Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi

Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi

Tbilisi, 2010
gamocemulia biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas~ mier

finansuri xelSewyoba:

yvela ufleba daculia

masala moamzada giorgi barisaSvilma

recenzentebi: maia mirvelaSvili, Teimuraz Rlonti, levan fruiZe.

redaqtori: manana gigauri

saredaqcio kolegia: mariam jorjaZe, Tamaz dundua

literaturuli koreqtura: nodar ebraliZe

dizaini da dakabadoneba: manana gigauri

gamoyenebulia Tamaz dunduas, giorgi barisaSvilis da ia ebraliZis fotoebi

ydaze: Tamaz dunduas foto

ISBN 978-9941-0-2611-9
sarCevi

winaTqma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

qvevris saxelebi Zvel saqarTveloSi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi, istoria da dRevandeloba ----------------------------------

10

qvevris sikeTe --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

qvevrebis kiriT daduRabeba da maTi recxva -------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

qvevris damuSaveba cviliT

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sarqveli --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

qvevris Rvino
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zedaSis qvevri da Rvino

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qvevris damRebi
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boloTqma
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gamoyenebuli literatura
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5
winaTqma liT Secvlis politikas, 1846 wels aRiarebda
qarTuli qvevris upiratesobas evropuli kas-
rebisa da Canebis mimarT.
biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkana~ ra fenomenia qvevri da ratom unda davayenoT
gTavazobT broSuras - `Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi~, masSi Rvino? am kiTxvaze pasuxi mkiTxvels SeuZlia
romelic eZRvneba Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis miiRos biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia
teqnologiis popularizacias. qarTuli tra- `elkanas~ mier gamocemul naSromi, romelic
diciuli Rvino ki warmoudgenelia uqvevrod! Seicavs monacemebs saqarTveloSi meqvevreobis
qvevri fenomenaluri WurWelia, romlis war- istoriis, qvevris rolze yurZnis Rvinis alko-
moSoba saTaves saqarTvelos istoriis wiaRSi holuri duRilisa da misi davargeba-Senaxvis
iRebs. broSura mokled gagacnobT qvevrisa da procesSi, qvevrebis momzadebis da movlis sakiT-
meqvevreobis rogorc uZveles, ise axlo warsuls xebze. dainteresebuli mkiTxveli am naSromSi
da dRevandel mdgomareobas, qvevris movlisa da moipovebs ara erT rCeva-darigebas qvevris mov-
Rvinis dayenebis teqnologias. TavisTavad cxadia, lisa da momzadebis Sesaxeb rTvelis sezoni-
rom erTi, Tundac vrceli naSromi ver daitevs saTvis. es sasargeblo naSromSi metad droulia
informacias mTeli saqarTvelos kuTxeebidan unda miviCnioT erTgvar gzamkvlevad iseT sain-
qvevrebisa da meqvevreobis Sesaxeb; aqedan gamom- tereso da mniSvnelovan samyaroSi, rogoricaa
dinare, Cven SevecadeT SevxebodiT im ZiriTadsa qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineoba. gamovTqvamT
da aqtualur sakiTxebs, romlebic interesmok- imeds, rom `elkanas~ mier gamocemuli naSromi _
lebuli ar unda iyos Cveni mkiTxvelisaTvis. `Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi” am sapatio misias aRas-
asociacia `elkanas” da saqarTvelos mebaRe- rulebs.~
obis, mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis instituts Soris
arsebuli urTierTTanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis Teimuraz Rlonti
farglebSi, institutis direqtoris profesor teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, alaverdis
Teimuraz dekanosiZis xelSewyobiT, dargis wamyva- monastris tradiciuli marnis meRvine konsultanti,
ni specialistebi gaecnen broSuris teqsts da mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis saerTaSoriso akademiis
moamzades vrceli recenziebi. gTavazobT ramde- namdvili wevri.
nime amonarids am recenziebidan:

`qvevris mniSvneloba Rvinis daduRebisa da

davargebisaTvis odiTganvea cnobilia, jer kidev `naSromi - `Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi~ eZRvneba
XIX saukunis I naxevarSi specialisti g. lenci, Rvinis mama-papurad, qarTulad, dayenebis popu-
romelic emsaxureboda adgilobrivi tradi- larizacias da tradiciuli WurWlis qvevris
ciebis, wes-Cveulebebisa da vazis jiSebis evropu- movlis RonisZiebebs.

6
5
 naSromSi farTodaa ganxiluli qvevris saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi qvevrs Taviseburad
saxeobebi, sarqveli, qvevris damRebi, misi Tbo- iyeneben, magram principi erTia: mTlian WaWaze an
izolaciuri unari da movlis RonisZiebebi (da- WaWis erT nawilze tkbilis saboloo daduReba.
duRabeba, recxva, cviliT damuSaveba). agreTve Rvinis Semdgomi davargeba-damwifeba, qvevrSi
qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis tradiciuli teqno- mimdinareobs. Rvinis srulfasovnad dayenebas
logiebi calkeuli kuTxeebis mixedviT: kaxuri, xuTi weli mainc sWirdeba. xuTi wlis Tavze
imeruli, qarTlis (xidisTavi). mcire moculobis miviRebT didebul brends _ WeSmaritad bunebriv
miuxedavad, naSromi mniSvnelovnad tevadia da qarTul Rvinos, romlis badali msoflio meRvi-
eyrdnoba wyaroebs. neobam ar icis. meqvevreoba mxolod saqarTve-
Cveni azriT, wignis gamoqveyneba saSuri saqmea, loSia Semonaxuli da metad dasanania, rom is
radganac igi gankuTvnilia rogorc specialis- xelmadliani ostatebi, romlebic qvevrebs ake-
tebisaTvis, ise am saqmiT dainteresebuli kerZo Teben, TiTebze CamosaTvlelni darCnen. vidre
pirTaTvis, da emsaxureba momavali TaobebisaTvis droa, maT unda mivxedoT, miveSveloT, TiTo-
qarTuli tradiciebis Semonaxvas. miT umetes, eulis uaRresad mZime, magram qarTuli erovnuli
rom bolo wlebSi amgvari wignebiT ganebivrebuli Rirsebis matarebeli urTulesi Sroma saTanadod
ar varT.~ gavacnobieroT da yovel moqmed ostats meti
asparezi mivceT.
maia mirvelaSvili `elkanas~ mier gamocemuli winamdebare narkvevi,
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori. romelic miznad qvevris popularizacias isaxavs,
mevenaxeobis agroteqnologiuri kvlevis misi praqtikulad gamoyenebisaTvis maRalpro-
ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier TanamSromeli fesiul rCeva-darigebas iZleva. bunebrivia, igi
xelmisawvdomi unda gaxdes qarTuli erovnuli
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobiT dainteresebuli yvela
pirovnebisaTvis. dadga Jami, rodesac qarTvelebi
qarTuli cxovrebis wessa da erovnul tradiciebs
unda daubrundnen _ Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba
`qvevri uZvelesi qarTuli originaluri saRvine ganaxorcielon. Tu amas mivaRwevT, msoflioSi
WurWelia, gamoyenebuli marcvleulis Sesanaxad Seudarebeli Rirsebis da xarisxis qarTul
da sxvadasxva daniSnulebiTac, magram misi Rvinos metoqeobas veraferi gauwevs.~
umTavresi funqcia Rvinis dayeneba da Senaxvaa.
swored am mizniT unda warmoSobiliyo es friad levan fruiZe.
Taviseburi WurWeli neoliTis xanidan swored istorikosi _ eTnologi,
qarTul niadagze. qarTuli Rvinis teqnologia agraruli eTnologiis specialisti.
msoflioSi erTaderTia da TavisTavad mTlianad
qvevriTaa ganpirobebuli. meRvineobiT cnobil

7
Sesavali
mecnieruli da arqeologiuri kvlevebis sa-
fuZvelze SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom `saqarT-
velo vazisa da Rvinis klasikuri qveyanaa, sadac
venaxis WeSmariti samSoblo egulebaT, sadac vaz-
yurZnis uTvalavi jiSi gamouyvaniaT, `sadac iseT
Cinebul Rvinos svamen, rogorsac arsad~, sadac
cocxalia mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis arqauli
wesebi~...
mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze,
qarTvelebma SeimuSaves Rvinis dayenebis unika-
luri meTodi - yurZnis tkbilis CatovebiT miwaSi
Rrmad Camarxul Tixis mozrdil WurWelSi –
qvevrSi. antikuri xanidan moyolebuli mravali yenebeli WurWlis dargi, yvelaze metad saqarT-
saukunis manZilze es codna TandaTan viTar- veloSi iyo ganviTarebuli. am mxriv qarTvel ers
deboda da ixveweboda axal-axali gamocdi- namdvilad aqvs Seqmnili msoflios mevenaxeobisa
lebebis SeZeniT. da meRvineobis istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
qarTveli arqeologebis mier aRmoCenil furceli. amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom zogi-
keramikul nawarmTa Soris qvevrs gansakuTrebuli erTi mecnieris azriT, sityva “Rvino” savaraudod
adgili ukavia. Tixis WurWlis damzadebis qarTu- swored qarTuli warmomavlobisaa da msoflio
li tradiciuli xeloba mravali wlisaa. enebSi swored Cveni enidan unda iyos Sesuli da
gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili Zveli Tixis nakeTobebi gavrcelebuli.
naTlad asaxavs Zveli qarTvelebis maRali donis qvevrma, Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan dRevandlamde,
ostatobas am xelobaSi. qvevrebi gamoiyeneboda marTalia, ganicada garkveuli saxecvlileba,
marcvleulis, erbos, WaWisa Tu sxva aryis, mwni- magram, miuxedavad amisa, man Cvenamde, mravali sa-
leulisa da sxvaTa Sesanaxadac, magram misi war- ukunis Semdeg, TiTqmis ucvlelad moaRwia. aRsa-
moSoba swored meRvineobis ganviTarebas ukav- niSnavia isic, rom TiTqmis ar Secvlila qvevrebSi
Sirdeba da igi konkretulad Rvinis WurWels Rvinis dayenebis teqnologiac. es ukanaskneli ki
warmoadgens. imdenad unikaluri da daxvewili Sinaarsisaa, rom
ra Tqma unda, didi zomis keramikuli WurWeli ganviTarebas arc ki eqvemdebareba.
ara marto CvenSi, aramed sxvaganac mzaddeboda, qvevrebs jer kidev axlo warsulSi aqtiurad
romelic ise, rogorc aq, sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT iyenebdnen, dRes ki maTi gamoyenebac da damza-
gamoiyeneboda, magram SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, debac Zalze SezRudulia - dRes qvevrebs TiTze
rom meqvevreoba, rogorc meRvineobaSi gamosa- CamosaTvleli ostatebiRa Tu amzadeben.

