva Tan: safrTxe daemuqra poetis SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebel
    siTbosa da intims. inteleqtualuri gansjis moWarbebam Seamcira poeturi gan-
    cdis simZafre. leqss TiTqos zomaze metad daetyo maRalgonivrulad ganswav-
    luli ostatis profesiuli xeli. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom poetis bolodno-
    indel leqsebSi melodiurobis xarisxis Semcireba, sxva momentebTan erTad,
    arazusti da naklebad keTilxmovani riTmebis moWarbebasTanac aRmoCnda dakav-
    Sirebuli. ana kalandaZis poeziis musikalur bunebas ki bevrwilad swored
    riTmis melodiuri sinatife gansazRvravs.
    Tumca bolo periodSi Seqmnili leqsebiT ana kalandaZis lirikaSi mainc
    mkvidrdeba Tvisebrivad axali nakadi, riTac poeti kidev ufro amravalferov-
    nebs sakuTari SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul Taviseburebebs. amiT
    man Tavis TavSi ipova Zala, riTac SeZlo Tavidan aecdina TviTganmeorebis saf-
    rTxe da axali niSan-TvisebebiT gaemdidrebina poeturi warmosaxvis samyaro.
    ana kalandaZes aqvs ramdenime iseTi leqsi, romelTa ganwyobilebaca da Si-
    naarsic Taviseburi gaRrmavebaa poeturi klasikis zogierTi nimuSisa. gavixse-
    noT, magaliTad, `saqarTveloo lamazo", romlis poetur refrenad qceuli gr.
    orbelianis cnobili striqoni `sxva saqarTvelo sad aris" avtorma
    mizanswrafulad aqcia sakuTari poeturi samyaros organul nawilad. miuxeda-
    vad imisa, rom leqsSi gamoyenebuli poeturi saxeebi originaluri mignebebiT ar
    brwyinaven, poetma mainc moaxerxa maTi damuxtva axali emociuri ZaliT. avtoris
    mizans _ gangvacdevinos samSoblos siyvaruliT Tavdaviwyebamde misuli liri-
    kuli gmiris ganwyobilebis sazeimo xasiaTi _ aq kidev ufro amZafrebs omSi ga-
    marjvebis sixarulis SeuzRudveli gamovlena.
    poeti am xalisian gancdas ar aqucmacebs calkeul efeqtur mxatvrul sa-
    xeebad. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebis tropuli xatwera poeturi warmo-
    saxvis naklebi originalobiT xasiaTdeba (magaliTad: Wadari zRapars yveba, sa-
    qarTvelo lamazia, ca varskvlavebiT inTeba, qedebi mxrebgaSlilebi arian, Ci-
    tebi mzes umRerian da a. S.), maTi emociuri zemoqmedebis efeqti mainc arsebiTad
    gansazRvravs leqsis literaturul TavisTavadobas.
    saerTod, es niSani _ nacnobi da farTod gavrcelebuli epiTetebis, meta-
    forebisa da Sedarebebis gardaqmna axal `esTetikur saswaulad" da maTi xela-
    433
    xali aRmoCeniT mogvrili sixarulis SegrZneba, _ ana kalandaZis lirikis erT-
    erTi mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa. amis dasturad, garda zemoTmoxseniebuli na-
    warmoebisa, aq meore magaliTic unda gavixsenoT _ cnobili leqsi _ `Sen ise
    Rrma xar". qarTveli kacis patriotul suliskveTebas poetma masSi iseTi gasa-
    Rebi mouZebna da mkveTrad individualuri imgvari musikaluri intonaciiT
    aRbeWda, rom igi savsebiT samarTlianadaa miCneuli qarTuli patriotuli li-
    rikis erT-erT SesaniSnav nimuSad.
    Sen ise Rrma xar, qarTulo cao, Sen ise Rrma xar...
    samkvidro Sens qveS mtrad Semosulma veravin naxa:
    verca osmalom, verca monRolma da verca sparsma...
    Seni didebis momReralia oSki da zarzma, beberi tao...
    Sen ise Rrma xar, ise faqizi, qarTulo cao...
    ase ikvreba ana kalandaZis leqsi erT mTlian organizmad. misi nawarmoebis
    silamazes bolomde rom Cawvde, igi mTlianobaSi, erTianobaSi unda aRiqva da
    SeigrZno. xolo calkeul leqss kidev ufro meti momxibvleloba da Zliereba
    emateba, roca mas ana kalandaZis mTeli poeturi samyaros harmoniul erTia-
    nobaSi gaecnobi, rogorc am harmoniis erT aucilebel nawils.
    Tavis erT-erT leqsSi ana kalandaZe ambobs: `gveamayeba, rom Cvens maRal
    suls cxovrebis WuWyi ver moereva". da marTlac, poetis mxatvruli samyaro
    principuladaa ganridebuli WuWysa da talaxs. taZariviT sufTa da spetak am
    samyaroSi xazgasmuli umankoebiT brwyinavs saTnoeba, siwminde da mSveniereba
    da yovelgvar adamianur zakvasa da ukeTurobas kari saimedod aqvs daxSuli. ai,
    rogor gamoxatavs Tavis am msoflmxedvelobriv TvalTaxedvas erTgan avtori:
    `liqnas... ar icnobs Cveni kunZuli! suli... wrfeli gvaqvs, mziT daxunZluli,
    cas... sufTa TvaliT unda vumziroT..." es msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi li-
    bod udevs ana kalandaZis poetur STagonebas.
    ana kalandaZis poeziis daxasiaTeba SeuZlebelia mis leqsebSi mZlavrad
    gamovlenili elegiuri nakadis gauTvaliswineblad. am elegiur ganwyobilebaTa
    ganmapirobebeli faqtori xan adamianebTan urTierTobis dros gaCenili imedgac-
    ruebaa, xanac _ cxovrebis simuxTle, Suri, gautanloba, wuTisoflis warmav-
    loba, vinme maxloblis gardacvalebiT mogvrili sevda-kaeSani da a. S.
    ana kalandaZes iseTi leqsebic sakmaod aqvs, romelTa Canafiqri Tumca
    Rrmad subieqturi gancdidanaa aRmocenebuli, magram am pirovnulobis miuxeda-
    vad, kamerulobisa da viwro subieqturobis artaxebiT isini arasodes iboWebian.
    mkiTxvelis sulTan TanaSezrdiTa da SexmianebiT es leqsebi farTo ganzoga-
    doebasa da Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas iZenen.
    ana kalandaZis poeziaSi mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili bibliur
    Tematikas. bibliuri siuJetebidan aRmocenebuli ganwyobilebani organulad
    erwymian lirikuli gmiris sulier zraxvebs. am mizniT poets Tavis leqsebSi
    xSirad Semohyavs e. w. bibliuri personaJebi _ kaeni, abeli, mose, ieRova, maTe
    da a. S. da aq xazgasasmeli, upirveles yovlisa, isaa, rom saeklesio TematikiT
    poetis amgvari daintereseba poeziaSi pirovnebis maRalzneobrivi sulieri sam-
    yaros gamoxatvis originalur da Rrmad efeqtur formadaa damkvidrebuli. ase
    sZens igi mkiTxvelisTvis kargad cnobil bibliur epizodebs Rrmaazrovan sim-
    bolur datvirTvas da es yovelive sikeTisa da borotebis mZafri urTierTWidi-
    lis, saerTod, adamianuri cxovrebis filosofiuri gansjis Tavisebur poetur
    gamovlinebad aRiqmeba.
    bibliur-sarwmunoebrivi TematikiT amgvari daintereseba a. kalandaZis poe-
    ziaSi kidev ufro momZlavrda da saCino gaxda 70-iani wlebidan. RmerTis cnebis
    avtoriseul gaazrebas ganuyofelad erwymis istoriuli gamocdilebiT nasaz-
    rdoebi da ganmtkicebuli erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi tradicia.
    am uwmindesi grZnobis gamomxatvel niSan-Tvisebebad ana kalandaZis lirika-
    Si mravali niuansia qceuli: sasuliero lirikis erovnul miRwevebTan genetiku-
    ri siaxlove, qristianul-sarwmunoebrivi TematikiT poetis gansakuTrebuli da-
    intereseba, saeklesio leqsikis aRdgena-gacocxlebisaken mimarTuli mizanswra-
    fuli midrekileba Tu sxv. swored am tipis leqsebSi Semodis yvelaze mZafrad
    434
    lirikuli gmiris mier sakuTari sulieri samyaros TviTgansja da TviTanalizi.
    zemoTqmulis dasturad moviSvelioT oriode magaliTi:
    gardamovida Cemze naTeli
    da me vmaRldebi zecis karamde...
    ha, dgaxar Cems win gabrwyinebuli...
    o, sxivi Seni mTove maradis.
    an kidev:
    me mivsdev Sens xmas, caTa frenad romelic mixmobs,
    me vusmen Sens xmas, idumalsa, romelic miTxrobs,
    me viReb im msxverpls, ras samsxverplo Senive iTxovs,
    Senive mwuxriT avivsebi, esoden wrfeli...
    o, Sen maradis momeaxle sxivTa kankaliT,
    Tan dagimarxavs, rogorc margalits,
    Cemi gulis mdumare fskeri.
    `gamomibrwyindi, miuRwevelo, an ucnauri meqmen sacnaur... umaRlesia xateba
    Seni da Zali misi _ marad saswaul!" _ wers erT-erT leqsSi a. kalandaZe da
    swored am idumali rwmenis siZliereSi vlindeba yvelaze metad is Zala, rome-
    lic misi poeziis lirikul gmirs meSCanuri miwieri vnebaTa Relvisagan da
    yoveldRiurobis simdablisagan ganaridebs. igive Zala amkvidrebs mis lirikaSi
    amqveyniuri zakvisadmi ara marto mZafr protestantul ganwyobilebas, aramed
    codvaTa mitevebisa da Sendobis momnaniebel grZnobasac. ase iwrToba da yalib-
    deba ana kalandaZis poeziis lirikuli gmiri Zlieri nebisyofis pirovnebad:
    `gadaudgeba uZReb fitulebs drodadro Seni susti aCrdili Seni xanmokle si-
    cocxlis fasad, kacobriobis gadasarCenad".
    roca ana kalandaZis lirikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zemoTxazgasmul zneob-
    riv principebs vsjiT da vafasebT, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is gansa-
    kuTrebulad mniSvnelovani roli, romelsac, poetis rwmeniT, sarwmunoeba asru-
    lebs pirovnebis zneobrivi saxis srulyofis saqmeSi.
    Sen, saswaulo saswaulT Soris,
    maSenebel xar da yovlis mSleli...
    ars gzai Seni _ grZneulebisa,
    gaugebari ars gzai Seni!
    aha, davagde ese yoveli
    da gardaviqec me Senda smenad:
    `vin ars Zma Cemi, an deda Cemi" _
    Sen mobrZandebi Cems sras da senaks!
    Sen Semodixar ucxod morTuli
    da varskvlavebiT TavdanamSveni,
    rokav msubuqad da ucxod galob
    wmidaTawmida cecxlis garSemo,
    o, saswaulo saswaulT Soris!
    mkiTxveli naTlad grZnobs ana kalandaZis poeziaSi xelSesaxebad gamovle-
    nil am idumalebis mSvenierebas. poetis Tvalwin TiTqos `uxilavisa gaiRo kari"
    da gamoCnda `maradiuli SaravandiT" mosili samyaro. am samyaros uzenaes gan-
    mgebelTan miaxleba da misdami rwmenis idumal arsSi wvdoma poeturi ltolvis
    ganmapirobebel faqtorad iqceva: `me mixmobs igi Tvis wminda WerqveS maRal
    RrublebTan, maRal qarebTan, rom kvlav aRsavlis davdge karebTan da idumalis
    velodo mosvlas... meZaxis igi: masTan TanSerwyma wmidaTawmida ars Cemi locva!"
    am tipis leqsebiT ana kalandaZes qarTul poeziaSi Semoaqvs sruliad axa-
    li da gamorCeuli poeturi samyaro, romlis genetikuri fesvebi uZvelesi sasu-
    liero poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebSia saZiebeli. naTqvamis dasturad kidev er-
    Txel movusminoT poets, romlis sityvebi kvlav uzenaesisadmia mimarTuli:
    `gardamovida Cemze naTeli da me vmaRldebi zecis karamde... ha, dgaxar Cems win
    gabrwyinebuli... o, sxivi Seni mTove maradis". anda: `Sen xar saydari Cemis di-
    debis, Zali, maRali yovelTa ZalTa... mommadle Seni kvlav brwyinvaleba, mom-
    xvdes naTeli yovelTa naTel, Senis didebis me var saydari!"
    ana kalandaZisTvis poezia is yovlismomcveli grZnobaa, romelic misi
    cxovrebis mamoZravebel Zaladaa qceuli. sicocxlis dedaazrad miCneuli es
    435
    grZnoba misi lirikis yovel masuldgmulebel nervs saocari energiiT muxtavs
    da mis gareSe azri ekargeba qveynad yvelafers. poetisaTvis poezia sarwmu-
    noebrivi siwmindiT aRbeWdili natifi mSvenierebaa, romlis wminda taZarSi igi
    Tumca muxlmodrekiT Sesula, magram mis xmas locva-vedrebis intonaciebTan er-
    Tad dedofluri siamayec axlavs Tan.
    mravalsaukunovani qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi ana kalandaZe pirveli
    poetia, romelmac yvelaze srulyofilad gamoxata qalis TvaliT danaxuli
    mSveniereba. am lirikul xilvebs Tan dahyvaT locvis eqstazi da alersis sina-
    ze. maTSi adamianur miswrafebaTa Tvalsawieri ZiriTadad mxolod mSvenieri da
    natifi feradebiTaa SemosazRvruli. ana kalandaZis leqsis saufloSi boro-
    tebisa da uwmindurebis mzakvruli aCrdili ver gainavardebs. am samyaros gan-
    mgebeli poeti dedofluri siamayiT daatarebs mkiTxvels mSvenierebis amaR-
    lebul samyaroSi da sazeimo-paTetikur intonaciebTan wilnayari elegiuri naR-
    vlianobiT gvacnobs wuTisoflis simuxTlesTan SeWidebuli nazi asulis suli-
    er miswrafebebs.
    es lirikuli monaTxrobi ise iZerweba, rogorc xelTuqmneli Zegli poetis
    Tvalwin gadaxsnili feradovani mSvenierebisa, romlis Secnobisken swrafvis
    daumcxrali survili leqsidan leqsSi gadadis. mSvenierebis idumal arsSi
    wvdomisken amgvari miswrafeba Tavisi Sinagani TrTolviT Sesisxlxorcebulia
    erovnuli poeziis Zirebs. aq, rogorc iTqva, upirveles yovlisa, Tavs iCens gene-
    tikuri siaxlove qarTul sasuliero lirikasTan. magram mTavari mainc isaa,
    rom tradiciebis noyieri niadagidan amozrdil am leqsebs Tan mohyva lorTqo
    yvavilis ganumeorebeli xibli da Tavbrudamxvevi surneleba.
    poeziis maRali meufis winaSe muxlmodrekili poetis mier warmoTqmuli
    aRsareba gansakuTrebuli ZaliT JRers bolo wlebis leqsebSi. marTalia, maTSi
    vedrebisa da Txovnis kilo aSkarad gaismis, magram isic naTlad igrZnoba, rom
    am vedrebas poetur taxtrevanze abrZanebuli dedofali warmoTqvams, romelsac
    avsebs rwmena imisa, rom `sixarulis maRali RmerTi isev Seiyvans Tvis mbrwyinav
    taZars". ase maRldeba da ivseba ciuri naTliT irgvliv yovelive da CurCuliT
    warmoTqmul am mavedrebel xmas Seuvali simtkice eufleba:
    isev gaxseni guli Cemi siyvarulisTvis,
    hyav Tvalni Cemni sixarulis cremliT savseni...
    yvavilT simSvide damimkvidre miucilebi.
    siyvarulisTvis bage Cemi isev gaxseni!
    isev gakveTe Sen urCxuli gaumaZRari
    da damifare, viT walkotSi yvavils ifarav...
    ganaxven CemTvis, o, ganaxven taZrisa bWeni,
    da me Semoval yvavilebiT, xelumwifaro!
    me arasodes ar Cavaqrob Sens wminda sanTels...
    marTalia, ana kalandaZis poeziaSi Zalumad gamovlenili intimuri ganwyo-
    bilebani zogjer pirovnebis subieqtur gancdaTa wiaRSi arian warmoqmnilni,
    magram avtoris poetur talants Seswevs Zala es kameruli grZnobebi mainc gar-
    daqmnas lirikuli gmiris ganzogadebul adamianur tkivilad Tu sixarulad.
    aRmekra pirsa me mwuxareba _
    sixarulisgan damcala zenam
    da vardiani Cemi karavi
    wyvdiadisaTvis daagdo mzeman...
    SemomeZarcva Saravandedi
    daunjebuli da idumali...
    ganqarda Cemi xati iisa
    da... Cems karavze dgaxar, zualo!
    aRmekra pirsa me mwuxareba...
    ana kalandaZis poeturi samyaros Secnoba srulyofili ver iqneba im paTe-
    tikur-oduri ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli leqsebis gauTvaliswineblad, rom-
    lebic sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba mis SemoqmedebaSi. es tendencia ufro metad
    poetis adrindel nawarmoebebs axasiaTebs da arsebiTad im leqsebSi vlindeba,
    436
    romelTa Tematika omSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis gamoxatvas, patriotizmsa da
    Tanamedroveobis sazeimo ganwyobilebaTa heroikul gancdas ukavSirdeba.
    magram es momwodeblur-xotbiTi intonacia emociis zedapiruli gamoxatvis
    farglebs scildeba da amgvar leqsebSi poeti axerxebs moaqcios is muxti, ro-
    melic maT satribuno ganwyobilebis simsubuqes ganaridebs. aseTi sazeimo into-
    nacia, bunebrivad momdinare lirikuli gmiris sulidan, kargad vlindeba, maga-
    liTad, am fragmentSic:
    Sens lurj mwvervalebs, Tovli rom faravs,
    Tergs da darials,
    Cemo qveyanav, dideba marad,
    mravalJamier!
    Sens Smag CanCqerebs, mTebidan barad
    rom iCqarian,
    Cemo qveyanav, dideba marad, mravalJamier!
    ana kalandaZis poeziis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Senakadia istoriuli Tema-
    tika. poetis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad iWreba rogorc saqarTvelos, ise msoflios
    istoriuli warsulidan aRebuli calkeuli siuJeturi epizodebi, romelTa
    mxatvruli gaazreba Tanamedrove adamianis sulier swrafvaTa Sesatyvisobis
    kvalobaze xdeba. istoria avtoris mier danaxulia da gancdili rogorc RviZ-
    li nawili Cveni Tanamedroveobisa.
    swored am mizniT Semodian mis leqsebSi saxelebi cnobili istoriuli pi-
    rovnebebisa. gardasul saukuneTa STambeWdav epizodebs poeti dRevandelobas-
    Tan misadagebulad iazrebs da STambeWdavad acocxlebs xsovnad qceuli epo-
    qebis vnebaTa Relvas. warsulis amgvar gaazrebaSi ki e. w. `lomis wili" yovel-
    Tvis erovnul tkivils udevs, vinaidan erovnul-patriotuli safiqralisagan
    ganyenebulad poetisaTvis istoria TiTqos arc ki arsebobs.
    da kidev erTi mTavari nervi feTqavs ana kalandaZis istoriul Temebze Seq-
    mnil leqsebSi: gardasul saukuneTa konfliqtebis axsna-gaazreba yofna-aryof-
    nisa da wuTisoflis warmavlobis filosofiuri poziciebidan. avtori xSirad
    mimarTavs nacnobi istoriuli da literaturuli epizodebis poetizebas. magram,
    rogorc iTqva, am SemTxvevaSi igi faqtebisa da movlenebis ubralo gamleqsavis
    rolSi ki ar gamodis, aramed nacnob ambebs axali TvalTaxedviT iazrebs.
    ase aRvivebs poeti istoriuli warsulidan moxmobil magaliTebze day-
    rdnobiT samSoblosTvis Tavdadebisa da Tavganwirvis gmirul suliskveTebas,
    ganamtkicebs mamuliSviluri movaleobis keTilSobil grZnobasa da Cveni warsu-
    lis romantikul xilvas. gavixsenoT daviT aRmaSeneblisadmi, ereklesadmi, qeTe-
    van dedoflisadmi da qarTveli eris sxva saxelovani Svilebisadmi miZRvnili
    leqsebi.
    calke SeiZleba gamovyoT Samilisadmi miZRvnili leqsi _ `saqarTvelois
    cis madlma", romelSic poetma kontrastuli formiT daupirispira erTmaneTs
    Samili, rogorc Cveni samSoblos damangrevel-amaoxrebeli xalxis Svili, da
    Samili, rogorc Tavisi miwis TavisuflebisaTvis TavdadebiT mebrZoli erovnu-
    li gmiri. magram am dapirispirebis dros SamilTan da mis mSobel xalxTan da-
    kavSirebuli istoriis usiamo mogonebebs poetis warmosaxvaSi aSkarad Zlevs
    saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg mTielTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli gmiris Tavgan-
    wiruli brZolebis gaxseneba. istoriuli avbedobis wiaRSi Sobili swored es
    grZnoba gardaqmnis Samilisadmi damokidebulebas mowiwebisa da pativiscemis
    grZnobad:
    ramdeni cremli madine: saxl-kars mingrevdi, miwvavdi...
    dauZinebel mosisxles... Tavs... dagixridi miwamdi, _
    mec... vaJkacobas giqebdi, mterobas gamovricxavdi,
    TavisuflebiT Sobilo, Tavisuflebas icavdi!
    xelTuqmnel CaCqans irgebdi, xelTuqmnel beqTars icvamdi.
    saqarTvelois cis madlma, Sendobas Semogficavdi!
    saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulisadmi miZRvnil leqsebSi aseve Zlier ten-
    denciad vlindeba eris saWirboroto sakiTxebsa da mouSuSar Wrilobebze da-
    fiqreba. ana kalandaZis lirikam am mxriv garkveulwilad tonis mimcemis rolic
    437
    ki Seasrula omis Semdgomi wlebis qarTul poeziaSi. swored amis dasturad ga-
    modgeba krwanisis, aspinZis, qsnis cixis, ikorTisa da msgavsi wminda adgi-
    lebisadmi miZRvnili misi leqsebi. istoriuli procesis gaazrebis dros poeti
    didebis SaravandiT mosavs im gmirebs, romelTac sakuTari sicocxlis fasad
    erovnuli TviTmyofadoba SeunarCunes qarTvelebs. am gadarCenis samadlobel
    sadRegrZelod aRiqmeba, magaliTad, Semdegi striqonebi:
    sad midis es gza krwanisis Semdeg, sad midis mtkvari?
    sad midis mTvare mxarsisxliani samasi fariT?
    samasi fariT ra moaqvs CvenTan krwanisis mxedrebs?
    sicocxle moaqvT: ukvdavebaa imaTi xvedri!
    imaT TvalebSi, daxeT, inTeba cecxli faruli,
    _ sviT sixaruli am Tasebidan, sviT sixaruli!
    istoriuli TematikiT dainteresebas ana kalandaZis lirikaSi safuZvels
    umagrebs enisa da stilis arqaulobisken swrafvac. poetis mxatvruli individu-
    alobis ganmsazRvrel niSnad qceuli enobrivi arqauloba istorizmis gamovle-
    nis erT-erT sagulisxmo formad unda iqnes miCneuli.
    ana kalandaZis poeziaSi moTxrobili istoriuli epizodebi kompoziciuri
    SekrulobiTa da dramatuli Sinaarsobrivi simZafriT xasiaTdeba. amas emateba
    leqsisTvis mignebulad moZebnili logikuri wertili, romelic nawarmoebs in-
    tonaciurad kravs da mTlian, dasrulebul saxes aZlevs.
    kidev erTi Tvisebac aqvs SeZenili ana kalandaZis istoriul lirikas: miwi-
    eri siblantisa da siuxeSisagan ganwmendisa da amaRlebulobisken miswrafeba.
    misi lirikis natifi talRebis livlivSi dawmendilia cxovrebiseuli vnebaTa
    Relvis mRvrie mdinareba. magram sifaqiziTa da harmoniuli sinarnariT savse es
    poeturi samyaro sulac ar aRiqmeba rogorc uferuli da uRono sivrce. piri-
    qiT, igi Seuvali simtkiciT avlens poetis principul-protestantul amxedrebas
    uwmindurobisa da zakvis winaaRmdeg.
    rogorc cnobilia, a. kalandaZis poeziaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvid-
    ra samamulo omis Temam. am leqsebis mTavari Tavisebureba, pirvel yovlisa, imi-
    Taa ganpirobebuli, rom maTSi poeti wina planze wamowevs omSi gamarjvebiT
    mogvrili sixarulis paTetikur grZnobas. samamulo omis Temaze dawerili leq-
    sebis qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavla erT Taviseburebazec migvaniSnebs:
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi omSi mo-
    povebuli gamarjvebiT mogvrili sixaruli ufro metad paTetikuri formiTaa
    gamoxatuli. maTSi ZiriTad rols xotbisa da sazeimo gancdis Zlieri talRa
    TamaSobs. am leqsebis wamkiTxveli naTlad grZnobs maTi avtoris Tavda-
    viwyebul sixaruls, sixaruls, romelic bevrad gadawonis omiT miyenebul yve-
    la tkivils.
    TviT xsovnac ki, omSi daRupuli gmirebis xsovnac, am sazeimo gancdis si-
    naTliTaa gaferadebuli da ukvdavebad, qveynis duRabad gardaqmnili. adamianTa
    am sayovelTao lxinSi TiTqos bunebacaa CarTuli. rac Seexeba amave Temaze mog-
    viano periodSi daweril leqsebs, maTSi saTqmeli ukve ufro sxva kuTxiT vlin-
    deba. sasixarulo da sazeimo emociebs aq ufro metad gansja cvlis da ga-
    marjvebiT mogvrili sixaruliT ganurCevel aRfrTovanebas TiTqos omisagan mo-
    yenebuli mouSuSari tkivilis SegrZneba Trgunavs, tkivilisa, omSi daRupulTa
    uxmo godeba rom aRZravs poetis gulSi.
    swored es tkivili da am tkivilidan amozrdili xsovnis ukvdaveba xdeba
    erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tema ana kalandaZis mogviano leqsebisa, riTac poeti elegi-
    uri formiT gamoxatavs xsovnaSi gardasaxul omisdroindel xilvebs da ganga-
    Sis zarebs reks, rom kvlav ar gadabugos samyaro omis sisxlianma mZvinvarebam.
    rogorc ana kalandaZis poeziis enobrivi TaviseburebebisTvis Tvalis mi-
    devnebiT dasturdeba, bolo wlebSi poeti ufro da ufro met dainteresebas
    iCenda Zveli qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sintaqsur-leqsikuri da gramati-
    kuli formebiT. marTalia, aRniSnuli miswrafeba poetis adrindel nawar-
    moebebSic SeiniSneboda, magram igi kidev ufro ganivrco da gaRrmavda bolo
    aTi-TxuTmeti wlis manZilze daweril leqsebSi. da Tu adre es enobrivi ten-
    438
    dencia erTeuli magaliTebiT Semoifargleboda, axla igi avtoris stiluri in-
    dividualobis arsebiT niSnad iyo qceuli.
    poetis lirikaSi gamovlenili aRniSnuli tendencia, rogorc iTqva, ZiriTa-
    dad sasuliero poeziis monapovarTan siaxlovis TvalsazrisiT vlindeba. Tum-
    ca ana kalandaZes sxva ufro uaxloesi literaturuli winaprebica hyavs _ n.
    baraTaSvili, vaJa-fSavela da g. tabiZe, gansakuTrebiT galaktioni, romlis rit-
    muli intonaciebic, _ SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebuli da gaTavisebuli, _ SigadaSig
    xSirad wvdeba smenas poetis lirikuli Canaxatebis kiTxvis dros.
    magram qarTuli klasikuri poeziis saganZuridan ana kalandaZis lirikaSi
    SemoWrili esa Tu is poeturi intonacia poetma mkafiod aRbeWda TviTmyofadi
    individualobiT. roca, magaliTad, galaktionis poeziasTan anas leqsis mimar-
    Tebaze midgeba saqme, am SemTxvevaSi saintereso ara marto ritmul-melodiuri
    siaxlovea, aramed frazisa da winadadebis sintaqsuri konstruqciebis msgav-
    sebac. aseTi kavSirebi, ufro xSirad qvecnobierad rom wvdeba smenas, im fes-
    vebze migvaniSneben, saidanac masazrdoebel energias ikrebs uaxloesi qarTuli
    poeziis es erTi Ronieri nakadi. magaliTad:
    wminda kavSirad miwis, zenasi,
    vazi daeSva izabelasi...
    sityvaTa amgvar konstruqciaSi, riTmaTa struqturasa Tu frazis akustika-
    Si, avtoriseul TviTmyofadobasTan erTad galaktionis jadosnuri poeturi
    samyarodan areklili idumali xmac aSkarad ismis. da mainc, kvlav dabejiTebiT
    unda gavimeoroT, rom ana kalandaZem qarTul poeziaSi sruliad gamorCeuli da
    gansakuTrebuli poeturi intonacia Semoitana da daamkvidra. am intonaciis si-
    cocxlisunarianoba da Zliereba ki imdenad farTo rezonansis momcveli aRmoC-
    nda, rom man, Tavis mxriv, sakmao zegavlena moaxdina momdevno xanis poetTa sag-
    rZnobi nawilis Semoqmedebaze.
    ana kalandaZis lirikas poeturi sintaqsisa da leqsikis arqauloba mkafi-
    od gamovlenil kolorits sZens. poetis leqsebs locvisa da saeklesio saga-
    loblebis siRrmiseuli elvareba da eqstazi axlavT Tan. sxarti da fragmentu-
    li emociuri Canaxatebis ukan mZafri nebisyofis didbunebovani lirikuli gmiri
    dgas.
    guls damfenia mzei cxoveli
    ukeTurebiT kvalad xsnisaTvis,
    sinaTlis Cemis gaZlierebad
    miwyiv, ukuniT ukunisamdi!
    dilis mnaTobis kvlav moaxlebad,
    kvlav daucxromlad swrafvad misadmi...
    sinaTlis misis gaZlierebad
    miwyiv, ukuniT ukunisamdi!
    es leqsi 1971 welsaa dawerili. sakmarisia igi SevudaroT avtoris adrin-
    del nawarmoebebs, rom davinaxoT gansxvaveba poetis enobriv poziciaSi. ana ka-
    landaZem Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi TviTmyofadobis Semdgomi gaRrmavebis procesi,
    rogorc aRiniSna, arsebiTad enisa da stilis arqaulobis kuTxiT warmarTa. es
    niSnebi mis poeziaSi Tumca adrec vlindeboda, magram avtorisTvis mxatvruli
    individualobis ganaxlebis gzaze man saetapo mniSvneloba mainc samociani wle-
    bis dasasrulidan SeiZina. am TvalsazrisiT 1974 wels Jurnal `ciskris" pirvel
    nomerSi dabeWdili poetis 43 leqsi aSkarad axal sityvas warmoadgenda ana ka-
    landaZis lirikaSi.
    ha, Saravandi uxilavi ucxoTa TvalTa...
    kvlav didi ese meufeba momage misi,
    aRvivso misi brwyinvalebiT da sasoebiT, _
    viT aRgivsia Sen sinaTliT sauflo cisa...
    ana kalandaZis lirikis erT-erT specifikur Tvisebad Tavidanve Ca-
    moyalibda leqsebSi sasaubro intonaciebisa da dialogebis gamoyenebac. patar-
    patara siuJeturi fragmentebiT poeti originalurad gamoxatavs lirikuli gmi-
    ris faqiz sulier gancdebs. magaliTad: `arabi xar?", `raa im napirze?", `nu
    miaxlovdebi", `ver dagiviwye", `miRvivis Zveli saxmili", `yvavilebis Rame", `da
    439
    rodesac mzes Sevxede gvirgvinosans", `qsnis Zvel cixeze gugunebs qari", `Tqvi,
    arjakelo xviara" da sxva. ai, amaTgan erT-erTi:
    _ Tqvi, arjakelo xviara, qsanze vin Camoiara?
    _ ra vi, Rrublebze vfiqrobdi da ara gamigia ra...
    _ mec.... sxvaTa Soris vikiTxe, salaparakod ki ara...
    dialeqturi enobrivi elementebis amgvari SemotaniT TiTqos meti siaxlove
    myardeba mkiTxvelsa da poets Soris.
    poeturi individualobis Zieba ana kalandaZis lirikaSi zogjer organula-
    daa dakavSirebuli xalxuri leqsis ritmul intonaciebTan. am TvalsazrisiT
    sagengebod unda gamoiyos leqsebis erTi Zlieri nakadi, romelTa melodiuri
    da ritmul-metruli JReradoba erovnuli poeturi folkloris fesvebzea amoz-
    rdili. magaliTad:
    sxivni scvivian sulToxans, marad naTelTa mfenebi...
    yvavilze cvarni brwyinaven mZivis, RorRaisxelebi...
    varskvlavis laRi bibini gan odes damviwydebisa?
    gana imisi xateba gulSi ar daimwyvdevisa?
    mkiTxvelisaTvis sulac ar iqneba Zneli SesamCnevi leqsisTvis damaxasia-
    Tebeli folkloruli poeturi intonacia, romelic xalxuri poeziis wiaRidan
    momdinareobs.
    ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi farTod damkvidrda e. w. `fragmentuli" li-
    rikac. am pirobiT saxelwodebaSi iseT leqss vgulisxmob, romelic sul ramde-
    nime striqonisagan Sedgeba da ama Tu im ganwyobilebis fragmentul warmosaxvas
    warmoadgens, anda movlenis, suraTis epizoduri xatovani anareklia.
    ana kalandaZe poeturi sityvis WeSmariti ostati iyo _ wminda, xalasi,
    faqizi, usazRvrod wrfeli da gulSiCamwvdomi leqsebis avtori... aseT poetTa
    ricxvi mcirea, SeiZleba iTqvas, Zalze mcirec. amitomacaa, rom mis
    SemoqmedebasTan yoveli axali Sexvedra grZneul poetur samyarosTan ziarebis
    ugulwrfeles emocias badebs.
    440
    nodar dumbaZe
    nodar dumbaZe 50-ian wlebSi gamovida saliteratro asparezze da Semoqme-
    debiTi moRvaweobis pirvelive wlebSi miiqcia yuradReba, rogorc mxatvruli
    sityvis uaRresad niWierma ostatma. magram misi literaturuli SesaZ-
    leblobebis srulyofili gamovlineba arsebiTad mainc 60-iani wlebis damdegi-
    dan iwyeba.
    amdenad, 50-iani wlebi n. dumbaZisaTvis, faqtobrivad, did literaturaSi
    damkvidrebis periodi iyo, SemoqmedebiTi Ziebisa da mxatvruli individualobis
    gamokveTis etapi. pirveli nawarmoebi, romelic imTaviTve iqna aRiarebuli
    mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi talantis gamobrwyinebad da imJamindeli Cveni mwer-
    lobis mniSvnelovan monapovrad, farTod gaxmaurebuli romani `me, bebia, iliko
    da ilarioni" (1959 w.) iyo.
    am droidan moyolebuli, intensiuri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegad, n.
    dumbaZem qarTul mwerlobas araerTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi SesZina.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis xana arcTu
    ise xangrZlivi aRmoCnda, Tavisi sulieri memkvidreobiT man waruSleli kvali
    gaavlo meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi, rogorc erovnuli li-
    teraturuli tradiciebis Rirseulad gamgrZelebelma TviTmyofadi niWis Semoq-
    medma.

    * * *
    nodar vladimeris Ze dumbaZe daibada 1928 wels TbilisSi, inteligentis
    ojaxSi. mama cnobili partiuli moRvawe _ saqarTvelos kompartiis baRdadis
    raikomis pirveli mdivani iyo, deda _ ana baxtaZe _ diasaxlisi. cxra wlis asak-
    Si, 1937 wels, mwerlis ojaxs udidesi ubedureba daatyda Tavs _ jer mama daa-
    patimres politikuri braldebiT, Semdeg ki deda. mamisTvis es faqti sabediswe-
    ro gamodga _ igi represiis msxverpli gaxda, xolo deda xangrZlivi patim-
    robis Semdeg, 1946 wels, gaaTavisufles.
    oblad darCenili nodari, romelic imxanad Tbilisis me-15 saSualo
    skolaSi swavlobda, sacxovreblad jer soxumSi gaagzavnes deidasTan, ori
    wlis Semdeg ki Coxatauris raionis sofel zenobanSi waiyvanes bebiasTan da
    babuasTan. pirvel yovlisa, swored aq, guriaSi, eziara mwerali im did adamia-
    nur madlsa da siTbos, romelic SemdgomSi misi Semoqmedebis umTavres masaz-
    rdoebel wyarod iqca. xidisTavis saSualo skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1945
    wels, man swavla gaagrZela Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikur
    fakultetze, romelic 1950 wels daasrula.
    n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebiTi biografia studentobis wlebSi iwyeba. imxanad
    universitetSi misi Taobis mravali niWieri warmomadgeneli swavlobda. nodari
    maTTan erTad trialebda, iyo axalgazrda mweralTa wris wevri da aqtiurad
    TanamSromlobda studentTa literaturul almanax `pirvel sxivSi", sadac
    daibeWda misi pirveli nawarmoebebi.
    universitetis damTavrebis Semdgom, sxvadasxva dros, igi muSaobda iqve
    laborantad, axlad daarsebul Jurnal `ciskarSi" litmuSakad, kinostudia
    `qarTul filmSi" sascenaro kolegiis wevrad, Jurnal `niangis" redaqtoris mo-
    adgiled da redaqtorad, mweralTa kavSiris mdivnad da Tavmjdomared.
    ormocdaaTiani wlebidan moyolebuli, n. dumbaZis nawarmoebebi sistematu-
    rad ibeWdeboda presaSi. 1956-57 wlebSi, Jurnal `niangis" biblioTekis seriiT,
    gamoqveynda mwerlis iumoristuli moTxrobebis sami wigni _ `yuradReba, vi-
    wyebT varjiSs", `gaumarjos gigilos" da `gladiatori".
    rogorc iTqva, pirveli didi literaturuli warmateba mwerals moutana
    1959 wels `ciskarSi~ dabeWdilma romanma _ `me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni." am
    droidan moyolebuli, n. dumbaZe farTod popularuli mwerali gaxda. am popu-
    larobisa da aRiarebis dadasturebaa misi romanebi: `me vxedav mzes" (1962 w.),
    `mziani Rame" (1967 w.), `nu geSinia, deda" (1969 w.), `TeTri bairaRebi" (1971 w.), `ma-
    radisobis kanoni" (1977 w.). amaT unda davumatoT agreTve sicocxlis bolo
    441
    wlebSi dawerili moTxrobebi, uaRresad saintereso sabavSvo leqsebi da
    literaturul-publicisturi werilebi.
    n. dumbaZis popularobas didad Seuwyo xeli misi nawarmoebebis mixedviT
    Seqmnilma speqtaklebmac da kinofilmebmac. mkiTxvelTa sayovelTao siyvarul-
    Tan erTad mas wilad xvda oficialuri xelisuflebis yuradRebaca da dafa-
    sebac. kerZod, igi dajildoebuli iyo ordenebiTa da medlebiT. miniWebuli
    hqonda SoTa rusTavelis, komkavSirisa da leninis premiebi...
    magram am warmatebebTan erTad, mwerlis cxovrebas mravali ubedurebac
    sdevda Tan gamudmebulad _ iqneboda es umZimesi avadmyofoba, uaxloesi adamia-
    nebis tragikuli sikvdili Tu sxva ram.
    n. dumbaZe gardaicvala 1984 wlis 14 seqtembers. ucnaurad da, Tu SeiZleba
    adamianis sikvdilze amis Tqma, romantikulad ganSorda igi wuTisofels. aRsas-
    rulis win `megobrebs eSmakuri RimiliT mouxmo, sicocxlis niSatdaclili xe-
    li gadaxvia da maTTan erTad ukanasknelad imRera. simRera magnitofonis firze
    rom ar iyos Cawerili, aramcTu sxvebs, iqneb amis SemswreTac ki ar gverwmuna
    es saocreba, daveWvebuliyaviT da sakuTari fantaziis nayofad migveCnia" (ix. n.
    dumbaZisadmi miZRvnili krebuli `mziani gulis mwerali", 1986 w. gv. 40, g. gver-
    dwiTelis werili).
    ase damTavrda nodar dumbaZis amqveyniuri sicocxle. igi erTdroulad
    ubednieresi kacic iyo da ubeduric. ubednieresi da RvTiuri madliT niW-
    gabrwyinebuli, rogorc Semoqmedi; ubeduri da svegamwarebuli, rogorc pirov-
    neba. Tavad aTasgvari Wir-varamiT gatanjuli mwerali Tavisi SemoqmedebiT ada-
    mianebs mudam tkivils umsubuqebda, guls uTbobda, sikeTisa da kacTmoyvareobis
    grZnobebs uRvivebda, cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobaTa da adamianur mzakvrobaTa
    daZlevaSi exmareboda. igi, pirvel yovlisa, swored am RvTiuri valis aRsasru-
    leblad iyo am qveynad movlenili da warmatebiT Seasrula kidec Tavisi miwie-
    ri misia.
    amitom Seiyvara milionobiT adamianma sikeTiTa da sinaTliT gamzianebuli
    misi didi Semoqmedeba da literaturuli simwifis asakSi gardacvlili n. dum-
    baZis kubo cremliani guliswyvetiT miacila miwieri cxovrebis ukanasknel nav-
    Tsayudelamde - misive TavkacobiT daarsebul bavSvTa qalaq `mziuramde", sadac
    mwerlis ZvalTSesalagi gaiWra.
    saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris
    locva-kurTxeviT, n. dumbaZis neSti 2009 wels `mziuridan~ mTawmindis mweralTa
    da sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi gadaasvenes da dakrZales.