8
 amas emateba isic, rom meqvevreoba, da gan-
sakuTrebiT, didi zomis qvevrebis damzadeba, did
codnas, gamocdilebasa da aseve danaxarjebs mo-
iTxovs da am dargs sul ufro da ufro cota mim-
devari hyavs. arada meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi erT
dros, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi wamyvani dargi
iyo meTuneobis xuTi ZiriTadi dargidan. meqvev-
reoba rom Zalze rTuli dargia, isic metyvelebs,
rom, magaliTad, meagures Tavisuflad SeeZlo
kramitis damzadebac an piriqiT, xolo meWurWles
9
ki, magaliTad, Tonisa, magram qvevr-Wurebis dam-
zadeba da am dargis codna ki yovelTvis calke
sagani iyo qarTul meTuneobaSi.
dResdReobiT qvevrebi saqarTvelos mxolod
xuT-eqvs sofelSiRa mzaddeba. Zvelad ki qvevrebi
Zalian bevr adgilas mzaddeboda. meqvevreobiT
ganTqmuli yofila saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuT-
xis soflebi: sairme, cxavaTi, uwlevi, anaga, bod-
bisxevi, Cxiroula da sxv.
qvevris saxelebi Zvel
saqarTveloSi
TavisTavad cxadia, saqarTveloSi iarsebebda
da arsebobda kidec Tixis sxvadasxva zomisa da
formis, Rvinis Sesanaxi WurWeli, romelTac Tav-
TavianTi saxelebi erqva maTi formisa da da-
niSnulebis Sesabamisad. CvenSi gavrcelebul qvev-
rebs xSirad metad gansxvavebuli forma da zoma
aqvT. cxadia, yvela formisa da zomis qvevrs dRe-
vandeliviT erTi saerTo saxeli ar eqneboda; yve-
la WurWels Tavisi Sesabamisi saxelebi erqmeoda.
am mxriv Zalze saintereso cnobebs
sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis konaSi”.
`... Wuri ars kecTagan WurWeli: qvevri, yvibari, qoco,
xalani, dergi, lagvni, lagvnari da misTanani...”.
sagulisxmoa, rom Zvel qarTulSi `Wuri~ ram-
denime mniSvnelobis mqone sityvaa (iaraRi, abjari,
meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi,
istoria da dRevandeloba
qvevrebi saqarTvelos bevr sofelSi mzadde-
boda. am soflebisa da adgilebis saTiTaod gan-
xilva Zalze Sors wagviyvans, amitom am sakiTxze
aRar SevCerdebiT. amjerad Cven ganvixilavT im
ZiriTad da cnobil adgilebs, sadac mzaddeboda
ganTqmuli qarTuli qvevrebi.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qvevrebis keTebiT
cnobili iyo Semdegi mxareebi da soflebi: siR-
naRis raionis soflebi: anaga da bodbisxevi; Te-
lavis raionSi - vardisubani; sagarejos raionSi -
anToki da sxv. qvevris keTebas qarTl-kaxeTis sxva
soflebSic misdevdnen sezonurad mosuli xe-
WurWeli), dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki dRes Wuri
qvevris mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. saintereso cnobebs
gvaZlevs akad. iv. javaxiSvili: “guriasa da samegre-
loSic or-ori saxeli arsebobs da aqac orive gansxvavebuli
sididis WurWlis aRmniSvnelia. saxeldobr, didi da saSua-
lo tanis WurWels guriaSi Wuri, odiSSi lagvani ewodebo-
da; xolo momcros, romelic 5 vedromde tkbils, anu Rvinos
Caitevada, guriaSi qvibari, odiSSi laxuti erqva~.
amrigad saqarTveloSi ZvelTaganve gavrce-
lebul saxelTagan, romlebiTac Rvinis Sesanax,
sxvadasxva zomisa da formis WurWels moixse-
niebdnen, CvenTvis cnobilia Semdegi saxelebi:
vxvdebiT qvevri, Wuri, dergi, lagvini, lagvani, lagvinari,
yvibari, qvibari, qubari, laxuti, Casavali, xalani
da qoco. SesaZloa Soreul warsulSi sxva sa-
xelebic arsebobda, romlebiTac Rvinis Sesanaxi
WurWeli iyo saxeldebuli, magram cnobebi amis
Sesaxeb jerjerobiT ar mogvepoveba.
losnebi. aseTi soflebia: sarTiWala, xaSmi, sa-
garejo, diRomi, axalqalaqi (kaspis r-ni), kavTis-
xevi da sxv.
qvevrebi vardisubnidan
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 XIX saukuneSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi meq- da iyideboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bevr so-
vevreobiT ganTqmuli yofila sofeli anToki felsa Tu qalaqSi. cxavaTeli meqvevreebi didi
kaxeTi), rasac mowmobs eTnografiuli masala da zomis qvevrebs ar amzadebdnen, aq ZiriTadad qo-
literaturuli cnobebi. ai, ras wers T. l. e. coebi da maTze cota mozrdili qvevrebi mzad-
jorjaZe Tavis naSromSi (mevenaxeoba da Rvinis da- deboda, xolo didi zomis qvevrebi qsnis xeobaSi,
yeneba, keTeba da gaumjobeseba xelTmZRvanelo- rogorc m. zandukeli mogviTxrobs Tavis naSromSi
bisaTvis kaxuri Rvinis myenebelTa. Tbilisi, 1876.) (qarTuli xalxuri keramika (qsnis xeoba). Tbilisi
am soflis Sesaxeb: `rogoraTac uwindels egreTve 1982) imereTidan SemohqondaT. Tavad imereTSi ki
axlandels droebSi, Tfilisis uezdSi sarTiWalis uCastkaSi meqvevreobiT ganTqmuli yofila soflebi: bos-
sofel anTokSi gakeTebuli qvevri yvela sxva adgilebis levi, Cxiroula, maqaTubani da sxv.
Cvens mier aseve Seswavlili iqna Zvel droSi,
qvevrze kargi gamodis da visac am adgilidan aqvs waRebuli
rogorc zogadad meTuneobiT, ise konkretulad
qvevri anu uwindeli da anu axlandeli, igini yvelani
qvevrebis keTebiT guriis ganTqmuli soflebi
kmayofilni arian da amboben rom Rvinos kargad da didxans
akeTi da acana. am adgilebSi sakmaod xarisxiani
inaxamso da am soflis qvevrebze yvelgan qebis xma aris
qvevrebi mzaddeboda da mzaddeba amJamadac,
gavrcelebuli.~
Tumca am dargs mimdevrebi, samwuxarod, TiTqmis
vaxuSti batoniSvili aliswylis xeobis
aRar darCnen - Tu warsulSi meqvevreobas
aRwerisas (qarTlis cxovreba IV) aRniSnavs:
aTeulobiT ostati misdevda, dResdReobiT
`als zeiT ars, lixis mTis kalTas, cixe alisa. cixes ukan ars
sofel acanaSi qvevrebs ori ostatiRa amzadebs.
sofeli uwlevi, mTaSi. aq akeTeben Wursa Rvinisasa keTilsa,
yovelTa umjobessa”...
Cven SeviswavleT xaSuris raionis sofeli
uwlevi da misi mimdebare soflebi. dasanania, rom
rogorc sofel uwlevSi, ise mis siaxloves am-
Jamad ukve didi xania meTuneobas aRaravin misdevs,
Tumca adgilobriv mosaxleobas da gansakuT-
rebiT xandazmul xalxs jer kidev axsovT, rom
Zvel droSi sofel uwlevSi umzadebiaT kramiti,
sxvadasxva WurWeli da qvevrebi. mosaxleobas jer
kidev moepoveba adgilobrivi warmoebis WurWlis
Zveli nimuSebi. meTuneoba da konkretulad meq-
vevreoba qsnis xeobaSi da, kerZod, sofel cxa-
vaTSic yofila kargad ganviTarebuli, Tumca am
mxareSi dReisaTvis meTuneobas ukve karga xania
imeruli qvevrebi Tbilisis eTnografiuli
aRar misdeven. cxavaTuri WurWeli ganTqmuli iyo
muzeumis ezoSi