    * * *
    nodar dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTisagan ganuyofelad Tanaarsebobs
    sicili da cremli, sixaruli da sevda, xalisi da tkivili... erTi SexedviT,
    udardelobiT savse misi iumori imavdroulad Rrma adamianuri sevdiTaa gaje-
    rebuli. amiTacaa n. dumbaZis Rimili gamorCeuli movlena Cveni literaturis
    istoriaSi. am tkivilis xvedriTi wili mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, rac dro gadio-
    da, ufro da ufro izrdeboda da naazrevis mxatvruli gamoxatvis mTavar mimar-
    Tulebad mkvidrdeboda.
    marTalia, sicili, gasaocari maxvilgonierebiTa da enafrTianobiT gamor-
    Ceuli iumori, bolomde darCa n. dumbaZis mwerluri individualobis ganmsaz-
    Rvrel fenomenad, magram, amasTan erTad, arc isaa sadavo da sakamaTo, misi li-
    teraturuli samyaro adamianuri tragizmis dramatul gamovlinebaTa farTo as-
    parezasac rom warmoadgens.
    ase bunebrivad da ganuyofelad erwymis mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTs
    adamianuri yofis tragikuli da komikuri mxareebi. magram pirovnuli mzak-
    vrobisa da avkacobis is samyaro, romelic n. dumbaZis romanebsa da moTxrobeb-
    Si warmoCindeba, mainc ver Trgunavs sicocxlis xalissa da xvalindeli dRis
    rwmenas. mwerlis mTel Semoqmedebas, mis yovel nawarmoebs, borotebaze sikeTis
    uTuo gamarjvebis gaubzaravi optimizmi msWvalavs. amitomac mTavrdeba n. dumba-
    Zis SemoqmedebaSi borotebisa da sikeTis urTierTWidili sikeTis gamarjvebiT
    442
    da adamianuri mzakvrobis yvelanairi gamovlineba bolos da bolos mainc dasa-
    Rupavadaa ganwiruli.
    magram es yvelaferi imas sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos mwerali amartivebdes
    viTarebas da borotebaze sikeTis ioli gamarjvebis cru, romantikul iluzias
    gviqmnides. marTalia, mis SemoqmedebaSi adamianur mzakvrobaTa gamovlinebanicaa
    warmosaxuli, magram avtoris mizani mkiTxvelis gulSi sasowarkveTilebisa da
    SiSis grZnobis gaRviveba ki araa, aramed saimiso rwmenis ganmtkiceba, rom sike-
    Te, kacTmoyvareoba, moyvasis gverdiT imediani dgoma, dauZleveli Zalaa, boro-
    tebaze ueWveli gamarjvebis myari garantiaa.
    samwerlo asparezze gamosvlisTanave n. dumbaZem Tan moitana sicocxlis
    xalisi da jansaRi iumori. daviT kldiaSvilis qveyanaSi iumoriT kacs agre io-
    lad rogor gaakvirvebdi, magram n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenili iumori
    Tavisi siRrmiT, enafrTianobiT, gonebamaxvilobiT, ZaldautaneblobiT, moulod-
    nelobaTa efeqtiT imTaviTve gaxmianda, rogorc STambeWdavad axali movlena. g.
    asaTianis marTebuli SefasebiT, am SemTxvevaSi `sicili nodar dumbaZisaTvis
    TviTdamkvidrebis iseTive bunebrivi forma iyo, rogorc mxedarTmTavrisaTvis
    omi an CitisaTvis frena".
    garda pirovnuli adamianuri bunebisa, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi da moqala-
    qeobrivi mrwamsis gamovlenis umTavres formad iumoris qceva sxva arsebiTi
    faqtoriTac iyo ganpirobebuli. rogorc Tavad mwerals uTqvams mogvianebiT gu-
    ram asaTianTan pirad saubarSi, sicili misTvis, pirvel yovlisa, azrovnebis Ta-
    visuflebis gamosavleni saSualeba yofila. `me Tavisufleba mindoda da sici-
    li amisaTvis avirCieo".
    am sityvebSi gamoxatuli WeSmaritebis arss kargad SevicnobT, Tu gaviTva-
    liswinebT im ideologiur viTarebas, romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi
    sufevda CvenSi. partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis sadarajoze aqtiurad
    mdgari cenzura mkacrad uketavda gzas arsebuli xelisuflebisadmi kritikuli
    damokidebulebis yovelgvar gamovlinebas. rkinis marwuxebSi moqceul marTal
    sityvas asparezi hqonda daxSuli da imJamindel socialur-politikur mankie-
    rebaTa mxileba sicilis niRbiT TuRa iyo SesaZlebeli.
    sxva garemoebebTan erTad, swored amitom airCia n. dumbaZem iumori Semoqme-
    debiTi Tavisuflebis miRwevis yvelaze mosaxerxebel saSualebad.
    mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom bevr imJamindel socialur-politikur da sazo-
    gadoebriv mankierebas mwerali, pirvel yovlisa, swored iumoris gziT amxels.
    magram yovelive zemoTqmuli ise aramc da aramc ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos
    mwerlis Semoqmedebis dedaboZad qceuli iumoris erTaderTi funqcia mxolod
    mankierebaTa mxileba iyos. rasakvirvelia, ara. n. dumbaZis iumors mravalmxrivi
    datvirTva da mizandasaxuloba aqvs SeZenili. garda zemoT aRniSnuli funqcii-
    sa, mas adamianuri siyvarulis, sikeTis, humanizmis, gulTbilobis, cxovrebiseul
    SeWirvebaTagan Tavis daRwevisa da tkivilis Semsubuqebis, sicocxlis xalisiTa
    da sijansaRiT avsebis, rwmenisa da optimizmis ganmamtkicebeli Zalis fun-
    qciebic daakisra mweralma. ase rom, g. asaTianisave sityvebiT Tu vityviT, n.
    dumbaZis `sicilis mTavari daniSnuleba sikeTisaTvis karis gaRebaa".
    aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom mwerlisaTvis iumori TviTmiznad arasodes iq-
    ceva. esaa adamianuri silaRisa da gonebamaxvilobis, enafrTianobisa da sici-
    lis gamovlenis bunebrivi, Zaldautanebeli forma. rodis aRar icinian n. dumba-
    Zis personaJebi. TviT yvelaze didi SeWirvebisa da tragediis Jamsac ki isini,
    pirvel yovlisa, swored sulis siRrmidan bunebrivad da Zaldautaneblad wamo-
    suli iumoriT imsubuqeben tkivils.
    da rac mTavaria, mwerlis sicili arasodes gadaiqceva dacinvad, SxamiTa
    da gesliT gazavebul satirad, ukbilo da ugergilo iumorad, azrobriv siR-
    rmesa da mizandasaxulobas moklebuli anegdoturi ambebis grovad. ase rom, n.
    dumbaZis SemoqmedebiTi individualobisaTvis esoden farTod damaxasiaTebeli
    iumori, ragind mwvaveca da gamkilavic ar unda Candes igi, yovelTvis gamTbaria
    moyvasisadmi siyvarulisa da Tanadgomis saTuTi grZnobiT. ufro metic, mwer-
    lis personaJTa urTierTobaSi sicili adamianuri intimisa da Tanadgomis dam-
    443
    kvidrebis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa. esaa guliTadobis, ndobis, siyvaruli-
    sa da sikeTis is gza, romelsac yvelaze axlos mohyavs mwerali CvenTan da im-
    TaviTve angrevs urTierTgaucxoebis yvela bariers. ase Semodian n. dumbaZis
    personaJebi Cvens arsebaSi da Cveni sulieri samyaros RviZl, sisxlxorceul
    arsebebad mkvidrdebian.
    magram aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, isic xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
    rom n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi didi adamianuri grZnobebisa da emociebis gamov-
    lena cremlTanac ganuyofeladaa dakavSirebuli. misi personaJebi yvelaze didi
    bednierebis dros, rogorc wesi, cremls ver ikaveben da am gziT gamoxataven
    TavianT sulier mRelvarebas.
    adamianur emociaTa gamovlenis es xerxi farTodaa damkvidrebuli n. dumba-
    Zis mTel SemoqmedebaSi da naTqvamis dasturad uamravi magaliTis moSvelieba
    SeiZleba.
    kritikosebs araerTgzis gausvamT xazi im garemoebisaTvis, rom n. dumbaZis
    SemoqmedebaSi bevri ram avtobiografiulia; ufro metic, misi araerTi perso-
    naJis prototipad mwerals Tavisi Tavi hyavs gamoyvanili. giorgi gaCeCilaZis
    SefasebiT ki, `zurikeladan baCana ramiSvilamde mas, arsebiTad, erTi gmiri, er-
    Ti protagonisti hyavs.
    gza, romelsac es gmiri adgas, cxovrebis gansacdelTan ziarebisa da, amde-
    nad, misi Secnobis gzaa. am gansacdelebidan miRebuli gamocdileba nodar dum-
    baZis protagonistis cnobierebaSi yalibdeba, rogorc codna, mecniereba, sko-
    la" (g. gaCeCilaZe, sulieri gamocdilebis samyaroSi, 1986 w., gv. 212). mwerlis
    asakobriv zrdasTan erTad, Sesabamisad izrdeba da cxovrebiseuli gamocdi-
    lebiT ufro da ufro itvirTeba n. dumbaZis Semoqmedebis mTavari gmiri, rom-
    lis dramatuli Tavgadasavali siRrmiseulad iSleba mkiTxvelis Tvalwin da
    Cven Tanmimdevrulad vxedavT, rogor TandaTanobiT mZimdeba adamianuri mova-
    leobis is tvirTi, romelic cxovrebis oromtrialSi aqtiurad CarTul am
    gmirs ahkida mxrebze gangebam.
    ase nel-nela da TandaTanobiT izrdeba n. dumbaZis Semoqmedebis centralu-
    ri personaJis cnobierebaSi pirovnuli movaleobis grZnoba da Cvens warmosaxva-
    Si Tavisi iumoriTa da adamianuri silaRiT samudamod aRbeWdili zurikela va-
    SalomiZe - mwerlis pirveli romanis mTavari personaJi _ cxovrebiseuli Wir-va-
    ramiT aTasgzis guldakodil, magram mainc rwmenagaubzarav da sikeTedaubin-
    dvel Warmag baCana ramiSvilad gardaisaxeba. mweralma STambeWdavad gviCvena
    zurikelobidan baCanaobamde ganvlili am rTuli gzis mTavari momentebi da sa-
    kuTar cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT Seqmna literaturul saxeTa
    mravalricxovani samyaro, romelic mxatvruli sisxlsavseobiT acocxlebs
    mwerlisdroindel yofas.
    rogorc iTqva, n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi bevri ram avtobiografiuli TviT-
    gancdis nayofia; magram mwerali meqanikuri sizustiT ki ar aRwers piradad gan-
    cdil movlenebs, aramed zogjer diametraluradac ki cvlis maT da sasurvels
    mxatvrul realobad gardasaxavs. am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa `me vxedav
    mzidan" is epizodi, sadac babilosTan sosoiasa da xatias stumrobis ambavia
    moTxrobili. `ufro sazizRari adamiani Cems cxovrebaSi ar Semxvedriao", _ am-
    bobda Turme mwerali babiloze, romelmac, sinamdvileSi, `gzad SemoRamebul
    bavSvebs arc Rame gaaTevina da tansacmelze gadacvlili simindic naklebi mis-
    ca, vidre ergebodaT" (g. gaCeCilaZe, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 215). magram n. dum-
    baZem realurad momxdari faqti romanSi diametralurad Secvala da ambavi ise
    mogviTxro, rogorc es sasurveli iqneboda. ase aqcia mweralma sikeTis ideali-
    zebul magaliTad `erTi glexis gulnamcecobisagan da sixarbisgan" miRebuli
    mware cxovrebiseuli SemTxveva.
    n. dumbaZis beletristikisadmi mkiTxvelTa gamorCeuli siyvarulis ganmapi-
    robebel faqtorTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi personaJebisaTvis
    farTod damaxasiaTebeli humanizmi da kacTmoyvareoba. moyvasisadmi siyvaruli
    da Tanadgoma mwerlis Semoqmedebis safuZvelTa safuZvladaa qceuli da umaR-
    les adamianur mizanswrafvad dasaxuli. Tavad n. dumbaZisave gamoTqmas Tu vix-
    444
    marT, esaa `sentimentaluri humanizmi", adamianisadmi qristianuli siyvarulis
    ufaqizesi da uRrmesi gamovlineba, rogorc borotebis daTrgunvis yvelaze
    mZlavri saSualeba.
    situaciaTa sentimentalizeba da gamZafrebuli emociurobiT aRwera-daxasi-
    aTeba n. dumbaZisaTvis Cveuli mxatvruli xerxia. Tumca aqve xazgasmiT unda iT-
    qvas isic, rom mwerlis amgvari sentimentalizmi Sors dgas grZnobaTa zedapi-
    rulobisagan da TiTqmis arasodes gadaizrdeba fsiqologiur siyalbeSi. aqve
    xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia isic, rom n. dumbaZis e. w. idealizebuli gmirebisaTvis
    humanizmi cxovrebis uRalato kredoa, rasac isini, pirvel yovlisa, TavianTi
    praqtikuli moqmedebiT gamoxataven da ara sityvieri deklaraciebiT.
    aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi mZlav-
    rad vlindeba cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis romantizebis tendencia. lirizmi da
    poeturi mgrZnobeloba n. dumbaZis nawarmoebebSi imdenad did adgils iWers,
    rom misi Semoqmedeba savsebiT marTebuladaa miCneuli poeturi prozis SesaniS-
    nav nimuSad. Tavisi beletristikiT man kidev ufro gaaRrmava qarTul mwer-
    lobaSi am kuTxiT arsebuli tradiciebi da lirikuli prozis SesaniSnavi nimu-
    SebiT gaamdidra Cveni literatura.
    aseve calke unda SevexoT n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebisaTvis farTod damaxasia-
    Tebel iseT tendencias, rogoricaa e. w. dadebiT gmirTa idealizeba. mwerlis
    araerTi personaJis arsebaSi adamianuri madli da sikeTe zogjer ideali-
    zebuli formiTac ki vlindeba. am TvalsazrisiT cxovrebiseuli simarTle da
    mxatvruli warmosaxva xSirad radikaluradac emijneba erTmaneTs. magram sasur-
    velisa da idealuris amgvari wamoweva wina planze fsiqologiur siyalbesa da
    iluziur sentimentalizmSi ar gadaizrdeba.
    aseTi `keTilSobiluri tyuilisaken" n. dumbaZes, pirvel yovlisa, misi Se-
    moqmedebis umTavres miznad dasaxuli ideali ubiZgebs - daucxromeli swrafva
    pirovnebis zneobrivi srulyofisaken. swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli is gare-
    moeba, rom mwerali adamianur urTierTobebs xSirad imgvarad ki ar warmo-
    saxavs, rogorc sinamdvileSia, aramed ise, rogorc gvsurs rom iyos _ ideali-
    zebulad, qristianuli humanizmiTa da kacTmoyvareobis maRali grZnobiT ganspe-
    takebul-gakeTilSobilebuli saxiT.

    * * *
    rogorc iTqva, pirveli nawarmoebi, romelmac n. dumbaZes gansakuTrebuli
    aRiareba da siyvaruli moupova, `me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni" iyo. romani 1959
    wels gamoqveynda Jurnal `ciskris" iumoris ganyofilebaSi, petitiT awyobili.
    es iyo redaqciis mier winaswari Tavis dazRveva im mosalodnel usiamovnebaTa-
    gan, rac oficiozis mxridan SeiZleboda mohyoloda nawarmoebs.
    `me, bebia, iliko da ilarionis" Sesaqmnelad SemoqmedebiTi impulsi nodar
    dumbaZisaTvis amerikeli mwerlis _ erskin kolduelis `jorjiel biWs" miucia
    (ix. e. koldueli, moTxrobebi, inglisuridan Targmna maliko xelaSvilma, 1977
    w.). amis Taobaze araerTgzis uTqvams Tavad mas megobarTaTvis. magaliTad, emzar
    kvitaiSvili igonebs: `kargad maxsovs, miTxra: mombezrda am patar-patara fele-
    tonebis wera, tyuilad vixarjebi da vifantebi, erTi mozrdili raRacis gake-
    Tebas vapirebdi da kolduelma biZgi momca, ukve vxedav Cems gmirs da isic vici,
    Cemi namdvili wigni rogor davweroo" (krebuli _ mziani gulis mwerali, 1986 w.,
    gv. 270).
    saocari efeqti da aRiareba mohyva n. dumbaZis pirvel romans. nawarmoebs
    udidesi interesiT daewafa yvela _ masobrivi mkiTxvelica da literaturuli
    elitac. `me, bebia, iliko da ilarionis" SeqmniT naTeli gaxda, rom Cvens mwer-
    lobaSi Tvisebrivad axal SemoqmedebiT samyaros aexada farda. am samyaros
    binadarni sruliad ubralo, rigiTi da Cveulebrivi adamianebi iyvnen, Cveni
    yoveldRiurobis sisxli sisxlTaganni da xorci xorcTaganni, saocrad xalisi-
    anni da iumoriT sityvagabrwyinebulni, moyvasisadmi siyvaruliT madlfenilni
    da zneobaamaRlebulni. n. dumbaZem yofiTi yoveldRiurobis wiaRSi Sobili es
    adamianebi literaturuli samyaros maradiul binadrebad aqcia da xalisiani
    445
    saRebavebiT gamoZerwili maTi kolorituli saxeebi mZafri emociuri STambeW-
    daobiT daamkvidra Cvens warmosaxvaSi.
    mwerlis pirvelive romanSi ukve srulyofili formiT gamovlinda
    provnuli tipebisa da xasiaTebis xatvis didi SemoqmedebiTi unari. miuxedavad
    imisa, rom n. dumbaZis personaJTa zneobrivi keTilSobileba da sikeTe xSirad
    idealizebuli formiTacaa gamovlenili, isini mainc ar wydebian cxovrebiseul
    realobas da Cveni yoveldRiurobis RviZl nawilad arian qceuli.
    ase Seesisxlxorcnen Cvens suls mwerlis pirveli romanis saqveynod cno-
    bili personaJebi: bebia, iliko, ilarioni da zurikela. yoveli maTgani mkveT-
    rad individualizebuli literaturuli saxea, koloritulad gamokveTili ga-
    numeorebeli adamianuri xasiaTi. avtori grZnobagafaqizebuli lirizmiTa da
    zRvardaudebeli iumoriT gviambobs Tavisi gmirebis kuriozul Tavgadasavlebs,
    riTac mxatvruli efeqturobiT ikveTeba rogorc maTi pirovnuli buneba, ise
    epoqis yofiTi problemebi da imJamindeli socialur-politikuri viTareba.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `bebia" kompoziciurad mtkiced Sekruli romani ar
    aris da igi, pirobiTad, nawarmoebis mTavari personaJebis cxovrebidan moTxro-
    bili ambebis Tavisebur krebuladac SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, aseTi siuJeturi
    gantotviloba mis naklovan mxared mainc ar CaiTvleba. ar CaiTvleba imis gamo,
    rom romanis am siuJetur Senakadebs mweralma mkafiod gamokveTili azrobrivi
    funqcia daakisra. isini sxvadasxva kuTxiT warmoaCenen personaJTa pirovnul
    samyaros, maTi adamianuri bunebis calkeul mxareebs da naTlad gaazrebuli
    mxatvruli mizanswrafviT arian aRbeWdilni.
    n. dumbaZis pirveli romanis gmirebs bevri kuriozuli da saoxunjo Tavga-
    dasavali gadaxdebaT. isini xSirad exumrebian da eqilikebian erTmaneTs, aTas-
    gvar oins uwyoben da enakvimatoben, magram es yvelaferi arasodes iqceva vinmes
    damcirebad da pirovnul Seuracxyofad. piriqiT, esaa erTmaneTisadmi siyvaru-
    lisa da adamianuri Tanadgomis gamovlenis forma, cxovrebiseul winaaRmde-
    gobaTa da SeWirvebaTa Semsubuqebis saSualeba.
    n. dumbaZis romanSi imdroindeli socialuri da politikuri movlenebic
    aisaxa Taviseburi formiT. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom nawarmoebSi am mov-
    lenebs, pirvel yovlisa, personaJTa xasiaTebis gaxsnisa da gamovlenis funqcia
    aqvT dakisrebuli da mwerali miznad ar isaxavs maT siRrmiseul da masStabur
    warmoCenas. am TvalsazrisiT, uwinaresad, minda omi da omisdroindeli qarTuli
    soflis duxWiri yofa gavixseno.
    civi zamTris erT saRamos zurikelasa da mis sayvarel moxucebs soflis
    agitatori ewvia da Txova, frontze gasagzavnad mebrZolebs saCuqrebs vugro-
    vebT da Tu raime SegiZliaT, SegvewieTo. agitatoris Txovnam yvela imaze daa-
    fiqra, vis risi Cuqeba SeeZlo wiTelarmielebisaTvis. da ai, gamosavalic moi-
    Zebna: zurikelas sayvareli moxucebi uSurvelad gaiReben TavianT wil sikeTes.
    romanSi es yvelaferi sulis SemZvreli fsiqologizmiTaa moTxrobili. siCume
    pirvelma ilikom daarRvia, `-me ra sikeTe mabadia qveyanaze, _ Cumad ganacxada
    man. _ araferi, erTi nabadi maqvs da ageraa ayudebuli karebTan. adeqi, zurike-
    la, da Semoitane oTaxSi... CemisTana xroncma berikacma Tu ar atara magi, ar da-
    iqceva qveyana".
    ase iolad Seelia iliko Tavis axal nabads, romelic sicocxles erCia.
    ilikos arc ilarioni CamorCa da man nabdis gverdiT axalTaxali, jer Caucme-
    li Ceqmebi daawyo. xolo bebiam, zurikelas sayvarelma gamzrdelma bebiam, Tavi-
    si sasTumlis mxridan saxeldaxelod garRveul leibs bluja-bRuja matyli ga-
    moacala, saCeCeli gamoitana da windebis mosaqsovi Zafis darTvas Seudga. saqme-
    Si garTuli bebia im mgloviare dedabers hgavda, romelsac win Svilis cxedari
    esvena da WaRara Tmebs bRuja-bRujad iglejda damWknari xelebiTo, grZnobamo-
    reviT ambobs bebiis Sesaxeb zurikela. Semdeg ki umatebs: `loginze wamovjeqi,
    didxans vucqerdi bebias da Tvalebze cremlmomdgari vfiqrobdi, vin unda
    yofiliyo is bednieri jariskaci, romlisTvisac bebiam siTbo moiklo da misi
    moxuci sxeuliT gamTbari matyliT axla am TeTri zamTris civ RameSi windas
    uqsovda".
    446
    n. dumbaZis pirvel romanSi gamokveTili mravali tendencia kidev ufro
    gaRrmavda mis sxva nawarmoebebSi. erT-erTi maTgania mTavari personaJis oblo-
    ba. zurikelas msgavsad, bevri misi gmiri oboli da mSobliur siTbos mok-
    lebuli adamiania. magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, mwerali arafers gveubneba zuri-
    kelas oblobis ganmapirobebel mizezebze. viciT mxolod is, rom mas arc mSob-
    lebi hyavs, arc da-Zma da ojaxur siTbos mxolodRa bebia, iliko da ilarioni
    agrZnobineben.
    momdevno nawarmoebebSi avtorma ufro siRrmiseulad gamokveTa Tavisi Se-
    moqmedebis mTavari gmiris pirovnul-ojaxuri tragedia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    mas xan zurikela hqvia, xan sosoia, xan avTo, xan Temuri da a. S., igi, faqtobri-
    vad, mainc erTi pirovnebaa, Tavad mwerlis literaturuli oreuli, romlis
    biografiis bevri arsebiTi momenti zustad emTxveva Tavad avtoris cxovrebise-
    ul tragizms. am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel yovlisa, is ubedureba unda gavixsenoT,
    romelic 1937 wels daatyda Tavs n. dumbaZis ojaxs da ramac arsebiTad gansaz-
    Rvra mwerlis mTeli Semdgomi cxovreba.
    pirvel romanSi amis Sesaxeb sityvac ki ar Tqmula. etyoba, avtorma Tavisi
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis sawyis etapze am tragediis gamoxatvisagan Seg-
    nebulad Seikava Tavi da romanis mTavari gmiris mxolodRa oblobis CvenebiT
    Semoifargla. daaxloebiT igive ganmeorda `me vxedav mzeSic", oRond im gansxva-
    vebiT, rom aq, erT-erT epizodSi, avtori romanis mTavari personaJis _ sosoias
    oblobis ganmapirobebel tragikul faqtorad pirdapir asaxelebs 1937 wlis
    represiebs. igulisxmeba sosoiasa da xatias saubari babilo vaSaymaZesTan.
    mogvianebiT mwerali araerTxel miubrunda am Temas da 1937 wlis tragiku-
    li movlenebisa da misi sabediswero Sedegebis mxatvrulma asaxvam umniSvnelo-
    vanesi adgili daimkvidra mis SemoqmedebaSi.
    n. dumbaZis nawarmoebebi sikeTisa da zneobrivi siwmindis gansadideblad
    dawerili qmnilebania. maTSi xSirad idealizebuli formiTac ki vlindeba ada-
    mianuri keTilSobilebis gamomxatveli wminda grZnobani. mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi
    moRvaweobis umTavres principad damkvidrebuli es tendencia mkafiod ikveTeba
    pirvelive romanSi. am TvalsazrisiT bebia, iliko da ilarioni ara marto zuri-
    kelas gulSi aRviveben sikeTisa da adamianuri madlmosilebis Tesls, aramed, _
    amisi Tqma, albaT, yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba, _ yoveli CvenTaga-
    nisaTvisac iqcevian zneobrivi keTilSobilebis, sikeTisa da kacTmoyvareobis
    gamomxatvel idealizebul literaturul gmirebad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom n. dumbaZis personaJebs aTasgvari ukeTureba da mzak-
    vroba eRobebaT cxovrebis gzaze, isini mainc ar kargaven xvalindeli dRis
    rwmenasa da imeds. amis dadasturebaa Tundac is faqtic, rom misi nawarmoebebis
    umetesobas optimisturi finali aqvs. am optimistur ganwyobilebasa da sikeTis
    uZlevelobis rwmenas mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi veranairi adamianuri boroteba ver
    Trgunavs.
    n. dumbaZis pirveli romani erT-erTi mTavari personaJis _ bebiis sikvdi-
    liT mTavrdeba. mweralma saTnoebiTa da sikeTiT savse am gulTbili moxucis
    saxe ise maxlobeli da sayvareli gaxada mkiTxvelisaTvis, rom mis gardacva-
    lebas RviZli adamianis sikvdiliviT ganvicdiT. ase aResruleba yoveli CvenTa-
    ganisaTvis sisxlxorceulad maxlobel pirovnebad qceuli nodar dumbaZis be-
    bia, romlis mxatvruli saxe samudamod aRibeWdeba Cvens cnobierebaSi. magram
    nawarmoebis es tragikuli finaluri epizodi imavdroulad sicocxlis uZleve-
    lobisa da maradiulobis Rrma Sinagani rwmeniTacaa ganaTebuli. swored am
    rwmenas gangvimtkicebs gardacvlili bebiis mkerdze damxobili zurikelas
    sulSi aciagebuli is `uzomo sinaTle", romelsac misi uaxloesi adamianebis
    gulebi asxiveben wuTisoflis wyvdiadisagan mis Tavdasaxsnelad.

    * * *
    n. dumbaZis meore romanSi kidev ufro masStaburad da siRrmiseulad war-
    moCinda omisdroindeli qarTuli sofeli da mis mkvidrTa yofiT-zneobrivi
    problemebi. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri _ sosoia mamalaZe, Tavisi asakis miuxeda-
    447
    vad, _ igi skolis mowafea, _ cxovrebam mravali gansacdelisa da mkacri gamoc-
    dis winaSe daayena. swored am winaaRmdegobebTan WidilSi yalibdeba misi xasia-
    Ti da zneobrivi saxe. romanSi fsiqologiuri damajereblobiTaa daxasiaTebuli
    sosoias dakacebis rTuli gza, gamoZerwilia mravalferovani literaturuli
    tipaJi, dasmulia da originaluri TvalTaxedviT gaazrebuli mravali mwvave
    cxovrebiseuli problema.
    ase rom, personaJTa mravalsaxovnebiTac da problematikiTac `me vxedav
    mzes" omisdroindeli qarTuli yofis amsaxveli maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebia.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom imJamindeli Cveni cxovreba mweralma realisturi princi-
    pebis momarjvebiT daxata, romanSi, `bebiis" msgavsad, metad didi roli daekisra
    movlenaTa romantizebisa da personaJTa idealizaciis literaturul xerxs. es
    tendencia aSkarad igrZnoba nawarmoebSi da igi arsebiTad gansazRvravs mis pa-
    Tossa da mizanswrafvas.
    n. dumbaZe adamianur yofas xSirad imgvarad amaRlebuli da idealizebuli
    formiT warmosaxavs, rom cxovrebiseuli da mxatvruli realoba zogjer radi-
    kaluradac ki imijneba erTmaneTisagan (vTqvaT, babilos mier sosoiasa da xati-
    asTvis simindis Cuqebis ambavi, daTiko brigadiris Tavganwirva xatias gadasar-
    Cenad, Tavad uzomod gaWirvebuli soflelebis mier sosoias rusisTvis rZis mi-
    cema da a. S.). albaT, sakamaTod aravin gaxdis im faqts, rom am epizodebSi ada-
    mianTa moqmedeba, maTi zneobrivi saxe, xazgasmulad romantizebulia da gaidea-
    lebuli.
    magram, rac mTavaria, adamianuri sikeTisa da zneobriobis aseTi idealiza-
    cia arasodes gadaizrdeba yalb paTetikaSi, Rrmad damajerebelia da pirovnebis
    zneobrivi srulyofisa da gakeTilSobilebisaken aris mimarTuli. n. dumbaZe
    cxovrebas xSirad ise ki ar xatavs, rogoric igi sinamdvileSia, aramed ise, ro-
    goric unda iyos - amaRlebuli, romantizebuli, uangaro sikeTiTa da moyvasi-
    sadmi siyvaruliT gabrwyinebuli.
    da es yvelaferi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi Rrma fsiqologizmiTa da emociu-
    robiTaa gancdil-gamovlenili. kritikas SeumCneveli ar darCenia beletristis
    literaturuli individualobis ganmsazRvreli es mxatvruli xerxi da misi um-
    niSvnelovanesi roli n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi: magram aqve isic iTqva, rom zo-
    gierT SemTxvevaSi igi erTgvari siyalbisa da aradamajereblobis saSiS-
    roebasac aCens xolme.
    `me vxedav mzeSi" kidev ufro efeqturad gamovlinda n. dumbaZis Semoqme-
    debiTi individualobis ganmsazRvreli iseTi mxatvruli xerxi, rogoricaa mov-
    lenaTa tragikomikuri TvalTaxedviT aRqma da gaazreba. cremli da sicili
    aqac sisxlxorceulad, organulad erwymis erTmaneTs, oRond adamianuri tkivi-
    lisa da mwuxarebis lirikuli gancda-gaazreba ufro met masStabebs iZens. zu-
    rikelasTan SedarebiT, sosoia ufro fiqriani ymawvilia da, Tavisi asakis
    miuxedavad, meti siRrmiseulobiT wvdeba cxovrebas.
    Tematuradac, qronologiuradac da literaturuli geografiiTac `me vxe-
    dav mzes", pirobiTad, mwerlis pirveli romanis gagrZelebad SeiZleba CaiTva-
    los. `bebiis" msgavsad, moqmedeba aqac omisdroindel guriaSi xdeba. mTavari
    personaJi amjeradac oboli biWia, zurikelasaviT masac bavSvobidanve ahkida
    bedma cxovrebis mZime tvirTi, naadrevad daakaca, magram xvalindeli dRis rwme-
    na da imedi mainc ver gaunela. mweralma kvlavac didi siyvaruliT gamoZerwa
    mravalferovani literaturuli tipaJi da romantikul-idealizebuli formiT
    gviCvena adamianuri sikeTisa da maRalzneobriobis gamovlinebis STambeWdavi ma-
    galiTebi. ase rom, n. dumbaZis am or nawarmoebs bevri ram aqvs saerTo.
    magram, aseTi msgavseba-siaxlovis miuxedavad, `me vxedav mzes" `bebiis" ti-
    paJisa da problematikis meqanikur ganmeorebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos. piriqiT,
    mwerlis am romanSi kidev ufro daixvewa n. dumbaZis literaturuli stili da
    misma SemoqmedebiTma talantma mxatvruli gamovlenis axali masStabebi SeiZina.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebas,
    rom n. dumbaZis am romanSi ufro STambeWdavad warmoCinda movlenaTa lirikul-
    poeturi TvalTaxedviT gancdis xelovneba. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas,
    448
    rom `me vxedav mzes" qarTuli lirikuli prozis saukeTeso tradiciebze mkvid-
    rad dafuZnebuli da am tradiciaTa Rirseulad gamgrZelebeli nawarmoebia. ami-
    s dadasturebaa Rrma emociurobiTa da fsiqologizmiT aRbeWdili is aRsareba-
    monologebi, romelTac sxvadasxva dros warmoTqvams xolme sosoia. sulier
    ganwyobilebaTa gamoxatvis Sinagani specifikiT, lirizmiT, gancdaTa sinaziTa
    da sifaqiziT, ritmul-frazeologiuri daxvewilobiTa da musikalobiT es aRsa-
    reba-monologebi poeturi prozis SesaniSnavi nimuSebia.
    marTalia, romanSi moqmedeba guriis erT-erT sofelSi xdeba, magram nawar-
    moebi Tavisi tipaJiTac da problematikiTac mxolod am kuTxis masStabebiT ar
    Semoifargleba da farTo ganzogadebulobiT xatavs omisdroindel yofiT si-
    namdviles. ase rom, guruli sofeli da mis mkvidrTa yofa n. dumbaZisaTvis am
    SemTxvevaSi mxolodRa fonia, samoqmedo sivrcea kuTxur-geografiuli mas-
    StabebiT SeuboWveli zogadadamianuri problemebisa da omis Sedegad xalxis-
    Tvis Tavsdatexili ubedurebis gasaSlelad da gamosavlenad.
    Tumca am TvalsazrisiT `me vxedav mzes" gamonaklisi ar aris da igive unda
    iTqvas mwerlis sxva nawarmoebebzec. miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnografiuli ko-
    loriti mis SemoqmedebaSi mudam mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs xolme da saT-
    qmelis gamoxatvis efeqtur saSualebadaa qceuli, n. dumbaZis prozis problema-
    tika yovelTvis gacilebiT ufro masStaburia da kuTxuri CarCoebiT SeuboWve-
    li.
    n. dumbaZis romanis personaJTa cxovrebiseuli bedis ganmsazRvrel umTav-
    res faqtorad, pirvel yovlisa, omia qceuli. sxvanairad albaT arc SeiZleboda
    momxdariyo, vinaidan moqmedeba omis wlebSi xdeba. mwerali STambeWdavad warmo-
    saxavs im tragikul Sedegebs, omma rom daatexa Tavs adamianebs. nawarmoebSi es
    yvelaferi udidesi simarTliTa da mxatvruli ZalmosilebiTaa naCvenebi. avtori
    originalurad iazrebs da fsiqologiuri simZafriT gangvacdevinebs ka-
    cobriobis bediswerad qceul am sayovelTao tragedias.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom omi uSualod saqarTveloSi ar mimdinareobda, igi
    yvela qarTuli ojaxis ubedurebadac iqca. ramdeni ram dawerila am saSine-
    lebaze, magram n. dumbaZem SeZlo axleburi TvalTaxedviTa da STambeWdaobiT
    daenaxvebina mkiTxvelisaTvis igi da erTxel kidev waruSlelad aRebeWda Cvens
    cnobierebaSi is didi ubedureba, romelic omma moutana kacobriobas. Tumca
    mwerali arc amjerad arRvevs tradicias da yvelaze mZime situaciebSic ki
    bunebrivad momarjvebuli iumoriT mkiTxvels sicocxlis uZlevelobis optimis-
    tur rwmenas ganumtkicebs.
    ase rom, n. dumbaZis am romanSic, sazogadod, mTeli misi Semoqmedebis
    msgavsad, adgili aqvs tragikulisa da komikur-iumoristuli nakadis bunebriv,
    organul Serwymas erTmaneTTan.
    axalgazrda kacis zneobriv-moqalaqeobrivi saxis formirebis problemebs
    mieZRvna n. dumbaZis mesame romanic _ `mziani Rame" (1967 w). nawarmoebis mTavari
    personaJi - Temur baramiZe amjerad ukve studentia da moqmedeba ZiriTadad
    studentur garemoSi xdeba.
    garda imisa, rom `mzian RameSi" kidev ufro gaZlierda wina romanebis Sede-
    gad damkvidrebuli SemoqmedebiTi individualobis ganmsazRvreli literaturu-
    li tendenciebi, n. dumbaZis beletristikam axali niSan-Tvisebebic SeiZina _ gam-
    ravalferovnda tipaJi, wina planze wamoiwia sabWouri yofis usamarTlobani da
    maTi ganmsazRvreli roli pirovnebis cxovrebiseuli bedis tragikulad warmar-
    Tvis saqmeSi da a. S.
    qarTvel mweralTagan n. dumbaZe albaT erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc gabeda
    da 1937 wlis tragikul movlenebsa da maT Sedegebze marTali sityva Tqva. 50-60-
    ian wlebSi amis gakeTeba raoden sarisko da saxifaTo iyo, advili warmosadge-
    nia mkiTxvelisaTvis. amiT mwerali, undoda mas es Tu ara, Sinaganad ukve upi-
    rispirdeboda im saxelmwifo organoebs, romlebic ara marto warsulSi iyvnen
    amgvar tragediaTa Semoqmedni, aramed imxanadac rCebodnen adamianisTvis Tav-
    zardamcemi da damTrgunveli SiSis momgvrel dawesebulebebad. amisda miuxeda-
    449
    vad, represiebis Tema Tavidanve iqca n. dumbaZis Semoqmedebis erT-erT mniSvne-
    lovan problemad da masze mweralma araerTgzis gaamaxvila yuradReba.
    rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es SemTxveviTi movlena ar yofila da mas pirada-
    dac hqonda nagemni am tragikuli movlenis saSinelebani. amitomacaa, rom mwera-
    li ara marto ubralod interesdeba am problemiT, aramed 1937 wlis tragedia-
    ze saubris dros, pirvel yovlisa, TiTqmis yovelTvis avtobiografiul momen-
    tebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da piradad gancdil saSinelebebze esaubreba
    mkiTxvels.
    swored asea danaxuli es movlena `mzian RameSic". romanis mTavari gmiris
    _ Temur baramiZis mSoblebi 1937 wlis tragediis msxverplni arian: mama ukva-
    lod gaqra, deda ki 12 wlis patimrobis Semdgom ubrundeba ojaxs. nawarmoebSi
    Rrma fsiqologizmiTaa aRwerili dedis Camosvla da is urTierToba, romelic
    aTasgvar gansacdelgamovlil mSobelsa da mis gaucxoebul Svils Soris myar-
    deba. mwerali udidesi emociuri STambeWdaobiT gviambobs, rogor TandaTanobiT
    lRveba dedasa da Svils Soris ucxoobis yinuli da imsxvreva gammijnavi barie-
    rebi. es aris adamianuri ubedurebis bednierebad qcevis urTulesi fsiqologiu-
    ri procesi, romelic romanSi didi ostatobiTaa aRwerili.
    mwerali am tragediis ara marto warsul peripetiebze amaxvilebs yurad-
    Rebas, aramed im adamianis fragmentul saxesac xatavs, romelic imJamadac aqti-
    urad sCadis msgavs borotmoqmedebas. swored aseTi pirovnebaa saxelmwifo
    uSiSroebis maRalCinosani muSaki abibo Todria.
    n. dumbaZis momdevno romani _ `nu geSinia, deda" (1969 w.) ZiriTadad mesaz-
    RvreTa cxovrebis amsaxveli nawarmoebia. mweralma Tavisi Semoqmedebis mTavari
    gmiri amjerad sruliad ucxo garemoSi warmogvidgina _ savaldebulo samsaxur-
    Si gawveuli avTandil jayeli sabWoTa kavSir-TurqeTis sazRvars icavs sarfSi.
    romanisaTvis saWiro masalis mosapoveblad da mesazRvreTa yofis Sesaswavlad,
    rogorc cnobilia, n. dumbaZe sagangebod ewvia samxedro nawils da ramdenime
    Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tavadac icxovra maTi xifaTiani cxovrebiT.
    mwerlis es arCevani ramdenime mniSvnelovani garemoebiT iyo ganpi-
    robebuli. jer erTi, mas surda mkiTxvelisaTvis eCvenebina savaldebulo
    samxedro samsaxurSi gawveuli axalgazrda kacis cxovrebaSi TviTdamkvidrebisa
    da pirovnuli individualobis Camoyalibebis rTuli procesi, meore, kidev er-
    Txel wamoeWra da gaeazrebina Tanamedroveobis, upirveles yovlisa ki axalgaz-
    rdobis winaSe mdgari zneobriv-socialuri problemebi da, mesame, originaluri
    kuTxiT daenaxvebina qarTveli kacisTvis maradiulad Tanamdevi is erovnul-pat-
    riotuli tkivili, romelsac sazRvars miRma darCenili saqarTvelos monatreba
    badebs yoveli CvenTaganis gulSi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom romanSi es problemebi sakmaod mwvaved da siRrmiseu-
    lad aris dasmuli, `nu geSinia, deda" mainc ver dgas n. dumbaZis saukeTeso na-
    warmoebTa doneze.
    wina romanebTan SedarebiT, mwerlis es nawarmoebi gacilebiT ufro ideo-
    logizebulia. romanSi xazgasmulad wamoiwia wina planze e. w. xalxTa interna-
    cionaluri Zmoba-erTobis imJamad esoden afiSirebuli idea. da Tumca nawar-
    moebi am TvalsazrisiT ideologiuri propagandizmisaganac araa dazRveuli,
    mwerlis mier daxatuli sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianTa megobruli siaxlove ar
    aris adamianur simarTles moklebuli da gulwrfelobiTaa aRbeWdili. am
    TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia is Zmuri urTierToba, riTac roma-
    nis personaJebi: avTandil jayeli da Serbina arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul-
    ni.
    sazRvris Temis gamZafrebuli gancda romanSi SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris
    da igi imJamindeli viTarebis pirdapiri gamoZaxilia. garesamyarosagan mkveTrad
    gamomijnuli da saimedod Caketili qveynisaTvis sazRvris dacvas ra mniSvne-
    lobac hqonda, es kargad moexseneba sabWoTa sinamdvileSi nacxovreb kacs.
    xelisufleba yvela gziTa da saSualebiT cdilobda sazRvari qveynis uSiS-
    roebis damcav barierad eqcia da adamianebisaTvis Caenerga rwmena imisa, TiTqos
    450
    garedan yovel wuTs iyo mosalodneli aTasgvari ukeTurebisa da mankierebis
    SemoWra.
    magram sazRvris Temis gancdas emociur simZafres, pirvel yovlisa, is
    erovnul-patriotuli tkivili sZens, romelsac qarTveli kacis gulSi sazRvris
    miRma darCenili qarTuli miwis siyvaruli warmoqmnis. uwinaresad, swored es
    grZnoba gansazRvravs bevrwilad romanis mTavari personaJisa da sazRvrispira
    soflis qarTuli mosaxleobis erovnul cnobierebas. ase Semodis nawarmoebSi
    Rrma Sinagani tkiviliT gajerebuli Segneba imisa, rom sazRvris miRma mcxov-
    rebi qarTvelebi Cveni Zmebi arian da rom erT dros is miwac Cveni samSoblos
    RviZli nawili iyo.
    im periodSi, rodesac mezobel qveyanasTan da istoriuli avbedobis Sede-
    gad iq darCenil moZmesTan dakavSireba gadauWrel problemad iyo qceuli, es
    tkivili, dRevandelobisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva simZafresa da emociur datvir-
    Tvas iZens. n. dumbaZis romanis Sefasebis dros am garemoebas, albaT, gansakuT-
    rebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT.
    nawarmoebSi Rrma fsiqologizmiTaa naCvenebi mTavari personaJis _ avTan-
    dil jayelis pirovnuli individualobis formirebis rTuli da Sinaganad wina-
    aRmdegobrivi procesi. mwerali arc amjerad arRvevs tradicias da cdilobs
    realisturi damajereblobiT gviCvenos Ziebis is rTuli gza, romelsac es
    axalgazrda kaci gaivlis cxovrebaSi Tavisi adgilis dasamkvidreblad. am
    TvalsazrisiT avTandil jayels bevri ram aqvs saerTo n. dumbaZis winamorbed
    personaJebTanac da Tavad avtorTanac.

    * * *
    n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis sruliad axali furclebi wamoaCina
    misma morigma romanma `TeTrma bairaRebma" (1971 w.), romlis mTavari gmiri _ za-
    za nakaSiZe uneburad cixeSi, winaswari patimrobis sakanSi, gaatarebs Ziebis
    ramdenime Tvian periods. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebis personaJebi metwi-
    lad borotmoqmedni arian da moqmedebac TiTqmis mTlianad maTi cxovrebis
    asaxvas eZRvneba, `TeTri bairaRebi" deteqturi Janris nawarmoebTa rigs ar mie-
    kuTvneba da problematikiTac da mizandasaxulobiTac pirdapir aRrmavebs mwer-
    lis manamdeli romanebis umTavres saTqmels.
    amjeradac n. dumbaZis mwerluri dainteresebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad
    axalgazrda kacis zneobriv-moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsisa da pirovnuli individua-
    lobis formirebis procesis Cveneba aris qceuli. pirvel yovlisa, swored am
    TvalsazrisiT imsaxurebs yuradRebas zaza nakaSiZe, romelsac, winamorbedi gmi-
    rebisagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT ufro meti gansacdeli arguna bedma, magram,
    amisda miuxedavad, mas mainc aRmoaCnda is didi Sinagani Zala, ramac ukidures
    gasaWirSi Cavardnil axalgazrda kacs sulieri wonasworoba ar daakargvina da
    samarTlianobis rwmena SeunarCuna.
    Tumca zaza nakaSiZe gamonaklisi ar aris da `TeTr bairaRebSi", masTan er-
    Tad, n. dumbaZem araerTi STambeWdavi literaturuli saxe Seqmna, riTac axali
    tipebiT gaamdidra misi SemoqmedebiTi samyaro.
    ase rom, problematikiTac da mxatvruli tipaJiTac, `TeTri bairaRebi"
    mwerlis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi gamorCeulad sagulisxmo nimuSia. swored ase
    Seafasa gamoqveynebisTanave nawarmoebi araerTma kritikosma da es Tvalsazrisi
    kidev ufro ganmtkicda Semdgom wlebSi dabeWdili werilebiT.
    rogorc iTqva, n. dumbaZis romanSi ZiriTadad damnaSaveTa samyaroa aRweri-
    li da moqmedeba cixeSi, winaswari patimrobis sakanSi, xdeba. mwerali udidesi
    fsiqologiuri ZalisxmeviT xatavs patimrebis pirovnul bunebas, siRrmiseulad
    da koloritulad warmoaCens maT xasiaTebs, Cveuli mwerluri ostatobiT qmnis
    erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul literaturul saxeebs, farTo ganzoga-
    debulobiT gviambobs mTeli maTi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis ambavs.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom am adamianTa umetesoba borotmoqmedi da naZiralaa,
    n. dumbaZe amjeradac erTguli rCeba misive Semoqmedebis safuZvelTa safuZvlad
    qceuli principisa da udidesi humanizmiTa da qristianuli kacTmoyvareobiT
    451
    cdilobs Cawvdes adamianis suls da igi im kuTxidan daanaxos mkiTxvels, saida-
    nac yvelaze lamazi Cans. ase rom, amjeradac mwerali sikeTisa da maRal-
    zneobriobis romantikulad ganmadideblis rolSi gamodis, `sentimentaluri
    humanizmis" (mwerlis sityvebia) poziciebidan xedavs da afasebs cxovrebiseul
    movlenebs, daucxromeli JiniT eZebs borotebis sikeTed gardasaxvis idealur
    gzebs, yvelanairad cdilobs TviT yvelaze naZirala adamianis sulSic ki pi-
    rovnuli keTilSobilebisa da zneobrivi siwmindis grZnobaTa gaRvivebas.
    am TvalsazrisiT, ara marto `TeTri bairaRebis" umTavres mizanswrafvad,
    aramed, saerTod, n. dumbaZis mTeli Semoqmedebis msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis
    deklarirebul gamovlinebadac SeiZleba miviCnioT is sityvebi, romelTac zaza
    nakaSiZis dedas warmoaTqmevinebs erTgan mwerali: `adamiani freska ar aris, Svi-
    lo, rom erT sibrtyeSi uyuro. adamians, rogorc qandakebas, ise unda Semouaro
    garSemo da im kuTxidan umziro, romlidanac yvelaze lamazad imzireba".
    n. dumbaZis Semoqmedebis mkiTxvels mtkiceba ar sWirdeba imisa, rom mwera-
    li swored amgvarad SerCeuli kuTxidan xedavs, pirvel yovlisa, Tavis perso-
    naJebs. ase Zerwavs igi ara marto e. w. dadebiT personaJTa adamianuri xasiaTebs,
    aramed uaryofiT literaturul tipaJsac. `TeTri bairaRebi" swored amis naTe-
    li dadasturebaa.
    adamianSi keTili sawyisisa da zneobrivi siwmindis Ziebis principma mas sa-
    Sualeba misca TviT yvelaze naZiralaTa da borotmoqmedTa sulSic ki epova
    aseTi sinaTle da isini im kuTxidan daenaxvebina mkiTxvelisaTvis, saidanac ara
    marto yvelaze lamazebi Canan, aramed maTi adamianuri gadarCenisa da codvaTa-
    gan ganwmendis romantikuli perspeqtivac ar yofiliyo safuZvelgamocdili.
    magram, miuxedavad amisa, aqve isic xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom `TeTr
    bairaRebSi", winandel nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT, mankierebaTa da adamianur
    borotmoqmedebaTa mxileba-dagmobis tendenciebic gansakuTrebulad wamoiwia wi-
    na planze. am TvalsazrisiT n. dumbaZis es romani erT-erTi mkafiod gamorCeu-
    li qmnilebaa mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi. masSi ganzogadebulad aisaxa Cveni yofi-
    saTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi socialuri mankiereba. es kargad Cans winaswa-
    ri patimrobis sakanSi Tavmoyril patimarTa danaSaulebrivi Tavgadasavlebis
    moTxrobiT. mweralma am gziT kidev erTxel miapyro mkiTxvelis yuradReba im
    naklovan mxareebs, riTac imJamindeli Cveni yofa xasiaTdeboda.
    ase aRibeWdebian Cvens cnobierebaSi sxvadasxvagvari borotmoqmedebiTa da
    adamianuri codvebiT cxovrebadamZimebuli iseTi kolorituli pirovnebani, ro-
    gorebic arian: tigrana guloiani, limona, SoSia, WiWiko gogoli, moSiaSvili,
    meburiSvili, WeiSvili, Zia isidore. yoveli maTgani met-naklebad codvili da
    borotebasTan wilnayari adamiania. mwerali iumornarevi satirulobiTa da ada-
    mianuri TanagrZnobiT amxels maT mier Cadenil borotebas da damnaSaveTa samya-
    ros am konkretul warmomadgenelTa mxatvruli saxeebis SeqmniT arapirdapiri
    gziT im sazogadoebrivi yofisa da socialuri mdgomareobis daxasiaTebasac ax-
    dens, romlis wiaRSic es adamianebi aRizardnen da Camoyalibdnen.
    `TeTri bairaRebi", n. dumbaZis sxva romanebis msgavsad, simarTlis, keTili
    sawyisis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba. umZimes gansacdelgamovlili zaza nakaSiZe ga-
    marTlebuli da codvis tvirTmoxsnili ubrundeba dedas, qveyanas, sazoga-
    doebas. sikeTisa da borotebis urTierTWidilSi samarTlianobisa da zneobis
    gamarjvebis es optimisturi rwmena, romelic n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi vlin-
    deba, rogorc uZleveli Zala, mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis gamoxatu-
    lebaa. adamianis sulSi qristianuli saTnoebisa da sikeTis grZnobis gaRviveba,
    pirovnebis zneobrivi srulyofa da kacTmoyvareoba _ ai, umaRlesi ideali da
    mwerluri mizanswrafva n. dumbaZis mTeli Semoqmedebisa.
    romanis saTaurad gamotanili sityvebic _ TeTri bairaRebi am ideali-
    zebul da romantikulad gandidebul sulier RirebulebaTa simbolodaa qceu-
    li.
    mwerlis am romanSi yvelaze metad gamoCnda misi SemoqmedebisTvis sazoga-
    dod damaxasiaTebeli tendencia _ yovel adamianSi moZebnos `RvTiuri naper-
    wklis" (n. dumbaZis sityvebia) gamovlineba. swored es `RvTiuri naperwkali" aT-
    452
    bobs da aZlevs azrs cxovrebas. da aq xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom n. dumba-
    Ze yovelTvis didi warmatebiT akeTebs amas. `TeTri bairaRebi" yvelaze metad
    adasturebs zemoTqmuls. mweralma SeZlo yovelgvari siyalbis gareSe, udidesi
    simarTliTa da damajereblobiT, eCvenebina Tavisi personaJebis rTuli sulieri
    samyaro da isini im kuTxidan daenaxvebina mkiTxvelisaTvis, saidanac gamorCeu-
    lad gulwrfelnic arian, sikeTiT madlfenilnica da adamianurnic. marTalia,
    bevri maTgani znedacemuli da borotmoqmedi pirovnebaa, magram mwerali maTSic
    axerxebs ipovos es idumali `RvTaebrivi naperwkali" da kvlav aRanTos da gaaR-
    vivos igi.
    gansxvavebiT sxva romanebisagan, n. dumbaZis bolo romanis _ `maradisobis
    kanonis" (1977 w.) mTavari gmiri axalgazrda kaci ki araa, aramed didi cxov-
    rebiseuli gamocdilebis mqone pirovneba, romelic aqtiurad ibrZvis sakuTari
    zneobriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi principebisa da moqalaqeobrivi valis aRsasru-
    leblad. Tavisi adamianuri mrwamsisadmi swored aseTi uRalatobiT cocxldeba
    Cvens cnobierebaSi baCana ramiSvili, rogorc samarTlianobisa da maRal-
    zneobriobisaTvis Tavdadebuli idealizebuli pirovneba. mweralma es faqtori
    xazgasmulad wamowia wina planze da misi saxis gamoZerwviT e. w. dadebiTi gmi-
    ris srulqmnili tipis Seqmna cada.
    `maradisobis kanoni" mwerlis sxva romanebisgan stiluri specifikiTac
    ramdenadme gansxvavebuli nawarmoebia. amgvar ganmasxvavebul niSanTagan, uwina-
    res yovlisa, ori momenti minda gamovyo: pirveli, ambis mTxrobelis rolSi am-
    jerad Tavad mwerali mogvevlina da ara romanis mTavari personaJi da, meore,
    baCana ramiSvilis literaturuli saxis Seqmnis dros avtorma gansakuTrebulad
    didi roli daakisra misi warsuli cxovrebidan yvelaze STambeWdavi epizo-
    debis gaxsenebas.
    ase rom, warsulis aseTi retrospeqtiviT mwerali imazec gviqmnis garkve-
    ul warmodgenas, rogor yalibdeboda nawarmoebis mTavari gmiris cxovrebiseu-
    li sazrisi da mizanswrafva. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sagrZnoblad iklo
    iumoris xvedriTma wilmac. marTalia, romanSi frTiani iumorisa da maxvil-
    sityvaobis araerTi SesaniSnavi magaliTi gvxvdeba, magram, albaT, ar gada-
    Warbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom `maradisobis kanoni" ufro tkiviliTa da
    dramatizmiT gajerebuli nawarmoebia.
    aseve ufro metad wamoiwia wina planze mwerlis kritikul-polemikuri
    TvalTaxedva da mamxilebluri pozicia. miuxedavad imisa, rom es momenti n. dum-
    baZis manamdel romanebSic iCenda Tavs met-naklebi ZaliT (am TvalsazrisiT gan-
    sakuTrebiT `TeTri bairaRebi" iqcevs yuradRebas), `maradisobis kanonSi" yofiT-
    socialuri mankierebebis mxilebas gacilebiT ufro didi masStabebi aqvs SeZe-
    nili.
    aqve, amasTan dakavSirebiT, aseTi faqtic unda gavixsenoT: erT-erT ucxoel
    Jurnalists n. dumbaZisTvis ukiTxavs: `ratom aris, rom zog Tqvens mwerals
    marTali sityvisaTvis akritikeben. Tqvens nawarmoebebSi ki mZafri da pirdapiri
    kritikaa bevri naklovani mxareebis, Tqven ki arc jildo, arc dafaseba ar da-
    gakles partiam da mTavrobamo?
    _ es imitom xdeba, _ upasuxnia maSin nodars, _ rom Tqven mier naxsenebi
    mwerlebi, romlebsac zogjer simarTlis gulisTvis devnilad moaqvT Tavi, mxo-
    lod uaryofiTis CvenebiT kmayofildebian, mxolod `seirs uyureben, xalxis da
    qveynis gasaWiri maTTvis araferia. me ki yoveli patara xarvezi _ adamianis
    sulSi iqneba is Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi _ guls mtkens, maTi gamoswo-
    rebisaTvis vwer, vibrZvi da vcocxlob. es ori diametralurad sapirispiro po-
    ziciaa."
    obieqturoba moiTxovs aqve isic iTqvas, rom mwerlis pozicia, socialis-
    turi ideologiisadmi misi damokidebuleba, `maradisobis kanonSi" zogjer ten-
    denciur xasiaTsac iZens. magaliTad, baCana ramiSvilis saubrebSi drodadro
    xazgasmuladaa wina planze wamoweuli partiisa da socialisturi ideebisadmi
    erTguleba da klasobrivi TvalTaxedva. magram aqve dabejiTebiT isic unda aRi-
    niSnos, rom romanis mTavari gmirisaTvis ideologia da politika ki ar aris
    453
    mTavari, aramed is, rom socialisturi principebi mis cnobierebaSi umaRles
    adamianur faseulobebTanaa gaigivebuli. ase rom, baCana ramiSvilis aqtiuri
    dgoma partiul-socialisturi idealebis sadarajoze, faqtobrivad, zneobrivi
    da socialuri harmoniis, samarTlianobisa da kacTmoyvareobis amaRlebuli
    principebis dasamkvidreblad Tavdadebuli brZolaa.
    baCana ramiSvilis azrovnebis ideologizacia gansakuTrebuli ZaliT mama
    ioramTan paeqrobaSi vlindeba. saavadmyofos erT palataSi myofi infarqtgada-
    tanili es ori pirovneba bevrs saubrobs rwmenasa da religiaze. miuxedavad imi-
    sa, rom baCana Tavisi mrwamsiTac da pirovnuli cxovrebiTac qristianuli prin-
    cipebis erTguli kacia, mis am msjelobebSi, orTodoqsuli religiis pozi-
    ciebidan, bevri ramaa aSkarad miuRebelica da mkrexeluric. aqve, saerTod, isic
    unda iTqvas, rom romanis mTavari gmiris damokidebuleba sarwmunoebasTan er-
    Tgvarovani araa da Sinaganad gaorebulia. Tu, erTis mxriv, Tavisi e. w. religi-
    uri xilvebiT, igi RvTis saswaulTan ziarebul pirovnebad gvevlineba, meores
    mxriv, mRvdelTan kamaTis dros iseT azrebsac gamoTqvams, romlebic principu-
    lad miuRebelia WeSmariti sarwmunoebisaTvis.
    `maradisobis kanonSi" axali waxnagebiT gamoixata n. dumbaZis Semoqmedebis
    humanisturi TvalTaxedva. mwerlis umTavres mizanswrafvad amjeradac kvlavin-
    deburad rCeba zneobrivad srulqmnili adamianis saxis Seqmna. magram n. dumba-
    Zis gmirebis sikeTe, humanizmi da zneobrivi keTilSobileba abstraqtuli for-
    miT ki ar ikveTeba, aramed maT konkretul qmedebaSia gamovlenili.
    gansxvavebiT sxva romanebisagan, `maradisobis kanonSi" adamianuri ukeTu-
    robis winaaRmdeg brZolis Cvenebas gacilebiT ufro didi masStabebi aqvs SeZe-
    nili. am brZolaTa warmmarTvelad nawarmoebSi, upirveles yovlisa, baCana gvev-
    lineba. igi ukompromisod, metad riskianad da gabedulad, upirispirdeba im man-
    kierebebs, romlebic imdroindel sazogadoebaSi farTod iyo aRzevebuli. am
    mankierebaTa mxilebiT n. dumbaZe naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis Tavisi drois so-
    cialur viTarebaze da Seulamazeblad xatavs epoqis sinamdviles.
    romanSi es yvelaferi farTo speqtriTaa warmoCenili da imJamindeli Cveni
    yofis mraval mxares moicavs. mankierebaTa amgvari mravalmxrivobiT samxileb-
    lad mweralma moxerxebulad gamoiyena romanis mTavari gmiris privilegi-
    rebuli socialuri mdgomareoba. cnobili mwerali, redaqtori, sazogadoebriv
    asparezze aRzevebuli da pativdebuli baCana, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, xSirad eqce-
    va xolme movlenaTa centrSi. vinRa ar midis masTan daxmarebis saTxovnelad.
    misi didi avtoritetis gamoyenebas aqtiurad cdiloben aTasgvar ukeTurebaSi
    gasvrili adamianebi.
    marTalia, baCanas mxatvrul saxeSi bevri ramaa avtobiografiuli, magram
    mweralma am avtobiografiul momentebs ganzogadebis farTo masStabebi SesZina
    da romanis centraluri personaJi Tavisi drois umniSvnelovanes movlenebTan
    sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebul gmirad aqcia. am TvalsazrisiT, baCana ramiSvi-
    lis pirovnuli cxovrebis gacnoba mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas aZlevs mTel im-
    droindel epoqazec Seeqmnas garkveuli warmodgena.
    rogorc iTqva, `maradisobis kanoni" socialur usamarTlobaTa da mankie-
    rebaTa mamxilebeli romania. es yvelaferi, rasakvirvelia, kargia, magram rogo-
    ria am ukeTurobaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis Sedegi? samwuxarod, romanis mixedviT,
    am TvalsazrisiT damamSvidebel-damaimedebeli perspeqtiva, faqtobrivad, ar Cans
    da yvela is socialuri problema, romelic nawarmoebSia dasmuli, sabolood
    isev gadauWreli rCeba.
    ase rom, romanis bolos kvlavac dausjelebi da TavianT bnel saqmosnur
    asparezze aRzevebulni rCebian nawarmoebSi gamoyvanili is adamianebi, rom-
    lebic aTasgvar borotebasa da ukeTurebas Cadian.
    Zneli asaxsneli araa, ratom xdeba ase. n. dumbaZe ar arbilebs winaaRmde-
    gobebs, xelovnurad ar aiolebs viTarebas da borotebasTan aqtiurad dapiris-
    pirebuli gmiris idealizebuli saxis Seqmnis miuxedavad imisac araorazrovnad
    gveubneba, raoden Znelia socialuri samarTlianobis dasamkvidreblad brZola.
    454
    n. dumbaZis `maradisobis kanonSi", `TeTri bairaRebis" msgavsad, mniSvnelo-
    van rols asrulebs saTqmelis simbolur-alegoriuli formiT gamoxatvis ten-
    dencia. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Txrobis procesSi
    SigadaSig CarTuli mistikuri siuJeturi epizodebi _ sizmrebi da simbolur-
    alegoriuli SinaarsiT datvirTuli xilvebi, romlebSic azri qveteqsturi mi-
    niSnebebiTaa gadmocemuli.
    SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom `maradisobis kanonis" bolos mweralma
    nawarmoebis umTavresi saTqmelis gaazreba guls daukavSira, guls, romelic n.
    dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi yvelgan da yovelTvis adamianuri siwmindisa da saT-
    noebis simbolodaa qceuli. mwerlis yoveli sityva, misi SemoqmedebiTi niWis
    yoveli gamonaTeba, pirvel yovlisa, swored gulidan iRebs saTaves, gulidan,
    rogorc sinaTlisa da grZnobierebis uwmindesi wyarodan.
    amitomac ambobs romanis mTavari gmiri uars xelovnur gulze, miuxedavad
    imisa, rom mtkivani da avadmyofi gulis Secvla xelovnuri guliT sicocxlis
    gaxangrZlivebis erTaderTi saimedo gza SeiZleba gaxdes. baCana ramiSvils,
    qveynisa da moyvasis siyvaruliT gulanTebul kacs, xelovnuri guliT safuZ-
    velganmtkicebul sicocxles sikvdili urCevnia. amitomac eubneba mas profeso-
    ri: `Tqven xelovnuri guli ar gamogadgebaT, xelovnuri guliT Tqven ver
    icocxlebTo". es sityvebi, faqtobrivad, mTeli misi cxovrebis Sefasebaa.
    saavadmyofoSi gatarebuli dro baCanasaTvis mis mier ganvlili cxovrebis
    Sejamebis xanadac iqca. man zneobrivi analizi gaukeTa mTel mis cxovrebas, yve-
    laferi dadinjebuli gonebiT awon-dawona da, misive sityvebiT Tu vityviT, gan-
    sacvifrebel aRmoCenamde mivida - maradisobis kanonis aRmoCenamde. am kanonis
    azri, baCanas ganmartebiT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `adamianis suli gacilebiT
    ufro mZimea, vidre sxeuli, imdenad mZime, rom erT adamians misi tareba ar SeuZ-
    lia. amitom, vidre cocxlebi varT, erTmaneTs xeli unda SevaSveloT da veca-
    doT, rogorme ukvdavyoT erTmaneTis suli: Tqven Cemi, me sxvisi, sxvam sxvisi da
    ase dausabamod, rameTu im sxvisi gardacvalebis Semdeg ar davobldeT da mar-
    toni ar davrCeT am qveyanaze..."
    am sityvebSi siRrmiseulad vlindeba ara marto `maradisobis kanonis" um-
    Tavresi saTqmeli da mizanswrafva, aramed mwerlis mTeli Semoqmedebis ZiriTa-
    di arsi da suliskveTeba.