11

qvevris damzadeba sof. maqaTubanSi
meqvevre acanidan SroSeli meqvevre
sofel akeTSi, gansakuTrebulad maRali xa-
risxis saqvevre Tixis arsebobis gamo, qvevrebi da,
zogadad, WurWeli da sxva nakeTobac (kramiti,
Tone, aguri, Wis gvimi.), amave sofelSi mopovebuli
Tixisagan mzaddeboda rogorc Tavad akeTSi, ise
acanaSic; samegreloSi qvevrebi mzaddeboda sof-
lebSi: namkolao, muxuri, jvari, Wale, namyoli,
WkaduaSi, paxulani, korcxeli da sxv. leCxumSi
12
xalxuri rewvis am dargiT cnobili iyo sairme.
samwuxarod, garda kaxeTisa, imereTisa da gu-
riisa, dResdReobiT qvevrebi aRarsad mzaddeba.
meqvevreobis cnobili kera iyo Telavis raio-
nis sofeli vardisubani, sadac am dargs odiT-
ganve misdevdnen. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi var-
disubani erTaderTi sofelia, sadac, Zveli dro-
idan moyolebuli, meqvevreobas amJamadac misde-
ven (am sofelSi Zvelad amzadebdnen aseve To-
neebs, agurs, kramitsa da sxvadasxva WurWels). es
sofeli ganTqmuli iyo masiuri da amavdroulad
didi moculobis qvevrebis damzadebiT. amJamad
vardisubanSi mzaddeba maqsimum 2_2,5 tonis teva-
dobis qvevrebi. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da
meqvevreTa gadmocemiT, adre aq ufro didi zomis
qvevrebic umzadebiaT. saerTod, kaxeTi gamoir-
Ceoda gansakuTrebiT didi zomis qvevrebis dam-
zadebiT. magaliTad, sofel SildaSi dResac
vxvdebiT 6_8 aTasi litris tevadobis qvevrebs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, meqvevreobas zemo
imereTis ramdenime sofelSic misdevdnen da mis-
deven dResac. imereTSi, kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT,
SedarebiT mcire zomis qvevrebi mzaddeba, Tumca ki
aqacaa SesaZlebeli 2_2,5 aTas litramde teva-
dobis qvevrebis damzadeba. es pirvel rigSi, al-
baT, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom imereTi, kaxeTTan Se-
darebiT mciremiwiani mxarea da aq venaxebi Se-
darebiT mcire farTobebzea gaSenebuli, amitom
yurZnis mosavalic SedarebiT mcirea da Zalze
didi zomis qvevrebis saWiroebac naklebia.
zogadad saqarTveloSi qvevrebis moculoba
meryeobda 2—3 litridan 6—8 aTas litramde.
Tumca arsebobs varaudi, rom saqarTveloSi Zve-
lad ukeTebiaT aseve giganti qvevrebic, romelTa
moculoba 10-15 000 litramdec ki aRwevda.
qvevris sikeTe xniT SeinarCunebs, vidre dauduRabebeli qvevrisa.
rogorc irkveva, qvevris kedlebi swored imden
xans inarCunebs siTbos, ra droc vaSl-rZemJavur,
qvevrebis warmomavlobisa da tipebis Sesaxeb
anu, rogorc amas xSirad uwodeben, meorad du-
Cven mokled ukve visaubreT da amjerad am Temas
Rils esaWiroeba. aRniSnuli duRilis periodi
aRar SevexebiT, aramed SevCerdebiT qvevris im si-
daaxloebiT erT Tvemde grZeldeba Sinaur piro-
keTeze, romelic bolomde jer kidev gamoukv-
bebSi. vaSl-rZemJavur duRili gansakuTrebiT aq-
levelia, da vfiqrobT, rom es Tema Zalze mniSv-
tualuri wiTel RvinoebSia, Tumca mas garkveu-
nelovania qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineobisaT-
li mniSvneloba TeTr RvinoebSic eniWeba, gansa-
vis. Cven SevexebiT sam ZiriTad da Zalze sakvanZo
kuTrebiT ki maRalmJaviani Rvinoebis SemTxvevaSi.
moments: bunebrivi temperaturuli balansi qvevr-
am dros RvinoSi klebulobs vaSlmJavas Semcve-
Si, Rvinis daduReba-davargeba da qvevris Rvinidan
loba da Rvino iZens garkveul gemovnur sisru-
Rvinis qvis gamoyofa. unda aRiniSnos, rom imas, ra-
les da daxvewilobas da masSi aRar igrZnoba ara-
sac qarxnul pirobebSi sxvadasxva qimiuri danama-
sasiamovno da maRali mJavianoba. ZiriTadad amave
tebi da danadgarebi esaWiroeba, raTa Rvinom Sei-
process emsaxureba Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyo-
Zinos stabiluroba da gamWvirvaloba, qvevrebSi,
fis procesic, romelzec SemdgomSi gveqneba sauba-
Tuki, ra Tqma unda, qvevrica da Tavad maranic rigi
ri da romelic Rvinis teqnologiaSi sul sxva
wesebis dacviTaa damzadebuli da mowyobili, bu-
process warmoadgens.
nebrivad mimdinareobs da aranair qimiur danamats
qvevris Rvinis dayenebis dros meore da erT-
ar saWiroebs.
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani procesi aris qvevrSi
pirveli da ZiriTadi sikeTe qvevrisa aris is,
Rvinis daduReba-davargeba. qvevri, ara marto Rvi-
rom masSi Rvinis temperatura Senaxvis dadgenil
nos kargad inaxavs, aramed monawileobs kidec du-
zRvars ar scildeba da igi zamTarsa da zafxulSi
Rilisa Tu daRvineba-davargebis procesSi; da
sul ramdenime gradusiT icvleba - is tempera-
imaze metad, vidre sxva WurWeli, da amrigad
tura, rac miRebulia Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis da ro-
dRemde gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos qvevri Rvinis
melsac qarxnuli meRvineobis pirobebSi rigi da-
teqnologiuri procesis mimdinareobaSi monawi-
nadgarebi da danaxarjebi esaWiroeba, qvevrebSi bu-
leobas ar iRebdes, usafuZvlo da mcdaria.
nebrivadaa daculi. temperaturul reJims ara
qvevrSi, kaxuri an imeruli tipis Rvinis dayene-
marto Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis, aramed alkoholuri
bisas, swored rom qronologiurad mimdinareobs
duRilis procesisTvisac Zalze didi mniSvne-
yvela is procesi, rasac qarxnul pirobebSi sxva-
loba aqvs. ufro konkretulad, rogorc wesi, qvev-
dasxva danadgarebi da qimiuri danamatebi esaWi-
ris gareTa zedapirs kiriT aduRabeben, aseve didi
roeba. qarxnul pirobebSi, liTonis cisternaSi
zomis qvevris kedlebs adgilze kirqviT amoaSene-
alkoholuri duRili, rogorc wesi, evropuli,
ben. kiriT daduRabebuli qvevris kedlebi, al-
masobrivad warmoebuli safuvris wminda kul-
koholuri duRilis dros warmoqmnil, garemos-
turis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs.
Tan SedarebiT, maRal temperaturas ufro didi

13
 Cveni azriT aseT SemTxvevaSi Rvino, sadauric uwyobs xels aseve WaWis Carevac. wnevis zemoq-
ar unda iyos igi, qarTuli Tu evropuli, abso- medebiT yurZnis wipwas leqi gadaefareba da
luturad erTnairi xasiaTisaa da, uxeSi Seda- sakmaod Zlierad daawveba, ris Sedegadac xdeba
rebiT, emsgavseba koka-kolas, romelic msoflios wipwisa da Rvinis erTmaneTisagan izolireba. du-
romel kuTxeSic ar unda CamoasxaT igi, abso- Rilis dasrulebis Semdeg, radgan WaWa garkveuli
luturad erTnairia. aseT Rvinos TiTqmis ar gaaC- drois ganmavlobaSi ar iZireba masSi alkoho-
nia tipuroba. luri duRilis dros gamoyofili naxSiror-
qvevris Rvinis aseTi erTgvarovneba da aratip- Jangis arsebobis gamo, mis CaZirvas leqis daleqva
uroba gamoricxulia. rigi wesebiT dayenebuli uswrebs win, xolo Semdeg ukve WaWa iwyebs CaZirvas.
qvevris Rvino xasiaTdeba tipurobiT, bunebrivi amrigad, Rvinos Sexeba mxolod da mxolod WaWas-
stabilurobiT, daZvelebis didi potencialiT, Tan aqvs, saidanac mas maqsimalurad gamoaqvs ada-
bunebrivi sikrialiTa da gamWvirvalobiT, gamor- mianis janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo nivTi-
Ceuli gemoTi da surneliT, taninebis, alkoho- erebebi. miCneulia, rom kaxuri tipis TeTr Rvi-
lisa da eqstraqtis maRali SemcvelobiTa da sxva noSi ufro meti sasargeblo da adamianis orga-
dadebiTi TvisebebiT. qvevrSi temperaturuli re- nizmisaTvis aucilebeli nivTierebaa, vidre evro-
Jimis bunebrivi balansisa da alkoholuri duRi- puli tipis (uWaWod daduRebul) RvinoSi. is
lisaTvis optimaluri temperaturis TavisTavad faqti, rom qvevris Rvino bunebrivad stabiluria
arsebobis gamo gamoiricxeba evropuli, masob- da faqtobrivad aRar saWiroebs sxvadasxva qimiuri
rivad warmoebuli safuarebis gamoyenebis auci- nivTierebebis danamatebs misi dastabilurebi-
lebloba. amasTan arsebobs varaudi, rom evro- saTvis, imiT unda aixsnas, rom magaliTad, kaxuri
puli warmoebis mSrali safuarebis gamoyenebis tipis Rvino taninebiT sakmaod mdidaria, tanini ki
SemTxvevaSi, rasac dRes, ratomRac Rvinis didi Tu TavisTavad boWavs RvinoSi arsebul cilebs,
mcire sawarmoebis umravlesoba yovelgvari kont- romlebic amRvreven Rvinos.
rolis gareSe mimarTavs, iklebs Rvinis daZve-
lebis potencialic. kaxuri tipis Rvinis SemTxve-
vaSi Rvino Tavissave WaWaze xSirad adre gazafxu-
lamdec ki rCeba. bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu
riTia ganpirobebuli is momenti, rom am dros
Rvino ar ganicdis leqis uaryofiT gavlenas? es
gamomdinareobs isev da isev qvevris unikaluri da
daxvewili formidan. mogexsenebaT, qvevris Ziri
erTgvar wawvetebul konuss warmoadgens. al-
koholuri duRilis dasasruls yurZnis wipwebis
didi nawili marcvals moscildeba, iZireba da
grovdeba qvevris ZirSi, romel processac didad
alkoholuri duRili