    * * *
    didi literaturuli moRvaweobis dawyebas n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebiT biog-
    rafiaSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, win uZRoda periodi, rodesac mwerali ZiriTadad
    iumoristuli xasiaTis nawarmoebsa da leqsebs werda. iumoristuli novelisti-
    kis JanrSi muSaoba man, Tumca naklebi intensiurobiT, magram mainc, SemdgomSic
    ganagrZo. am nawarmoebebma imTaviTve moupoves mas farTo aRiareba da popula-
    roba. mkiTxveli interesiT ecnoboda n. dumbaZis xalasi niWiT aRbeWdil am iu-
    moristul novelebsa da feletonebs, romlebSic imJamindeli Cveni yofis mrava-
    li mankiereba iyo mxilebisa da kritikis sagnad qceuli.
    ase rom, n. dumbaZis iumoristuli nawarmoebebiT kacs naTeli warmodgena
    Seeqmneba imdroindeli Cveni sazogadoebis fsiqikasa da cnobierebaze, miswra-
    febebsa da yofiT interesebze... miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri ram, Janruli speci-
    fikis gamo, maTSi hiperbolizebuli da gaSarJebuli formiTacaa mocemuli,
    mwerlis es nawarmoebebi mainc unda CaiTvalos realurad arsebuli mankie-
    rebebis obieqturad mamxilebel qmnilebebad. mxilebisa da kritikis umTavres
    saSualebad am SemTxvevaSi avtors, rogorc iTqva, iumori aqvs gamoyenebuli.
    magram aqve xazgasmiT isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mwerlis sicili principulad
    Sors dgas yovelgvari geslis, dacinvisa Tu gakilvisagan.
    marTalia, n. dumbaZis iumoristuli nawarmoebebi TavianTi mxatvruli doni-
    Tac, problematikiTac, tipaJiTac da literaturuli masStabebiTac aSkarad ver
    Seedrebian `didi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis" periodSi Seqmnil qmnilebebs, mag-
    ram mwerlis literaturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlis dros maTac unda mieqces
    garkveuli yuradReba. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqtic, rom mkiTxveli kvla-
    455
    vac interesiT ecnoba n. dumbaZis am iumoristul nawarmoebebs. maTgan, pirvel
    yovlisa, unda gamovyoT fsevdopoet omar xalianis avtorobiT gamoqveynebuli
    robaiebi, sadac mweralma sakmaod STambeWdavi forma moZebna adamianur mankie-
    rebaTa samxileblad da gasakilad.
    dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs, rom Janrul saxeobaTa ga-
    moyenebis TvalsazrisiT nodar dumbaZis Semoqmedebas erTi gamokveTili Tavi-
    sebureba axasiaTebs. rogorc iTqva, igi samwerlo asparezze leqsebiT gamovida
    da misi pirveli literaturuli cdebi, pirvel yovlisa, poeziasTan iyo dakav-
    Sirebuli. magram mwerali male darwmunda, rom misi SemoqmedebiTi mowodeba
    proza iyo da mTeli Semdgomi literaturuli moRvaweoba man am Janrs daukavSi-
    ra. Tumca aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom n. dumbaZes arc leqsisTvis
    Seuqcevia zurgi da sakmaod mniSvnelovani warmateba moipova sabavSvo poeziaSi.
    rac Seexeba prozas, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, 60-ian wlebamde n. dumbaZe Ziri-
    Tadad mcire moculobis iumoristuli nawarmoebebis SeqmniT iyo gatacebuli.
    1958-59 wlebidan _ pirveli romanis dawerisa da gamoqveynebis droidan _ ki misi
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis umTavres mimarTulebad romanistika iqca. am perio-
    didan dawyebuli 70-ian wlebamde n. dumbaZes sxva JanrSi sagulisxmo da mniSvne-
    lovani (garda sabavSvo poeziisa), faqtobrivad, araferi Seuqmnia.
    70-80-ian wlebSi ki mkiTxveli mowme xdeba mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi Tvisebri-
    vad axali etapis damkvidrebisa _ am periodSi SemoqmedebiTi energiis gamovle-
    nis umTavres Janrul formad n. dumbaZem moTxroba gaixada da Tavisi am nawar-
    moebebiT XX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba axali problemebiTa da tipebiT gaam-
    didra.
    mwerlis moTxrobebSi kidev ufro xelSesaxebad gamoikveTa misive Semoqme-
    debisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebeli iseTi niSani, rogoric avtobiografiu-
    lobaa. TiTqmis yvela moTxrobaSi avtori misi cxovrebidan realurad momxdar
    ama Tu im epizods gviambobs da es avtobiografiuli faqtori yovelTvis xaz-
    gasmuladaa wina planze wamoweuli. ase mkvidrdeba am moTxrobebis gamaerTia-
    nebel centralur personaJad Tavad nodar dumbaZe _ uSualo TviTmxilveli da
    Tanamonawile im dramatuli ambebisa, romlebic maTSia naambobi.
    mwerlis moTxrobebis avtobiografiulobas imiTac esmeba xazi, rom TiT-
    qmis yvela maTgani, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, pirvel pirSia dawerili da
    mTxrobelis rolSi Tavad avtori gvevlineba. am SemTxvevaSi ambis pirvel pirSi
    moTxroba ubralo literaturuli xerxi ki ar aris, aramed mwerlis mier pi-
    rovnuli saTqmelisa da ganwyobilebis gamoxatvis yvelaze efeqturi da
    STambeWdavi formaa.
    aqve erT garemoebasac unda mivaqcioT yuradReba: mwerlis moTxrobebSi Se-
    darebiT ukana planze gadainacvla n. dumbaZis literaturuli individualobis
    ganmsazRvrelma iseTma upirvelesma Tvisebam, rogoric iumoria da kidev ufro
    meti datvirTva SeiZina saTqmelis lirikuli formiT gamoxatvam. marTalia, li-
    rikul-poeturi nakadi mis arc manamdel nawarmoebebSi iyo susti, magram moTx-
    robebSi, saerTod, mwerlis bolodroindel SemoqmedebaSi, es tendencia kidev
    ufro gaRrmavda da gaZlierda.
    n. dumbaZis moTxrobaTagan erT-erTi saintereso nawarmoebia `kukaraCa", ro-
    melSic am metsaxeliT cnobili miliciis ubnis rwmunebulis gogi TuSuraSvi-
    lis Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili. kukaraCas cxovrebidan moyolili STambeWdavi
    epizodebiT Cvens warmosaxvaSi cocxldeba maRali zneobisa da keTilSobili
    bunebis pirovneba, romelsac ucnauri misiis Sesruleba akisria miliciaSi _ mo-
    zardebis meTvalyureoba da ideuri aRzrda, saxlis gareT maTi `sulieri cxov-
    rebis sworad warmarTva". erTi SexedviT, milicielisTvis amgvari sam-
    saxureobrivi movaleobis dakisreba ucnauri faqtia da es garemoeba SemTxveviT
    araa nawarmoebSi erTgvari ironiis sagnad qceuli, magram rogorc kukaraCas
    cxovrebiT vrwmundebiT, am romantikosi da maRali zneobis pirovnebisaTvis es
    saqme srulebiT ar aRmoCnda ucxo da SemTxveviTi.
    mwerali Rrmadmetyveli fsiqologiuri StrixebiT Zerwavs kukaraCas pirov-
    nul bunebasa da miswrafebebs. fineTis omSi wiTeli varskvlavis ordeniT mker-
    456
    ddamSvenebuli TuSuraSvili, romlis meomruli gmirobis ambavi mTelma ubanma
    zepirad icoda, axla bavSvebs dasdevs kvaldakval da maT ideur da sulier aR-
    zrdaze zrunavs.
    magram kukaraCas adamianuri buneba yvelaze metad mainc ingasTan da murta-
    losTan urTierTobaSi vlindeba. mwerali fsiqologiuri damajereblobiT aR-
    wers ingas siyvaruliT sulierad gardaqmnili kukaraCas cxovrebas. am didma
    adamianurma grZnobam zneobrivad kidev ufro aRamaRla isedac sikeTiT savse es
    raindi kaci.
    tradiciuli gagebiT, n. dumbaZis moTxrobebis Tematika, faqtobrivad,
    mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobil sakiTxTa wres moicavs, magram maTi mTavari
    Rirseba nacnob problemebTan axleburi gziT misvla da originaluri Tval-
    TaxedviT gaazrebaa.
    ramdeni ram Tqmula da dawerila, magaliTad, mSobliuri miwis siyvarulze,
    magram n. dumbaZem mainc SeZlo axali kuTxidan daenaxa da gaeazrebina igi.
    igulisxmeba farTod gaxmaurebuli moTxroba "HELLADOS", romelSic soxumSi
    dabadebuli da gazrdili 14 wlis berZeni biWis _ iangulis tragikuli Tavgada-
    savalia gadmocemuli. mkerdze amosviringebuli am erTaderTi sityviT ianguli
    TiTqos magiuri ZaliT iyo mijaWvuli Tavis unaxav samSoblosTan. es sityva na-
    warmoebSi Tavidanve iWreba, rogorc paroli, zRapruli gasaRebi samSoblosad-
    mi siyvarulis idumali grZnobisa.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom iangulis winaparTa samSoblo mxolod sizmrad Tu
    hqonda naxuli da soxumSi gazrdili am `xuligani" biWis erTaderT da namdvil
    samSoblos, mis `namdvil eladas soxumi, veneciis gzatkecili, CalbaSi, koka, pe-
    tia, kurlika, Savi zRva, rkinigzis xidi" warmoadgenda, mas gangebam, sakuTarma
    mamam, jiSma da jilagma, im meore samSoblosadmi siyvarulis grZneuli grZno-
    bac Causaxles arsebaSi.
    n. dumbaZis moTxrobis umTavresi Rirseba, Cemi azriT, isaa, rom mweralma
    didi fsiqologiuri ZalisxmeviT gviCvena am or samSoblos Soris Sinaganad mim-
    dinare mZafri Widili. ubnis yoCad qceul am `xuligan" biWs cxovreba Tavidanve
    ayenebs mkacri da ulmobeli aucileblobis winaSe _ mamis gadawyvetilebiT, igi,
    sxva iqaur berZenTa msgavsad, winaparTa istoriul samSoblos unda daubrundes,
    vinaidan, mamamisis TqmiT, maTi `samSoblo iqaa. mSobliuri miwa, didebuli ela-
    da... mama-papaTa sisxli, eZaxiT da isinic movaleni arian wavidnen."
    magram is, rac mamis mier ase martivad da xelis erTi mosmiTaa gadawyveti-
    li, sabediswerod miuRebeli xdeba iangulisaTvis, vinaidan, misi rwmeniT, `sam-
    Soblo ufro Rrmadaa, ufro SigniT".
    samwuxarod, ianguli uZluri aRmoCnda mamasTan WidilSi da male gamgzav-
    rebis dRec dadga. mwerali yovelgvari yalbi internacionalizmis gareSe, udi-
    desi emociuri simZafriT, aRwers, rogor `acileben soxumis moqalaqeni Tavian-
    Ti sxeuls nawils, TavianT sisxlsa da xorcs" _ berZnebs.
    moTxrobis finaliT mkiTxvelisaTvis naTeli xdeba tragikuli Sedegi am
    mwvave sulieri Widilisa, romelic winaparTa samSobloSi iZulebiT mimavali
    iangulis gulSi mimdinareobda. berZnebis gamgzavrebidan mesame dRes mdinare
    kelasuris SesarTavTan zRvam axalgazrda biWis sxeuli gamoriya. erTaderTi
    niSani, romlis saSualebiTac misi namdvili vinaoba gaxda cnobili, gaSlil
    mkerdze lurjad amosviringebuli berZnuli sityva - "HELLADOS" iyo. `ukan-
    miuxedavad da sulmouTqmelad gavirbine plaJi, sanapiro, rkinigzis liandagi,
    veneciis gzatkecili da SeSliliviT Sevvardi saxlSio, _ aTqmevinebs mwerali
    jemals _ nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli ambis mTxrobels.
    _ ra mogivida, biWo? _ mkiTxa gulamovardnils SeSinebulma deidaCemma.
    _ deida nina... ianguli dabrunda! _ vuTxari me. mere daviCoqe mis win, kal-
    TaSi Tavi Cavude da mwared avtirdi".
    ase mTavrdeba n. dumbaZis es mSvenieri moTxroba da mkiTxveli ufaqizes
    tkivilad gardaqmnili emociuri STambeWdaobiT SeigrZnobs im grZnobis magiur
    Zalas, romelmac samudamod daubruna ianguli mis namdvil samSoblos.
    457
    rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, n. dumbaZis moTxrobebis umetesi nawili av-
    tobiografiuli TviTgancdis Sedegad Seqmnili nawarmoebebia. magram, amisda
    miuxedavad, isini memuaruli literaturis CarCoebiT ar izRudeba da mxatvru-
    li ganzogadebulobiT warmosaxavs movlenebs. pirovnuli cxovrebiseuli mogo-
    nebani mwerlisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi ufro SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis aRmgzneb Si-
    nagan Zaladaa qceuli, ris Sedegadac romantikuli gznebiT cocxldebian gar-
    dasul dReTa aCrdilebi.
    aviRoT, magaliTad, `boSebi", romelSic omisdroindeli guriis erT-erT so-
    felSi _ zenobanSi boSaTa xanmokle cxovrebis ambavia moTxrobili. msoflio
    literaturidan mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobili boSaTa cxovreba mweralma
    erTxel kidev dagvanaxa da gangvacdevina axleburi TvalTaxedviT. am siaxlesa
    da nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambis STambeWdaobas ori umTavresi faqtori gan-
    sazRvravs _ is adamianuri siaxlove, romelic Tavidanve damyarda boSebsa da
    soflis mosaxleobas Soris da, meore, omis Sedegebis tragikuli gancda.
    sofelSi moulodnelad dabanakebulma boSebma TavianTi winaswarmetyve-
    lebiT, `yvela daqceul ojaxs Tu ara, naxevars mainc gaucocxles omSi daRupu-
    li Svilebi, qmrebi, Zmebi, siZeebi, sasiZoebi... yvela mwuxares Tu ara, naxevars
    mainc amoumSrales mduRare cremlebi TvalTagan, bevr Caqrobaze mimdgar keras
    Seuberes suli, isev gaaRvives, isev aafutes, da yovelive amas raRac erT muWa
    TuTunad, or Tu sam kvercxad, naxevar wvela yvelad, erT patara mWadis na-
    texad, erT boTl adesa Rvinod da xanac sul ufasod, wyaroze morTmeuli er-
    Ti Wiqa civi wylis safasurad akeTebdnen".
    soflelebisa da boSebis es urTierToba moTxrobaSi imdenad ideali-
    zebuli formiTaa aRwerili, rom zogierTi ram, gansakuTrebiT _ nawarmoebis
    finali, mkacrad Tu mivudgebiT, naklebad dasajerebelic kia, magram aseTi
    siuJeturi ararealuroba am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel yovlisa, adamianuri siyvaru-
    lis gamovlenis romantikul formad aRiqmeba da ara cxovrebiseul siyalbed
    da ararealistur iluziur gamonagonad.
    n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi aseve sainteresodaa gaazrebuli sisxlisa da mem-
    kvidreobiTobis problema. pirvel yovlisa, swored am TvalsazrisiT iqcevs
    yuradRebas cnobili moTxroba `sisxli", romlis mTavari personaJebi _ meTer-
    Tmete weliwadSi gadamdgari nodar lomjaria, babuamisi qiSvardi da bebia iu-
    lia sisxlis erTobiT SeduRabebuli pirovnebani arian.
    naadrevad daoblebuli nodari droebiT xonSi, dedis dedasTan _ qalbaton
    iuliasTan TavSefarebuli, bebiis daJinebuli TxovniT martoxela babuas mihyavs
    guriaSi gasazrdelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom nodari im dRes pirvelad Sexvda
    mis wasayvanad misul babuas, raRac ucnobma Zalam igi `yurmoWril monasaviT"
    gamoaba mas da mis nebaze atara. `axla wuRaSi TiTgavardnili, dasicxuli da
    siarulisagan quslebdabegvili rom mivdev am moxucs, netav ra mimarbeninebs,
    bebiasagan moZulebuls, biZaSvilebTan gamoumSvidobeblad. ra Zalaa es, netav,
    ra hqvia am Zalas?" _ ekiTxeba Tavisive Tavs axladgacnobil babuas morCilad
    adevnebuli nodari.
    n. dumbaZis es moTxroba, pirvel yovlisa, am kiTxvisTvis pasuxis gasacemad
    daiwera. mwerali maxvilgonivrulad mignebuli fsiqologiuri detalebiT war-
    moaCens nawarmoebis personaJTa, pirvel yovlisa ki nodaris, sulier gancdebs,
    mZafrad SegvagrZnobinebs sisxlis erTobis wiaRSi Sobili grZnobis idumal Si-
    nagan Zalas.
    n. dumbaZis SemoqmedebaSi, adamianebTan erTad, moqmed pirebad xSirad
    cxovelebicaa gamoyvanili da siyvaruliT daxatuli es utyvi personaJebi
    yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols asruleben nawarmoebis azrobrivi Canafiqris
    gamoxatvis saqmeSi. swored aseT Rrmadmetyvel personaJebad daamkvidra mweral-
    ma Cvens cnobierebaSi ZaRlis, xaris, Zroxis, daTvis, frinvelis... araerTi ori-
    ginalurad da emociurad gaazrebuli mxatvruli saxe.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos farTod cnobili moTxroba
    `ZaRli". miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianisa da ZaRlis urTierTobas araerTi Sesa-
    458
    niSnavi nawarmoebi mieZRvna, n. dumbaZem mainc SeZlo sruliad axleburad gaeaz-
    rebina es damokidebuleba.
    rogorc cnobilia, n. dumbaZe gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT xatavs mozar-
    debsa da xandazmul adamianebs. mwerlis Semoqmedebis mTavar personaJebad ga-
    moyvanili mozardebi xSirad oboli an mSoblebs moSorebuli bavSvebi arian da
    bebiebTan da babuebTan izrdebian. cxovrebam bevri maTgani Tavidanve moaqcia
    mkacr yofiT pirobebSi, magram zneobrivi gamocdis winaSe mdgari es naadrevad
    dabrZenebuli ymawvilebi sulier cdunebebs ar hyvebian da kacuri didsulov-
    nebiT sjian wuTisoflis codva-madls.
    swored amgvar cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobebTan WidilSi iWedeba da yalib-
    deba maTi zneoba, adamianuri buneba, humanisturi TvalTaxedva, sikeTisa da er-
    Tgulebis amaRlebuli TviTSegneba. mravlismTqmelia is faqtic, rom n. dumbaZis
    SemoqmedebaSi daxatuli TiTqmis yvela bavSvi swored aseTi maRalzneobriobis-
    ken mimswrafi pirovnebaa, sikeTisa da kacTmoyvareobis siwmindeSi fexSedgmuli
    arseba, romlis adamianuri buneba borotebasTan WidilSi ki ar iTrguneba da
    Ciavdeba, aramed Zalasa da energias ikrebs. es garemoeba kidev ufro zrdis da
    ganamtkicebs n. dumbaZis Semoqmedebis optimistur suliskveTebas.
    50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, mwerlis literaturul memkvidreobaze, Cven-
    Sic da ucxoeTSic, bevri ram iTqva da daiwera. unda virwmunoT, rom es intere-
    si arc momavalSi ganeldeba, vinaidan n. dumbaZis Semoqmedeba Cveni mwerlobis
    maradiul RirebulebaTa rigs ganekuTvneba.
    459
    muxran maWavariani
    meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi 60-70-iani wlebi mniSvnelo-
    vani siaxleebiTa da miRwevebiT xasiaTdeba. erovnuli poeturi azrovnebis Sina-
    gani ganaxlebis es procesi, upirveles yovlisa, im mweralTa saxelebs ukavSir-
    deba, romelnic 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 50-60-ian wlebSi gamovidnen
    samoRvaweo asparezze. muxran maWavariani xsenebul mweralTa erT-erTi Tvalsa-
    Cino da TviTmyofadi warmomadgenelia. Tavisi drois ramdenime niWier poetTan
    erTad, man umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi axa-
    li tendenciebis damkvidrebis saqmeSi.
    muxran maWavariani daibada 1929 wels saCxeris raionis sofel argveTSi, mo-
    samsaxuris ojaxSi. saSualo ganaTleba man TbilisSi miiRo. swavlobda 25-e sa-
    Sualo skolaSi, romelic mogvianebiT vaJTa meSvide skolad gadakeTda. 1947
    wels Sevida Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fa-
    kultetze, romelic 1953 wels daamTavra.
    m. maWavariani saliteraturo asparezze universitetSi swavlis periodSi
    gamovida. misi pirveli leqsebi 1951 wels daibeWda universitetis maSindeli
    reqtoris, akad. niko kecxovelis iniciativiT gamomaval axalgazrda mweralTa
    almanax `pirvel sxivSi", romelsac besarion JRenti redaqtorobda. am publika-
    ciam farTod gaaxmaura misi, rogorc niWieri axalgazrda poetis, saxeli. gansa-
    kuTrebuli mowoneba xvda wilad cnobil leqss _ `sulxan-saba orbeliani" (igi-
    ve `saba"). poetis pirveli wigni gamovida 1955 wels. aqedan moyolebuli, m. maWa-
    varianis leqsebi sistematurad ibeWdeba periodul presaSi da gamodis calke
    wignebad.
    1957-1963 wlebSi m. maWavariani muSaobda Jurnal `ciskris" redaqciaSi poe-
    ziis ganyofilebis gamged. 1963-64 wlebSi redaqtorobda Jurnal `pioners,~ 1967-
    82 wlebSi _ `dilas," 1982-88 wlebSi _ `saunjes.~ 1988-92 wlebSi iyo saqarTvelo-
    s mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare. nayofieri samwerlo da sazogadoebrivi moR-
    vaweobisaTvis miRebuli hqonda mravali jildo, maT Soris rusTavelis premiac.
    m. maWavariani warmatebiT eweoda mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac. 1965-1966
    wlebSi igi SemoqmedebiTi mivlinebiT iyo bulgareTSi, ris Sedegadac Seadgina
    da qarTul enaze gamosca bulgaruli poeziis anTologia.
    gardaicvala 2010 wels. dakrZalulia mTawmindis mweralTa da sazogado
    moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
    m. maWavarianis poeturi biografia ormociani wlebis Suaxanebidan iwyeba.
    misi pirveli poeturi krebuli gamovida 1955 wels, 1959 wels ki poetma ori
    wigni gamosca _ `wiTeli mze da mwvane balaxi~ da `siCume uSenod.~ es
    ukanaskneli poeturi krebuli rusulad Targmna evgeni evtuSenkom, risTvisac
    poeti axalgazrdobisa da studentTa moskovis VII msoflio festivalis laure-
    ati gaxda.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom muxranis imdroindel leqsebSi aSkarad vlindeba ni-
    Wieri Semoqmedis maxvili Tvali, es pirveli nawarmoebebi mainc gagrZeleba iyo
    im faruli, mkiTxvelisaTvis uCinari periodisa, Tavad avtori `leqsis weris
    praqtikas" rom arqmevs saxelad.
    muxranis, rogorc TviTmyofadi niWisa da mkafio individualuri xmis poe-
    tis, Camoyalibeba arsebiTad cota mogvianebiT, 40-50-iani wlebis mijnaze xdeba,
    rodesac qmnis da beWdavs misi Semoqmedebis iseT saintereso nimuSebs, rogo-
    rebicaa: `saba", `puSkini tfilisSi", `vaxtang mefis nanadirevi", `amoiqrola
    mTawmindaze", `civi quCebi peterburRis Semoiara ra" (1949 w.), `midis, midis...",
    `Wola" (1950 w.), `miwuruli mecxramete saukunisa anu imeruli qelexi" (1951 w.),
    `saqarTvelo", `saqmiani Rori", `ufro sixarulobs Cemi sixaruli" (1952 w.), `ori
    cremlidan saqarTvelos gahyurebs saba" (1953 w.) da a. S. am leqsebma ukve dabe-
    jiTebiT amcnes mkiTxvels qarTul poeziaSi sruliad originaluri xmisa da
    stilis poetis mosvla.
    magram Tavdapirvelad es poeturi siaxleebi mxolod gulmxurvale taSis-
    cemiTa da aRfrTovanebiT rodi miiRo literaturulma sazogadoebam. Tavad po-
    460
    etis TqmiT, pirvelad misi xma `erTob iCoTira mkiTxvelma". SemoqmedebiTi
    Ziebebisadmi aseTma `saCoTiro damokidebulebam", romelic xSirad cdeboda skep-
    tikuri dumilis farglebs da kritikul guliswyromad acxreboda Tavs axal-
    gazrda avtors, sabednierod, mas arCeuli gzidan ver gadaaxvevina. 19-20 wlis
    muxrani ukve Camoyalibda mkveTrad originaluri xmisa da stilis Semoqmedad
    da misma literaturulma miRwevebma mravali niSnis mixedviT misca toni 60-iani
    wlebis qarTuli poeziis ganaxlebis process.
    am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos muxranis poe-
    ziaSi farTod gamovlenil versifikaciul siaxleebs, epoqalur movlenaTa kri-
    tikul-polemikur gansjas, erovnul-eTnografiuli koloritis xelSesaxeb gan-
    cdas, mkveTrad individualur enobriv poziciasa da a. S.
    meoce saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi m. maWavariani poetTa im mcirericxovan
    warmomadgenlebs Soris idga, romelTac SeswevT Zala mkveTri individualobiT
    aRbeWdili xmiTa da formiT gamoxaton saTqmeli. am xmas, am poetur stils, ga-
    momsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa am mravalferovan sistemas, mravali xiluli Tu
    uxilavi sasicocxlo nervi asuldgmulebs. WeSmariti poezia aseTi individua-
    luri xmisa da JReradobis gareSe xom ar arsebobs.
    rogorc Tavad m. maWavarianic ambobs, `Znelia, Zalze Znelia mkiTxvelis gu-
    li ipovos leqsma. amisTvis sakmarisi araa arc saWirboroto Tematika, arc leq-
    sis mxatvruli saxeebiT daxunZvla.
    xmaa mTavari. saTqmelis Sesatyvisi xma.
    xalxi leqss mxolod maSin gaiTavisebs, roca leqsSi xma da saTqmeli er-
    TmaneTzea morgebuli".
    yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe unda iTqvas, rom meoce saukunis qarTul
    poeziaSi Tu vinmes hqonda es iSviaTi unari momadlebuli, maT Soris iyo muxra-
    nic, mkafiod gamorCeuli xmis poeti. swored am mkveTrad individualuri poetu-
    ri xmiT wvdeba misi leqsi mkiTxvelis smenas da xiblavs mas.
    m. maWavarianis poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli Taviseburebani yve-
    laze metad patriotul Temaze Seqmnil leqsebSi gamovlinda. poetis erovnul-
    patriotuli TvalTaxedva ganuyofelad iyo dakavSirebuli Cveni qveynis isto-
    riuli warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis saWirboroto problemebTan. mkiTxvels
    xiblavs poetis ukompromiso d principuli pozicia, yovelgvari mikibv-mokibvis
    gareSe gamovlenili Cveni istoriis saWirboroto problemaTa gaazrebisa da
    warmoCenis dros.
    faqizi patriotuli gancdebiT gamsWvaluli Tavisi leqsebiT m. maWavariani
    qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciaTa erTgul gamgrZeleblad gvevlineboda. mis pat-
    riotul lirikas mkafiod axasiaTebs amaRlebuli paTetika da polemikuroba.
    poeti axdens warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis gamTlianebas. am gamTlianebis sa-
    fuZveli ki, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli tkivilia, ukeTes saqarTveloze fiq-
    ri da ocneba. amitom xdeba Cveni istoriis arsebiT problemaTa gaazreba Tana-
    medroveobasTan sisxlxorceul kavSirSi. warsuli m. maWavarianis poeziis liri-
    kuli gmirisaTvis zneobrivi siwmindisa da mamuliSviluri Tavdadebis uSreti
    wyaroa.
    m. maWavarianis patriotuli lirikis erT mZlavr Senakads mSobliuri eni-
    sadmi miZRvnili leqsebi warmoadgens. erT-erTi maTgania `raSia saqme?!" es leq-
    si pirdapiri gamoxmaurebaa 60-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi farTod gavrce-
    lebuli im Sovinisturi Teoriisa, romelic `agaevSCinis" saxeliT iyo cnobili
    da romelic e. w. `orenovnebis" ubadruk Tvalsazriss asxamda xotbas.
    poetma qarTuli enis gansadideblad dawerili es poeturi xotba imaT sapa-
    suxod dawera, `erTs qadagebs vinca vin enas" da saqarTvelos istoriuli war-
    sulidan moxmobili argumentebiT kidev erTxel Segvaxsena saxelovan qarTvel
    mamuliSvilTa gmirul Tavdadeba dedaenis gadasarCenad.
    ki, magram... RmerTi aRaraa?! bnela?! _
    qarTuli iqneb vinmes norCi hgonia ena?!
    vinmem, arcaa gasakviri _ arc icis iqneb, _
    qristes Sobamde rom Seiqmna qarTuli wigni.
    461
    ara! es ase rom ar iyos, kidev, _ xo, mara! _
    ase rom aris?!
    ar unda hqondes mniSvneloba, me mgoni, cota
    arc imas, _ werdnen ra enaze vaJa da SoTa!
    krwanisis miwad, aspinZis miwad, didgoris miwad, marabdis miwad _
    gana qarTveli araerTi imitom iqca, _
    qarTuls natrobdes dRes qarTli sityvas?!
    ki, magram... RmerTi aRaraa?! bnela?! _
    qarTuli iqneb vinmes mdare hgonia ena?!
    m. maWavarianis lirikaSi calke unda gamovyoT leqsebi, romlebSic poeti
    qarTveli axalgazrdobis erovnuli cnobierebis degradaciis gamo texs gan-
    gaSs. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, leqsi `saqmiani Rori", romelSic man iolad amo-
    sacnobi simboluri miniSnebebiT gaiazra erovnul tradiciaTa gaufasurebis is
    saSiSroeba, riTac im periodis axalgazrdobis erTi nawili xasiaTdeboda. poe-
    ti Rrma Sinagan gulistkivils gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom moduri gatacebis
    Zlieri nakadi maTSi safuZvels aclida winaparTa mier daRvrili sisxlis siw-
    mindes, ris simbolodac leqsSi Semdegi strofia qceuli: `gadaRma varazis xe-
    vis ferdobze saqmianobs Rori. sabralod gamoiyureba nangrevi cixis, _ baraTa-
    anTi an amilaxoris".
    am nangrevTa sibralulis wiaRSi Sobili alegoriuli ganwyobilebis fon-
    ze kidev ufro mZafrad gaismis poetis mier Camokruli gangaSis zarebis xma:
    axalgazrdobis rwmenas erovnuli sayrdeni ar unda gamoecalos: `provincielni
    kamaToben brusoneciasTan. akaki wereTels adrian WavWavaZe ilias. kamaTia: am
    orSi vin iyo Zlieri! _ akaki wereTeli mowodebiT iyo poeti! _ irwmuneba
    xorblisferi provincieli. qalaqeli studentebi lazRandaroben mwvane Weram-
    Tan, xvavdeba Worebi:
    ... axseneben bodlers, artur rembos, swameben galaktion tabiZes franguli
    poeziis gadmoqarTulebas... gadaRma varazis xevis ferdobze saqmianobs Rori.
    sabralod gamoiyureba nangrevi cixis, _ baraaTanTi, an amilaxoris".
    m. maWavarianis poeziis lirikul personaJebad xSirad istoriulad cnobi-
    li pirovnebani gvxvdebian xolme. maTi mamuliSviluri Rvawlis gaxsenebiT poe-
    ti efeqturad amZafrebs mkiTxvelis patriotul suliskveTebas. ase Semodian mis
    poeziaSi sabas, vaxtang gorgasalis, iliasa da sxva mamuliSvilTa wminda saxe-
    lebi. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, sulxan-sabasadmi miZRvnili cnobili leqsi, ro-
    melSic didi gulistkiviliT daixata orbelianis patriotuli Tavdadebis erTi
    sagulisxmo epizodi: misi mogzauroba evropaSi qarTlis bedis saZieblad.
    leqsis umTavresi mizanswrafvaa, emociuri STambeWdaobiT gangvacdevinos
    didi mamuliSvilis imedgacruebis simware: `safrangeTs vTxovoT gviSveliso, _
    sasaciloa, Seni vaxtangi ludovikos fexze hkidia". am striqonebis qveteqstma
    erTxel kidev daadastura qarTuli andazis sibrZne: `sxvisi Wiri Robes Cxirio".
    magram leqsis am naRvlian ganwyobilebas sabolood mainc optimisturi finali
    Zlevs, ris Sedegadac mkiTxvelis guli mumldaxveuli muxis kvlavac gafoT-
    vlis imediT naTdeba. swored amis dasturia sabas mier tyveobidan gamoxsnili
    patara qarTveli biWi, romelic sulxanis sulSi Camoqufrul ukun wyvdiads mo-
    mavlis rwmeniT avsebs.
    rogorc es leqsic miuTiTebs, m. maWavarianis poeziaSi mZafri emociuri ga-
    moxatuleba hpoves qarTveli xalxis erovnul-patriotulma tkivilebma. ideo-
    logiuri diqtatis mkacri zewolis wlebSic ki poeti moqalaqeobrivi gambedao-
    biT ambobda marTal sityvas.
    igi erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli Tanamedrove mwerali iyo, vinc Tavisi
    SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT didad Seuwyo xeli qarTveli xalxis gulSi erov-
    nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis suliskveTebis gaRvivebas. mis leqsebSi es
    suliskveTeba, dauokebeli swrafva erovnuli Tavisuflebisken, yovelgvari
    orazrovnebis gareSe, naTlad da mZafradaa gamoxatuli. amitomac ar daklebia
    poets devna da Seviwroeba.
    muxranis araerTi leqsi Tavdapirvelad xelnaweris saxiT gavrcelda da
    mxolod Semdgom gaxda SesaZlebeli maTi gamoqveyneba. swored aseTi bedi xvdaT
    462
    wilad leqsebs: `axla ki droa" da `dRe moiwevs kriala", romelTa sajaro wa-
    kiTxvis gamo, 1964 wels, poeti Jurnal `pioneris" redaqtorobidan moxsnes.
    m. maWavarianis lirikaSi TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs 1832 wlis SeTqmu-
    lebis monawileebisadmi miZRvnili leqsebis cikls, romlis meSveobiTac poeti
    mZafrad gangvacdevinebs erovnuli Tavisuflebis dakargvis Sedegad qveyanaSi
    datrialebul tragedias. es leqsebi eris imJamindel winamZRolTa umoqmedobisa
    da gulgrilobis samxileblad gamotanili ukompromiso ganaCenia. magram maTi
    pasiurobis mxilebiT avtorma, upirveles yovlisa, Tavisi drois mamuliSvilTa
    moqalaqeobriv-patriotuli umoqmedoba amxila da ideologiuri SeboWilobis im
    mZime wlebSi xalxs erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisuflebis brZolis auci-
    leblobisaken mouwoda.
    erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis gaRvivebis umTavres pirobad leq-
    sebis am ciklSi poeti ara marto calkeul pirovnebaTa patriotul Tavdadebas
    miiCnevs, aramed mTeli eris gamofxizlebasa da misi didi nawilisaTvis da-
    maxasiaTebeli gulgrilobisa da umoqmedobis mxilebas. erovnuli pasiurobisa
    da umoqmedobis ganmapirobebel umTavres mizezad m. maWavariani, uwinares yov-
    lisa, mamuliSvilur siyvarulze maRla pirovnul zraxvaTa dayenebas Tvlida.
    ai, rogor gamoaxatvinebs poeti solomon dodaSvils am azrs:
    var damnaSave, _ rameTu vcxovrob,
    vxedav: suls vRafav TevziviT uxmod.
    Tu vqmni raimes, _ imitom mxolod, _
    sasjeli minda Sevimsubuqo...
    var damnaSave, _ rameTu miWirs,
    Zalian miWirs daTmoba soflis,
    arada miwas, mamulis miwas, _
    swyuria sisxli! ar hyofnis ofli!
    rogorc vxedavT, XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTvel mamuliSvilTa is-
    toriuli misia am SemTxvevaSi poetis mier Sefasebulia, rogorc winaparTa zne-
    obriv-patriotuli TviTSegnebis degradacia. umTavresi niSani, riTac m. maWava-
    rianma Cveni warsulis es epizodi gaiazra, kritikul-opoziciuri TvalTaxedviT
    misi gansja-Sefasebaa.
    saqarTveloSi mravaljer Tumca
    sikvdilis modga elCi,
    gugulis kvercxi esoden uxvad
    jer ar yofila CvenSi!
    dolabi bevri brunavda Tumca
    qarTveli xalxis Txemze,
    gugulis bartyi esoden urcxvad
    ar moqceula dRemde!
    mravaljer Tumca vaJkacTa saflavs
    dedis aTovda Tmani,
    sityva qarTuli esoden mZafrad
    ar swyurebia dmaniss!
    sacaa guguls, vici da vici, _
    bude darCeba mercxlis...
    sircxviliT iwvis, sircxviliT iwvis
    krwanisis velze cecxli!
    amas Tan erTvis sabrZolo mowodebis xma, romelic damoukidebeli saqar-
    Tvelos aRdgenis rwmeniTaa nasazrdoebi. swored am rwmeniT Semodian ciklSi
    daviT aRmaSeneblisa da sulxan-sabas, rogorc Cveni eris saTayvano Svilebis,
    saxelebi.
    poeturi ciklis mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebiT zrdis is garemoeba, rom mas-
    Si, faqtobrivad, avtorma Tavisi drois erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis
    suliskveTeba gamoxata. ase rom, ciklisadmi interess, Cemis azriT, pirvel yov-
    lisa, swored es garemoeba gansazRvravs.
    m. maWavariani iZulebuli iyo maSindeli Cveni erovnuli yofis mravali sa-
    Wirboroto problema XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi gadaetana da
    amgvari qveteqstur-alegoriuli miniSnebebiT gamoexata saTqmeli. imxanad sxva
    463
    gza ar arsebobda, vinaidan erovnul Tavisuflebasa da damoukideblobaze ara
    Tu pirdapiri weris ufleba ar iyo nebadarTuli, aramed aseTi alegorizmic
    ki did risks moiTxovda. saTanado organoebs mxedvelobidan arc muxranis leq-
    sebis `ideologiuri gadaxrebi" gamohparviaT da yvelanairad scades maTTvis
    gzis gadaketva, magram, sabednierod, avtorma mainc moaxerxa am nawarmoebebis
    gamoqveyneba.
    m. maWavarianis poeziaSi Taviseburi adgili uWiravs poema `vaxtangs". nawar-
    moebis Janruli struqtura da arqiteqtonika imdenad specifikuria, rom igi
    mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba CavTvaloT poemad. albaT, ufro swori iqneba, Tu
    mas vaxtang gorgasalsa da Tbilisze dawerili leqsebis ciklad miviCnevT.
    nawarmoebSi poetma scada, pirvel yovlisa, xalxSi farTod gavrcelebul
    legendaze dayrdnobiT eCvenebina vaxtang gorgaslis saxe da moeTxro Tbilisis
    daarsebis ambavi. Tumca, moeTxro da eCvenebinao rom vambobT, aseTi gancxadeba
    mTlad zusti araa da es sityvebi mxolod nawilobriv Tu gamoxatavs saqmis vi-
    Tarebas, radganac nawarmoebSi Tbilisis daarsebis legenda mxolod fragmentu-
    li formiTaa gadmocemuli. poemis amgvar Janrobriv Taviseburebas avtori Tavi-
    danve miapyrobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas da Taviseburi iumoriT bWobs imis Tao-
    baze, rogor da ra gziT daiwyos Tavisi nawarmoebi:
    mogexsenebaT, ra Znelia poemis wera:
    ara erTi da ori gaxda am saqmis wera.
    es, arcTu ise ioli saqme, _
    rogor daviwyo, siT mivudge, mirCieT, ra vqna!
    daviwyo ise, rogorc sxvebi iwyeben xolme, _
    ratomRac guli ar maZlevs nebas,
    arada, uSnod rom movedve Robes da yores _
    es SeiZleba?! ra Tqma unda _ ar SeiZleba!
    am mokle prologis Semdeg iwyeba uSualod ambis Txroba. ra unda iTqvas
    am ambis, nawarmoebSi aRwerili epoqis Sesaxeb? qarTul kritikaSi gamoiTqva
    marTebuli azri imis Taobaze, rom `vaxtangi", tradiciuli gagebiT, istoriul
    Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebi araa da igi istoriuli poemis Janrs mxolod nawi-
    lobriv SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, rac imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom masSi istoriuli
    movlenebisa da personaJebis aRwera-daxasiaTeba avtorma istoriul wyaroebze
    dayrdnobiT ki ar mogvca, aramed folklorul-legendaruli masalebis ga-
    moyenebiT.
    es rom asea, amis damtkiceba araa Zneli da Sinaarsobrivadac da ritmul-
    intonaciuradac poemis kavSiri folklorul wyaroebTan mravali konkretuli
    detaliT sabuTdeba. am kavSirs poeti mkafiod individualuri niSan-TvisebebiT
    aRbeWdavs da ganamtkicebs. magaliTad:
    vaxtangma gadinadira qedi maRali-tyiani:
    ver mohkla furi, verc xari, _ vazirni ras ityviano!
    xelmocarulman mefeman SoriT SeniSna Wala.
    Camoxtnen, brZana _ dajdoma, cxenT dauyares Cala.
    ase iwyeba nawarmoebSi ambis Txroba, ambisa, romelic poemaSi metad frag-
    mentulad, mxolod zogadad da zedapirulad moxazuli StrixebiTaa naambobi,
    ris Sedegadac esa Tu is mniSvnelovani da sakmaod dramatuli situacia
    mxolodRa ramdenime striqoniTaa gadmocemuli.
    mwerlobis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagans yovelTvis warmoadgenda
    farTo sazogadoebriv-moqalaqeobrivi masStabebis mqone sakiTxebis mxatvruli
    warmosaxva. m. maWavarianis poezia am TvalsazrisiTacaa Cveni mwerlobis erT-er-
    Ti mniSvnelovani monapovari. rogorc misi Semoqmedebis ubralo gacnobiTac ad-
    vilad darwmundeba mkiTxveli, poeti ideologiuri dogmatizmiT SeboWilobis
    im mZime wlebSic ki moqalaqeobrivi aqtiurobiTa da gabedulebiT idga epoqa-
    lur movlenaTa SuagulSi da imJamindeli Cveni cxovrebisaTvis farTod da-
    maxasiaTebel mankierebaTa mxilebis dros zneobrivi siwmindisa da patiosnebis
    droSa Zirs arasodes dauxria. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, 1959 wels dawerili leq-
    si `sxdoma":
    Tavmjdomare oratorebs uxmobs siiT.
    464
    da... gareSe yovelgvari xaTris,
    ganswavlulis (es ra vnaxe!) pretenziiT, _
    tribunaze uwignuri adis.
    Tavmjdomare oratorebs uxmobs siiT.
    da... gareSe cerodena xaTris,
    _ patriotis (viRupebiT!) pretenziiT, _
    tribunaze ucxo Tesli adis.
    Tavmjdomare oratorebs uxmobs siiT
    da... tyuilSi qurcikiviT mardi,
    _ qvelmoqmedis (daviRupeT!) pretenziiT, _
    tribunaze matrabazi adis.
    da... geqnebaT SeniSnuli, albaT,
    Cawyobani roca xdeba kartis, _
    zogierTi, vinc ver uZlebs amas, _
    darbazidan fexakrefiT gadis.
    rogorc cnobilia, mwerloba sazogadoebis zneobrivi gajansaRebis upirve-
    lesi iaraRia. qarTul lirikas arasodes uRalatia am sapasuxismgeblo mova-
    leobisaTvis da misi ganviTarebis umTavres tendenciad mudam rCeboda dauo-
    kebeli swrafva sazogadoebis sulieri gajansaRebis, zneobrivi ganwmendisa da
    Sinagani gakeTilSobilebisaken. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom meoce
    saukunis meore naxevris qarTul poeziaSi am tendenciis Semdgom momZlavrebasa
    da gaRrmavebas im periodis sxva mwerlebTan erTad m. maWavarianmac mniSvnelo-
    vanwilad Seuwyo xeli.
    mankierebaTa mxilebisa da sazogadoebis zneobrivi gajansaRebis tendencia
    misi Semoqmedebis erT-erTi yvelaze mZafrad mfeTqavi nervia. amis erT-erTi na-
    Teli magaliTia Tavis droze farTod gaxmaurebuli polemikuri leqsi `vai
    Cvens patrons", romlis umTavresi saTqmelis arss moyvrisTvis pirSi naTqvami
    saZraxisis sibrZne gansazRvravs. Tu adamiani maRal zneobriv kriteriumebs
    dahkargavs da mis nacvlad mxolod kuWs ayolili kacis vnebaTa RelviT Semo-
    farglavs sicocxlis mizanswrafvas, maSin misTvis adgili adamianur sazoga-
    doebaSi aRar rCeba _ swored es azri udevs safuZvlad dasaxelebul nawar-
    moebs, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, sulier apaTiaSi Cavardnili sazogadoebis
    gamosafxizleblad dawerili mamxilebeli polemikuri nawarmoebia:
    davdivar, rogorc dadioda Cemamde bevri,
    Cems Tavzec brunavs xan dolabi, xan kidev kevri.
    vxedav: regveni laparakobs amayad, mZimed,
    da, me Sen getyvi, ubatonod xmas gascems vinme.
    qali Tu kaci ejibreba imaSi urTerTs:
    fiqris da sityvis daSorebas vin SesZlebs ukeT.
    gzadagza mxvdeba kmayofili sifaTi regvnis,
    foTlebs uwvdian lamazmanebs amaod leRvni.
    drodadro mesmis uxerxuli xalxuri leqsi: _
    vWamoTo kargad, araferi SegvrCeba meti.
    vai, Cvens patrons, Cveni yofis Tavi da bolo _
    Wama da saWmlis moneleba Tu aris mxolod.
    m. maWavarianma kargad icoda, rom sikeTe da patiosneba abstraqtulad ar-
    sebuli cnebebi ar aris da maT dasamkvidreblad brZolaa saWiro. poetis az-
    riT, am miznis misaRwevad mTavari isaa, yovelma Cvenganma xelSi mebrZolis xma-
    li rom daiWiros da warbSeuxrelad dadges borotebis pirispir.
    yovelive es naTlad aqvs gacnobierebuli m. maWavarianis poeziis lirikul
    gmirs da mZafrad grZnobs sazogadoebis winaSe pirovnebis did pasuxis-
    mgeblobas. am SemTxvevaSi mis lirikaSi im Tvalsazrisis pirdapiri gamoZaxili
    ismis, romelic pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis gaaz-
    rebis dros ilias cnobil moTxrobaSia (`sarCobelazed") mocemuli. sazoga-
    doebis yoveli wevri movalea pasuxi agos am sazogadoebis wiaRSi agorebul
    borotebaze _ es azri, rogorc Zvirfasi zneobrivi tradicia, ase miiRo m. maWa-
    varianis poeziis lirikulma gmirma.
    dros vinc emduri, vinc buzRuneb: _ es ra dro dadga!
    465
    gamoyolilze vinc qafqafas iyudeb kaTxas,
    vinc ginda iyav, damnaSave TviT Senc xar sadRac! _
    qveynad TavisiT araferi ar xdeba radgan!
    poetisaTvis SeSfoTebis sagnad qceula ara marto is, rom amgvari indife-
    rentizmis WaobSi calkeuli pirovnebani arian moqceulni, aramed isic, rom es
    gulgriloba sazogadoebis sakmaod mozrdili nawilis TvalTaxedvadacaa dam-
    kvidrebuli. xom ar gaufasurda tradiciuli zneobrivi normebi? zogierTTa
    SegnebaSi xom ar Seerya fesvebi patosnebasa da simarTles? sad veZeboT am meS-
    Canur-momxmarebluri fsiqologiisa da gadagvarebis aRmosafxvreli gzebi _ ai,
    kiTxvebi, romlebic polemikuri simwvaviTaa dasmuli m. maWavarianis lirikaSi.
    ara imitom, rom sityva `qurdma"
    uaryofiTi dahkarga JRera!
    ara imitom, rom Tu xar sufTa, _
    SensaviT mterma icxovra Senma! _
    saqme imitom ufroa cudad,
    rom cudad roa, ar icis bevrma!
    scdeba, vinc vinmes sificxes uqebs,
    vinc iTmens, isic araa brZeni,
    saqme maSinRa iqneba ukeT,
    viTaa, roca Seignebs bevri!
    am tipis leqsebSi mkiTxveli advilad dainaxavs ara marto mwerlis mamxi-
    lebel pozicias, aramed imasac, rom poeti erisa da samSoblos winaSe warmos-
    dgeba, rogorc ganmkiTxveli sazogadoebis zneobrivi fsiqologiisa, pasuxis-
    mgebeli qveynis xvalindeli dRisa.
    erT Tavis leqsSi muxranma aseTi alternativis winaSe daayena Tavisi Tavi:
    `an gamoxate epoqa Seni, anda weraze aiRe xeli! amoirCie oridan erTi _ sxva
    gza arc iyo, arc aris SenTvis!" mwerlis moqalaqeobriv movaleobad damkvid-
    rebul am princips, rogorc Cveni literaturis saukeTeso tradiciebiT dakano-
    nebul WeSmaritebas, ase Rebulobs poeti.
    m. maWavarianis lirikis erT-erTi mTavari Rirseba isicaa, sayovelTaod
    cnobil cxovrebiseul WeSmaritebaTa poeturi gamoxatva mis leqsebSi origina-
    luri kuTxiT rom xdeba, naxevrad gaSifruli alegoriebiTa da simboluri mi-
    niSnebebiT, romelTa gacnobiereba mkiTxvelisaTvis did siZneles ar warmoad-
    gens. poeti STambeWdavad gamoxatavs Tavis safiqrals. magaliTad: `es gza, mec
    vici, saiTken midis... gaivlis qarels... gaivlis Sindiss...xan xidze gadis, xan
    midis mindvriT... es gza, mec vici, saiTken midis...Sen gza miTxari, is gza, rome-
    lic... es gza, mec vici, saiTken midis~...
    aqve xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT imasac, rom swored aseT, e. w. meditaciur Te-
    mebze daweril leqsebSi yvelaze metad vlindeba m. maWavarianis lirikisaTvis
    arcTu ise farTod damaxasiaTebeli elegiuri ganwyobilebani. misi poeziisaT-
    vis niSandobliv omaxian da mebrZol suliskveTebas am tipis leqsebSi marTali
    adamianuri sevdiT gaJRenTili saTqmeli da sicocxlis warmavlobis wiaRidan
    amozrdili naRveli cvlis. ase Semodis mis lirikaSi cxovreba mTeli Tavisi
    mravalferovnebiT: sicocxlis Zlevamosili sunTqviTac da xalisiTac, tkivili-
    Tac da auxdeneli ocnebiTac, xelmocaruli Tu imedgawbilebuli kacis sinanu-
    liTac. es bunebrivi adamianuri grZnobebi, poeturi gansjisa da fiqris sagnad
    arcTu iSviaTad qceulni, muxranis poeziaSi safuZvels uyrian marTal elegiur
    gancdebs.
    erT Tavis leqsSi m. maWavariani ambobs: `Tu ar gaivle gulSi, Tund er-
    Txel... asi wlis Semdeg, _ STamomavloba ras ityvis Cemze? saqmea maSin wasuli
    ara martoka Seni _ qveyanac daRupulia, _ Senebri Tua bevri"! da marTlac, xva-
    lindel dReze fiqri, lirikuli gmiris mier Cveni Tanamedroveobis xvalindeli
    dRis poziciebidan danaxvis survili, mniSvnelovan adgils iWers muxranis poe-
    ziaSi.
    dRevandelobis mravali saWirboroto sakiTxi poetis SemoqmedebaSi swored
    am didi pasuxismgeblobiTaa aRqmuli da gaazrebuli. misi poeziis lirikuli
    466
    gmiri bevrs fiqrobs imaze, `ras ityvis masze STamomavloba", ras utovebs igi
    qveyanas ganZad da Rvawlad, ras sZens saxvaliosa da saamayos Tanamedroveobas.
    mSobliur sofel argveTSi gancdili bavSvobisdroindeli STabeWdilebani
    da mogonebani gamoxata poetma leqsebis ciklSi `wisqvilis Rame". aqve, amave
    ciklSi, Cans agreTve yvelaze Zlierad m. maWavarianis ostatoba erovnuli
    TviTmyofadobiT aRbeWdili peizaJebis xatvis dros. sainteresod mignebul poe-
    tur saxeebSi xalasi ferebiT iZerweba pirovnebis sulis Sinagani TrTolvidan
    amozrdili mSobliuri soflis sanaxebi. leqsebis aRniSnuli cikli imiTac
    sayuradReboa, rom masSi poeti sainteresod xatavs soflis idiliuri yofis
    ramdenime damaxasiaTebel fragments, romelic avtobiografiuli epizodebiTa
    da mogonebebiTaa mkafiod aRbeWdili. ase Semohyavs avtors Tavis lirikaSi mTe-
    li galerea lirikuli personaJebisa.
    es personaJebi am poetur CanaxatebSi cocxldebian TavianTi miwieri adamia-
    nuri sevdiTa da sixaruliT, yoveldRiuri garjiTa da sazrunaviT. aqve mois-
    menT lirikuli leqsisaTvis TiTqosda uCveulo da naklebad saintereso dialo-
    gebs, yoveldRiur yofiT ambebs rom asaxavs; miayuradebT bazarSi TavSeyrili
    nacnobebis urTierT mikiTxv-mokiTxvisa da imeruli stumarmaspinZlobis Teatra-
    lizebul scenebs; SexvdebiT gulubryvilo ocnebisa da egzotikis wiaRidan
    amozrdil glexkacTa saxeebs. da yovelive amas Tqven xedavT im kacis TvaliT,
    romelic erT dros Tavad iyo am idiliuri samyaros erTi patara ylorti. ami-
    tomac Cans aq, am garemoSi, garindebuli poetis romantikuli ocneba ase mar-
    Talica da momxibvlelic:
    rom ar ameRo xelSi wigni, Toxi mWeroda,
    rom ar gamedga fexi Cveni kaklis Cerodan,
    rom meToxna da Semesara mxolod venaxi.
    didi qalaqi rom ar menaxa! -
    meyoleboda axla xarebi.
    Semodgomaze mTidan SeSas Camovitandi.
    ar viqnebodi aRarc Raribi, aRarc mdidari.
    coli yoveldRe Tixis kecebs gaaxurebda,
    civ soxanebze gadmodgamda lobios qoTniT.
    meyvareboda, rogorc miyvars, mindvris yureba _
    aizlazneba mindvrebidan rodesac orTqli.
    paraskeobiT saCxereSi gavyiddi siminds,
    meuRles Cemsas CiTis kabas vuyiddi imiT,
    soflis skolaSi ori bavSvi Cemic ivlida:
    biWs albaT vano erqmeoda, gogos _ ivlita, _
    rom ar ameRo xelSi wigni, Toxi mWeroda,
    rom ar gamedga fexi Cveni kaklis Cerodan.
    m. maWavarianis lirikaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis adrindel leqsebSi, si-
    cocxlis sixaruli mzisa da gazafxulis kultTanaa dakavSirebuli. sicocxle,
    mze, gazafxuli, xalisi _ misTvis sanukvari cnebebia. am Temaze daweril leq-
    sebSi TiTqos genetikurad grZeldeba g. leoniZis poeziis mTavar mimarTulebad
    qceuli omaxiani da napirebgadamcdari xalisi siWabukisa da sicocxlisa.
    magram am ori poetis aseTi naTesauri siaxlove ufro ganwyobilebiseulia,
    vidre formiseuli. gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa mkveTri individualobisa da
    gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad, es msgavseba, vfiqrob, ar unda iyos Zneli da-
    sanaxi. aqvs muxrans iseTi leqsebi, romelTa kiTxvisas TiTqos Soreulad gves-
    mis g. leoniZis literaturuli samyarodan areklili idumali poeturi xmebi
    (`farTo nabijiT mivdivar gzaze", `vxvdebi gazafxuls", `giTxra, ra giTxra, viT
    giTxra", `amovida mze", `xels varTmev gazafxuls", `ferdobebze naxiri Zovs",
    `mixaria, datrialda miwis orTqli haerSi...").
    m. maWavarianis poeziisaTvis Tavidanve aSkarad damaxasiaTebelma Ziebis
    procesma upirvelesi gamovlena ritmul-versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT pova.
    rogorc cnobilia, Cveni saukunis aTian da ocian wlebSi, qarTuli leqsis rit-
    mul-versifikaciul formaTa ganaxlebis am umniSvnelovanes periodSi, mravali
    iseTi tendencia vlindeba da mkvidrdeba erovnuli poeziis wiaRSi, romelTa
    467
    uSualo gagrZeleba da gaRrmaveba, garkveuli qronologiuri intervalis Sem-
    deg, CvenSi ganaxlebuli ZaliT swored im droidan iwyeba, rodesac m. maWavaria-
    nis Taoba gamodis samwerlo asparezze. am Taobis gamoCenil warmomadgenelTa
    mier qarTul poeziaSi aRorZinebuli da ganmtkicebuli es procesi kidev ufro
    gaaRrmaves momdevno TaobaTa poetebma.
    rafinirebuli klasikuri poeturi formebis aRzevebis Jams, 40-50-ian wleb-
    Si, qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis ramdenadme uCveulo da moulodneli aRmoCnda m.
    maWavarianis mier gamoqveynebuli `xorkliani" leqsebi. amgvar formiseul siax-
    les is moWarbebuli sasaubro intonaciebica da yofiTi detalebic emateboda,
    romelnic man Semoitana da daamkvidra qarTul mwerlobaSi Tavisi pirvelive
    nawarmoebebiT.
    da mainc, m. maWavarianis Tavisufali leqsebi versifikaciuladac da ritmu-
    li TvalsazrisiTac klasikuri poeziis ZirebTan ufroa dakavSirebuli da maT
    saleqso taepebSi arsebul marcvalTa `anarqias" mniSvnelovanwilad awesrigebs
    da musikaluri mdinarebis yalibSi aqcevs mZafrad gamovlenili ritmi ("saba",
    `miwuruli mecxramete saukunisa anu imeruli qelexi", `Wola", `saqmiani Rori",
    `raSia saqme?!", `gaswvriv zoologiuri parkis zRudis", cikli `dialogebi wvima-
    Si", da sxv.).
    amitomacaa, rom m. maWavarianis yvelaze Tavisufali leqsebic ki xelaRebiT
    ar scildeba qarTuli klasikuri poeziis mravalsaukunovan struqturas da av-
    toris versifikaciuli Ziebani, pirvel yovlisa, swored mis siRrmeSi iRebs sa-
    Taves.
    m. maWavarianis lirikaSi TiTqmis mTlianadaa uari naTqvami daxvewil rit-
    mul intonaciebze. ukana planzea gadanacvlebuli riTmis mxatvruli funqcia.
    poetis leqsebis sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils gardamavali adgili uWiravs
    klasikur mowesrigebul leqssa da verlibrs Soris. muxranis versifikaciul
    Ziebebs pirvelxarisxovani roli eniWeba omisSemdgomi wlebis qarTul poeziaSi
    Tavisufali saleqso formis Camoyalibebisa da damkvidrebis saqmeSi. amis dama-
    dasturebelia verlibris formiT dawerili misi poeturi nawarmoebebi, rom-
    lebic guliT miiRo da SeiTvisa mkiTxvelma.
    magram, rogorc iTqva, mis poeziaSi gamovlenili Tavisufali leqsisaTvis
    damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi ar wydeba qarTuli leqsTwyobis mravalsauku-
    novan wiaRs. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos aseve avtoris mier sasaubro intona-
    ciebisa da ZvelqarTuli enobrivi formebis mizanmimarTuli da zomieri xmareba,
    riTac misi leqsi axlebur ritmul JReradobas iZens.
    m. maWavarianis poeziisTvis mkafiodaa damaxasiaTebeli agreTve saTqmelis
    efeqturi formiT gamoxatva. es efeqti, ra Tqma unda, moklebuli araa qveteq-
    stis siRrmesa da azrobriv mravalganzomilebianobas, magram muxrani ar miekuT-
    vneba e. w. `rTulad moazrovne da Znelad gasagebi" poetebis kategorias. Tumca
    xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom misi leqsi am `simartivisa da advilad gasagebobis"
    gamo rodi kargavs mxatvruli zemoqmedebis WeSmarit Zalas.
    muxranis saxelTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis
    enobrivi demokratizaciis procesis Semdgomi gaRrmavebac. amgvarma enobrivma
    poziciam, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, mis poezias mkveTrad gamovlenili sti-
    luri individualoba SesZina.
    ase iqmneboda da iZerweboda is mimzidveli poeturi samyaro, romelsac
    muxran maWavarianis poezia hqvia saxelad. am samyaros siRrmiseuli gacnoba-gaa-
    nalizeba naTel warmodgenas Segviqmnis im wvlilze, rac m. maWavarianma Seitana
    Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis Semdgomi gamravalferovnebis saqmeSi.
    468
    SoTa niSnianiZe

    SoTa niSnianiZe 50-ian wlebSi gamovida samwerlo asparezze da am droidan


    moyolebuli gardacvalebamde metad aqtiuri da nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi moRva-
    weobiT erT-erT uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qarTul mwerlobaSi.
    man warmatebiT ganagrZo e. w. qarTuli samoqalaqo lirikis saukeTeso tradi-
    ciebi da maRali poeturi ostatobiT gaiazra XX saukunis meore naxevris Cveni
    yofis mravali saWirboroto problema. misi Semoqmedeba savsebiT dam-
    saxurebulad iqna aRiarebuli am periodis Cveni sulieri kulturis didmniSvne-
    lovan monapovrad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom S. niSnianiZis poezia epoqaluri koniunqturuli az-
    rovnebis gamovlinebebisganac araa dazRveuli, misi Semoqmedebis saukeTeso ni-
    muSebi maRali sityvieri xelovnebiT warmoaCens mwerlis droindeli Cveni Tana-
    medrovis adamianur miswrafebebsa da erovnul-moqalaqeobriv interesebs. es na-
    warmoebebi ara marto literaturuli sazogadoebis, aramed farTo mkiTxvelTa
    gamorCeuli yuradRebis sagnadac rom iqcnen, amaze is didi siyvarulica da
    sayovelTao popularobac naTlad metyvelebs, riTac S. niSnianiZis poezia sar-
    geblobs CvenSi.
    SoTa niSnianiZe daibada 1929 wels TbilisSi. 1948 wels daamTavra 37-e saSu-
    alo skola, 1954 wels _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fa-
    kulteti. 1958-60 wlebSi swavlobda moskovis maqsim gorkis saxelobis litera-
    turis institutis umaRles literaturul kursebze.
    1968-74 wlebSi iyo gamomcemloba `meranis" qarTuli mxatvruli literatu-
    ris redaqciis gamge; 1974-77 wlebSi _ mweralTa kavSiris konsultanti, 1877-82
    wlebSi _ almanax `saunjis" mTavari redaqtori, 1981-84 wlebSi _ saqarTvelos
    mweralTa kavSiris mdivani, 1984-86 wlebSi _ am kavSiris Tavmjdomare. si-
    cocxlis bolo wlebSi redaqtorobda Jurnal `saunjes".
    S. niSnianiZis pirveli poeturi krebuli `me da Sen" gamovida 1956 wels. am
    droidan moyolebuli, poetma araerTi wigni gamosca, romelTac mas mkiTxvelTa
    farTo sazogadoebis didi siyvaruli da pativiscema moutana.
    nayofieri literaturuli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis igi dajil-
    doebuli iyo sxvadasxva ordenebiTa da medlebiT. 1975 wels gaxda SoTa rusTa-
    velis, xolo 1977 wels galaktion tabiZis premiebis laureati.
    S. niSnianiZe gardaicvala 1999 wels. dakrZalulia mweralTa da sazogado
    moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi.