14
 amitomac kaxur Rvinos aRar axasiaTebs am tipis
simRvrivisaken midrekileba. swored amiT unda
aixsnas kaxuri tipis Rvinis bunebrivi stabilu-
roba da sikriale, rasac emateba is momentic, rom
duRilis dasrulebidan iwyeba garemos tempera-
turis TandaTanobiTi kleba da aciveba, rac aseve
dadebiTad moqmedebs Rvinis dawmendis procesze
da Rvinis qvis gamoyofaze.
rac Seexeba Rvinis qvis gamoyofas Rvinidan,
sayuradReboa erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani faqti:
Zveli qvevrebis kedlebis gadanatexebSi SeimCneva
Zalze wvrilad damsxvreuli kaJis qvis namtvre-
vebi, TixaSi minarevis saxiT (gvxvdeba aseve sxva
saxis minarevebic, romlebic aseve araa Seswav-
lili Rvinis teqnologiis mxriv), rasac sava-
raudod Semdegi datvirTva unda hqonoda: rogorc
cnobilia, Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyofas esaWi-
roeba, erTi mxriv, sicive, xolo, meore mxriv, is
meTodi, romelsac zogjer Rvinis qarxnebSi mimar-
Taven da igi sakmaod efeqturia. kerZod, iReben
Rvinis qvas, recxaven spirtSi, fqvaven da umateben
Rvinos, ris Semdegac Rvinidan gamoileqeba,
rogorc damatebuli, ise masSi bunebrivad arse-
buli Rvinis qva. vinaidan Tavad kaJic aseve war-
moadgens kristals da sakmaod maRali xarisxisas,
Rvino qvevrSi kaJis kristalebs uSualod exeba,
SesaZloa es garemoeba iZleodes swored iseTive
15
efeqts, rogorsac RvinoSi Rvinis qvis damateba
iZleva. meore mxriv qvevris kedlebSi kaJis, anu
siliciumis Semcveloba Zalze dadebiTad moq-
medebs Tavad qvevris simtkicezec. garda amisa,
Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyofis provocirebas
iwvevs RvinoSi arsebuli alkoholic, romelic
qvevris RvinoSi da konkretulad kaxuri tipis
RvinoSi yovelTvis maRali SemcvelobiT gamoir-
Ceva, rac, bunebrivia, ukeT uzrunvelyofs Rvinidan
Rvinis qvis gamoleqvis process.
amrigad, rogorc zemoT iTqva, qvevri Tavisi
SinaarsiT swored rom fenomenaluri WurWelia,
romlis Tvisebebi da Rvinoze dadebiTad zemoq-
medeba, samwuxarod, jerjerobiT bolomde Seswav-
lili araa. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom qvevrs
saqarTveloSi, ratomRac naklebi yuradReba eq-
ceva, arada qarTuli qvevrebis fasi ukve evropaSic
kargad gaacnobieres, sadac ukve karga xania aye-
neben Rvinos saqarTvelodan gatanil qarTul
qvevrebSi. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarT-
velodan gatanili qvevris Rvino, magaliTad ita-
liaSi Tu sxvagan, ratomRac “amforis Rvinis”
saxeliTaa cnobili. sasurvelia, ar davkargoT
qvevris saxeli da Tu SesaZlebelia, qarTul Rvi-
nos etiketze davaweroT `qvevris Rvino~, xolo Tu
ras niSnavs qvevri, avxsnaT kontretiketze.
qvevrebis kiriT daduRabeba
da maTi recxva
qvevrebSi Rvinis dayenebasa da maTs Semdgom
movlas udavod didi yuradReba eqceoda da eq-
ceva, rogorc warsulSi, ise amJamadac. qvevrebis
recxva da higiena imdenad aqtualuri yofila sa-
qarTveloSi, rom arsebobda specialuri profesia
`qvevris mrecxavi~.
kargad garecxili qvevri erTgvari winapirobaa
xarisxiani Rvinis miRebisaTvis, magram, garda rec-
xvisa, aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania qvevris winas-
wari momzadeba misi miwaSi Caflvis win. saubaria
qvevris gareTa zedapiris kiriT daduRabebaze da
qvevris Sida zedapiris gamdnari cviliT damu-
Savebaze. pirvel rigSi SevCerdeT qvevrebis dadu-
Rabebaze. ise, rogorc axlo warsulSi, dResac
xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac qvevrebis dasaduRabeb-
lad kiris nacvlad gamoiyeneben cementis xsnars,
qvevrebis qvitkiriT daduRabeba (sof. qvemo maRaro)
16
rac uxeSi darRvevaa. marTalia, simtkice cement-
sac aqvs, magram misi eqspluataciis vada kirTan
SedarebiT gacilebiT mcirea, gansakuTrebiT ki
maSin, rodesac qvevri Warbtenian da nestian miwaSia
dafluli. Tuki qvevrze kiri saukuneebis ganmav-
lobaSi Zlebs, cementi qvevrs SesaZloa erTi-ori
aTeuli weli SerCes dauzianeblad, ris Semdegac
igi iwyebs daSlas. amis garda, kirisagan gansxvave-
biT, cements tenian pirobebSi axasiaTebs daSmo-
reba, ramac SesaZloa Rvinis xarisxzec ki imoqme-
dos uaryofiTad, xolo kiri araTu ar aSmor-
deba, aramed mas antiseptikuri moqmedebac ki axa-
siaTebs. praqtikulad SesaZlebelia aseve qvevre-
bis dafvla yovelgvari daduRabebis gareSec,
magram kiriT daduRabeba qvevrebs simtkices matebs
da aumjobesebs qvevrebSi mimdinare Rvinis teqno-
logiur process. qvevrebis kiriT daduRabebis Se-
saxeb sainteresoa a.boxoCaZis mosazrebebi (mevena-
xeoba-meRvineoba Zvel saqarTveloSi arqeologi-
uri masalebis mixedviT. Tbilisi 1963): `Sua feo-
daluri xanidan vidre ukanasknel xanebamde, gaTxril mar-
nebSi aRmoCenili qvevrebis mixedviT, maTi duRabiT dakirva
dasturdeba. qvevris dakirvisTvis iye-nebdnen kirxsnars (1kg
kiri — 2kg qviSa g.b.), riyisa da qviSaqvis natexebs, zog Sem-
TxvevaSi qvevrisa da sxva Tixis WurWlis na-texebsac ki. qvevris
dakirva, rogorc Cans, miwaSi adgi-lobrivad xdeboda. aseT
SemTxvevaSi qvevrisTvis maranSi Txrian ormos, mis Zirze deben
brtyel qvas, romelzec qvevris Ziri an quslia dabjenili;
Semdeg qvevrs garSemo Semouw-yobdnen qvebs da daasxamdnen
kirxsnars. qvevris dakirva nawil-nawil xdeboda. rodesac
Semowyobil qvebs amoavsebdnen, Semdeg meore rigis Semowyoba
iwyeboda da ase Semdeg. duRabis sisqe 10-25 sm-s udris.
duRabi ise mtkiced aris SekavSirebuli, rom misgan qvevris
gaTavisufleba SeuZlebelia.
dakiruli qvevris gadaadgileba da gadatana erTi
adgilidan meoreze Znelia, radgan misi wona zogjer
ramodenime tonas Seadgens da qvevris amoReba miwidan
umravles SemTxvevaSi misi gatexviT mTavrdeba, amitom erT
adgilze dafluli, dakiruli qvevrebi samudamod imave
adgilze rCebian, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac marnis gadatana
da mowyoba sxva adgilzea saWiro~.
amjerad visaubroT qvevrebis recxvis praqtikaze.
rogorc TavSive aRiniSna, qvevris recxvaze bevra-
daa damokidebuli Rvinis xarisxi da Tuki es uka-
naskneli dauduRabebeli qvevrebis an maTi Sida
zedapiris cviliT daumuSaveblobis SemTxvevaSi
sulac ar uaresdeba, recxvis dros daSvebul Sec-
domas SesaZloa gamousworebeli Sedegi mohyves
da saqme Rvinis xarisxis gafuWebiT dasruldes.
qvevrebis recxva, rogorc ukve iTqva, yvela droSi
iyo mniSvnelovani da Zalze aqtualuri. sanam
sakiTxs Zireulad SevexebodeT, vfiqrobT, rom
mkiTxvelisTvis interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos
amonaridi gazeT `meurnedan~, romelic gamoce-
mulia 1888 wels, sadac saubaria qvevrebis
recxvaze.
`Cven viciT, rom qvevrsa aqvs xolme kedlebze mikruli da
mimxmari WaWa, leqi, prke da bevrgvari sxva WuWyi. amaT
mosaSoreblad me vurCev yvelas, manam qvevrebis recxvas
daiwyebdes, jer es WuWyi moacilos. amisaTvis unda Caiyaros
gejaSi an dids kasrSi axlad damwvari kiri, daesxas zed wyali
da meore dRes, roca kirs daileqavs, im wminda wyliT
SeaSxapos qvevrs gverdebi. kiris wyali mosWams WuWys, amis
Semdeg amoiRvreba kiris wyali, Caisxmis mduRare da
daixureba qvevri; oSxivari srulebiT moalbobs mimxmars
WaWa-leqs da mas ukan Tamamad SeiZleba recxva~.
es mcire werili cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad did
17
mniSvnelobas aniWebs avtori qvevris sisufTaves.
Rvinis daxasiaTebisTvis gamoyenebuli frazebi -
`qvevris gemo~, `WurWlis xeli~, da `xeliani Rvi-
no~, gvafiqrebinebs, rom Cvens winaprebs scodniaT
cudad garecxil qvevrebSi dayenebuli Rvinis ge-
mos aRmoCena da, rac mniSvnelovania, misi garCeva
Rvinis sxva daavadebebisa Tu naklovanebebisagan.
Tuki qvevri saTanadodaa garecxili, rac dRes
ufro did problemas warmoadgens, vidre uwin,
maSin Rvinos araviTari `xeli~ Tu `gareSe~ gemo da
suni ar gaaCnia, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, Tavad Rvino
saRi da janmrTelia. arcTu ise iSviaTia SemTx-
veva, rodesac qvevrebis arasaTanado recxvas gamo-
usworebeli Sedegebi mohyveba da Tuki magaliTad
wina wlis mosavals zadi an daavadeba hqonda,
romlebic ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo higienis
wesebis daucvelobiT, es yovelive xSirad Semdegi
wlebis mosavalsac gasdevs da amrigad erTxel
daSvebuli Secdoma meurnes mravalgzis azara-
lebs.
rogorc zemoT moyvanili werilidan Cans, kir-
wyali erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa qvevrebis
recxvisaTvis. amisaTvis iyeneben Camqrali kiris
wyalxsnars. marTalia, zustad dadgenili pro-
porciebi qvevris sarecxad kirwyalis nazavis mom-
zadebisa ar arsebobs, magram Cveni praqtikidan,
vfiqrobT, kargi Sedegis momcemia kirisa da sas-
meli wylis Semdegi proporciebiT Sezaveba: 10-15
litri wyali da 3_5 kg kiri. rodesac kiri Caqre-
ba da wyalSi kargad gaixsneba, amis Semdeg (sasur-
velia minimum 2_3 saaTi), kirwyali da misi WurW-
lis fskerze daleqili kiris gauxsneli nawi-
lakebi unda ganvacalkevoT, ris Semdegac kirwya-
li mzadaa qvevris sarecxad.
 bunebrivia, didi zomis qvevris gasarecxad meti
raodenobis kirwyali iqneba saWiro. kirwyali
qvevrs aucileblad yvela adgilas unda waesvas,
ris Semdegac qvevri saguldagulod ixexeba sarc-
xiT, mcenare krazanas fesvebisgan damzadebuli
qvevrebis sarecxiT an sulac xelis jagrisiT, amis
Semdeg qvevri unda gairecxos jer civi wyliT da
Semdeg cxeli (sasurvelia daaxl. 60ºC) wyliT
or-samjer. qvevrebis recxvis zustad dadgenili
raodenoba ar arsebobs. qvevri irecxeba imdenjer,
sanam ar miiRweva sasurveli Sedegi. amis garda,
qvevrebis recxviswina sisufTavec gansxvavebulia,
romelic didad ganapirobebs qvevris recxvis
xangrZlivobas. qvevris recxvis dasrulebis Sem-
deg sasurvelia, misi saboloo gavleba nel-
Tbili an civi wyliT. qvevris saboloo recxvisas
miRebuli narecxi wyali unda iyos absoluturad
sufTa, mas ar unda gaaCndes raime gareSe suni da
gemo, qvevri sufTad da gamoyenebisaTvis gamosa-
degad mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiCneva.
mcenare krazanas fesvebisgan damzadebuli
qvevrebis sarcxi