    * * *
    S. niSnianiZis mwerluri individualobis ganmsazRvrel TaviseburebaTagan
    gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces tropuli azrovnebiT poetis gatacebas.
    SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi igi poetu-
    ri xatweriT erT-erTi yvelaze metad gamorCeuli mwerali iyo. am SemTxvevaSi
    xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia isic, rom tropuli xatmetyvelebiT avtoris gataceba
    TviTmiznur xasiaTs metad iSviaTad iRebs da maxvilgonivrulad mignebul Rrma-
    azrovan asociaciur xilvebsa da warmosaxvebzea dafuZnebuli.
    tropuli xatweris gziT naazrevis gamoxatvas poeti zogjer imdenad did
    yuradRebasac ki aqcevda, rom misi zogierTi leqsis yoveli striqoni Rrmad-
    metyvel poetur saxes warmoadgens. sanimuSod Tundac `monRolebi" gavixsenoT,
    romelic yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe unda miviCnioT metaforuli azrov-
    nebis erT-erT mkafiod gamorCeul nimuSad Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi. naT-
    qvamis naTelsayofad gavixsenoT fragmenti leqsidan:
    cxenis Zuaze gamoabes mTeli azia
    da velur stveniT miaTries qveynis kidemde...
    maT naterfalebs sikvdili da yvavi asxia,
    samrekloebze zars xsnian da Wixvins hkideben.
    nTqaven da nTqaven horizontebs xarbi TvalebiT,
    yvela juris xe sisxlma Selopra...
    469
    da ai skviTTa Selewil farebs
    SeZrwunebuli umzers evropa.
    monRolur sisxlSi mze Wixvinebs udabnoebis...
    monRolur ybebiT icoxneba amaoeba...
    rogorc citirebuli magaliTidanac naTlad Cans, avtoris poeturi xatwe-
    ra, upirveles yovlisa, Rrmaazrovan asociaciur warmosaxvebs efuZneba da ara
    movlenaTa zedapirul msgavseba-siaxloves. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT `monRo-
    lebi" gamonakliss sulac ar warmoadgens da tropuli azrovnebis msgavsi efeq-
    turi nimuSebi sxvac mravlad SeiZleba moviSvelioT poetis lirikidan.
    S. niSnianiZis bevr leqsSi saTqmeli qveteqsturi miniSnebebiTa da maxvil-
    gonivrulad mignebuli Sinaarsobrivi detalebiTaa gamoxatuli. sanimuSod ga-
    vixsenoT cnobili leqsi `imereTi... giorgobisTve". nawarmoebis dasawyisSi iseTi
    STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos avtoris mizani imeruli Semodgomis kolorituli
    suraTebis poeturi warmosaxva iyos. am warmosaxvis efeqts arsebiTad gansaz-
    Rvravs leqsSi qarTuli miTologiis romantikuli samyaros calkeuli pasaJebis
    mizanswrafuli Semotana. swored am mizniT Semohyavs nawarmoebSi poets qarTu-
    li miTologiidan kargad cnobili iseTi grZneuli arsebani, rogorebic oCoko-
    Ci da oqrosTmiani dali arian.
    magram nawarmoebis es nawili, rogorc avtoriseuli saTqmelis Semdgomi
    ganvrcobiT xdeba naTeli, faqtobrivad mxolod poeturi eqspoziciis rols as-
    rulebs da qvemoT poeti leqss sul sxva mizanswrafvas sZens. kerZod, nawar-
    moebis ZiriTad nawilSi umTavresi yuradRebis sagnad ukve ZvelisZveli arRnisa
    da misi patronis naRvliani Tavgadasavlis gaxseneba iqceva.
    arRnisa da misi `mokriaxe simReris" monatreba avtorma efeqturad daukav-
    Sira omSi tragikulad daRupul im adamianTa gaxsenebas, romlebic axla sax-
    lis kedlebze siyvaruliT gamofenili gadidebuli suraTebidan gadmogvcqerian.
    ase moxerxebulad daukavSira poetma am TiTqosda umniSvnelo da araarsebiTi
    detalis _ arRnis meSveobiT erTmaneTs samamulo omis tragikuli wlebis gaxse-
    neba da imeruli Semodgomis yofiTi romantika:
    giorgobis TveSi nunua wvims CvenSi,
    galeSili oCokoCi daCindrikobs tyeSi,
    garbian da gamorbian gzebi alTabalTas
    da Rlabucobs oCokoCi oqrosTmian alTan.
    ra xania arRnis xmebi aRar esmis imereTs,
    dol-garmoniT aficxeben maWaxela simRerebs.
    eh, arRano, Cemo `kukla", vin oxerma giyela,
    mo, SurTxiviT amifrine mokriaxe simRera.
    Tqveni Zveli patronebi TiTqo araferia,
    gadidebul suraTidan Cumad gadmogvcqerian...
    maS, arRano, Zveleburi hangi dasxlite,
    gaixsene saxlikacTa omSi wasvlis dRe...
    giorgobis TveSi guls gaudis reCxi,
    gind yofilxar imereTSi, ginda samoTxeSi.
    S. niSnianiZis saukeTeso leqsebi TavianTi ganwyobilebiTac da azrobrivi
    siRrmiTac waruSlel kvals toveben mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi. metaforuli az-
    rovnebis TaviseburebiTa da ritmul-musikaluri melodiurobiT mkveTrad ga-
    morCeuli misi poezia am did efeqts, uwinares yovlisa, imiT axdens, rom poets
    Seswevs magiuri Zala im grZneuli da RvTaebrivi cecxlis moTvinierebisa, rome-
    lic, misive mtkicebiT, WeSmaritad faseuli poeturi nawarmoebis Seqmnis umTav-
    resi pirobaa.
    formis simsubuqe da amRerebuloba, ritmul-musikaluri melodiuroba da
    mravalxmianoba, riTac S. niSnianiZis poezia xasiaTdeba, poets SesaZleblobas
    aZlevs, saTqmeli efeqturi STambeWdaobiT gamoxatos. misi saukeTeso leqsebi
    siRrmiseulad warmoaCens lirikuli gmiris adamianur grZnobebsa da miswra-
    febebs. sityvieri xelovnebis maRali done da azris originaluri gamoxatvis
    RvTiT boZebuli niWi S. niSnianiZes SesaZleblobas aZlevs nacnob Temebsa da
    470
    motivebs warmosaxvis axali kuTxec mouZebnos da axali emociuri muxtic SesZi-
    nos.
    misi mwerluri samyaros daxasiaTebis dros aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos
    epoqalur movlenaTa moqalaqeobriv-publicisturi TvalTaxedviT aRqma-warmo-
    saxvis tendencia. S. niSnianiZis lirikis publicisturi buneba ZiriTadad ori
    umTavresi mimarTulebiT vlindeba: erTis mxriv, Tanamedrove sinamdvilis gmi-
    rul-heroikuli warmosaxviT, rac sisxlxorceuladaa dakavSirebuli romanti-
    zebuli formiT gandidebul epoqis revoluciur warsulTan, meores mxriv ki
    moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebiT gamovlenili im kritikul-polemikuri paTosiT,
    riTac poeti Tavisi drois mankierebebs amxels.
    S. niSnianiZis leqsis ritmul-musikalur efeqts mniSvnelovanwilad gansaz-
    Rvravs erTsa da imave nawarmoebSi saleqso sazomebis perioduli monacvleobis
    principis mizanswrafulad xSiri gamoyeneba. versifikaciuli struqturiTac da
    melodiurobiTac erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli saleqso sazo-
    mebisa da ritmul-musikaluri formebis amgvari monacvleoba S. niSnianiZis
    leqss polifoniur JReradobas sZens.
    S. niSnianiZis poeziis versifikaciul mxareze saubris dros ramdenime
    sityva im damokidebulebis Sesaxebac usaTuod unda iTqvas, romelic poets ver-
    librTan anu Tavisufal leqsTan dakavSirebiT hqonda. es pozicia aSkarad ga-
    mokveTili Sinagani winaaRmdegobiT xasiaTdeba da avtorma am sakiTxTan dakav-
    SirebiT Tavisi adrindeli Sexeduleba SeiZleba iTqvas radikaluradac ki Sec-
    vala.
    1977 wlis 6 maiss gazeT `literaturul saqarTveloSi" gamoqveynebuli po-
    lemikuri weriliT _ `ra iqmna lerwamSi damaluli cecxli" S. niSnianiZem prin-
    cipulad gailaSqra im periodis qarTul axalgazrdul poeziaSi farTod dam-
    kvidrebuli Tavisufali da TeTri leqsis winaaRmdeg. avtoris mtkicebiT, misi
    axalgazrda kolegebis Semoqmedebis umTavresi nakli imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
    maT poetur nawarmoebebs is mTavari Tviseba aklda, romelic tradiciulad poe-
    ziis siamayis umTavresi sagani iyo _ RvTaebrivi cecxli.
    am `ucecxlobis" ganmapirobebel mizezTa Ziebam S. niSnianiZe imis aRia-
    rebamde miiyvana, rom es garemoeba verlibriT maSindeli Cveni axalgazrda poe-
    tebis metismeti gatacebiT iyo gamowveuli. misi azriT, es gataceba Tavisi ar-
    siT principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTuli leqsis tradiciul erovnul bune-
    bas. igi gzas uxSobda mis bunebriv ganviTarebas da `aranormalur mdgoma-
    reobas" warmoadgenda. saboloo daskvna, romelic S. niSnianiZes Tavisi polemi-
    kuri weriliT gamohqonda, aseTi iyo: `riTma-uriTmobis sakiTxi sruliadac ar
    wyvets poeziis rangis sakiTxs. aq sul sxva saSiSroebaa Casafrebuli. vaiTu
    riTmisa da metris ugulvebelyofa sulieri modunebis simptomia, vaiTu cecx-
    lis naklebobas niSnavs".
    S. niSnianiZis am werils imxanad sakmaod mwvave polemika mohyva qarTul
    literaturul presaSi. poetis mowinaaRmdegeTagan gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda m.
    wiklauri, romelmac Tavisi sapasuxo werilebiT scada S. niSnianiZis nihilistu-
    ri poziciis gaqarwyleba, magram Tavis mxriv arc S. niSnianiZes dauxevia ukan
    da sakuTari poziciis dasacavad man kidev ufro mwvave xasiaTis statiebi gamo-
    aqveyna imJamindel periodikaSi (`ganTiadi", 1977 w. #3, `ciskari", 1978 w. #2).
    S. niSnianiZis leqsebis kiTxvis dros imTaviTve igrZnoba is gansakuTrebiT
    mniSvnelovani roli, romelsac saTqmelis efeqturi formiT gasamJRavneblad
    avtori riTmas akisrebs. am TvalsazrisiT igi Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi
    erT-erTi yvelaze metad gamorCeuli poetia. riTma S. niSnianiZis poeturi indi-
    vidualobis ganmsazRvreli umniSvnelovanesi atributia, romelic safuZvlad
    udevs misi leqsebis ritmul-musikalur melodiurobasa da daxvewilobas. man
    bgeriTi keTilxmovanebiT aRbeWdili bevri axali sariTmo wyviliT gaamdidra
    qarTuli poezia.
    S. niSnianiZis araerTi leqsi folklorul-miTologiuri samyaros wiaRida-
    naa aRmocenebuli. am samyarosTan avtoris damokidebuleba erTgvarovani ar
    aris da mravali aspeqtiT iqcevs yuradRebas. kerZod, poetis leqsebis erTi na-
    471
    wili bavSvobis droindeli romantikuli miTologiuri warmosaxvebiTaa STago-
    nebuli. magram cxovrebiseuli sinamdviliT grZnobebgamkacrebuli mwerlis
    cnobierebaSi gacocxlebuli folkloruli aCrdilebi im grZneuli romantikiT
    aRar suldgmuloben, rogorc es bavSvobis wlebSi xdeboda. imisaTvis, rom uf-
    ro naTlad gaviazroT zRaprul-miTologiur samyarosTan poetis damoki-
    debulebis amgvari radikaluri cvlilebebis arsi, gavixsenoT konkretuli maga-
    liTi misi Semoqmedebidan:
    gmadlobT, devebo, tyiskacebo, qondriskacebo,
    Winkebo, qosatyuilebo, sadac arsebobT!
    gmadlobT im tkbili SiSisa da silamazisTvis,
    rasac vera da veRar ganvicdi.
    aRar mgonia xaris kudi zRapris biliki...
    sdums brolis koSki... devis qvabi... da bazilika...
    nuTu babuam Cibuxidan sul gadmoferTxa,
    TuTunis kvamlSi ra xilvebic cxovrobda erT xans?..
    sizmrebs misxepdiT bavSvobaSi basri eSvebiT
    da kudze gebaT Cemi qarTli, Cemi kolxeTi,
    bavSvoba ukve gasulia, rad ar SemeSviT
    da zRaprebidan cxovrebaSi rad gadmoxvediT?!
    qarTul folklorTan S. niSnianiZis poeturi samyaros sisxlxorceuli
    siaxlove ara marto Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT vlindeba, aramed
    ritmul-intonaciuradac. kerZod, mis zogierT leqsSi mizanswrafulad meordeba
    qarTuli poeturi zepirsityvierebis metrul-versifikaciuli formebi da
    sityvier-frazeologiuri pasaJebi. magaliTad, `kolxur melodiebSi" folklo-
    rul melodiaTa gamoZaxili aseT saxes iZens:
    Conguri da ia-vardi, wiTel batonebo,
    gvikadreT da SemobrZandiT, wiTel batonebo!
    es akvani, nanaia, oqros akvania,
    bazaleTis tbaSi vpoveT ukve raxania.
    Sig wevs RmerTi pawawina, ia, batonebo,
    angelozma Caawvina, ia batonebo...
    mouoxeT, ugalobeT, wiTel batonebo,
    didi niWi uwyalobeT, wiTel batonebo!
    miminosebr gamiwvarTeT, ia, batonebo,
    cotnesaviT gamizardeT, ia, batonebo.
    Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi S. niSnianiZe publicistur-moqalaqeobrivi
    paTosiT gamorCeuli Semoqmedi iyo. marTalia, epoqaluri sinamdvilis amgvari
    formiT warmosaxva mis lirikaSi Tavidanve farTod iyo damkvidrebuli, magram
    am tendenciam gansakuTrebuli ZaliT mainc 70-iani wlebidan iCina Tavi, rac
    mniSvnelovanwilad aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli im periodis saqarTveloSi ganviTa-
    rebul procesebTan. S. niSnianiZe publicistis aqtiurobiT Cadga epoqalur mov-
    lenaTa samsaxurSi da Tavisi poeturi SemoqmedebiT energiulad dauWira mxari
    Cvens qveyanaSi swored imxanad axali SemarTebiT wamowyebul brZolas cxov-
    rebiseul mankierebaTa winaaRmdeg.
    poetis imdroindeli moqalaqeobrivi TvalTaxedva yvelaze naTlad da
    STambeWdavad 1975 wels gamocemul wignSi _ `mwvane weliwadSi" gamovlinda. am
    poeturi krebulis suliskveTebas pirvel yovlisa im politikisadmi aqtiuri
    mxardaWera gansazRvravda, rac qveynis imJamindeli partiuli lideris Tavka-
    cobiT xorcieldeboda maSin saqarTveloSi. ase daiwera imxanad farTod gaxmau-
    rebuli iseTi leqsebi, rogorebicaa: `komunistebi", `mzis Sesaxvedrad adeq cis-
    karze", `ostato", `poeziis kalendari", `Seib maxvili", `sityva Tanamedroves" da
    bevri sxva.
    S. niSnianiZis poeziaze msjelobis dros sagangebo yuradReba unda mivaqci-
    oT poetis im nawarmoebebs, romlebSic kritikul-satiruli formiTaa mxilebu-
    li epoqaluri mankierebani da adamianuri simdableni. am tendenciam gansakuT-
    rebuli ZaliT Tavi 70-iani wlebidan iCina. janyi da omaxianoba, energiuli ga-
    laSqreba naklovanebaTa winaaRmdeg da samarTlianobis aqtiuri gamoqomageba _
    mokled, aseTia umTavresi arsi S. niSnianiZis publicisturi lirikisa.
    472
    sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi dawerili am meamboxe leqsebiT S. niSniani-
    Zem satiruli simwvaviT warmoaCina imdroindel Cvens yofaSi farTod damkvid-
    rebuli bevri socialuri mankiereba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT saintere-
    so poetis is nawarmoebebia, romlebSic satiruli mxilebis obieqtebad `grZel
    magidebTan, rbil savarZlebSi" myarad mokalaTebuli `halstuxiani avazakebi"
    arian qceulni.
    sikeTisa da borotebis maradiul urTierTWidilSi S. niSnianiZis poeziis
    lirikuli gmiri ukompromiso principulobiT dgas sikeTis mxareze. marTalia,
    man isic kargad icis, rom iseTi qveyana, sadac mliqvnels yurebs aWrian, mabez-
    Raras - enas, sadac arc qurdobaa, arc meqrTameoba da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
    normebs idealuri zneobrivi siwminde gansazRvravs, mxolod ocnebiT SeiZleba
    warmoidginos kacma, magram es imas rodi niSnavs, poetma xelCaqneuli pirovnebis
    mdgomareoba airCios da pasiuri gulgrilobiT adevnos Tvali irgvliv aRze-
    vebul adamianur ukeTurebebs. daundobeli simkacriT moqneul satirul maT-
    raxs poeti zust misamarTs uZebnis da Tavis mxriv yvelafers akeTebs sazoga-
    doebis zneobrivi ganwmenda-gajansaRebisaTvis.
    adamianur ukeTurebaTa da mankierebaTa kritikuli mxilebis tendencia ki-
    dev ufro gaZlierda sicocxlis bolo aTwleulSi Seqmnil leqsebSi, rac 90-ia-
    ni wlebis saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. konkretuli
    faqtebiTa da movlenebiT STagonebul am leqsebSi ganzogadebuli formiTaa
    warmoCenili zneobrivad da erovnulad damdablebul adamianTa SemaZrwunebeli
    qmedebani. magaliTad, leqsSi `suraTi ludis restoranTan" (1998 w.) gulga-
    texili poetis sasowarkveTa amgvari saxiTaa gamoxatuli:
    paatas kbila iqneba, hgavs iaponel sumists,
    `volgidan" Zlivs gadmoiRes... gminva aRmoxda Cumi:
    _ es daibrunebs afxazeTs, engurs gadava mReriT?
    eh, udardelo qveyanav, isemc mogikvda mteri...
    S. niSnianiZis poeziis lirikuli gmiris moqalaqeobrivi mrwamis warmoCena
    sisxlxorceulad daukavSirda epoqaluri sinamdviliT ganpirobebuli revolu-
    ciuri romantikis gamoxatvas. am mizniT avtori xSirad ixsenebs istoriulad
    cnobil pirovnebebs da maTi gmiruli cxovrebiseuli Tavgadasavlis moTxrobiT
    cdilobs efeqturad warmosaxos Tavisi drois revoluciuri paTosi da heroi-
    kuli suliskveTeba. bevri maTgani poetma imdenadac ki daukavSira Tanadroul
    yofas, rom zogjer iseTi STabeWdilebac iqmneba, TiTqos isini Cveni Tanamedro-
    veni ufro arian, vidre istoriuli warsulisa.
    ase amsxvrevs poeti istoriisa da Tanamedroveobis gammijvnel sazRvrebs
    da warsuls faqtobrivad Tanamedroveobad gardaqmnis.
    winaparTa mamuliSviluri Rvawlis gandidebas S. niSnianiZe Tavisi drois
    moqalaqeTa zneobriv-patriotuli TviTSegnebis gansamtkicebladac xSirad mi-
    marTavda xolme. pirvel yovlisa, swored am mizanswrafviT iqcevs yuradRebas
    farTod cnobili leqsi `Tevdore", romelSic XVII saukuneSi mcxovrebi qarTve-
    li patriotis _ Tevdore mRvdlis gmiruli Tavganwirvis ambavia moTxrobili.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom leqsisadmi interess mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs po-
    etis mier didi mxatvruli ostatobiT moTxrobili am legendad qceuli mamu-
    liSvilis Tavgadasavali, avtoriseuli saTqmelis gvirgvins, pirvel yovlisa,
    mainc nawarmoebis bolo striqonebi warmoadgens, romlebic ase gamoxataven
    leqsis umTavresi saTqmelis arssa da suliskveTebas.
    _ Tevdoree! _ Tevdore!.. es ra Zalam gasuldida,
    momavali kidev bevrjer gamogixmobs warsulidan.
    _ Tevdoree!.. _ Tevdoree!.. _ SenisTana mekvle gvinda,
    Seni eri kidev bevrjer gamogixmobs legendidan.
    marTalia, S. niSnianiZis mier warmosaxuli warsuli da zRaprul-miTosuri
    samyaro xSir SemTxvevaSi gaTanamedrovebulia da dRevandelobis sisxlxorce-
    ul nawilad qceuli, magram, amisda miuxedavad, poetis saukeTeso leqsebSi od-
    navadac ar uferuldeba is romantikuli ganwyobileba, riTac es yvelaferi sau-
    kuneTa manZilze mkvidrdeboda qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi. piriqiT, movlenaTa
    poeturi aRqma-warmosaxvis es xerxi warsulisa da zRaprul-miTosuri samyaros
    473
    axleburi gaazrebis originalur da Rrmad STambeWdav formadaa qceuli. isto-
    riulad cnobil pirovnebaTa cxovrebiseuli Rvawlisa da folklorul motiv-
    Ta amgvari gaTanamedrovebiT, rac S. niSnianiZis SemoqmedebisTvis mkafiod da-
    maxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa, poeti cdilobs Tavisi drois epoqaluri sinamdvi-
    lis poetur warmosaxvas meti romantika da emociuri simZafre SesZinos.
    S. niSnianiZis poeziis erT-erTi mTavari Tavisebureba isic aris, rom avto-
    ri movlenebs xSirad arasworxazobrivad da aratradiciulad iazrebs. mis Se-
    moqmedebaSi istoriuli warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis bevri problemuri sa-
    kiTxi kritikul-polemikuri simwvaviTaa gansjil-gaazrebuli da Rrmad efeqtu-
    ri STambeWdaobiT gamoxatuli.
    marTalia, Cvens erovnul yofasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis avtoriseu-
    li gaanalizeba, pirvel yovlisa, qarTveli kacis TvalTaxedviT xdeba, magram
    poeti ara Tu viwro nacionaluri artaxebiT arasodes iboWeba, aramed mis Se-
    moqmedebaSi, roca istoria saamiso SesaZleblobas iZleva, Cveni qveynis
    sisxlismsmeli mtrebic ki arian didi adamianuri pativiscemiT daxatuli. uwina-
    resad swored amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia es patara leqsi:
    cotne gmiria, didebuli gmiri... oRondac
    Tu biWebi varT, nu vadidebT martoden cotnes,
    vaxsenoT saxedaRrejili lomi monRolic,
    gmirobisa da vaJkacobis ubadlo mcodne...
    kritikul-polemikuri TvalTaxedviT pirovnebaTa Rvawlisa da istoriul
    movlenaTa gansjis tendencia gansakuTrebuli ZaliT mainc poetis bo-
    lodroindel leqsebSi gamovlinda. 80-iani wlebis dasasrulidan Cveni qveynis
    yofaSi ganviTarebulma tragikulma procesebma S. niSnianiZis cnobierebaSi bev-
    ri ram Secvales da gadaafases arsebiTad. am TvalsazrisiT misi bolo
    periodis Semoqmedebis erovnul-msoflmxedvelobrivi mizanswrafva zogjer
    principuladac ki gansxvavdeba manamdeli nawarmoebebis ideologizebuli su-
    liskveTebisagan.
    swored erT-erTi aseTi leqsia `petre bagrationi krwanisis karTan _
    dabruneba!".. S. niSnianiZis Sinagani erovnuli wuxilis sagans amjerad imis gac-
    nobiereba warmoadgens, ruseTis imperiis Zlierebis gansamtkiceblad Tavganwir-
    viT mebrZoli es mamaci mxedarTmTavari, romelsac brZolis velze TviT napo-
    leonic ki SuriT umzerda, dRes mxolodRa usicocxlo Zeglad rom ubrundeba
    Tavis samSoblos da verc krwanisis omSi daRvris sisxls da veRarc patara
    kaxs SeeSveleba. samwuxarod, mTeli misi Zala da energia ucxo qveynis sam-
    saxurSi gailia da gaixarja:
    miTxar, sardalo, aq, krwanisTan, ram mogiyvana,
    aw raRas izam mag mxedruli Tvalis SevlebiT?!
    gvianRa aris... JamTasvlam da bedma gigana,
    aq patara kaxs, vahme, veRar SeeSvelebi.
    kidev ufro meti simZafriT iazrebs poeti giorgi saakaZis tragikul beds.
    kerZod, leqsSi _ `saakaZis sami cxeni" avtoriseuli gansja-warmosaxvis sagnad
    didi mouravis cxovrebiseuli bediswera iqca. leqsSi poetma bevri iseTi ri-
    torikuli kiTxva dasva umwvavesi formiT, romlebic kidev erTxel warmoaCens
    siRrmiseulad giorgi saakaZis cxovrebiseuli tragediis arss:
    gzajvaredinad gaiklakna bedi rokapi
    da mogawivla, mogasivla gvelis orkapi.
    _ visi cxenia eg fexkavSa, visi, giorgi?
    _ maRali xonTqris feSqaSia ... vai, giorgis!
    nuTu mters unda emsaxuro moyvris magier?
    TaTari unda gaalaRo moTxris magier?
    da Calma unda daixuro nabdis magier?
    baiaTs unda anacvalo `mravalJamier".
    giorgi saakaZis Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi da tragikuli cxovrebiseuli
    Rvawlis Tavisebur poetur reziumed iqceva leqsis bolo striqonebi, romlebic
    umZafresi formiT gamoxatavs `vadaSi xmalgadamtvreuli" am gzakvalareuli di-
    di pirovnebis adamianuri bedisweris arss.
    474
    kaspSi ki Zegli _ ukuRmarTi drois dideba _
    veeberTela (ara maxvils) javrs ezideba.
    elva, grigali-dakunTuli jgro muxis rkoTa
    cdilobs amoxdes brinjaodan, bedidan, drodan
    da, Tumca, rixi SehkorZvia tans qvitkiriviT,
    lomis buxunSi Cumad ismis kacis tirilic...
    saakaZis Temas S. niSnianiZe 1998 welsac miubrunda leqsiT _ `patara sityva
    did mouravze". rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, misi Seqmnis safuZveli is mwvave po-
    lemika gaxda, romelic 90-ian wlebSi giorgi saakaZis pirovnebasTan dakavSi-
    rebiT gaCaRda CvenSi ganaxlebuli ZaliT. S. niSnianiZe ara marto principulad
    ar iziarebs didi mouravis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul nihilistur Sexedulebebs,
    aramed amgvar skepticizms Cveni erovnuli cnobierebisTvis maradiulad Tanam-
    dev bedisweradac ki miiCnevs:
    o, moxiTxiTe saqarTvelov, Sadimanebis,
    o, Suro, Suro _ baybaydevo, sad imalebi?
    sadRegrZeloSi? pirze kocna _ Wiqis WaxunSi?
    vai, ra fuWad, ra amaod daSvra vaxuSti!
    o, ero, pirvelkacobaze SeSlilo ero,
    pirvelobisTvis sul mzada xar, maxvili kvero!
    mec xom Svili var am lamaz da ubedur miwis,
    mec vici, vici cisqveSeTSi sad ra ganZia.
    da codna Tua, sxvaze ufro mwaredac vici:
    es saqarTvelo bedisweriT saakaZea!
    rogorc iTqva, S. niSnianiZis poeziis lirikuli gmiri mis irgvliv mimdina-
    re epoqalur movlenebTan sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebuli pirovnebaa. pirvel
    yovlisa, swored amiT aixsneba is didi interesi, romelsac igi am movle-
    nebisadmi iCens. 50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi raime gan-
    sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtobrivad TiTqmis araferi momxdara, romelsac S.
    niSnianiZe poeturi sityviT ar gamoxmaurebodes. sabWoTa xelisuflebis period-
    Si, gansakuTrebiT ki 70-ian wlebSi, es poeturi gamoxmaurebani respublikis
    imJamindeli xelmZRvanelobis politikisadmi aSkarad gamovlenili mxardaWeriT
    iyo ganpirobebuli.
    80-iani wlebis bolodan, pirvel yovlisa 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediis
    Semdeg ki poetis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad Zlierdeba deideologizaciis procesi
    da sabWour epoqalur sinamdvilesac da erovnuli moZraobis aRzevebis Sedegad
    azvirTebul movlenebsac poeti ukve winandelisagan principulad gansxvavebuli
    TvalTaxedviT sjis da iazrebs. marTalia, erovnul-patriotuli da kritikul-
    moqalaqeobrivi suliskveTeba S. niSnianiZis poezias arc manamde aklda, magram
    dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli aSkarad dainaxavs im Tvisebriv gardatexas, romelic
    erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
    aRdgenam moaxdina poetis SemoqmedebaSi.
    S. niSnianiZis poeziaSi calke, sagangebod, unda gamoiyos e. w. afxazeTis
    Tema. sabWoTa periodSi, qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa gamwvavebamdel xanaSi,
    daweril leqsebSi S. niSnianiZe romantikuli formiT warmosaxavda da ganadi-
    debda im Zmobasa da ganuyofelobas, rac ori xalxis istoriuli Tanacxovrebis
    Sedegad damkvidrda saukuneTa manZilze. am TvalsazrisiT marto `afxazuri kan-
    tatis" gaxsenebac ikmarebda. megruli da afxazuri yofiT-eTnografiuli da poe-
    tur-sasimRero folkloruli realiebis gaxsenebiT S. niSnianiZem udidesi
    sityvieri xelovnebiT warmoaCina qarTveli da afxazi xalxebis sisxlismieri
    siaxlove erTmaneTTan.
    ZiZiSvilobdnen winapari saxlikacebi
    da mxarze ejdaT erTi Winka da angelosi.
    qori wiwilas afxazeTSi Tu itacebda,
    hau, hauo, gviyviria samegreloSi...
    da mordu aqeT odesme Tu daacxikebda,
    _ xviCas sicocxle! _ eZaxodnen afxazeTidan...
    475
    poetis SefasebiT, aseTi iyo istoriuli realoba, saukuneebis manZilze
    damkvidrebuli erToblivi Tanacxovrebis wesi, roca `erTi mamali aRviZebda
    odiS-afxazeTs".
    magram, samwuxarod, gareSe ZalTa aqtiuri mcdelobiTac da Cvenive ugunu-
    rebiTac, es urTierToba 90-ian wlebSi saomar konfliqtamde mivida da ra
    ubedurebac daatexa Tavs saqarTvelos, es dRes yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili.
    S. niSnianiZis poeziaSi es tragikuli movlena umZafresi saxiT aisaxa. poeti
    udidesi gulistkiviliTa da mwuxarebiT ixsenebs am tragediasTan dakavSirebul
    ambebs da am dapirispirebaSi imdenad mtyuan-marTlis garkvevas ki ar cdilobs,
    im gzas ufro eZebs, romelmac xalxebs Soris Catexili xidi unda gaamTelos.
    TaraS emxvari aRar mkocnis, _
    visi danaSaulia?
    ax, generalma momiwamla _
    `lixnSi" arayi Cauria...
    o, Cemo mware siyvarulo,
    qarTvel-afxazuri samanebo,
    Tqven ar momikvdeT, Tqveni Tavi
    Tqvensa da Cems mters davanebo.
    S. niSnianiZis afxazuri ciklis leqsebSi niRabaxdili saxiTaa danaxuli
    qarTul-afxazuri tragediis ganmapirobebeli bevri movlena. am TvalsazrisiT,
    metad sainteresoa Jiuli Sartavas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili `troas cxeni" (1996
    w.). Zveli saberZneTis istoriidan kargad cnobili da dRes ukve mzakvrobisa da
    veragobis simbolod damkvidrebuli troas cxenis alegoriis gamoyenebiT S.
    niSnianiZe Rrma gulistkiviliT saubrobs qarTul-afxazuri omis gamomwvev mize-
    zebzec da am omSi qarTvelTa damarcxebis ganmapirobebel faqtebzec. am trage-
    diis umTavres Semoqmedad poeti pirvel yovlisa ruseTs miiCnevs, romelmac mo-
    xerxebulad isargebla qarTuli daudevrobiTa da gularxeinobiT da afxaze-
    Tisgan mizanmimarTulad SeZlo `troas cxenis" gamoCorkna:
    aris am qveynad mzianeTic da buruseTic,
    aris najaxis ruseTi da xatis ruseTi.
    da sanam, sanam qarTveloba... oqroc da jorkoc _
    Tavs iwonebda simReriT da sadRegrZeloTi, _
    rusis najaxma afxazeTi Corkna da Corkna
    da `troas cxeni" gamoCorkna saqarTvelosTvis.
    afxazuri tragediis ganmapirobebel meore did mizezad poeti qarTvelTa
    Soris arsebul ambiciur dapirispirebas miiCnevs. leqsSi TiTqmis dokumenturi
    sizustiTaa aRwerili am dapirispirebis erTi sabediswero faqti _ mtris alya-
    Si moqceuli Jiuli Sartava rogor emudareba xelisuflebaze ganawyenebul moZ-
    me qarTvelebs SeeSvelon da soxumi gansacdelisagan gadaarCinon, magram, sam-
    wuxarod, ambiciuri pativmoyvareoba ufro mniSvnelovani gamodga, vidre sadReg-
    rZeloebiT gandidebuli patriotuli TviTSegneba, rasac Sedegad soxumis, saer-
    Tod, mTeli afxazeTis dakargvac mohyva da `troas cxenisgan" `dakbenili da da-
    torili" uamravi qarTveli patriotis daRupvac. am tragikuli faqtiT `kacoba
    da siberegamwarebuli" poeti aseTi SemaZrwunebeli formiT gamoxatavs Tavis
    sulier sasowarkveTas:
    viymuvleb, magram ras miSvelis ymuil-godeba,
    yelSi amomdis, ra SxamiTac maSin davTveri,
    is saubari, is sircxvili rom magondeba,
    RmerTi da rjuli, aRar minda viyo qarTveli,
    Sen, mgosnebis da Tamadebis tkbilo qveyanav,
    Cemi kacobis da siberis gamwarebulo,
    damarcxebulo, mSiero da mainc mkvexarav,
    TviTmkvlels... Tavis mters... TavaSvebuls rogor gefero?!
    xval vin Segkazmos, vin dagadgas unagir-taxti,
    filosofosobs Seni sokrat, Seni anqvabi,
    Cemo verago `troas cxeno", vai Tu gaxde
    aryis saxdeli rofi an qvabi.
    476
    90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omis saxiT datrialebuli trage-
    dia S. niSnianiZes Cveni erovnuli bunebisaTvis istoriulad Tanamdev ukeTu-
    rebaTa logikur gamovlinebad miaCnda. amitomacaa, rom konkretul borotebaTa
    da mzakvrobaTa formiT qveynisTvis Tavsdatexil am ukeTurebebze saubari, ro-
    gorc wesi, ganzogadebul poetur gansjaSi gadaizrdeba xolme. erT-erTi swo-
    red amgvari xasiaTis leqsia `dialogi" (1992 w.), romelsac safuZvlad qaSveTis
    taZrisa da `qarTuli sityvis eklesiad" saxeldebuli mweralTa sasaxlis
    barbarosuli dacxrilvis faqtebi daedo. am vandaluri qmedebis avtorebad poe-
    ti Sadimanebisa da berbiWaSvilebis naSierT miiCnevs, saxelisuflebo `taxt-
    gvirgvinebis" maZiebel gonebadabnelebul qarTvelebs. swored maTma barbaro-
    sulma saqcielma aiZula igi, Tavisi gaubedurebuli qveynisaTvis leqsis bolos
    am sityvebiT rom miemarTa:
    RvTismSoblis wilxvedro samoTxev,
    codvaSi Camdgarxar yelamdi,
    Rirsi xar, Tu lagams amogdebs
    cxvirSi rgolgayrili beladi!
    S. niSnianiZis Semoqmedebaze saubris dros mokled im nawarmoebTa Se-
    saxebac unda iTqvas ramdenime sityva, romlebsac Tavad poetma saxelad belet-
    ristuli poemebi daarqva. 1992 wels gamoqveynebuli erT-erTi poemisTvis (`pro-
    vokatori Txa") TandarTul winaTqmaSi man ase ganmarta Janrobriv-versifikaciu-
    li struqturiTac da Sinaarsobrivadac misi poeturi qmnilebebisagan radika-
    lurad gansxvavebuli am nawarmoebebis mxatvruli buneba da mizandasaxuloba:
    `ramdenime welia vwer beletristuli poemebis wigns, romelic moicavs omisa da
    omisSemdgom periodebs. poemis fabulebad SevarCie yvelaze mniSvnelovani ambebi
    calkeuli adamianebis biografiebidan. es ambebi warsuli epoqis Tavisebur
    mxatvrul dokumentebs warmoadgenen. vcdilobdi, meCvenebina cxovrebiseuli
    usamarTloba, omis saSinelebani, ideologiis wnexiT deformirebuli pirov-
    nebebis Secodebani da tragedia. isini Tavisi drois Svilebi arian da bunebri-
    via, ganvlili cxovrebis damRasac atareben".
    misive poeturi nawarmoebisagan gansxvavebiT, `beletristul poemebSi" S.
    niSnianiZem principulad Tqva uari iseT `versifikaciul barierebze", rogo-
    rebicaa riTma da metrika. am garemoebas avtori `poeziis sazRvrebis gafar-
    Toebisaken swrafviT" xsnis. asea Tu ise, erTi ram faqtia: Tavisi `beletristu-
    li poemebiT" S. niSnianiZe qarTul poeziaSi Tavadve mogvevlina erT dros mis
    mier kategoriulad uaryofili verlibris anu versifikaciuli artaxebiT
    SeuboWavi Janruli poeturi saxeobis praqtikulad damamkvidreblis aqtiur
    rolSi. da miuxedavad imisa, rom `beletristuli poemebi" avtoris saukeTeso
    leqsebis tolfasi mxatvruli qmnilebani ar aris, isini mainc unda Sefasdes,
    rogorc mniSvnelovani SenaZeni mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobisa. am Sefa-
    sebisTvis safuZvels, pirvel yovlisa, is garemoeba qmnis, rom maTSi epoqaluri
    movlenebi da am movlenaTa msxverplad qceul pirovnebaTa adamianuri buneba
    sruliad axali TvalTaxedviTaa danaxuli.
    naTqvamis dasturad Tundac `ori da" (1992 w.) gavixsenoT, erT-erTi yvelaze
    saintereso nimuSi `beletristuli poemebis" ciklis nawarmoebTagan. poemaSi
    tyupi debis - dariasa da marias tragikuli Tavgadsavalia moTxrobili. marTa-
    lia, moqmedebis dro nawarmoebSi erTi SexedviT zustad dakonkretebuli ar
    aris, magram finalur epizodSi avtori mainc migvaniSnebs, rom debi stalinuri
    epoqis msxverplad qceuli pirovnebebi arian.
    daria da maria omis dros Camosaxldnen TbilisSi, rogorc ltolvilebi.
    ocdaaT wels axlad gadacilebuli tyupebi, romelTac maxlobel adamianTagan
    omma aRaravin SearCinaT, Tavs repetitorobiT irCendnen. erTferovnad mimdinare
    maT cxovrebaSi araferi iyo `elvare" da gamorCeuli. `samagierod uxvad iyo di-
    alogi wignebTan, musikasTan, mxatvrobasTan, monologebi sindisis, movaleobis,
    RmerTis winaSe". `yofiTi wvrilmanebiTa da prozauli erTferovnebiT" damZi-
    mebuli maTi cxovreba `mdored da taatiT" miedineboda. poetis miniSnebiT, debi
    477
    `ZeglTa Senebis epoqasac" moeswrnen, roca `cxovreba lozungebiT, aRlumebiTa
    da taSiscemiT midioda" da `carieli kvarcxlbekebis" drosac.
    `carieli kvarcxlbekebis" epoqam, rasac debis sibere daemTxva, qveyana uz-
    neobisa da ukeTurebis saasparezo moednad aqcia. nawarmoebSi adamianur mankie-
    rebaTa aRzevebis es Savbneli dro asea daxasiaTebuli: `qveyana duRda... duRda
    samoqalaqo vnebebiT. aRzevda leqi.. durdo... dubela... adamianebma SeiZules er-
    TmaneTi... zeobda ganukiTxaoba, sadisturi sisastike... qveyanaze sikvdili da Sim-
    Sili daTareSobda. ar iyo puri, ar iyo sinaTle, ar iyo gaTboba, bazars cecx-
    li ekida. adamianebma daiviwyes siyvaruli, gadaiviwyes RmerTi, gadaiviwyes musi-
    ka da poezia... gadaiviwyes adamianoba... yvelaferi gaZvirda, garda kacis sikvdi-
    lisa"...
    aseT realobaSi mouwiaT sibere debs. magram, miuxedavad warmoudgeneli
    siZneleebisa, isini mainc axerxebdnen Tavis gatanas. erT sabediswero dRes da-
    ria puris rigSi gacivda da gardaicvala. martodmarto darCenili mariasaTvis
    erTaderTi dis sikvdili ra didi tragediac iqneboda, advili warmosadgenia.
    magram Tavis gadarCenis instinqtma mas iseTi SemaZrwunebeli gadawyvtileba mia-
    Rebina, rasac zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT aranairi gamarTleba ar SeiZleba hqon-
    des: gardacvlili dis pensiis misakuTrebis mizniT man dis sikvdili damala,
    micvalebulis gvami ki macivarSi Seinaxa. ase moZebna mariam umZimesi ekonomiku-
    ri viTarebidan gamosavali. igi gulwrfelad cdilobda Tavisi Tavis darwmu-
    nebas, rom am sabediswero nabijis gadadgmiT mas araviTari codva ar Caudenia.
    magram "Tavwamoweuli sindisi" qals Sinagan simSvides ukargavda da siz-
    mrebSi gamocxadebuli mkvdari dis xsovna mosvenebas ar aZlevda. `zewarSi
    gaxveuli da WirxliT dabardnili" darias aCrdili zneobriv satanjvelad qce-
    uli kiTxvebiT `uwewavda suls" erT dros RvTismosaobiT, sindisierebiTa da
    adamianuri saTnoebiT gamorCeul marias. TviTgadarCenis instinqtma axla igi im
    TaRliT pirovnebad aqcia, romelsac `ZRoma ufro metad uRirda", vidre patios-
    neba. amitomac iyo, rom mas ukve `aRarc kacis eSinoda, aRarc saxelmwifosi da
    aRarc RmerTisa".
    samwuxarod, maria gamonaklisi sulac ar aris da, poetis SefasebiT, sazo-
    gadoebis udidesi nawilic misebri mgluri kanonebiT cxovrobs da arsebobs. es
    naTlad gamoaCina marias avadmyofobam. momakvdavi qali, imis imediT, rom mis bi-
    nas miisakuTrebdnen, mezoblebma saswrafod savadmyofoSi gadaiyvanes, Tavad ki
    marias qonebas daerivnen gasanawileblad da `saiqios filialad" qceuli misi
    macivari imave dRes `sasaflaoze gadaarbenines, uceremonialod... upanaSvidod...
    uyvavilebod..."
    garda moTxrobili ambisa, avtoriseuli saTqmelis bolomde Sesacnobad da
    gasacnobiereblad gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas finaluri epizodic iZens, rome-
    lic am ambavs amgvarad asrulebs: `imave dReebSi qalaqgareT gamarTul baz-
    robaze or wvergaburZgnul gladiators macivari "ЗИС"-i gamoetana gasayidad".
    rogorc mkiTxveli mixvdeba, igi mesaflaveebis mier bazrobaze sarealizaciod
    gamotanili debis macivaria. myidvelis SekiTxvaze, warwera "ЗИС" _ ras niSnav-
    so, erT-erTi mesaflave aseT ganmartebas iZleva: "ЗABOD IMENI CTALINA". mesaf-
    lavis mier `dagemovnebiT warmoTqmuli" es sityvebi poetma maxvilgonivrulad
    mignebul im logikur wertilad aqcia, romelmac nawarmoebis azrobriv mizan-
    swrafvas sabolood dasrulebuli da naTlad gamokveTili saTqmelis saxe mis-
    ca.
    epoqaluri sinamdvilis kritikuli warmosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa
    beletristuli poema `provokatori Txa. salaxis naambobi. 1937" (1992 w.). nawar-
    moebSi moTxrobili ambavi erTi SexedviT iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, rom mas
    sabWoTa periodis tragikul movlenebTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. magram sa-
    laxis monaTxrobis umTavresi azrobrivi qveteqsti da mizanswrafva sinamdvile-
    Si swored am movlenebTan, pirvel yovlisa ki 30-iani wlebis sisxlian repre-
    siebTan romaa dakavSirebuli, es nawarmoebis saTaurSi 1937 wlis moxseniebiTac
    araorazrovnad igulisxmeba. salaxisa da moZmeTa sisxliT gadidkacebul-ga-
    nebivrebuli Txis mxatvrul saxeTa SeqmniT poetma simbolur-alegoriulad is
    478
    adamianebi gaacocxla, romelTac uamravi udanaSaulo pirovnebis codviT hqon-
    daT suli damZimebuli.
    `beletristul poemebSi", sicocxlis bolo aTwleulSi Seqmnil sxva nawar-
    moebTa msgavsad, kidev ufro gaZlierda epoqaluri sinamdvilis kritikul-opo-
    ziciuri TvalTaxedviT aRqma-warmosaxvis tendencia. rogorc am nawarmoebebidan
    naTlad Cans, poets revoluciasTan da sabWoTa periodis Cveni yofis bevr sa-
    kiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebiTadac ki Seecvala azri da manamdel mis Semoqme-
    debaSi poeturi gandidebis sagnad qceuli movlenebi ukve kritikul-opoziciuri
    TvalTaxedviT Seafasa.
    es garemoeba kidev erTxel adasturebs S. niSnianiZis poeziis sisxlxorce-
    ul kavSirs Tanadroul sinamdvilesTan. movlenaTa SuagulSi aqtiurad mdgari
    poeti Tavis moqalaqeobriv movaleobad Tvlida energiulad daeWira mxari dro-
    is moTxovnebisaTvis. da Tu dRevandeli gadasaxedidan mis moqalaqeobriv mrwam-
    sSi zogierTi ram ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT ukve yavlgasuli da miuRebelia,
    es epoqaluri sinamdvilis romantikul-tendenciuri aRqmis Sedegi ufroa, qvey-
    nis bednieri momavlis damkvidrebisTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli poetis gulwrfeli
    rwmenis nayofi da ara koniunqturuli angarebis gamovlineba.
    479
    oTar WilaZe
    oTar WilaZe mweralTa im Taobis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomad-
    genelia, romelsac gamorCeulad mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs meoce saukunis
    meore naxevris qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. es is Taobaa, romlis umTav-
    resi warmomadgenlebi gasuli saukunis Sua periodSi gamovidnen samwerlo aspa-
    rezze. 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, am Taobis mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi energia
    imdenad mZlavrad iwyebs gamovlinebas, rom literaturuli procesis umTavres
    mimarTulebad mkvidrdeba. pirvel yovlisa swored maT mier mopovebulma didma
    SemoqmedebiTma warmatebebma misces safuZveli araerT mweralsa da kritikoss
    imisaTvis, meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi es periodi renesansis,
    ufro zustad `patara renesansis" (n. dumbaZe), xanad rom mieCniaT.
    marTalia, amdroindel literaturul siaxleTa Semoqmedni mxolod da-
    saxelebuli Taobis warmomadgenlebi ar yofilan da es periodi ufrosi Taobis
    bevri mwerlisTvisac iqca SemoqmedebiTi aRzevebis didmniSvnelovan etapad, mag-
    ram, rom ityvian, lomis wili imJamindeli Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi, pirvel
    yovlisa, mainc xsenebul mwerlebs miuZRviT.
    aRniSnul garemoebas esodeni xazgasmiT aq kidev erTxel imitomac mivaqcie
    gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, rom oTar WilaZe swored am Taobis erT-erTi yve-
    laze Rirseuli warmomadgenelia.

    * * *
    oTar WilaZe daibada 1933 wels siRnaRSi. 1956 wels daamTavra Tbilisis
    saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetis Jurnalistikis ganyofi-
    leba. samwerlo asparezze gamovida studentobis wlebSi. misi pirveli leqsebi
    daibeWda 1952 wels universitetis literaturul almanaxSi _ `pirveli sxivi".
    1959 wels gamoica mwerlis pirveli poeturi krebuli _ `matareblebi da
    mgzavrebi". am droidan moyolebuli qarTvelma mkiTxvelma misi leqsebis, poe-
    mebisa da romanebis araerTi wigni miiRo, romelTac avtors didi SemoqmedebiTi
    aRiareba moutana. kerZod: `Tixis firfitebi" (1963 w.), `rkinis sawoli" (1965 w.),
    `sinaTlis weliwadi" (1967 w.), `bavSvi ukravda stumrebis TxovniT" (1968 w.),
    `cxra poema" (1969 w.), `gulis meore mxare" (1974 w.), `gaxsovdes sicocxle"
    (1984w.), `gzaze erTi kaci midioda" (1973 w.), `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman" (1976 w.),
    `rkinis Teatri" (1981 w.), `martis mamali" (1987 w.), `avelumi" (1977 w.), rCeuli
    Txzulebani sam tomad (1986-87 ww.) da sxv.
    uyuradRebod arc is miRwevebi unda davtovoT, romlebic mwerals dramat-
    urgiasa da publicistikaSi hqonda mopovebuli. magaliTad, misi scenaris mixed-
    viT gadaRebulia kinofilmi `londre", dawerili aqvs piesebic, drodadro, ro-
    gorc publicisti, Tavisi werilebiT aqtiurad exmaureboda Tanamedroveobis wi-
    naSe mdgar rTul problemebs.
    o. WilaZis nawarmoebebi Targmnilia da calke wignebad gamocemuli msof-
    lios mraval enaze. am Targmanebma, gansakuTrebiT ki romanebma, ucxoel
    mkiTxvelTa da kritikosTa didi mowoneba daimsaxura, risi dadasturebacaa
    ucxoeTSi mwerlis Semoqmedebaze gamoqveynebuli mravalricxovani werilebi.
    garda originaluri nawarmoebebisa, calke unda aRiniSnos o. WilaZis Tar-
    gmanebic. wlebis ganmavlobaSi igi aqtiur mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac eweoda.
    kerZod, qarTveli mkiTxveli swored misi TargmanebiT gaecno araerTi ucxoeli
    mwerlis nawarmoebebs. saxeldobr: h. longfelos `haiavaTas simReras", J. rasinis
    `fedras", a. puSkinis, baironisa da sxvaTa poetur nawarmoebebs.
    nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobisaTvis miRebuli hqonda araerTi premia
    da ordeni. maTgan, upirveles yovlisa, unda gamoiyos qarTveli mwerlisaTvis
    yvelaze didi da sapatio jildo _ SoTa rusTavelis premia, romelic 1983 wels
    mieniWa romanisaTvis `rkinis Teatri".
    o. WilaZe gardaicvala 2009 wels. dakrZalulia mTawmindis mweralTa da
    moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
    480
    o. WilaZe samwerlo asparezze 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamovida. am droi-
    dan moyolebuli, misi leqsebi da poemebi sistematurad ibeWdeboda presis fur-
    clebze da gamodioda calke wignebad. poetis pirvelive nawarmoebebiT mkiTxve-
    lisaTvis aSkarad sacnauri gaxda, rom misi saxiT Cvens mwerlobas niWieri
    axalgazrda Semoqmedi Semoemata. miuxedavad imisa, rom 50-iani wlebi avtorisaT-
    vis sakmaod nayofieri da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis periodi iyo, am dros
    Seqmnili nawarmoebebiT igi srulfasovnad jer kidev ver avlenda sakuTar li-
    teraturul SesaZleblobebs. faqtobrivad, es iyo dro stiluri individua-
    lobis ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvisebebis formirebisa da individualuri poeturi
    xmis aqtiuri Ziebisa.
    rogorc axalgazrda mwerlis pirvelive mxatvrulma publikaciebma na-
    Telyves, literaturaSi igi gatkepnili gzebiT siaruls ar apirebda da gabedu-
    lad cdilobda sityvis axal yalibSi moqcevas. miuxedavad imisa, rom o. Wila-
    Zis es SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebi araTu klasikuri qarTuli poeturi tradiciebis
    wiaRs ar scildeboda, aramed, piriqiT, uwinares yovlisa, swored am tradi-
    ciebiT iyo nasazrdoebi, mis poeziaSi mainc mkveTrad da mkafiod gamoikveTa
    movlenaTa aRqma-warmosaxvis originaluri midgoma da saTqmelis gamoxatvis
    sxvaTagan gamorCeuli manera.
    swored avtoris literaturuli individualobis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT
    amgvar arsebiT Tvisebad iqca misi SemoqmedebisaTvis gamokveTilad damaxasia-
    Tebeli iseTi tendencia, rogoricaa wina planze xazgasmulad wamoweuli inte-
    leqtualizmi.
    Tumca, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom poe-
    tis saukeTeso leqsebsa da poemebSi gamovlenili amdagvari meditaciur-inte-
    leqtualuri tendenciebi odnavadac ver acxrobs maT emociur simZafres. piri-
    qiT, o. WilaZis poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi am ori mxaris bunebrivi Serwymis
    Sedegad Seqmnili nawarmoebebia, azrisa da grZnobis organuli sinTezis nayofi-
    a. magram Tu zemoT aRniSnul pirobiT klasifikacias mainc mivmarTavT, mxolod
    imis naTelsayofad, am ori mxaris _ inteleqtisa da emociis _ urTierTmimar-
    Tebis dros o. WilaZis SemoqmedebaSi Tanafardoba mainc inteleqtis sasar-
    geblod romaa darRveuli.
    Semdegi arsebiTi Tavisebureba, riTac o. WilaZis poezia xasiaTdeba, saTqme-
    lis xatovani formiT gamoxatvaa. poeturi xatweriTa da tropuli azrovnebiT
    igi mkafiod gamorCeuli mwerali iyo da mis stilur individualobas ar-
    sebiTad gansazRvravda azris metaforuli formiT gamoxatva. marTalia, es Tvi-
    seba Tavidanac gamokveTilad axasiaTebda mis Semoqmedebas, magram droTa ganmav-
    lobaSi am tendenciam imdenad farTo masStabebi SeiZina, rom igi avtoris mwer-
    luri azrovnebis umTavres Taviseburebad damkvidrda.
    o. WilaZis poeziisaTvis esoden mkafiod niSneulma am Tvisebam kidev ufro
    didi masStabebi SeiZina mis romanebSi. ase rom, o. WilaZis Semoqmedeba
    mxatvruli saxeebiT azrovnebis mxriv qarTuli mwerlobis mniSvnelovani mona-
    povaria. am SemTxvevaSi xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi isicaa, rom o. WilaZis tropuli
    azrovneba scildeba saganTa da movlenaTa zedapiruli msgavseba-mimarTebis
    farglebs, garegnuli efeqtebiTa da asociaciebiT naklebad iboWeba da avtori-
    seuli TvalTaxedvis siRrmiseulad gamomvlen TviTmyofad formebad da saxee-
    bad mkvidrdeba mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi.
    misi poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi, uwinares yovlisa, swored amgvarad ga-
    mobrwyinebuli tropuli xatebiT gvxiblavs da gvajadoebs. naTqvamis naTel-
    sayofad moviSvelioT fragmenti poetis adrindeli lirikidan:
    rodesac ase axloa gremi,
    mec minda viyo ufro maRali,
    rom dainaxon CemSi an CemiT
    raRac axali, sulmTlad axali.
    da Tumca gremi aris beberi,
    aris daRlili da dangreuli,
    me mainc mamRvrevs es seqtemberi,
    rogorc sayvarel qalis sxeuli.
    481
    marTalia, originalur versifikaciul formaTa Zieba o. WilaZis poeziaSi
    gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagnad ar qceula da poeturi saTqmelis gamoxat-
    vis gabatonebul saleqso sazomebad ZiriTadad klasikuri metruli sqemebia
    damkvidrebuli (upirateswilad aTmarcvliani saleqso sazomi), magram, aseTi
    `tradicionalizmis" miuxedavad, man mainc SeZlo mkveTri xmierebiT gamorCeuli
    poeturi xmis migneba qarTuli poeziis mravalxmian samyaroSi.
    o. WilaZis Semoqmedebis versifikaciul mxareze saubris dros xazgasmiT
    isic unda aRiniSnos, rom omis Semdgomi wlebis Cvens mwerlobaSi man erT-erTma
    pirvelma gamoiyena meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTul literaturaSi farTod
    damkvidrebuli versifikaciuli forma _ leqsi prozad. mis poeziaSi, gansakuT-
    rebiT ki poemebSi, saTqmelis gamoxatvis farTod damkvidrebul swored amgvar
    formad iqca prozauli saxiT dawerili uriTmo leqsi; Tumca aqve xazgasmiT
    unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom es nawarmoebebi klasikuri saleqso sazomebiTaa
    (upirateswilad aTmarcvlianiT, SedarebiT iSviaTad ToTxmetmarcvlianiT) Seq-
    mnili, advilad aRsaqmeli ritmul-musikaluri JReradobiT xasiaTdeba da ver-
    libris nimuSebs ar ganekuTvneba.
    am tipis nawarmoebTa ritmul-musikalur individualobas, sxva faqtorebTan
    erTad, arsebiTad ganapirobebs is faqtic, rom maTi calkeuli striqonebi (gan-
    sakuTrebiT strofis bolo striqoni) ganaxevrebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili.
    o. WilaZis poeziis ritmul-musikaluri da versifikaciuli mxaris daxasia-
    Tebis dros ramdenime sityva im melodiuri monotonurobis Sesaxebac unda iT-
    qvas, rasac misi poeturi nawarmoebebis kiTxvis dros igrZnobs mkiTxveli. mar-
    Talia, o. WilaZis poezia maRali sityvieri xelovnebis nimuSia, magram amgvari
    ritmul-melodiuri monotonuroba, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdenadme mainc adunebs
    emociuri zemoqmedebis efeqts. am TvalsazrisiT misi leqsi mdored modenil im
    nakads hgavs, romelsac naklebad axlavs zaTqiT moxeTqil talRaTa mquxareba.
    o. WilaZis poeturi nawarmoebebis musikalur xmierebasa da ritmul Tavis-
    Tavadobas garkveul individualizms sZens poetis mier arazusti da Sinagani
    JReradobiT gamorCeuli riTmebis gamoyenebac. aseTi riTmebi mis poeziaSi sakma-
    od mniSvnelovan adgils iWers da naTlad gamoxatavs im maRal mwerlur pro-
    fesionalizms, rasac avtori maTi SerCevis dros iCenda.
    o. WilaZis poeziis safuZvelTa safuZveli, upirveles yovlisa, samyaros
    lirikuli aRqmaa. movlenaTa lirikuli TvalTaxedviT warmosaxva ara marto mi-
    si poeturi Semoqmedebis specifikur mxares warmoadgens, aramed beletristiki-
    sac. swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom mis poemebSi ambavi, siuJeturi
    dramatizmi, imdenad umniSvnelo rols asrulebs, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi igi sa-
    erTodac uaryofilia da avtoriseuli saTqmelis gamovlenis umTavres formad
    lirikuli gmiris mier movlenaTa fsiqo-filosofiuri aRqma-gaazrebaa qceuli.
    faqtobrivad, esaa asociaciur warmosaxvaTa erTgvari poeturi konglomerati,
    romelsac naTlad xiluli kompoziciuri mTlianoba xSirad arc ki gaaCnia. maT-
    Si ise impulsurad mosdevs fiqrs fiqri da ganwyobilebas ganwyobileba, rom
    siuJeturi mTlianobis gancda da problemuri gamokveTiloba Zneli aRsaqme-
    licaa.
    50-iani wlebi, roca o. WilaZe gamovida samwerlo asparezze, ideologiuri
    dogmatizmiT azrovnebis SeboWilobis urTulesi periodi iyo, rac aSkarad
    etyoba imJamindel Cvens literaturas. swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli is gare-
    moeba, rom maSindeli bevri Cveni mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi didi dro da energia
    daixarja epoqis ganmadidebeli nawarmoebebis Seqmnaze. am tendenciam udidesi
    vneba moutana imxanad moRvawe yvela Taobis mwerals.
    bunebrivia, am SeboWilobas verc o. WilaZis Taobam daaRwia Tavi. magram
    yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe unda iTqvas, rom arc maSin da miT umetes arc
    Semdgom wlebSi, roca ukve aSkarad iwyeba ideologiuri marwuxebis Serbilebis
    procesi, bevri misi Tanamedrovisagan gansxvavebiT, o. WilaZis Semoqmedebaze
    ideologizaciis am damTrgunvel process TiTqmis araviTari zegavlena ar
    mouxdenia. rogorc poetma, man SeZlo ise ecxovra da eRvawa, rom epoqaluri ko-
    482
    niunqturis molipuli gziT ar evlo da principulad eTqva uari ideologiuri
    literaturuli xarkis gaRebaze.
    marTalia, imxanad amis gakeTeba da am gziT literaturaSi sakuTari adgi-
    lis damkvidreba metismetad Zneli iyo, magram o. WilaZes eyo Sinagani Zalaca
    da nebisyofis simtkicec, cdunebas ar ahyoloda, msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis-
    Tvis ar eRalata da ideologiuri koniunqturis macdunebeli gziT ar evlo.