qvevris recxva kirwyliT mware blis qerqisagan damzadebuli qvevrebis sarcxi

18
 praqtikaSi kiris nacvlad aseve gamoiyeneboda
nacaric, anu nacris wyalxsnari, (romelsac Zve-
lad “nacarwmendili” ewodeboda), romelic sak-
maod karg Sedegs iZleva, amavdroulad kirica da
nacaric SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bunebrivi da, aqedan
gamomdinare, usafrTxo sarecxi saSualebebia da
maTs gamoyenebas raime garTuleba ar mohyveba, ra-
sac ver vityviT, magaliTad, sodaze (gansakuT-
rebiT kaustikurze), romlis qvevris sarecxad ga-
moyenebamac SeiZleba qvevris kedlebi daazianos,
an sxva qimiur sarecx saSualebaze.
qvevri SesaZlebelia aseve yovelgvari sarecxi
saSualebebis daumatebladac gairecxos civi da
cxeli wyliT; Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom na-
carwmendiliTa Tu kirwyaliT recxva metad efeq-
turia.
zogadad, qvevrebis recxva Zalze Sromatevadi
saqmea, gansakuTrebiT ki “Casavali” qvevrebisa.
imisaTvis, rom kaci moxerxebulad moTavsebuliyo
didi zomis, anu Casaval qvevrSi, fskerze debdnen
vazis walamis erT-or konas, razedac dgeboda
qvevris mrecxavi. kvlavac gavimeorebT, rom qvev-
rebs recxaven mxolod axali sasmeli wyliT.
gansakuTrebiT didi zomis qvevrebs (magaliTad, 5-
7 aTasi litris moculobis) Sida zedapirze,
meqvevre gardigardmo ukeTebda Tixisave erTgvar
`safexurebs~, romelic mrecxavs uadvilebda
qvevrSi Casvla-amosvlas. aseT safexurze aseve
Camoideboda ficari. am ficarze Camojdeboda an
dadgeboda qvevris mrecxavi.
Rvinis leqi da Rvinis qva qvevris forian ked-
lebSi Rrmad Cajdeba xolme, aRniSnuli WuWyis
moSoreba qvevris kedlebidan did Sromasa da
energias moiTxovs. unda aRiniSnos, rom mrecxavs
ZiriTad siZneles uqmnis ara is ZiriTadi WuWyi,
19
romelic qvevris kedlebsaa modebuli da Tva-
liT advilad Cans, aramed swored is WuWyi, ro-
melic qvevris kedlis forebSia Camjdari da Rvi-
nis xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT mTavar sa-
SiSroebas warmoadgens. isic unda iTqvas, rom amg-
vari WuWyis moSoreba, Tumca ki didi Sromis fasad,
SesaZlebelia mxolod civi da cxeli wylis ga-
moyenebiTac, magram Cvenma winaprebma aqac gamo-
naxes sakmaod efeqturi gamosavali kirwyalisa Tu
nacarwmendilis gamoyenebiT.
kirwyaliT qvevrebis recxvis meTodze Cven ukve
gvqonda saubari da amaze aRar SevCerdebiT. amje-
rad SevexebiT nacris gamoyenebas, rac, rogorc
iTqva, sakmaod efeqturi xerxia da mis sworad
gamoyenebas, praqtikulad aranairi garTuleba ar
SeiZleba mohyves rogorc Tavad WurWlis, ise
Rvinis xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT. saqme
isaa, rom Rvinis yvelanairi narCeni, romelic ki
Cven gvxvdeba qvevrSi (Rvinis qva, saRebavi nivTie-
rebebi, leqis narCenebi da sxv.) mJavuri xasiaTisaa,
xolo nacari susti tutea da nacarwmendilic
aRniSnuli naSTebis gamxsnelia.
nacarwmendilis dasamzadeblad gacrili na-
cari unda Caiyaros wyalSi, kargad moerios da
cecxlze wamoduRdes. Semdgomad nacris naleqi
da mis Tavze momdgari nacarwmendili, romelic
gamoiyeneba recxvisTvis, unda gancalkevdnen da
nacarwmendilic mzadaa. nacarwmendilive gamoi-
yeneboda Zvelad xel-pirisa da Tavis sabanad,
aseve WurWlisa da sxvaTa sarecxad. nacarwmen-
dilis dasamzadeblad viRebT 1-1.5 kg wminda,
gacrili nacars, romelsac vamatebT 3-5 litr
wyals.
nacarwmendilis damzadeba SeiZleba aseve na-
carze mduRare wyalis dasxmiTac.
 rogorc kirwyalis, iseve nacarwmendilis
gamoyenebis dros pirvel rigSi qvevrebs winaswar
unda gavavloT wyali da mxolod amis Semdeg
gamoviyenoT nacarwmendilic da kirwyalic, amis
Semdeg qvevrebi jer civi da Semdeg cxeli wyliT
irecxeba da recxvis dasrulebisas qvevrebs kidev
erTjer gaevleba civi an nelTbili wyali. nacris
gamoyeneba SesaZloa rogorc nacarwmendilis
saxiT, ise mSralad, nacarze wylis daumateb-
ladac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki axlad garecxili
qvevri carieli darCeba garkveuli droiT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi iReben gacril, wminda nacars
axlad gaercxili qvevris Sida zedapirs moabneven,
sanam qvevris kedlebi jer kidev svelia. qvevris
kedlebi nacars miikrobs da aseve gaSreba. es
sakmaod efeqturi xerxia imisaTvis, rom qvevrSi da
gansakuTrebiT misi kedlebis forebSi ar ganvi-
Tardes mavne mikroorganizmebi. marTalia, Semd-
gom qvevris recxva SedarebiT met Sromas moiTxovs,
magram es gamarTlebulia imiT, rom aseT dros
qvevris kedlebi daculia da am mxriv gaweuli
jafa fuWi ki araa, mizanmimarTulia da,
mTavaria, sakmaod efeqturia.
qvevris kedlebis dezinfeqciisaTvis masSi axr-
Coleben gogirds Semdegi doziT: qvevris yoveli
100 litri moculobas sWirdeba 3 gr gogirdi. aqve
unda iTqvas, rom gogirdis aRniSnuli dozis ga-
daWarbebulad, Tundac ormagi an meti doziT ga-
moyenebas, aranairi garTuleba ar mosdevs. go-
girds qvevrebSi Caaboleben im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki
maTSi Cayrilia nacari. Casaboleblad SesaZ-
lebelia gogirdis rogorc fxvnilis, ise winas-
war momzadebuli fiTilis saxiT gamoyeneba. ori-
ve SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiricxos cecxlis moki-
debis Sedegad gamdnari gogirdis qvevrSi CaR-
venTva, rasac SesaZloa RvinoSi gogirdwyalbadis
sunisa da gemos gaCena mohyves. qvevrebSi gogirdis
Caboleba SesaZlebelia rogorc uSualod Rvinis
Casxmis win, aseve garkveuli xniT adre, cariel
qvevrSic, magaliTad or TveSi erTjer. Tuki go-
girds qvevrebSi axrColeben uSualod Rvinis,
durdosa Tu yurZnis tkbilis Casxmis win, es imas
niSnavs, rom am process win unda uZRodes qvevris
recxva, radgan gaurecxav qvevrSi Rvinis Casxma ar
SeiZleba! am SemTxvevaSi ki gogirds qvevrebSi
axrColeben maSin, sanam garecxili qvevris Sida
da zedapiri jer kidev svelia. am dros damwvari
gogirdis boli reaqciaSi Sedis qvevris kedlebze
darCenil sisvelesTan da Sedegad warmoiqmneba
gogirdovani mJava, es ukanaskneli ki aRwevs qvevris
forebSi, iq, sadac Rrmad Camjdari WuWyia, da am-
rigad xorcieldeba qvevris Sida zedapiris de-
zinfeqcia. gogirdis Caboleba qvevrebSi maSinacaa
SesaZlebeli, Tuki qvevrebi Rvinisa an yurZnis
tkbilis Casxmis wina dReebSia garecxili da ukve
mSralia. Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi efeqti ufro nak-
rac lebia, vidre axalgarecxil qvevrSi Cabolebis
dros. Tuki recxvis Semdeg qvevrebSi Rvinis Casxma
ar aris gadawyvetili da qvevri garkveuli droiT
carieli rCeba, gogirdi unda Caabolon mxolod
maSin, rodesac qvevri kargad amoSreba, radgan
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gogirdis boli, romelic
wylis wveTebTanaa reaqciaSi Sesuli, gaSreba, da
Sedegad qvevris kedlebze warmoiqmneba moTeTro-
moyviTalo kristaluri nadebi, ramac SesaZloa
SemdgomSi Rvinos simware da, aqedan gamomdinare,
siuxeSe SesZinos.
20
qvevris damuSaveba cviliT
aranakleb aqtualuri sakiTxia qvevris Sida ze-
dapiris damuSavebac. rogorc ukve iTqva, dRes-
dReobiT qvevrebSi Rvinis dayenebas Zalian co-
taniRa misdeven, magram sakiTxi mainc davisa da
ganxilvis sagania mosaxleobaSi. zogierT adgilas
qvevrebis Sida zedapiris dasamuSaveblad miRebu-
lia parafinis, sxvadasxva qimiuri saRebavebis,
cementisa Tu gudronis gamoyeneba, Zvelad sa-
qarTveloSi Txisa Tu saqonlis qonsac iyenebdnen.
es yvelaferi teqnologiis uxeS darRvevas war-
moadgens da Rvinis gemosa da xarisxze uaryo-
fiTad moqmedebs.
qvevris Sida zedapiris dasamuSaveblad gamoye-
nebuli unda iqnes mxolod da mxolod futkris
cvili da ara parafini, qimiuri saRebavi da sxva
ram, Tumca ki SesaZlebelia aseve qvevrebis da-
samuSaveblad cvili saerTodac ar iqnes gamo-
yenebuli. qvevrebis amosanTvlis praqtika sakmaod
rTuli procesia da moiTxovs gamocdili kacis
xels, gamoucdeli meurneebi xSirad am saqmes
garkveuli xarvezebiT axorcieleben. ras
lisxmobs qvevris sworad amosanTvla? da, saer-
Tod, ra mizans emsaxureba es operacia? rogorc
ukve iTqva, es sakiTxi sakmaod aqtualuria saqarT-
veloSi.
pirvel rigSi SevexoT qvevrebis amosanTvlis
mizans. saqme isaa, rom qvevris kedlebi sakmaod fo-
riania, rac xSirad garkveul problemebs qmnis.
kerZod, amousanTlav qvevrSi, misi kedlebis Zli-
eri forianobis gamo, SesaZloa qvevridan Rvino
gaiJonos, an garedan gruntisa Tu sxva wyalma
SeaRwios RvinoSi. amis Tavidan asacileblad
erT-erTi saukeTeso variantia qvevrebis cviliT
damuSaveba. SesaZlebelia rogorc axali da jer
kidev miwaSi Cauflavi qvevrebis damuSaveba, ise
ukve miwaSi Casmuli qvevrebisa, Tumca ki es uka-
naskneli SedarebiT rTulad Sesasrulebelia.
axali qvevrebi cviliT Semdegnairad unda da-
muSavdes: iReben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, futkris
cvils yovelgvari minarevebis gareSe. cvili unda
moTavsdes sufTa WurWelSi da gadnes cecxlze.
Tuki cvili gacxeldeba 110-dan 120 gradusze ma-
Ral temperaturamde, igi iwyebs intensiur aorTq-
lebas da danakargi didia. amitomac, es momenti
pirvel rigSia gasaTvaliswinebeli. paralelu-
rad cxeldeba qvevric, rac praqtikulad ase xor-
cieldeba: qvevri daideba miwaze gverdulad, masSi
inTeba cecxli, risTvisac, magaliTad, erT-erTi
saukeTeso variantia vazis gamxmari walami. dauS-
vebelia plastmasis, rezinis, qvanaxSiris, wiwvovani
xis SeSis an nabakevi Calis gamoyeneba. aseve da-
uSvebelia qvevris benzinis, dizelis an navTis
quriT gacxelebac. Cven vvaraudobT, rom kargi
Sedegi unda hqondes qvevris bunebrivi gaziT gac-
xelebasac, Tumca jer-jerobiT praqtikuli cod-
nis uqonlobis gamo am sakiTxs ar SevexebiT.
gu-
qvevris gacxeleba cviliT damuSavebis win
21
 raTa qvevris kedlebi Zlierma cecxlma ar da-
xeTqos, Tavdapirvelad inTeba susti cecxli, ro-
melic TandaTanobiT Zlierdeba. magram gasaTva-
liswinebelia, rom qvevris kedlebis zedmetad
gacxeleba ar aris mizanSewonili, radgan, rogorc
ukve iTqva, aman SesaZloa qvevrs kedlebi daub-
zaros da, meorec, cvili SesaZloa daiwvas an
aorTqldes ara marto uSualod misi gacxelebis
Sedegad, aramed metad gaxurebuli qvevris ked-
lebze wasmis drosac. qvevrs cvili maSin unda
waesvas, rodesac qvevridan nacari, nakverCxali,
Wvartli mTlianad da saguldagulod amosuf-
Tavdeba da amasTan qvevris kedlebis temperatura
SedarebiT daiklebs. es operacia Zalze mniSvne-
lovania, radgan qvevrSi nacris, Wvartlisa da
naxSiris narCenebi Tu CavtoveT, maT miikravs gamd-
nari cvili da Rvinos aucileblad gadascems
bolis sunsa da gemos, rac uayofiTad imoqmedebs
Rvinis xarisxze. am Secdomis Semdgomi gamos-
worebac Zalze did Sromasa da energias moiTxovs.
raTa gamoiricxos nacriTa da naxSiris narCenebiT
qvevris dabinZureba, qvevrSi dgamen Tunuqis Wur-
qvevris gacxeleba cviliT damuSavebis win
22
Wels, romelSic anTeben cecxls. qvevris ked-
lebis Tanabrad gacxelebisaTvis im dros, ro-
desac masSi cecxli anTia, qvevri unda gadabrun-
des sxvadasxva mxareze manam, sanam qvevris ked-
lebi sasurvel temperaturamde Tanabrad ar gac-
xeldeba, rasac atyoben qvevris gareTa kedelze
xelis dadebiT. am dros qvevri arc iseTi cxeli
unda iyos, rom kacs xeli daswvas da arc nel-
Tbili. sasurvelia, Tu qvevris Sida kedlebi gac-
xeldeba 70ºC-mde.
am dros qvevris kedlebi, konkretulad maTi
forebi, gamdnar cvils Rrmad Seiwovs da amrigad
gamoiricxeba rogorc qvevridan Rvinis gareT ga-
Jonva da danakargi, aseve qvevris Semdgomi recxvis
dros cvilis CamoSoreba, radgan, rogorc ukve
iTqva, cvili qvevris kedlebis mier Rrmad Sei-
woveba. amrigad qvevris forebi sakmaod saimedod
igmaneba. cecxliT gacxeleba, gansakuTrebiT Zve-
li, didi xnis uxmari qvevrebis SemTxvevaSia sa-
surveli, radgan am dros qvevris kedlebSi didi
xnis win Rrmad Camjdari WuWyis nawili fizikurad
iwvis da qvevris gasufTaveba SedarebiT ioldeba.
gamdnari cvilis qvevrSi amosasmelad mimarTaven
aseT xerxs: grZel joxs boloSi miamagreben raime
qsovilis naWers (Zvelad kaxeTSi mas `mola~ ewo-
deboda), Semdeg mas Caawoben gamdnar cvilSi da
qvevrSi joxis wriuli moZraobiT kedlebs amous-
vamen cvils. cvilis amosma qvevris Ziridan iwyeba.
Zvelad aseve amgvar xerxsac mimarTavdnen: gacxe-
lebul qvevrSi Caagdebdnen cvilis natexs da
qvevrs abrunebdnen win da ukan da cvili qvevrSi
TavisiT nawildeboda. patara zomis qvevrebis (qo-
co) cviliT dasamuSaveblad maT danTebul To-
neze an zedadgarze deben da amgvarad acxeleben,
rac, unda iTqvas, sakmaod efeqturi xerxia.
 am SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba qvevris Sida zeda-
piris nacriT, WvartliT an naxSiris narCenebiT
dabinZureba. amgvari meTodi didi qvevrebisaT-
visac gamarTlebulia. specialur zedadgarze
gverdulad daideba didi zomis qvevri da qvemo-
dan SeunTeben dabal cecxls. qvevrs TandaTa-
nobiT abruneben, raTa misi kedlebi Tanabrad gac-
xeldes. qvevris gacxelebis amgvari meTodi wina
variantTan SedarebT didi upiratesobiT gamoir-
Ceva, radgan aseT dros gamoiricxeba qvevris Sida
zedapiris dabinZureba WvartliT, nacriTa da nax-
Siris narCenebiT, rac metad mniSvnelovania. miwaSi
Cafluli Zveli qvevrebic SeiZleba gacxeldes
da cviliT damuSavdes: qvevrs jer kargad recxaven,
aSroben da Semdeg qvevrSi mavTuliT Cahkideben
liTonis cilindrs (cilindrs zeda mxare Ria
aqvs, qveda - daxuruli), romelSic anTia cecxli.
cilindris Ria mxare qvevridan amoSverili unda
iyos, raTa boli zemoT amovides da qvevris
kedlebi SeimWvartlos; raTa nakverCxali haerTan
qvevrSi
amosasmelad
gamzadebuli
cvili
23
SexebiT ukeT gaRvivdes, cilindrs qveda mxareze,
magram ara Zirze, ukeTdeba mcire zomis nasvretebi.
am proceduris Semdeg qvevri sufTaa da mzadaa
cvilis amosmisTvis, rac xorcieldeba zemoT aR-
werili meTodiT.
rogorc iTqva, qvevris cviliT amosanTvlis mi-
zania qvevris ZiriTadi da didi zomis forebis
dagmanva. xSirad qvevrebs Warbi raodenobiT us-
vamen cvils. am dros qvevris Sida zedapiri mTli-
anad cvilis sqeli feniT ifareba da qvevri ema-
lirebul WurWels emsgavseba. am SemTxvevaSi Rvi-
no exeba ara uSualod qvevris kedlebs (Tixas),
aramed cvils, rac, marTalia, akrZaluli ar
aris, magram aseT dros raRa mniSvneloba aqvs, ra
WurWelSi CavasxamT Rvinos? unda aRiniSnos, rom
cvilis siWarbe gamarTlebuli araa, garda im
iSviaTi SemTxvevisa, rodesac saqme gvaqvs prob-
lematur qvevrebTan, romlebSic, maTi uxarisxobis
gamo, ar xerxdeba xarisxiani Rvinis dayeneba. yo-
veli SemTxvevisTvis iseT qvevrSi dayenebul
Rvinos, romlis Sida zedapiric mTlianad dafa-
rulia cvilis sqeli feniT, emaliT, cementiT an
sxva saRebaviT, naklebad SeiZleba ewodos `qvev-
ris Rvino~, radgan xsenebuli Rvinis damzadebis
teqnologia gulisxmobs Rvinis Sexebasa da kon-
taqts uSualod qvevris kedlebTan. tona an to-
nanaxevris moculobis qvevrisaTvis saWiroa daax-
loebiT 1,5_2 kg cvili, Tumca es raodenoba SeiZ-
leba met-naklebobiT meryeobdes. rac Seexeba
qvevrebis Sida zedapiris dasamuSavebel sxva sa-
Sualebebs, dRes saqarTveloSi ukve gamoCnda qvev-
ris Sida zedapiris dasafari saSualeba, romelic
emalirebuli WurWlis efeqts iZleva. aRniSnuli
xerxi sakmaod efeqturia problematur qvevrebSi
gamosayeneblad.
 am saSualebas liTonis cisternebSi ukve karga
xania gamoiyeneben evropaSic da misi gamoyeneba
kvebis mrewvelobis obieqtebSi kanonmdeblobiTaa
nebadarTuli. magram, vimeorebT, mis gamoyenebas
Cvens sinamdvileSi azri aqvs mxolod da mxolod
im qvevrebSi, romlebic praqtikulad umoqmedod
arian maTSi gruntisa Tu sxva wylebis SeRwevisa da
amis Sedegad gamomdinare Rvinis xarisxis gaua-
resebis gamo.
qvevrebis dasamuSavebel cvilTan mimarTebaSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani faqto- qvevrSi Rvinis zedapirze mosxmuli cvili
ric, kerZod, rogorc viciT futkris skis CarCo-
qvevris kedlebs, romelzec igi isedac mcirediT
ebSi amagreben cvilis firfitebs (xelovnuri
aris SekavSirebuli da am dros Rvinis WurWlis
fiWa), aRniSnuli cvilis firfitebi umetes Sem-
hermetuloba irRveva. meore uaryofiTi mxare am
TxvevaSi Seicavs parafins, stearinsa da sxva cvi-
operaciisa is aris, rom gamdnari cvili sakmaod
lis Semcvlel xelovnur minarevebs, xolo fiWis
cxelia, da, marTalia mxolod Rvinis zedapirze,
gamodnobis Semdeg Tuki aseTi cvili moxvdeba
magram mainc acxelebs Rvinosac, romelic am Sem-
qvevrebSi am SemTxvevaSi qvevrebSi avtomaturad
TxvevaSi didi riskis qveS dgeba - am dros RvinoSi
moxvdeba aseve parafini da sxv. amitom qvevrebis
arsebul ZmarmJava baqteriebs eqmnebaT xelsay-
cviliT dasamuSaveblad saukeTeso variants war-
reli pirobebi gamravlebisa da ganviTarebisaT-
moadgens gamosawuri fiWis Tavis gadanaTali, ro-
vis. ZmarmJava baqteriebi ki yovelTvis Rvinis ze-
melic raime xelovnur minarevs ar Seicavs da
dapiridan WurWlis siRrmis mimarTulebiT
amavdroulad igi ufro Ria ferisaa, vidre fi-
vrceldebian. qvevrSi Rvinis hermetulad Senaxvi-
Widan gamodnobili cvili.
saTvis axlo warsulSi Rvinos zedapirze saWmlis
zogierT sofelSi, Rvinis hermetulad Senaxvi-
zeTs asxamdnen, rac Rvinis teqnologiis uxeSi
saTvis, jer gaavseben qvevrs da Semdeg Rvinis ze-
darRvevaa - zeTi mZaRdeba, rac aucileblad
dapirze gamdnar cvils moasxamen. rogorc praq-
uaryofiTad moqmedebs Rvinis xarisxze. amis garda,
tika gviCvenebs, es meTodi ar amarTlebs, da igi,
qvevris forebSi Camjdari zeTis moSorebac advili
erTi mxriv, zedmet xarjTan aris dakavSirebuli
araa. qvevris Rvinoze zeTis mosxmis dros aseve
da, meore mxriv, es operacia metad saSiSia Rvinis
gamoiricxeba Rvinis hermetulobac.
xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT. saqme isaa rom
amrigad, qvevris Rvinis hermetulad Senaxvas
qvevrebSi temperaturis mcire cvlilebasTan er-
Rvinoze zeTis, gamdnari cvilisa Tu sxva raime
Tad icvleba Rvinis moculobac, siTxis gafarTo-
nivTierebis mosxma ki ar sWirdeba, aramed qvevrebs
eba-SekumSvis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, uSualod
saTanado wesebis dacviT kargad unda moergos
Rvinis Tavze mosxmuli cvili maleve scildeba
sarqveli da periodulad gakontroldes kidec.