    * * *
    oTar WilaZis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawlis Sefasebis dros xazgasmiT unda aRi-
    niSnos is didi Rvawli, romelic mas qarTul mwerlobaSi lirikuli poemis
    kidev ufro metad damkvidrebis saqmeSi miuZRvis. am TvalsazrisiT man bevri si-
    axle moitana Cvens literaturaSi da winamorbed poetTa mier dawyebuli Tvi-
    sebrivi ganaxlebis procesi SemoqmedebiTi srulyofis axal safexurze aiyvana.
    rogorc misi poemebis ubralo gacnobiTac advilad davrwmundebiT, o. WilaZem
    principulad Tqva uari klasikuri tipis poemaze.
    marTalia, o. WilaZis poemebSi siuJeti xelaRebiT uaryofili ar aris da
    moqmedebis ganviTarebis procesis Cvenebasac saTanado yuradReba aqvs miqceuli,
    magram es yvelaferi ise naklebdinamikurad xdeba, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba
    siuJetur dramatizmze ufro metad nawarmoebis sxva mxareebzea koncentri-
    rebuli. ase rom, mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi siuJets mxolod pirobiTad Tu aqvs Se-
    narCunebuli klasikuri daniSnuleba da igi ufro azris meditaciur-filosofi-
    uri formiT gamoxatvis efeqtur saSualebadaa qceuli.
    o. WilaZis Semoqmedebis qvakuTxeds mZafrad gamovlenili patriotuli
    TvalTaxedva rom warmoadgens, amas imTaviTve dainaxavs misi nawarmoebebis
    mkiTxveli. mwerlis erovnuli mrwamsis masStabebis gasaazreblad aq Tundac am
    patara leqsis gaxsenebac iqneba sakmarisi:
    Sena xar Cemi jildoc, sasjelic,
    gulze axlos xar da RmerTze zemoT,
    Cemo tanjulo, Cemo mtanjvelo,
    daulevelo samSoblov Cemo.
    SenTan var, magram mainc dageZeb,
    rogorc daeZebs saWmels mSieri
    da am patara miwis naglejze
    SemaZrwuneblad var bednieri.
    poetis araerT lirikul leqsSi gamoxatulma am patriotulma grZnobam ki-
    dev ufro masStaburi gamovlineba hpova mis poemebSi. erT-erTi maTgania `Tako
    da zaza". Svilebisadmi miZRvnili es lirikuli poema umZafresi emociuri
    STambeWdaobiT warmoaCens avtoris erovnul TvalTaxedvas. Tavisi Svilebis
    patriotul-moqalaqeobrivi misia da daniSnuleba o. WilaZem yovelgvari yalbi
    paTetikisa da zedapiruli mWevrmetyvelebis gareSe gaiazra Cveni samSoblos is-
    toriuli warsulis waiRTan sisxlxorceul kavSirSi da maTi amqveyniuri ar-
    sebobis umTavres gamarTlebad maT sulSi patriotuli msxverplSewirvis grZno-
    bis gaRviveba miiCnia.
    `Tako da zaza" patriotuli didaqtikis SesaniSnavi nimuSia, romelSic di-
    di poeturi ostatobiTaa akumulirebuli is energia, ramac adamianis gulSi sam-
    Soblosadmi siyvarulis RvTiuri cecxli unda aRanTos. poeti saTuTi siyvaru-
    liT miapyrobs mzeras Cveni qveynis tragikuli istoriis uwmindes realiebs da
    maTi fragmentuli gaxsenebiT erTxel kidev Seaxsenebs STamomavlobas, visi go-
    risaa igi da ra gza gamovlo misma winaparma, vidre dRevandel dRemde movido-
    da. erovnuli gadarCenis es sixaruli poemaSi aseTi gulwrfeli paTetikiTaa
    gamoxatuli:
    Cemo qveyanav! mainc movediT,
    mainc gadavrCiT naadrev wertils
    da vsunTqavT isev, radgan yovelTvis
    iyavi Cemi da ara RmerTis.
    Cemo qveyanav! Sens qvas da yvavils
    kvebavda sisxli cecxliviT cxeli.
    483
    da Cemi zazas gulic da Tavic
    momirTmevia orive xeliT.
    meqneba rame Tu ar meqneba,
    mainc gagizrdi puriT an wigniT.
    ukve auRes Senma eklebma
    sisxlis WaSniki _ Senia igi.
    avtoris am poetur aRmafrenasa da paTetikur deklaracias gansakuTrebul
    simZafres literaturuli ostatobis is maRali donec sZens, riTac mTeli na-
    warmoebi xasiaTdeba. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel yovlisa, minda gamovyo warmo-
    saxvis originalobiT mkveTrad gamorCeuli is Rrmadmetyveli poeturi saxeebi,
    romlebic yvelaze did datvirTvas iZens avtoriseuli saTqmelis gamoxatvis
    dros. magaliTad: `Tako, Zvirfaso! RmerTis wyalobiT Senc daqaldebi da gaf-
    rindebi da rogorc taZris TaRi galobiT, Senc gaivsebi mziT da CitebiT, Senc
    ganaTdebi... Zalian male datrialdeba Seni morevic da mogabjenen mxurvale Tva-
    lebs stadionebi da restornebi".
    o. WilaZem Tavisi zogierTi nawarmoebi uZveles zRaprul-miTologiur
    ambavTa da gadmocemaTa safuZvelze Seqmna. amis erT-erTi saintereso nimuSia
    poema `Tixis sami firfita", romelic gilgameSis motivebis axleburi Tval-
    TaxedviT gaazrebis warmatebul literaturul mcdelobas warmoadgens. Zveli
    SuamdinareTis miTologiidan kargad cnobili gilgameSis eposi poetma
    STambeWdavad gamoiyena sikvdil-sicocxlis maradiul problemaTa gasaaz-
    reblad da sakuTari msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis warmosaCenad.
    poemaSi saTqmeli or paralelur nakadadaa gantotvili. pirvel nakads
    uSualod gilgameSis eposis calkeuli fragmentebis monaTxrobi warmoqmnis, me-
    ores ki am epizodTa Sefaseba Tanamedrove adamianis TvalTaxedviT. poemis es
    ori nawili avtorma mkveTrad gamijna erTmaneTisagan saTqmelis gamoxatvis
    formiTac da SinaarsiTac.
    kerZod, poemis pirveli nawili Tumca versifikaciulad mowesrigebuli aT-
    marcvliani saleqso sazomiT aris Seqmnili, magram vizualurad prozauli teq-
    stis formiTaa warmodgenili. nawarmoebis am nawilSi aseve mTlianad aris
    uaryofili riTmac. poemis literaturul specifikas arsebiTad gansazRvravs
    isic, rom masSi ZiriTadi yuradReba gadatanilia gilgameSis eposidan avtori-
    saTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso fragmentTa moTxrobaze.
    poemis meore nawili ki, romelic riTmiT gamarTuli aTmarcvliani saleqso
    sazomiTaa Seqmnili, avtori pirvel nawilSi moTxrobili ambis poetur-filoso-
    fiur gansjas isaxavs miznad da gilgameSTan dakavSirebuli miTologiuri
    ambebis Tanamedrove TvalTaxedviT gaazrebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. miuxeda-
    vad imisa, rom nawarmoebis orive nawili mTeli ZaliT avlens o. WilaZis poe-
    tur SesaZleblobebsa da sityvieri xelovnebis maRalprofesiul dones, `Tixis
    sami firfitis" mxatvrul Zalmosilebas uwinaresad mainc is SemoqmedebiTi
    efeqti gansazRvravs, romelic uSualod gilgameSis eposis calkeul epizodTa
    avtoriseul Txrobas axlavs Tan.
    `Tixis sami firfitis" azrobriv mizanswrafvas poeti naTlad warmoadgens
    im striqonebiT, romlebic umTavres laitmotivad gasdevs mTels nawarmoebs da
    umniSvnelod saxecvlili formiT ramdenjerme meordeba masSi:
    rac unda moxdes didi xnis mere,
    bevrjer momxdara didi xnis winaT,
    da qvebze Cumad grovdeba mtveri
    da Casafrebul TvaliviT brwyinavs.
    mainc aravin ar garbis arsad,
    cxovrebas yvela Tavidan iwyebs.
    da, Tixis didi Tojinis msgavsad,
    qalaqi xelSi uWiravs sicxes.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom poemis lirikul gmirs gilgameSis epoqisgan aTas-
    wleulebi aSorebs, igi naTlad xedavs, rom adamianis cnobierebaSi filosofiu-
    ri TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad araferi Secvlila da dRevandeli Cveni Tanamed-
    rovec iseTive TavganwirviT eZebs sikvdilis damTrgunvel da RmerTamde asamaR-
    484
    lebel gzebs, rogorc misi Soreuli winapari. marTalia, `uruqic gaqra, daicva
    wesi amqveyniuri da gaqra uceb, magram miwaSi CarCenil fesvebs guli aqamde
    SerCaT da ucemT". am fesvebze amozrdil dRevandel Taobebsac igive zneobriv-
    adamianuri da filosofiuri problemebi awuxebT, rac gilgameSis epoqisas. am
    TvalsazrisiT isini mxolod fizikurad arian erTmaneTisagan droSi daSo-
    rebulni.
    aseTia umTavresi arsi avtoriseuli saTqmelisa, rac araorazrovnadaa war-
    moCenili gilgameSis eposis fragmentebis poetizebiTa da maTi Tanadrouli
    TvalTaxedviT interpretirebis safuZvelze.
    lirikuli leqsebisagan gansxvavebiT, o. WilaZis poemebSi mZlavrad ga-
    moixata avtoris publicisturi TvalTaxedva da moqalaqeobrivi pozicia. am
    TvalsazrisiT, o. WilaZis zogierTi poema imdenad politizebulic kia, rom
    poetis SemoqmedebisaTvis arcTu ise mkafiod damaxasiaTebeli konkretu-
    lobiTac exmianeba im periodis ama Tu im mniSvnelovan faqtsa da movlenas.
    magaliTad, poemaSi _ `adamiani gazeTis svetSi" o. WilaZis poeziisaTvis
    ramdenadme uCveulo formiTaa moTxrobili panamis arxis zonaSi sisxlismRvre-
    li Setakebis dros daRupuli amerikeli jariskacis krus ximenesis tragikuli
    Tavgadasavali. o. WilaZis sxva poetur nawarmoebTagan am poemis gamorCeulobas,
    pirvel yovlisa, masSi mkveTrad gamovlenili publicistur-moqalaqeobrivi su-
    liskveTeba ganapirobebs. amerikeli jariskacis tragedias poeti uwinaresad
    swored aseTi TvalTaxedviT warmosaxavs da nawarmoebSi aRweril epoqalur
    movlenebs erTgvar politikur Sefasebebsac aZlevs.
    magram, miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, `adamiani gazeTis svetSi" mSra-
    li politikur-publicisturi deklaracia ar aris da krus ximenesis tragediis
    ganmapirobebeli movlenebis gansja-Sefasebaca da amerikeli jariskacis sulie-
    ri samyaros warmosaxvac poemaSi, upirveles yovlisa, mainc zneobriv-moqala-
    qeobrivi TvalTaxedviT xdeba. avtoriseuli saTqmelis ganmapirobebel umTavres
    safuZvlad am SemTxvevaSi is gadawyvetileba iqca, romlis miRebac amerikeli
    jariskacis tragikuli daRupvis mizezi gaxda _ man uari ganacxada monawileoba
    mieRo panameli patriotebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, ris gamoc Tavad misma Tana-
    mebrZolebma dasajes sikvdiliT.
    poemis umTavresi mizanswrafva krus ximenesis am sabediswero gadawyveti-
    lebis zneobriv-moqalaqeobrivi motivaciis Cvenebaa. poeti, Tumca aSkarad poli-
    tizebuli formiT, magram fsiqologiuri simarTliTa da damajereblobiT, gviC-
    venebs, ram miiyvana aqamde es ubralo amerikeli jariskaci. SemTxveviTi ar aris
    is garemoeba, rom am gadawyvetilebis miRebis ganmapirobebel umTavres faqto-
    rad o. WilaZe patriotul grZnobas miiCnevs. mis mier daxatuli amerikeli
    jariskacis sasikvdilo aRsarebaSi es momenti yvelaze metadaa wamoweuli wina
    planze. mas zneobrivadac da moqalaqeobrivadac yovlad gaumarTlebel faqtad
    miaCnda adamianisaTvis samSoblos warTmeva. amitomac ambobs igi uars panameli
    patriotebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze da Tavis am gadawyvetilebas amgvarad ganmar-
    tavs: `adamiani hgavs im qveyanas, romelsac misi samSoblo hqvia. xolo samSoblo
    Tavs urCevniaT adamianebs da ara monebs. ara sxeulis, aramed sulis saWuri-
    sobas niSnavs monoba da vinc sxvas arTmevs Tavisuflebas, monaa isic".
    sxva jariskacebisgan gansxvavebiT, krus ximenesi poulobs Sinagan Zalas
    saimisod, Tavi daaRwios sulier monobas da uari Tqvas sxvisTvis Tavisuf-
    lebis warTmevaze, ris gamoc misive TanamebrZolebis mierve isjeba umkacresad:
    sakuTari Tanamemamuleebisagan sasikvdilod daWrili jariskaci Tavisive sis-
    xlis gubeSi curavs da `samaradiso wyvdiads" elodeba.

    * * *
    miuxedavad poeziaSi mopovebuli didi SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebisa, oTar
    WilaZis literaturulma SesaZleblobebma gansakuTrebiT farTo masStabebi ma-
    inc mxatvruli prozis JanrSi SeiZina. misi romanebi qarTuli prozis Tvisebri-
    vad axal movlenad iqca, axali etapis damamkvidrebel qmnilebebad meoce sauku-
    nis Cveni literaturis istoriaSi.
    485
    o. WilaZis romanebSi umaRlesi mwerluri profesionalizmiT gamovlinda
    sityvieri mxatvrobisa da ostatobis grZneulebani, movlenaTa filosofiuri ga-
    azrebis individualizmi, adamianis sulieri samyaros warmoCena uRrmesi fsiqo-
    logizmiT, simbolur-alegoriuli saxeebiT azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli niWi,
    tropuli metyvelebisa da aRqma-warmosaxvis originaluri stili. mwerlis
    beletristul qmnilebebSi sisxlxorceulad Seerwya erTmaneTs erovnuli sa-
    fiqrali da zogadadamianuri problemebi, epoqaluri sinamdvilis konkretuli
    realisturi xedva da movlenaTa farTo ganzogadebulobiTa da Rrmaazrovani
    saxe-simboloebiT gamoxatva.
    yvela am niSan-Tvisebam mwerlis pirvelive romanSi hpova gamovlineba mxat-
    vruli srulfasovnebiT. literaturulma sazogadoebam, rogorc CvenSi, ise
    ucxoeTSi, `gzaze erTi kaci midioda" erTxmad aRiara qarTuli prozis erT-erT
    umniSvnelovanes SenaZenad. es Sefaseba emociuri aRtkinebis Sedegi rom ar ga-
    modga, naTlad daadastura drom. moyolebuli 70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, ro-
    ca o. WilaZis romani gamoqveynda, misadmi interesi odnavadac ki ar Senelebula
    da sakmaod didi energia daixarja nawarmoebis azrobrivi siRrmeebisa da Semoq-
    medebiTi Rirsebebis warmosaCenad da gasaanalizeblad.
    `gzaze erTi kaci midioda" rom rTuli saxe-simboloebiTa da azrobrivi
    qveteqstebiT datvirTuli romania, amas misi pirveli gverdebidanve SeigrZnobs
    mkiTxveli. yvelaferi imiT iwyeba, rom kolxeTis uZleveli samefos dedaqalaq
    vans, romlis saxel-dideba mTel qveynierebas mosdebia, gandgomas uwyebs zRva.
    zRvis ukuqcevis procesi, romelic nawarmoebSi moqmedebis ganviTarebis mTel
    manZilze grZeldeba, mwerlis mier gaazrebulia, rogorc qveynis saxelmwi-
    foebrivi Zlierebisa da zneobriv-adamianuri siwmindeebis ngrevisa da xelyofis
    simboluri gamovlineba.
    zRvis ukuqcevis dawyeba romanSi SemTxveviT ar ukavSirdeba pirveli gadam-
    Tielis mosvlasa da damkvidrebas kolxeTSi. zRvis Seumcdarma alRom TiTqos
    erTbaSad igrZno is didi safrTxe, romelic saavdro RrubeliviT gaCnda kol-
    xeTis Zlevamosili saxelmwifos mowmendil caze: `roca kolxeTis miwaze pir-
    velma berZenma daadga fexi da moridebiT iTxova TavSesafari, zRvamac swored
    im dRes gabeda da xangrZlivi yoymanis Semdeg pirveli nabiji gadadga ukan. mTa-
    vari pirveli nabijis gadadgma iyo, mere yvelaferi TavisiT moxdeboda, an vin
    gaubedavda SeCerebas... zRvam isini raRac didi codvis gamo miatova..."
    ase iwyeba, romanis mixedviT, kolxeTis saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis rRve-
    vis tragikuli procesi. o. WilaZis nawarmoebis umTavresi Rirseba is aris, rom
    masSi maRali sityvieri xelovnebiTa da Rrmaazrovani ganzogadebulobiTaa naC-
    venebi im `didi codvis" arsi, ramac imJamindeli msoflios erT-erTi Zlieri
    saxelmwifo erovnuli da zneobrivi degradirebis ufskrulSi gadaCexa. rogorc
    citirebuli striqonebiTac naTlad dainaxavs mkiTxveli, es yvelaferi romanSi
    Rrmaazrovani saxe-simboloebiTa da qveteqsturi miniSnebebiTaa aRwerili da
    mwerlisTvis mTavari ambis, nawarmoebis siuJetis Sinaarsobrivi sworxazovnebiT
    moTxroba ki ar aris, aramed movlenaTa simbolur-alegoriuli TvalTaxedviT
    gaazreba.
    es rom namdvilad asea, amas romanis siuJetur safuZvlad qceuli medeas mi-
    Tologiuri ambis avtoriseuli warmosaxvac naTlad adasturebs. Zveli kolxe-
    Tis legendaruli mefis _ aietis qaliSvilisa da berZeni argonavtebis kargad
    cnobili Tavgadasavali, romelic antikuri droidan moyolebuli dRemde ara-
    erTgzis qceula literaturuli da mecnieruli interesis sagnad, o. WilaZem
    swored zemoTxazgasmuli simbolur-alegoriuli formiT mogviTxro da dero-
    mantizebuli saxiT warmoaCina am miTologiuri ambis yofiT-miwieri fesvebi.
    arsebiTi siaxle, riTac Zveli kolxeTisa da mis legendarul mkvidrTa yo-
    fa-cxovrebis amsaxveli es Rrmaazrovani wigni xasiaTdeba, imaSi mdgomareobs,
    rom mwerali miTologiuri sinamdvilis gamiwierebis gziT wavida da medeasa da
    mis TanamedroveTa romantikul Tavgadasavals erTianad Camoacila zRapru-
    lobis is saburveli, romelic saukuneTa manZilze Seuqmnes mas folklorul-
    literaturulma tradiciebma. o. WilaZis romanis arsebiTi Tavisebureba is
    486
    aris, rom es miTologiuri sinamdvile masSi fesvebamde SiSvldeba, adamianuri
    xasiaTebi yofiT-miwieri TvalTaxedviT warmoCindeba da mwerlis mier daxatuli
    personaJebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis oromtrialSi aqtiurad CarTul pirov-
    nebebad gardaisaxebian.
    mwerali mZafrad gamovlenili erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedviT warmoa-
    Cens im did tragedias, romelic Zveli kolxeTis samefoSi datrialda medeas
    mier Cadenili Ralatis Semdeg. argonavtebisa da medeas romantikuli Tavgada-
    savlis o. WilaZiseul variantSi, winamorbed mweralTagan gansxvavebiT, j.
    Rvinjilias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTavari `medeas zurgs ukan darCenili qvey-
    nis tkivilis" gamoxatvaa. `medeas zurgs ukan ki erT dros Zlieri da saxelova-
    ni antikuri kolxeTis mze bneldeboda. oTar WilaZem faqtiurad pirvelad `dag-
    vibruna" am qveynis vnebaTa Relva, misi Zvlebamde CaRweuli tkivili" (j.
    Rvinjilia, werilebi, 1977, gv. 48).
    romanze saubris dros xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos movlenaTa warmosaxva
    mkveTrad gamoxatuli erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedviT. nawarmoebis mTavar
    moqmed gmirTa tragikul cxovrebiseul beds mwerali, upirveles yovlisa, swo-
    red am poziciebidan warmosaxavs da siRrmiseulad warmoaCens im tragediis
    arss, ramac kolxeTis Zlevamosili samefos Zlierebas safuZveli Seuryia. am
    tragediis mravlismetyveli gamoZaxili mkiTxvelisaTvis romanis dasawyisidanve
    xdeba cxadi da igi moqmedebis mTeli Semdgomi ganviTarebis magistralur mi-
    marTulebadaa damkvidrebuli.
    o. WilaZis romani geografiuladac da drouli TvalsazrisiTac vrceli
    masStabebis momcveli nawarmoebia, romlis mdore da wyaluxv kalapotSi ambebi-
    sa da epizodebis nairgvari nakadebi moedineba. TiTqos dasasruli ara aqvs
    xasiaTebisa da saxe-simboloebis mravalgvarobas. aqve xazgasmulad kidev er-
    Txel unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, avtoris yuradRebis centrSi ambis Sinaar-
    sobriv ganfenilobaze metad movlenaTa fsiqo-filosofiuri gansja-analizi da
    interpretacia rom eqceva.
    mwerali TiTqos Tavisebur Tanaavtoradac ki ixdis mkiTxvels da gabedu-
    ladaa mindobili mis fantazias, alRosa da warmosaxviT unars. ase rom, o. Wi-
    laZis romans gasarTobad, drois mosaklavad da Tavis Sesaqcevad ver waikiTxav.
    metad rTuli da Rrmaazrovani saxe-simboloebiT, maRali sityvieri profesiona-
    lizmiTa da literaturuli akademizmiT `gzaze erTi kaci midioda", iseve ro-
    gorc mwerlis sxva romanebi, e. w. elitaruli mkiTxvelisaTvis gamiznuli mxat-
    vruli qmnilebaa.
    literaturuli azrovnebisa da mxatvruli warmosaxvis pirobiTobas o. Wi-
    laZis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad imdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili, rom es
    tendencia arsebiTad gansazRvravs avtoris SemoqmedebiT individualobas. pir-
    vel yovlisa, swored am tendenciis konkretul gamoxatulebad unda miviCnioT
    is geografiul-qronologiuri da pirovnul-saxasiaTo pirobiTobani da uzus-
    tobani, riTac o. WilaZis romani xasiaTdeba gamorCeulad. yoveli sityva, nawar-
    moebis yoveli epizodi Rrmaazrovani simbolikebiTaa datvirTuli. yofiTi si-
    namdvile da cxovrebiseuli realoba tradiciuli gagebiT avtors TiTqos arc
    ainteresebs. SigadaSig ambavi imdenad gamistikurebulic kia, rom TiTqmis waS-
    lilia zRvari realobasa da irealur sinamdviles Soris. aseT warmosaxviT
    samyaroSi avtori ufro laRad da Tavisuflad grZnobs Tavs.
    ase rom, o. WilaZis romanis stilur specifikas ori, erTmaneTisagan ar-
    sebiTad gansxvavebuli, mxaris, bunebrivi Serwyma-Sexameba warmoqmnis - erTis
    mxriv, miTologiur-legendaruli sinamdvilis gamiwiereba da misi warmomqmneli
    fesvebis realisturi sicxadiT warmoCena, riTac farda exdeba miTosuri samya-
    ros zRaprul-iluziur romantikas, meores mxriv ki, sadac amas msoflmxedve-
    lobrivi TvalsazrisiT saWirod Tvlis, Rrmaazrovani saxe-simboloebis meS-
    veobiT mwerali Tavadve axdens sinamdvilis gazRaprebas da moqmedebis ganviTa-
    reba misive warmosaxviT Seqmnil iluziur samyaroSi gadaaqvs. ase bunebrivad
    erwymis erTmaneTs romanSi cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis mkacri realisturi
    TvalTaxedviT aRqma da movlenaTa romantikul-miTologiuri warmosaxva.
    487
    o. WilaZis romani poeturi prozis SesaniSnavi nimuSia, Rrmadmetyveli da
    xatovani tropebiT uxvad dayursuli beletristuli tilo. poeturi da prozau-
    li niSan-Tvisebebis originaluri da bunebrivi sinTezi masSi imdenad mniSvne-
    lovan rols asrulebs, rom, pirvel yovlisa, swored es faqtori gansazRvravs
    o. WilaZis, rogorc romanistis, stiluri individualobis umTavres specifikas.
    amas emateba avtoriseuli stilisaTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebeli iseTi Tavi-
    seburebac, rogoric movlenaTa gansja-Sefasebis mZlavrad gamovlenili tenden-
    ciaa. saerTod, o. WilaZis mTels SemoqmedebaSi, ufro gamokveTilad ki mis ro-
    manebSi, ambavi uwinaresad swored msjelobis formiTaa moTxrobili, rac mwer-
    liseul naazrevs met filosofiur datvirTvas sZens.
    magram movlenaTa filosofiuri gansja-gaazrebisaken avtoris aseTi swraf-
    va sityvakazmuli mwerlobis farglebs ar scildeba da cnebiTi azrovnebis ar-
    taxebiT ar iboWeba. amitomacaa, rom o. WilaZis romanebi mxolod civi gonebis
    karnaxiT Seqmnili nawarmoebebi ar araa da isini uRrmes emociur zemoqme-
    debasac axdenen mkiTxvelze.

    * * *
    oTar WilaZis pirvelma romanma CvenSic da ucxoeTSic imdenad farTo re-
    zonansi moipova, rom literaturuli sazogadoeba udidesi interesiT eloda
    mwerlis axali romanis gamoqveynebas. es dRec dadga: 1975 wels o. WilaZem qar-
    Tvel mkiTxvels axali beletristuli qmnileba SesTavaza _ `yovelman Cemman
    mpovnelman". male nawarmoebi sxva enebzec iTargmna.
    `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman" Tavidanve iqca mZafri literaturuli intere-
    sebis sagnad, razec naTlad metyvelebs is mravalricxovani werilebi, rom-
    lebic nawarmoebs mieZRvna. specialistTa erTsulovani aRiarebiT, o. WilaZis
    axali romani didmniSvnelovani SenaZenia ara marto mwerlis Semoqmedebisa, ara-
    med mTeli qarTuli prozisa, Tvisebrivad axal tendenciaTa damamkvidrebeli
    filosofiuri romani.
    `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman" e. w. saojaxo romania, romelSic mweralma ma-
    kabelebis ojaxis oTxi Taobis Tavgadasavali mogviTxro. magram makabelebis
    ojaxisa da masTan dakavSirebul adamianTa am dramatul da cremlian-balRamian
    TavgadasavalSi imavdroulad zogadadamianuri codva-madlica da erovnul-epo-
    qaluri sinamdvilis STambeWdavi waxnagebic warmoCindeba ganzogadebuli for-
    miT. makabelebis ojaxi am TvalsazrisiT is mikrosamyaroa, romelSic mTeli
    adamianuri cxovrebis Wir-varami irekleba farTo yovlismomcvelobiT.
    mwerali tragikuli simZafriT gviCvenebs, rogor Trgunavs da abeCavebs aR-
    zevebuli boroteba uZlur sikeTes. siZulvilis azvirTebuli mdinareba daun-
    dobeli sisastikiT uTxris Zirs tradiciul ojaxur saTnoebasa da siwmindes.
    sxva mniSvnelovan faqtorebTan erTad, am ubedurebisa da zneobrivi degradaci-
    is ganmapirobebel umniSvnelovanes garemoebad romanis avtori erovnuli da
    memkvidreobiTi fesvebisagan adamianis mowyvetas miiCnevs. swored aseTi adamia-
    nia qaixosro makabeli. sxvisi gvaris misakuTrebiTa da Tavisi warmomavlobisaT-
    vis zurgis SeqceviT man ara marto sakuTari pirovneba gawira sasikvdilod,
    aramed misi STamomavalnic aqcia gzasacdenil adamianebad.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom o. WilaZis mier daxatul personaJTa udidesi nawili
    uzneobis, siZulvilisa da borotebis morevSi curavs, romanis am Camoqufrul
    sivrces sabolood mainc mZafrad gamobrwyinebuli imedis sxivi aciskrovnebs. o.
    WilaZis, rogorc mwerlis, umTavresi mizani swored am sinaTlisa da zneobrivi
    siwmindisaken dauokebeli swrafvaa.
    nawarmoebis umTavresi Rirseba, Cemis azriT, mkiTxvelis gulSi swored am
    optimisturi rwmenis gaRvivebaa, romantikuli rwmena imisa, rom TviT zneobriv
    ukeTurebaTa da adamianur simdableTa azvirTebul morevSi CaZiruli adamianis
    gulSic ki SeiZleba gaRvivdes sikeTis Tesli da daiTrgunos boroteba. amis
    erT-erTi mkafio da naTel magaliTad aleqsandre makabelis cxovrebac gamod-
    geba. mwerali udidesi fsiqologiuri damajereblobiTa da STambeWdaobiT gviC-
    venebs misi zneobrivi ganwmendisa da sulieri amaRlebis rTul process, rac
    488
    sabolood cimbiris katorRidan mis mier patara marTas daxsniTa da saqarTve-
    loSi CamoyvaniT dagvirgvinda. es epizodi romanSi ise Rrmaazrovan simbolur
    mniSvnelobas iZens, rom arsebiTad gansazRvravs avtoris optimistur Tval-
    Taxedvas da imedis im naTel gamobrwyinebad aRiqmeba, romelic azrsa da gamar-
    Tlebas sZens adamianis amqveyniur arsebobas.
    o. WilaZe arc amjerad arRvevs misive SemoqmedebiT tradicias da romanis
    personaJTa cxovrebiseul xvedrs, uwinares yovlisa, erovnuli TvalTaxedviT
    sjis da iazrebs. Tumca nawarmoebis patriotuli suliskveTebisaTvis amgvari
    xazgasma imis aRiarebas sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos mwerlis yvela gmirs sam-
    Soblosadmi erTgvarovani damokidebuleba aqvs. rasakvirvelia, ara.
    romanis personaJTa erovnul-patriotuli TvalTaxedva araTu
    sworxazobrivi ar aris, xSir SemTxvevaSi mZafri Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiTac
    ki xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, anas pirveli qmris mamuliSvilur romantizms qaixos-
    ros erovnuli nihilizmi da cxovelur-biologiuri instinqtebi upirispirdeba.
    Tu anas pirveli meuRle, im faqtiT romantikulad aRfrTovanebuli, Tavisi sam-
    Soblos dakarguli miwebis ukan dabrunebis SesaZlebloba rom uCndeboda, dau-
    fiqreblad tovebs ori Tvis SerTul cols da omSi midis, qaixosro saqveyno
    interesebis dasacavad erT nabijsac arasodes gadadgams.
    anas sjulismieri qmris patriotuli aRtkinebis CvenebiT mweralma roman-
    tikuli formiT gamoxata im adamianis idealizebuli saxe, romlisTvisac patri-
    otizmi adamianis sicocxlisaTvis azris momcemi uzenaesi grZnobaa. am grZnobis
    gansakuTrebuli roli pirovnebis adamianad Camoyalibebis saqmeSi im ganmar-
    tebiTac naTlad Cans, riTac avtori samSoblosadmi siyvarulis arss warmoa-
    Cens. misi gansazRvrebiT, `samSoblo ojaxidan iwyeba da Tu ojaxs mouSli kacs,
    cols gaubaxeb, Svils nabiWvrad gamoucxadeb, misTvis samSoblo Cveulebriv mi-
    wa-wylad iqceva, mxolod saZovar da saTes farTobad, romelic arsad ar iwyeba
    da arc arsad mTavrdeba, radgan cisqveSeTSi miwa yvelgan miwaa da wyali yvel-
    gan wyalia".
    magram o. WilaZis romanSi patriotizmi abstraqtuli gansjis sagani ar
    aris da am grZnobis gamovlinebas mwerali sisxlxorceulad ukavSirebs im
    mniSvnelovan movlenebs, romlebic nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqis saqarTvelosa
    da ruseTis imperiaSi xdeboda. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
    mainc im revoluciur da anticaristul brZolaTa frgamentuli warmosaxvaa,
    ris Sedegadac avtoriseuli monaTxrobi erTgvar politikur suliskveTebasac
    iZens.
    am mxriv, upirveles yovlisa, nikosa da misi katorReli TanamebrZolebis
    ambavi minda gavixseno. gimnaziaSi saswavleblad wasuli niko gangebam sul sxva
    garemoSi moaqcia. makabelTa saojaxo bunagidan Tavdaxsnili nikos cnobierebis
    Camoyalibebaze ganmsazRvreli zegavlena moaxdines im revoluciurma movle-
    nebma, romlebic meoce saukunis dasawyisSi imperiis safuZvlebs simtkices ur-
    Rvevdnen. marTalia, romanSi xelmwifis mosaklavad amboxebuli nikos erovnul-
    politikuri mrwamsi dakonkretebuli ar aris, magram nawarmoebis bolo epizo-
    debidan, romlebSic cimbirSi gadasaxlebuli nikosa da misi TanamebrZolebis
    ambavia moTxrobili, mweralma Taviseburad migvaniSna imaze, rom bevri maTganis
    revoluciur-moqalaqeobrivi ideali saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisuf-
    lebisa da siZlierisTvis Tavganwirva iyo.
    swored amis miniSnebad unda aRviqvaT romanis Tundac is adgili, sadac
    cimbiris gayinul miwaze am maRali idealis aRsrulebisTvis daRupuli nikosa
    da misi meuRlis saflavebTan daCoqili katorRelebi Zmis sanaxavad Casul
    aleqsandres am sityvebiT mimarTaven: `am saflavebidan xelaxla unda daibados
    saqarTvelo, axali saqarTvelo, marTasaviT norCi, marTasaviT Wkviani da Zlie-
    ri".
    marTalia, am maRali idealebisaTvis mebrZoli nikos Tavgadasavali roman-
    Si Zalze fragmentulad da epizoduradaa moTxrobili, magram misi, rogorc
    usamarTlobisa da borotebis winaaRmdeg romantikuli aRtkinebiT mebrZoli ra-
    indis, mxatvruli saxe Rrmad da waruSlelad aRibeWdeba Cvens cnobierebaSi.
    489
    nikos sikvdilis Semdeg misi ideebisa da adamianuri znekeTilobis memkvid-
    red misive fesvze amozrdili eqvsiode wlis marTa rCeba, katorRaSi dabadebu-
    li da wamoCituli gogona, romelic imedis naTel lamprad enTo mis irgvliv
    Semokrebil katorRelTa gulSi. mwerlis TqmiT, mSoblebis sikvdilis Semdeg
    mamis megobari katorRelebi `ise ufrTxildebodnen am patara gogos, rogorc
    jurRmulis binadrebi asanTis ukanasknel Rers". `naadrevi yvaviliviT nazsa da
    fermkrTal" am patara gogonas, `siwmindis, sinaTlisa da sikeTis RvTaebasaviT
    mSvidsa da Wkvians, TiTqos mxolod imitom mieRo bavSvis saxe, raTa go-
    nebadabneul, gulgaciebulsa da sakuTari xorcis mWamel qveyanas Tu ar Camou-
    vardeboda, aTrToleboda mainc mis dasamxobad aRmarTuli xeli".
    ase iqca marTa `imedis, rwmenis, miznisa da ocnebis gansaxierebad" mis ir-
    gvliv Semokrebil sasowarkveTil adamianTaTvis, maT Soris biZamis aleqsan-
    dresTvisac. metad mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom aleqsandresa da kator-
    RelTa sulieri ganwmendisa da erovnul-moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis TviTSeg-
    nebis urTulesi procesis avtoriseuli daxasiaTeba sisxlxorceulad ukavSir-
    deba imperiuli politikis kritikul mxilebas.
    rogorc iTqva, o. WilaZis romanSi makabelTa oTxi Taobis warmomadgenel-
    Ta cxovrebaa aRwerili. amitomac, savsebiT bunebrivad, drosa da sivrceSi eso-
    den farTod ganfenili nawarmoebi, klasikuri gagebiT, kompoziciurad mtkiced
    Sekruli veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver gamovidoda. asec moxda. moqmedebis msvle-
    lobaSi axal personaJTa Semosvlisa da Zvelebis TandaTanobiTi gasvlis pro-
    cesi faqtobrivad mTeli romanis manZilze mimdinareobs.
    magram mwerlis mier daxatuli gmirebi mis mier warmosaxuli mxatvruli
    samyaros SemTxveviTi da ufunqcio mkvidrni ki ar arian, aramed Rrmaazrovani
    mizandasaxulobis mqone pirovnebani. avtori yoveli maTganis cxovrebiseuli be-
    diT imdenad interesdeba, ramdenadac isini am samyaros SecnobaSi gvexmarebian
    da efeqturi formiT warmoaCens maT amqveyniur rolsa da daniSnulebas. ase
    rom, konkretuli saxasiaTo niSan-Tvisebebis gamovlinebasTan erTad, maTi
    daxatviT avtorma Rrmaazrovani simboluri Sinaarsis matarebeli adamianuri
    tipebic gamoaqandaka.
    magaliTad, swored aseT saxe-simbolod aRiqmeba romanSi ana, romelic zo-
    gierTma kritikosma saqarTvelos alegoriad miiCnia. anas mxatvruli saxis amg-
    vari gaazrebisTvis avtori marTlac qmnis realur safuZvels. am TvalsazrisiT,
    uwinares yovlisa, mis qorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi unda gavixsenoT. ro-
    gorc cnobilia, misi sjulismieri meuRle daqorwinebidan orode TveSi saqar-
    Tvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis ganmartkicebisTvis brZolas Seewira War-
    belaqanSi. amis Semdeg wlebis manZilze ana jer moZalade TaTarma gaixada xa-
    sad, Semdgom ki erovnul fesvebs mowvyetilma da rusul niadagze gadargulma
    naqarTvelarma maiorma qaixosro maCabelma SeirTo colad. ase rom, `brZola
    anas sareclis dasapyrobad, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, simboluri brZolaa" (g.
    asaTiani).
    romanis meore centraluri personaJi qaixosro ki `Cveni erovnuli orga-
    nizmis im nawilis gansaxierebaa, romelmac axal droSi, axal istoriul viTa-
    rebaSi gadarCenis elementaruli, biologiuri gza airCia. es aris konformizmis
    erovnuli, Cveni erovnuli istoriiT ganpirobebuli nairsaxeoba da amave dros
    zogadadamianuri, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT maradiuli xasiaTi" (g. asaTiani, po-
    ezia da proza, `kritika", 1977 w. #2, gv. 16).
    rac Seexeba anas pirvel qmars, marTalia, igi moqmedebis ganviTarebis pro-
    cesSi uSualod CarTuli araa, magram misi wminda da naTeli saxe bolomde gas-
    devs nawarmoebs, rogorc simbolo erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis romantikulad
    Tavdadebuli mamuliSvilisa da adamianuri keTilSobilebiT savse pirovnebisa.
    misi tragikuli cxovrebiseuli bedis warmosaxva mweralma yvelaze metad misive
    Coxas daukavSira simbolurad. qmris gverdiT gatarebuli orTviani bednierebis
    mosagoneblad anas misgan danatovari Coxa kedelze, yvelaze gamosaCen adgilze,
    gaekra. `Coxa imodena iyo, mTel kedels faravda". magram erT dros bednie-
    rebisa da namusis simbolod qceuli Coxa, romelic `odesRac axovani vaJkacis
    490
    mxarbeWiTa da gulmkerdiT iyo amovsebuli, axla kupris SxefiviT Camowuw-
    uliyo kedelze, CamoRvenTiliyo, CamoTiTxniliyo, mkvdari kacis muqarasaviT
    undili da carieli. am saxlSi TaTari iyo mTavari da ara Coxa, kedelze gakru-
    li, rogorc fituli, romeliRac warRvnamdeli, didi da uwyinari arsebisa, ro-
    melic Tavidanve gadasaSeneblad gaewira bunebas".
    aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mbrZaneblobda TaTari anas saxlSi da misi
    sjulismieri qmris Coxis qveS bilwavda da qolavda qalis Rirsebas. aTi wlis
    Semdeg ki, roca anas sarecels axali moZalade daepatrona, romanis erT-erT
    epizodSi kidev erTxel gaielva Rrmaazrovnad Coxis simbolur saxeSi nagu-
    lisxmevma azrobrivma qveteqstma, riTac avtorma tragikuli simZafriT gviCvena,
    axal ampluaSi moxvedril maiors ojaxuri da erovnuli siwmindis simbolod
    qceuli es wminda reliqvia Ceqmis gasawmend da gasaprialebel Cvrad rom
    gauxdia.
    rogorc vxedavT, CoxasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi Rrmaazrovan qveteqstur
    miniSnebaTa matarebeli is epizodebia, romelTa meSveobiT anas mxatvruli saxe
    met simbolur datvirTvasa da azrobriv alegorias iZens.
    ana-saqarTvelos tragikuli mdgomareobis gancdas kidev ufro amZafrebs
    misi erTaderTi memkvidris umweoba da ususuroba. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faq-
    ti, rom mwerali mis saxels yovelTvis kninobiTi formiT _ giorgaTi moixse-
    niebs xolme. borotebis damTrgunveli is RvTiuri Zala, romelsac avtori
    simbolurad biWis didi sexniis - wminda giorgis saxelTanac akavSirebs, mis ar-
    sebaSi erTianad daSretila da daTrgunula. amitomac xdeba igi iZulebuli,
    morCilad Seeguos TaTris sanacvlod mis ojaxSi axali moZaladis _ oqros
    epoletebiani maioris misvlas da umweod moixaros qedi mis winaSe.
    giorgam pirvelive dReebSi igrZno, rom dedis sarecelze maioris damkvid-
    rebiT araferi icvleboda. `sisulele da uazroba iyo gadatanili SiSica da
    mRelvarebac, Tuki mis ojaxSi datrialebuli qarborbala mxolod da mxolod
    amas gulisxmobda da Tu sxva araferi Seicvleboda: ra mniSvneloba hqonda, vin
    gadauTelavda dedas, maiori Tu TaTari".
    romanis erT-erTi mTavari personaJi _ qaixosro makabeli samSoblos,
    mSobliur fesvebs, mowyvetili da gaucxoebuli adamiania. erovnuli fsiqikisa-
    gan misi aseTi gaucxoeba im cxovrebis logikuri Sedegia, romelic bedisweram
    arguna mas. uruqSi sacxovreblad mobrunebuli maiori `imdeni xnis wamosuli
    iyo samSoblodan, Tanac iseT asakSi, egona, Soreulsa da ucxo qveyanaSi agzav-
    nidnen iZulebiT... samSobloSi axlobeli aravin eguleboda, cudis meti araferi
    axsovda misgan. ase rom, arc arasodes monatrebia igi, meorec erTi _ marTla
    iZulebuli iyo, isev Sebrunebuliyo warsulSi, romelsac imdeni xani Seg-
    nebulad gaurboda da iviwyebda". aseTi fsiqologiiTa da TviTSegnebiT ubrun-
    deba qaixosro Tavis samSoblos xangrZlivi ganSorebis Semdeg, samSoblos, ro-
    melic misTvis `arasodes yofila TavSesafarze didi mcneba, arc dakargvamde
    da arc dabrunebis Semdeg".
    marTalia, maioris cxovrebiseuli bedisweris saTave misi samSoblos tra-
    gikuli mdgomareobidan momdinareobda (igulisxmeba aRa-mahmad-xanis SemoseviT
    datrialebuli ubedureba, ris Sedegadac qveyana `ise dacemuliyo, kidev sa-
    kiTxavi iyo, SeZlebda Tu vera fexze wamodgomas"), magram arc imxanad da miT
    umetes arc Semdgom mis gulSi saqveyno da sazogado saqmisadmi gamoqomagebis
    grZnoba odnavadac ki ar gamkrTala. qaixosros cxovrebis erTaderTi mizani
    mxolod `sakuTari sicocxlis gadarCena" iyo, sicocxlisa, romelsac igi `vera-
    vis anacvalebda, verc samSoblos, yvelaze naklebad samSoblos".
    am rwmeniT gamodis maiori, SemdgomSi qaixosro makabelis gvar-saxels amo-
    farebuli es uTvistomo da uerovno kaci, cxovrebis asparezze, Cveni istorii-
    danac da literaturidanac kargad cnobil usamSoblo kondotierTa es Soreu-
    li STamomavali, romlis ojaxi SemdgomSi siZulvilisa da borotebis buded
    iqca.
    magram aqve, am movlenebis aRniSvnasTan erTad, arc is unda daviviwyoT,
    rom ukeTurebis am wiaRSi sikeTis Teslic Rvivdeba da imedis nergic aRmocen-
    491
    deba. rogorc ukve iTqva, swored am nergis funqcias asrulebs romanSi patara
    marTa, qaixosros SvilTaSvili, cimbiris katorRaSi dabadebuli gogona, rome-
    lic didi siyvaruliTa da sasoebiT Camohyavs biZas samSobloSi, rogorc simbo-
    lo qveynad sikeTis, saTnoebisa da adamianuri keTilSobilebis gadarCenisa da
    ukvdavebisa.