24
sarqveli
qvevrebSi Rvinis xangrZlivad, hermetulad da
xarisxianad SenaxvisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs qvevris sarqvels. qvevris sarqveli SesaZloa
damzaddes rogorc xisagan, romelsac ZiriTadad
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamoiyeneben, aseve qvisga-
nac, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo da aris aR-
mosavleT saqarTveloSi, da gansakuTrebiT ka-
xeTSi. magaliTad, kaxeTSi ramdenime sofeli gan-
Tqmulic ki yofila qvevris sarqvlebis damza-
debiT. erT-erTi aseTi sofeli yofila yvarlis fiqali sarqveli (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo)
raionis sofeli sabue. amJamad am sofelSi sarqve-
lebs aRar amzadeben. qvelebi or nawiladaa gayofili. maT Sua adgi-
rogorc iTqva, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Zi- las aqvs naxvreti, romelic gankuTvnilia qvev-
riTadad gavrcelebuli iyo qvis sarqvlebi, rom- ridan alkoholuri duRilis dros gamoyo-
lebsac amzadebdnen fiqalis qvisagan, am qvas mo- fili naxSirorJangis amosasvlelad. duRilis
ipovebdnen kavkasionis mTis kalTebze. sarqvelis dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi maduRar qvevrs
damzadeba SesaZlebeli iyo aseve sxva tipis qvisa- daafareben “orgoebs”, mis naxvretze moargeben
ganac, magram misi damzadeba yvelanairi qvisagan ar “sa-sule” mils, romelsac zemodan marlas an
SeiZleba, radgan zogierT qvas siTxesTan Sexebisa sxva naWers gadaafareben imisaTvis, rom qvevrSi
Tu Warbtenian pirobebSi yofnis Semdgomad axa- raime mweri an WuWyi ar Cavardes da Semdgomad
siaTebs daSmoreba, ramac SesaZloa Rvinis xarisxi motkepnian ayalo miwiT.
gaauaresos. yuradsaRebia, rom qvevrebis recxva-
dezinfeqciis programa sarqvlebzec vrceldeba
da es ukanaskneli iseve gulmodgined irecxeba,
rogorc Tavad qvevri. aRmosavleTisagan gansxva-
vebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi sarqvlebs (rom-
lebic imereTSica da aseve dasavleT saqarTve-
los bevr adgilas “orgoebis” an “badimis” saxe-
liTaa cnobili) xisagan, konkretulad cacxvis,
wablisa da muxis masalisagan amzadebdnen da
amzadeben amJamadac.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sar-
sarqveli - `orgo~ (dasavleT saqarTvelo)