    * * *
    oTar WilaZis mesame romani _ `rkinis Teatri" (1981 w), romlisTvisac av-
    tors rusTavelis premia mieniWa, kidev ufro aRrmavebs wina romanebSi, pirvel
    yovlisa ki meore romanSi, gamovlenil literaturul siaxleebs. sxva faqto-
    rebTan erTad, `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman" da `rkinis Teatri" warmosaxul epo-
    qalur sinamdvileTa siaxloviTac hgvanan erTmaneTs. keZod, o. WilaZis axal
    romanSi farTo masStabebiTa da istoriuli simarTliT aisaxa XIX saukunis bo-
    lo ocwleulisa da meoce saukunis dasawyisis (1917 wlis revoluciis winare
    xanis) umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi. mwerali arc amjerad Ralatobs tradicias
    da imJamindel msoflioSi mimdinare procesebs, uwinares yovlisa, erovnuli
    TvalTaxedviT sjis da afasebs.
    imis gamo, rom moqmedeba baTumSi xdeba, avtorma gansakuTrebuli yurad-
    Rebis sagnad aWaraSi imxanad arsebuli mdgomareobis daxasiaTeba aqcia. ro-
    gorc cnobilia, aWara im periodisaTvis axali SemoerTebuli iyo dedasam-
    SoblosTan da iqaurTa cnobierebaSi qarTuli TviTSegnebis Semdgom gaRvivebas
    aqtiurad cdilobdnen Cveni eris mowinave Svilebi. am procesebma farTo asaxva
    hpova imxanad moRvawe araerTi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi. maTgan, upirveles yovli-
    sa, d. kldiaSvilis memuarebi _ `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze" unda davasaxeloT, ro-
    melSic patriotuli mgznebarebiTaa moTxrobili aWaris aRorZinebisa da
    mSobliur wiaRTan dabrunebis ambavi.
    o. WilaZis romanSi es yvelaferi lamis zedmiwevniTi sizustiTaa naambobi.
    warmosaxviT Seqmnili personaJebis gverdiT moqmedebis ganviTarebis procesSi
    iseTi cnobili pirovnebanic arian aqtiurad CarTulni, rogorebic gaxlavT:
    ilia WavWavaZe, daviT kldiaSvili, aleqsandre yazbegi da sxvebi. nawarmoebSi
    istoriuli simarTliTaa moTxrobili im periodis umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa
    qronika, mdidar faqtologiur masalaze dayrdnobiTaa aRwerili imJamindel sa-
    qarTvelosa da ruseTis imperiaSi arsebuli umZimesi viTareba.
    erovnul-patriotul miswrafebaTa siaxloviTa da mwerluri paTosis naTe-
    saobiT o. WilaZis `rkinis Teatri" pirobiTad d. kldiaSvilis memuarebis Tavi-
    sebur literaturul gagrZelebadac SeiZleba miviCnioT.
    nawarmoebis personaJTa cxovrebiseuli xvedri sisxlxorceuladaa dakavSi-
    rebuli XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis epoqalur movle-
    nebTan. mwerali Tumca fragmentulad da epizodurad, magram mainc sakmaod eq-
    spresiulad, warmosaxavs xalxSi revoluciuri sabrZolo suliskveTebis aRze-
    vebis process. ambis qronikul-informaciuli moTxrobis stili, romelsac am
    SemTxvevaSi igi iyenebs, naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis qveyanaSi Seqmnil rTul vi-
    Tarebaze.
    sazogadoeba erTmaneTTan mwvaved dapirispirebul or nawiladaa gayofili:
    xelisuflebis msaxurebad da mis mowinaaRmdegeebad. miuxedavad imisa, rom o. Wi-
    laZis romani istoriuli qronika ar aris, igi mainc farTod da damajereblad
    gviCvenebs antisaxelisuflebo winaaRmdegobis TandaTanobiTi aRzevebisa da re-
    voluciur amboxebad gardaqmnis process, rac imperiis siZlieres safuZvlebs
    uryevda da qveyanas ufskrulisaken miaqanebda.
    romanis saTauri _ `rkinis Teatri" baTumis Teatris saxelwodebidan mom-
    dinareobs. nawarmoebis erT-erTi mTavari personaJis ganmartebiT, swored ase
    hqvia maTi qalaqis Teatrs, vinaidan am SenobaSi, vidre mas Teatrad gadaake-
    Tebdnen, rkineulobis sawyobi yofila moTavsebuli. magram Teatris saxelwo-
    debis am martiv ganmartebas mweralma iqve meore personaJis mier gamoTqmuli
    Tvalsazrisic daupirispira. kerZod, Tbiliseli msaxiobis TqmiT, `Teatri rki-
    nasaviT gamZle unda iyos, rkinasaviT magari, radgan marto iqRa frialebs Cveni
    492
    droSa. mtrebis gulis gasaxeTqad". aseTia nawarmoebis saTauris Tavad romanis
    personaJebiseuli axsna-ganmarteba.
    magram, rogorc nawarmoebis gacnobis Semdgom xdeba cxadi, romanis saTa-
    urs avtorma gacilebiT meti azrobrivi datvirTva daakisra. Teatraluri sce-
    nis romantikul pirobiTobas aq cxovrebis scenaze mTeli sisastikiTa da ul-
    mobelobiT gaTamaSebuli adamianuri vnebebi da erovnul-socialuri winaaRmde-
    gobani cvlian da upirispirdebian. da Tu TeatrSi kargi TamaSisTvis ubeduri
    da tragikuli adamianis cxovrebiseuli xvedris warmomCeni msaxiobi mayureb-
    lis mquxare taSsa da siyvaruls imsaxurebs, realur sinamdvileSi amgvari be-
    dis mtvirTveli adamianisaTvis gankuTvnili jildo misi pirovnuli tragediaa.
    o. WilaZis romanSi swored aseTi tragikuli speqtakli TamaSdeba da rea-
    luri cxovrebis scenaze mwvaved da ulmoblad upirispirdebian erTmaneTs is
    adamianebi, romelTac gangebam tanjva-wamebiTa da aTasgvari gansacdeliT drama-
    tizebuli pirovnuli rolebis Sesruleba daakisraT. es adamianebi farTo speq-
    triTa da mravalferovnebiT warmoaCenen im viTarebis simkacresa da winaaRmde-
    gobriv xasiaTs, romelic XIX saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
    iyo damkvidrebuli ruseTis imperiis nawilad qceul Cvens qveyanaSi.

    * * *
    oTar WilaZis meoTxe romani _ `martis mamali" (1987 w.) qronologiuri
    TvalsazrisiT `rkinis Teatris" Tavisebur gagrZelebas warmoadgens. kerZod,
    masSi fragmentul-epizoduri formiT hpoves asaxva meoce saukunis iseTma did-
    mniSvnelovanma epoqalurma movlenebma, rogorebicaa: ilias mkvleloba, saqar-
    Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis damxoba, meore msoflio omi, omis Semdgomi
    wlebis socialuri sirTuleni da a. S. magram es yvelaferi romanSi imdenad
    fragmentulad da epizoduradaa warmosaxuli, rom nawarmoebis istorizmze sau-
    bari faqtobrivad pirobiTobis farglebs ver scildeba da mwerlis mier aRwe-
    rili istoriuli movlenebi arsebiTad personaJTa zneobrivi saxisa da pirovnu-
    li meobis warmosaCen fonadaa qceuli.
    am TvalsazrisiT `martis mamali" sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba mwerlis winan-
    deli romanebisagan, romlebSic epoqaluri sinamdvilis warmosaxva meti konkre-
    tulobiTa da qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT xasiaTdeba. `martis mamlis" sti-
    lur specifikas arsebiTad gansazRvravs is garemoeba, igi e. w. `cnobierebis na-
    kadis" principebiT Seqmnili nawarmoebi romaa. uwinares yovlisa, swored aman
    ganapiroba is faqti, rom masSi movlenaTa ganviTareba or gansxvavebul droSi
    xdeba _ realursa da warmosaxviTSi. es ori dro _ realuri da warmosaxviTi _
    nawarmoebSi ise xSirad da bunebrivad Tanamonacvleobs, rom isini mxolodRa
    pirobiTad Tu emijneba erTmaneTs.
    ase rom, `martis mamlis" mkiTxveli aSkarad xdeba `drois ori planis gam-
    Tlianebis mowame: pirveli _ movleniTi dro, romelic biWis Tavs gadamxdar
    movlenaTa realur, fizikur droiT sazRvrebs aRadgens; meore _ fsiqologiu-
    ri, misi cnobierebis subieqturi dro, sadac Tavs iyrian aRqmebi, SegrZnebebi,
    warmosaxva, sizmari, intuiciisa da fantaziis nairgvari warmonaqmnebi... drois
    meore planis daniSnulebaa empiriuli drois (pirveli planis) gadarTva `did
    droSi", misi dakavSireba eris istoriul xvedrTan, adamianis maradiul daniSnu-
    lebasTan" (m. kvaWantiraZe).
    `martis mamlis" umTavresi saTqmelis arssa da mizandasaxulobas kargad
    gamoxatavs romanis mTavari personaJis _ TxuTmeti wlis nikos mimarT mwerlis
    mier naTqvami Semdegi sityvebi: `wlebis raodenobiT ki ar ganisazRvreba Turme
    adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, aramed maxsovrobis maragiT; amitom mTavari
    is ki ar aris, TxuTmetisa xar Tu asTxuTmetisa, aramed _ ramdeni gaxsovs, kar-
    gic da cudic. ase rom, TxuTmeti wlis biWs, SeiZleba, nukrianel maTusalazec
    meti hqondes nacxovrebi". swored aseTi pirovnebaa niko, romelic Tumca jer-
    jerobiT mxolodRa TxuTmeti wlisa aris, magram mis cnobierebaSi winare dro-
    is araerTi movlena cocxldeba imdagvari sicxadiT, TiTqos es yvelaferi uSua-
    lod mis Tvalwin da misive TanamonawileobiT xdebodes. `fiqris rosinantze"
    493
    amxedrebuli ymawvili erTTviani mZime avadmyofobis dReebSi ara marto uSua-
    lod mis mier ganvlil cxovrebaSi mogzaurobs, aramed gardasuli droebis wi-
    aRSic.
    o. WilaZis romani faqtobrivad nikos mier amgvarad warmosaxul ambavTa
    mosaTxrobad dawerili nawarmoebia, im gancdebis, STabeWdilebebisa da emo-
    ciebis warmomCeni wigni, romelTac piradad nikos cxovrebaSi momxdari Tu ukve
    istoriis kuTvnilebad qceuli movlenebi aRZraven biWis cnobierebaSi. ase ir-
    Rveva romanSi movlenaTa gammijnavi qronologiuri sazRvrebi da realuri da
    warmosaxviTi dro da sivrce erTmaneTisagan ganuyofel organul mTlianobad
    aRiqmeba.
    romanis saTauri _ `martis mamali" mTavari personaJis metsaxelad nagu-
    lisxmevi alegoriaa. nawarmoebis saTauriT gamoxatuli azrobrivi Canafiqri,
    Tavad mwerlisave ganmartebiT, simboluri miniSnebaa im cxovrebiseuli xvedri-
    sa, romelic gangebam arguna nikos. `cxovrebis mier droze adre dakacebuli"
    Tavisi gmirisaTvis avtors es saxeli imitomac Seurqmevia, `martis mamali Cveu-
    lebrivze mkvircxlic romaa da yoCaRic". mweralma swored aseT `mkvircxl da
    yoCaR" pirovnebad daxata romanis mTavari personaJi, romelic Tavisi umZimesi
    erTTviani avadmyofobis periodSi ara marto fizikurad aRwevs Tavs sneulebas,
    aramed zneobrivad gajansaRebulica da pirovnulad gardaqmnilic ubrundeba
    cxovrebas.
    esaa uZnelesi gza bavSvobidan kacobamde, gza sulieri ganwmendisa da ada-
    mianuri amaRlebisa, rainduli keTilSobilebisa da moyvasisadmi RvTaebrivi
    siyvarulis gadarCenisa.

    * * *
    oTar WilaZis `avelumis" (1995 w.) mTavari personaJi mwerluri niWiT
    dajildoebuli pirovnebaa, literaturuli TavisTavadobiT gamorCeul mxat-
    vrul nawarmoebTa avtori, romlis SemoqmedebiTi individualoba romanSi asea
    daxasiaTebuli: `yvela misi gmiri erTi da igive pirovnebaa, oRond sxvadasxva
    epoqaSi mcxovrebi da drois Sesaferisad ferSecvlili. xolo is `erTi da igi-
    ve pirovneba" TviTonvea, ramdenadac yvela mwerali, yofilic da arsebulic,
    rogorc ar unda miukib-moukibos axalgamomcxvar interviuers Tavisi Semoqme-
    debiTi biografia, mainc imas aRwers, rac unaxavs da mainc imas xatavs, visac pi-
    radad icnobs".
    es sityvebi, romlebic, pirvel yovlisa, Tavad o. WilaZis literaturul da
    msoflmxedvelobriv mrwamss gamoxatavs naTlad da araorazrovnad, xazgasmiT
    migvaqcevinebs yuradRebas im organuli Sinagani kavSirisa da sisxlxorceuli
    mTlianobisTvis, riTac mwerlis Semoqmedeba, konkretulad ki misi beletristi-
    ka, xasiaTdeba. warmosaxul epoqalur sinamdvileTa gansxvavebulobis miuxeda-
    vad, o. WilaZis romanebis personaJebi, rogorc Tavad avtori ambobs, `sxvadasxva
    epoqaSi mcxovrebi da drois Sesaferisad ferSecvlili" erTi da igive pirov-
    nebani arian.
    o. WilaZis romanebze saubris dros aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic,
    rom misi yvela romani (garda pirvelisa) uwyveti qronologiuri Tanmimdev-
    robiT warmosaxavs epoqalur sinamdviles XVIII saukunis miwurulidan XX sau-
    kunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde (saxeldobr, 1992 wlamde). saqarTvelos isto-
    riis am orsaukunovani periodis mravali umniSvnelovanesi movlena o. WilaZis
    romanebSi erovnuli poziciebidanaa gansjil-gaazrebuli da personaJTa cxov-
    rebiseuli bedis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebad qceuli. epoqaluri sinamdvilis
    mxatvruli warmosaxvis am uwyveti qronologiuri periodis sawyis mijnas, ro-
    gorc cnobilia, mwerlis meore romani warmoadgens (`yovelman Cemman mpovnel-
    man"), rac drouli Tanamimdevrobis zusti dacviT gagrZelda avtoris momdevno
    beletristul qmnilebebSi.
    am TvalsazrisiT `avelumi" o. WilaZis Semoqmedebis erTgvarad Se-
    majamebel-damagvirgvinebeli romania, romelSic mxatvruli warmosaxvisa da
    msoflmxedvelobrivi gansjis sagnad ukve Tavad avtorisdroindeli epoqaluri
    494
    sinamdvilea qceuli, is umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi, romlebic mwerlis dros
    moxda saqarTveloSi, uSualod mis Tvalwin. wina romanebisagan gansxvavebiT, es
    yvelaferi `avelumSi" iseTi sizustiTa da yovlismomcvelobiTaa warmosaxuli,
    rom o. WilaZis romani garkveulwilad istoriuli qronikisa Tu mecnieruli
    Rirebulebis mqone dokumentis mniSvnelobasac iZens da 80-iani wlebis dasasru-
    lisa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis rTuli erovnul-politikuri viTarebis
    globalurad amsaxvel mxatvrul matianedac SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli.
    `avelumi" asociaciuri romania, pirovnebis cnobierebaSi warmoqmnil im
    asociaciur warmosaxvaTa da grZnoba-miswrafebaTa tragikuli formiT warmomCe-
    ni wigni, romelnic sisxlxorceuladaa dakavSirebuli qveyanaSi mimdinare ur-
    Tules procesebTan. adrindeli romanebisagan gansxvavebiT, epoqaluri movle-
    nebis avtoriseulma aRqma-gaazrebam `avelumSi" mZafrad gamovlenili Sinagani
    ironiac SeiZina, ironia, romlis meSveobiTac mwerali kidev ufro metad warmo-
    aCens viTarebis tragikul xasiaTsa da absurdul bunebas.
    o. WilaZe arc amjerad arRvevs tradicias da romanis personaJTa mxatvrul
    saxeebsa Tu calkeul pasaJebs Rrmaazrovan simbolur mniSvnelobas sZens. maga-
    liTad, swored aseTi datvirTva aqvs SeZenili nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi gmi-
    ris - avelumis saxelis azrobriv gagebas. avtoris ganmartebiT, avelumi Sume-
    ruli sityvaa da Tavisufal, sruluflebian moqalaqes niSnavs. mwerlis mier
    moTxrobili avelumis Tavgadasavali ki srul kontrastsa da SeusabamobaSia mi-
    si saxelis amgvar Sinaarsobriv gagebasTan.
    avelumis pirovnuli cxovrebaca da is sazogadoebriv-politikuri garemoc,
    romelSic mas uwevs cxovreba, mTlianadaa moklebuli adamianuri Tavisuf-
    lebisa da moqalaqeobrivi sruluflebianobis im gagebas, rac etimologiuri
    TvalsazrisiT mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom `avelumi mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze yvelanai-
    rad cdilobda swored Tavisufali, swored sruluflebiani moqalaqe yofi-
    liyo Tundac marto mis warmodgenaSi arsebuli qveynisa", igi mainc ise wavida
    am qveynidan, rom araferi gamouvida. misi `Tavganwiruli da usasrulo brZola",
    siyvarulis gziT moepovebina pirovnuli Tavisufleba da uflebamosileba, `uaz-
    rod da uSedegod" damTavrda.
    avelumis am dramatuli cxovrebiseuli Tavgadasavlis moTxroba romanSi
    sisxlxorceulad ukavSirdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi damkvidrebuli dam-
    Trgunveli sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis daxasiaTebasa da im umniSvne-
    lovanes movlenaTa erovnuli TvalTaxedviT gaazrebas, romlebic 1956 wlis 9
    martidan iwyeba da 1991-92 wlebis dekember-ianvris Tbilisis omis tragikuli am-
    bebis aRweriT mTavrdeba.
    romanSi es movlenebi Rrmad, globalurad da Seulamazeblad gamovlenili
    erovnul-politikuri TvalTaxedviTaa warmosaxuli. avelumis cxovrebiseuli
    xvedris aRweriT mwerali farTo ganzogadebulobiT mogviTxrobs im didi tra-
    gediis ambavs, romelic milionobiT adamians daatexa Tavs msoflioSi erT-erT
    udides saxelmwifod qceul `umkacres imperiaSi"damkvidrebulma politikur-sa-
    zogadoebrivma viTarebam.
    avelumi swored erT-erTi aseTi msxverplTagania. mwerali adamianis sulie-
    ri samyaros uRrmesi Sreebis ZirisZirobamde warmoCenis gziT gviambobs misi pi-
    rovnuli Tavisuflebis Sinagani daTrgunvisa da damonebis urTules da tragi-
    kul process. avelumis yovelgvari cda, Tundac ramdenamde mainc amxedreboda
    garemomcvel epoqalur sinamdviles, imTaviTve marcxisTvis iyo ganwiruli. ase
    rom, mTeli misi cxovreba am sulier daTrgunvilobasTan Seguebis tragikuli
    magaliTia.
    am TvalsazrisiT avelumis pirovnul-moqalaqeobrivi gabeduleba sag-
    rZnoblad gansxvavdeba misi Svilis Taobis erovnul-mamuliSviluri
    gambedaobisagan. marTalia, imperiul diqtatorul reJimTan Sinagani konfliqti
    da dapirispirebuloba arc avelumisa da misi Taobis mowinave warmomadge-
    nlebisTvis yofila ucxo grZnoba, ris naTel dadasturebad Tundac 1956 wlis
    9 martis tragediac SeiZleba gavixsenoT, magram drom da viTarebam maTi es su-
    495
    lieri protestantizmi ulmobeli simkacriT CaaxSo da isini gabatonebuli ideo-
    logiur saxelmwifoebrivi reJimiT daTrgunul adamianebad aqcia.
    amitomac xvdeba avelumi Tavisi qaliSvilisa da misi Tanatolebis romanti-
    kul antiimperiul gamosvlebs didi Sinagani sifrTxiliTa da SiSiT. TaobaTa
    amgvarma msoflmxedvelobrivma ganTiSulobam da urTierTdapirispirebulobam
    gansakuTrebuli ZaliT Tavi mainc 1989 wlis 9 aprilsa da 1991-92 wlebis de-
    kember-ianvris samoqalaqo omis periodSi iCines. naTqvamis dasturad Tundac
    romanis is epizodi gavixsenoT, sadac mwerali erTgvari filosofiuri ganzoga-
    debulobiT saubrobs imaze, yoveli adamiani `sul cota sami Taobis jams" rom
    warmoadgens _ papisas, mamisas da sakuTarisas. misi SefasebiT, `TviToeuli ma-
    Tgani _ papac, mamac, Svilic _ sami damoukidebeli sameulis ZiriTadi wevria"
    da `ara marto amTavrebs romelime sameuls, aramed axalsac iwyebs".
    wuTisoflis am maradiul wrebrunvaSi, avtoris TqmiT, avelumi ufro wina-
    morbedi Taobis msoflgagebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da `SeSinebulTa im same-
    uls amTavrebda", romlis warmomadgenelic papamisi iyo, kaci, romelic `cocxa-
    li rom yofiliyo, samalavis ZebnaSi iqneboda ukve, daunaneblad dayrida yvela-
    fers da gaiqceoda Rataki, damakninebeli siberisaken; mamac enaCaylapuli,
    gulxeldakrefili iwveboda isev". magram avelumi aqve imasac naTlad xedavs,
    cxovrebis am maradiul wrebrunvaSi arsebiTi gardatexa rom moxda da axalma
    viTarebam igi `uSiSarTa sameulis damwyebadac" rom aqcia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
    avelums, Tavad misive sityvebiT Tu vityviT, `daSinebulebis ufro esmoda, vid-
    re uSiSrebisa", is ukve naTlad da akSarad imasac grZnobda, irgvliv yvelaferi
    arsebiTad rom icvleboda da imperiuli reJimis cixe-godoli ingreoda.
    romantikuli erovnuli idealebiT aRgznebuli ekaekaterinekato (avelumis
    qaliSvili) da misi Tanatolebi samferovani droSebis frialiT idgnen rusTa-
    velze, mTavrobis sasaxlesTan, da yuradRebas sulac ar aqcevdnen im faqts, mo-
    mijnave quCebi rogor sabediswerod ivseboda tankebiTa da `SeniRbuli" samxed-
    ro teqnikiT.
    magram mwerali viTarebis mxolodRa gamaidealeblis rolSi ar gamodis da
    avelumis Svilis Taobis patriotul Tavganwirvaze saubris dros iqve imazec
    daufaravad saubrobs, romantikuli idealebiT gulanTebuli am axalgazrdebis
    gverdiT iseTebic sakmaod mravlad rom iyvnen, romlebic `jinsis Sarvlisa Tu
    kurtakis gulisTvis, maswavleblis Tvalwin, daniT klavdnen Tanaklasels", ra-
    Ta `xalxTa sapyrobileSi" `monadSobili CacmulobiT mainc damsgavseboda `im-
    qveyniur" Tanatolebs, romlebsac, jerjerobiT, mxolod filmebis meSveobiT
    icnobda".
    avtoriseuli saTqmelis arsSi bolomde gasarkvevad gansakuTrebuli
    yuradReba unda mivaqcioT simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone im azrobriv alegori-
    as, romelic mweralma avelumis sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebs daukavSira. amgva-
    ri grZnobiT avelumi erTsa da imave dros sam qalTan iyo dakavSirebuli: sju-
    lismier meuRlesTan - melaniasTan, romelTanac erTaderTi qaliSvili _ ekaeka-
    terinekato hyavda, rus soniasaTan da frang fransuazasTan. didi fsiqologiu-
    ri ZalmosilebiT aRwerili es intimuri adamianuri urTierTobani avtorma
    Rrmaazrovani simboluri SinaarsiT aRibeWda da nawarmoebis msoflmxedve-
    lobrivi mizanswrafvis erT-erT umTavres sayrdenad aqcia.
    miuxedavad intimur grZnobaTa im simtkicisa, riTac avelumi fransuazasTan
    da soniasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, misi da melanias urTierToba mainc gamorCeu-
    lad wmindaa da amaRlebuli. am siwmindesa da zneobriv simaRles maT urTier-
    Tobas, pirvel yovlisa, erovnuli genis saerTooba sZens, rasac melanias zemoT
    dasaxelebuli konkurentebic kargad grZnobdnen da xedavdnen. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom fransuazaca da soniac wrfeli adamianuri siyvaruliT iyvnen dakavSi-
    rebuli avelumTan, maT, mwerlis TqmiT, melanias gvirgvinisTvis mainc ver See-
    bedaT, vinaidan TavianTi Tavi mis tolad ar miaCndaT.
    ase rom, `siyvarulis im imperiaSi", romlis saWeTmpyrobelic avelumi iyo,
    melanias yvelasgan gamorCeuli adgili eWira, rasac misi metoqe qalebic `aRi-
    arebdnen usityvod". avelumisTvis melanias gansakuTrebulobas, uwinares yovli-
    496
    sa, is gansazRvravda, igi im miwis RviZli nawili rom iyo, romelSic Tavad ave-
    lums `hqonda fesvi gadgmuli". mwerlis TqmiT, `melania sakuTari sisxliT
    kvebavda avelumis fesvebs, raTa imas ecocxla". ase axerxebda qali imJamindel
    `Cvens saerTo, uzarmazar sapyrobileSi SedarebiT patara, mxolod da mxolod
    avelumisTvis gankuTvnili, faqtiurad erTadgiliani sapyrobiles Seqmnas, rom-
    lis ucvleli zedamxedveli TviTon iyo".
    aqve, yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, erT arsebiT garemoebasac usaTuod
    unda mivaqcioT yuradReba: Tu melania erovnuli genisa da ojaxuri tradiciis
    warmomCeni mxatvruli saxe-simboloa, avelumis, soniasa da fransuazas sasiyva-
    rulo Tavgadasavlebis moTxrobiT mwerali maTi mSobeli qveynebis istoriuli
    da samomavlo urTierTobis Taobazec migvaniSnebs Taviseburi alegorizmiT.
    kerZod, soniasa da avelumis romani, SeiZleba iTqvas, ruseT-saqarTvelos
    sakmaod rTul da dramatul urTierTobas warmoaCens simboluri saxiT. Tavda-
    pirvelad avelumis gamijnureba soniaze bunebrivad gaCenil im intimur grZno-
    bad aRiqmeba, romelsac orive mxarisTvis bedniereba da sixaruli moaqvs. magram
    sul male avelumTan misma urTierTobam Tavdapirveli zneobrivi siwminde
    dahkarga, angar da avxorc vnebad gadaiqca da erT dros sayvareli arsebisadmi
    SurisZiebis grZnobiT aRgznebuli sonia ara marto maTi siyvarulis xorciel
    nayofs iSorebs abortis gziT, aramed am siyvarulsac ifxeks gulidan.
    SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom soniasa da avelumis naSieris amgvari xelyofiTa
    da maTi urTierTobis aseTi formiT dasrulebiT avtorma simbolurad imaze
    migvaniSna, am personaJTa mSobeli qveynebis samomavlo urTierTobas perspeqtiva
    rom ara aqvs.
    soniasagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT rTuli urTierTdamokidebuleba myar-
    deba avelumsa da frang fransuazas Soris. qalma sabWoTa kavSirSi sam-
    saxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis Jams gaicno da Seiyvara avelumi. maTi dra-
    matuli sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlis moTxrobiT mweralma politizebuli for-
    miT dagvanaxa sabWouri reJimis damTrgunveli buneba. imisaTvis, rom borotebis
    imperiaSi mcxovreb mijnurTan damakavSirebeli grZnoba ar ganeleboda, fransua-
    zam am siyvarulis gadarCenis aseTi gza moZebna: `misi sisxli da xorci sam-
    SobloSi waiyola Tan am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da kontrabandasaviT
    gadaapara avelumis geni saxelmwifo sazRvarze".
    ase evlineba qveynierebas `ori saxelmwifos lamis ganuwyveteli meT-
    valyureobis qveS Casaxuli" is adamiani, romelic mavTulxlarTebiT Semosaz-
    Rvruli borotebis imperiis daxSuli sivrcis garRvevisa da Tavisufal
    samyarosTan dakavSirebis perspeqtivas aCens.
    magram mogvianebiT col-Svilis sanaxavad parizSi Casulma avelumma erTba-
    Sad dainaxa is gadaulaxavi ufskruli, romelic maT Soris aRmarTuliyo: `gar-
    da sityvebisa, gindac garda sityvebiT gamoTqmuli grZnobebisa, sxva araferi
    hqondaT saerTo, arc samSoblo, arc ena, arc warsuli da arc momavali. arafe-
    ri!"
    erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi gaucxoebis am fonze kidev ufro met azrobriv
    datvirTvas iZens is patriotuli enTuziazmi, riTac ekaekaterinekato da misi
    qarTveli Tanatolebi ibrZvian borotebis imperiis tyveobisagan maTi sam-
    Soblos gansaTavisufleblad. Tumca aqve isic usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, mwera-
    li viTarebis romantikul idealizaciasac rom ar axdens da mamuliSviluri
    TavganwirviT mebrZoli axalgazrdebis gverdiT adamianuri ukeTurebiT go-
    nebaaRreul pirovnebaTa fragmentul mxatvrul saxeebsac qmnis.
    mravlismTqmelia is faqti, 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediaze saubari mwe-
    ralma asociaciurad 1956 wlis 9 martis sisxliani ubedurebis gaxsenebas rom
    daukavSira. 9 aprilisagan gansxvavebiT, 9 martis mTavari Semoqmedi avelumis
    Taoba iyo. imxanad swored am Taobam gaiRo yvelaze didi msxverpli erovnuli
    interesebis dasacavad, rac ganzogadebuli formiT aisaxa romanSi demonstran-
    tebis darbevis dros sasikvdilod daWrili im biWis saxiT, romelic avelumis
    Tvalwin iRupeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris is ambavi, rom am biWis saxe araerTgzis
    497
    cocxldeba avelumis cnobierebaSi, riTac simbolurad esmeba xazi erovnuli
    genis ukvdavebasa da dauTrgunvelobas.
    miuxedavad im didi Sinagani dapirispirebulobisa, riTac avelumi sabWoTa
    reJimisadmia ganwyobili, igi mainc beds Serigebuli is pirovnebaa, romelsac
    `sxvis kmayofaze dafuZnebul Tavisuflebas isev damadlebuli, bediT dam-
    saxurebuli tusaRoba erCia yovelTvis"; amitomac iyo, rom man bednieri SemTxve-
    viT ar isargebda da emigraciaSi ar wavida, rogorc mis pirobebSi myofi `yvela
    WkuaTmyofeli sabWoeli moiqceoda".
    nawarmoebSi siRrmiseuladaa axsnili da erTgvarad politizebuli formiT
    naCvenebi is rTuli procesebi, romelTac Sedegad sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva
    mohyva. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad saintereso ara marto iseTi didmniSvnelova-
    ni movlenebis Sesaxeb saubaria, rogorebic, vTqvaT, 1956 wlis 9 marti da 1989
    wlis 9 aprili iyo, aramed qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli rTuli ideologiuri viTa-
    rebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebis damTrgunveli sabWouri reJimis zogadi
    daxasiaTebac.
    magaliTad, ai, rogor aRwers avtori im mdgomareobas, romelic imperiis
    ngrevis kviraZalSi Seiqmna qveyanaSi: `imperia raRacis, gaurkvevlis molodins
    Seepyro. ra Tqma unda, alegoriuli leqsebic iwereboda da alegoriuli speq-
    taklebic idgmeboda, magram pirdapir jer kidev veravin ityoda, ra grZnobebi
    tanjavda da risi molodini hqonda. ityoda, daiWerdnen. sul cota, sagiJeTSi
    mainc ukravdnen Tavs. rac mTavaria, xalxs imedi gasCenoda, magram risi imedi
    iyo es imedi, aravin icoda da arc ase Sors bedavda ocnebis zRvaSi Setopvas...
    esec axali grZnoba iyo sabWoelisaTvis... imedi ki, radgan gaCeniliyo, iz-
    rdeboda kidec, aRarc kedlebs epueboda, aRarc mavTulxlarTebs _ izrdeboda,
    izrdeboda da sabWoeTis yvela qalaqs erTianad ixutebda gulSi".
    rac Seexeba zemoT ukve naxseneb im mniSvnelovan movlenebs, riTac romanSi
    aRwerili periodis Cveni yofa gamoirCeva, isini, gansakuTrebiT ki 1889 wlis 9
    aprili da 1991-92 wlebis dekember-ianvris ambebi, avtors TiTqmis dokumenturi
    sizustiTac ki aqvs moTxrobili. o. WilaZe am movlenaTa uSualod TviTmxilve-
    li kacis STambeWdaobiT aRwers im rTul viTarebas, romelic am sisxliani
    tragediis dReebSi sufevda TbilisSi.
    sabolood, yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze, kidev erTxel gavusvam xazs
    im garemoebas, rom Janrobrivad mravalferovani Tavisi SemoqmedebiT oTar
    WilaZem, rogorc metad faseuli literaturuli memkvidreobis Semqmnelma
    didma mwerlma, myarad daimkvidra gamorCeulad mniSvnelovani adgili qarTuli
    literaturis istoriaSi.

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