25
 muxis an wablis xis masalisagan damzadebuli
“orgoebi” Tavdapirvelad cxel wyalSi unda
Caiyaros, raTa maT moSordes is simware da `uxe-
Si~ nivTierebebi, romlebic SemdgomSi Rvinos
gadaecema da Rvinis xarisxze uaryofiTad moq-
medeben. dasavleT saqarTveloSi xSirad didi
zomis qvevrebis sarqveli ara ori, aramed ram-
denime nawilisaganac Sedgeboda.
oriode sityviT SevexoT aseve qvevrebis sarqv-
liT daxurvis praqtikas, rac, unda aRiniSnos,
dRes sakmaod problematuri sakiTxia da xSirad
qvevrebze sarqvlis arasworad morgebas Rvino
gafuWebamde mihyavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi qvevris daxurvis erTob
gansxvavebul wess vxvdebiT, aseve gansxvavebulia qvevris moxdis procesi imereTSi
Tavad sarqvelic. dasavleT saqarTveloSi or-
goebs uSualod qvevris (Wuris) pirze awyoben,
razec Semdeg zemodan adeben specialur ayalo
miwas. amis Semdeg ayalo miwa magrad daitkepneba
specialuri iaraRiT, romelsac `kveJosac~ uwo-
deben, igi xis morisagan gamoTlili miwis sat-
kepnia.
saguldagulod motkepnil ayalo miwas zemo-
dan Cveulebrivi miwis kokoli, anu “sazedao miwa”
eyreba imisaTvis, rom ayalo ar gamoSres da Rvino
ar daziandes. kaxeTSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, es pro-
cesi sruliad gansxvavebulia: qvevris pirze magr-
deba winaswar xeliT mozelili Tixamiwa. Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rom qvevris piri saguldagulod
gamSraldes, radgan man Tixa kargad miikras.
Tixas zemodan adeben sarqvels, romelsac
magrad daawvebian, raTa sarqveli Tixas kargad mTavari winapirobaa qvevrebSi Rvinis xangrZlivad
daekros da daxurul qvevrSi haeri aRar Cavides. da xarisxianad SenaxvisaTvis da amitom es procesi
rogorc aRiniSna, qvevrze sarqvlis kargad morgeba metad yuradRebiT unda Sesruldes.

26
 qvevris pirze dasamagrebeli Tixa qvevris pirze damagrebeli Tixa

kargia, Tu sarqvlis qveS dasadebi Tixis

mosazel sasmel wyals, Tavad wyalisa da aseve
Tixis dezinfeqciisaTvis, daemateba mcireodeni
gogirdovani anhidridi. xolo mas Semdeg, rac
Tixa qvevris pirze damagrdeba, TixaSi gverdulad
amagreben Casabolebeli gogirdis fiTils. sarq-
veli qvevrs gogirdis fiTilze cecxlis moki-
debisTanave efareba da magrdeba.
am dros Rvinosa da qvevris sarqvels Soris
myofi haeris adgils ikavebs damwvari gogirdis
boli, romlis gacivebis Semdegac warmoiqmneba va- gogirdis fiTilebis damagreba qvevris
kuumi. es ki Rvinis xangrZlivad da hermetulad pirze damagrebel TixaSi
Senaxvis winapirobaa. amgvari xerxis gamoyeneba da-
savleT saqarTvelos pirobebSi ar xerxdeba. sar-
qvlis qvevrze saguldagulod morgeba da yvela
wesis kargad dacva ar gamoricxavs garkveuli
drois gasvlis Semdeg qvevris Rvinis gakont-
rolebas. qvevris Rvino, Tundac sarqveli kargad
hqondes morgebuli, sasurvelia minimum sam-oTx
TveSi erTjer mainc gakontroldes. aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi da gansakuTrebiT kaxeTSi sarqvel-
morgebul qvevrs zemodan ayrian miwas, romelsac
periodulad (zafxulSi ufro xSirad) wyliT
namaven. qvevris pirze sarqvelis morgeba

27
qvevris Rvino
Tumca qvevrebi mTel saqarTvelos mTasa Tu
barSi gvxvdeba, Rvinis dayenebis teqnologia TiTq-
mis yvela kuTxeSi, rigi mizezebis gamo, gansxva-
vebulia. Zvelad arsebobda qvevrebSi Rvinis daye-
nebis kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli da mesxuri
wesebi. yvela is wesi, romlebsac icavdnen ama Tu
im kuTxeSi, rigi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli:
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo adgilobrivi niadagebis
tipebi, klimaturi pirobebi, adaT-wesebi, Tavad
yurZnis mosavlis weli da misi qimiuri Sedge-
niloba da sxv. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom,
magaliTad, kaxeTSi, qvevrebSi daWyletil yurZens teresoa Rvinis dayenebis Zveli kaxuri wesi,
mTliani WaWianad aTavsebdnen dasaduReblad, romelsac dResdReobiT, samwuxarod, Zalze co-
xolo imeruli Rvinis SemTxvevaSi, alkoholur ta mimdevari darCa.
duRilSi monawileobda WaWis araumetes erTi qvevrebSi TeTri Rvinis kaxuri wesiT dayeneba
mesamedisa. rogorc ukve iTqva, am sxvaobas aseve is gulisxmobs, magaliTad, rqawiTlis jiSis yurZnis
adgilic ganapirobebs, sadac ama Tu im mxaris qvevrebSi mTeli WaWianad Cawurvas, an Tavdapir-
jiSis yurZenia moweuli. Zalian bevr meurnes, velad sawnaxelSi dawurvas da Semdgomad qvev-
sulac momxmarebels, uCndeba kiTxva, Tu riTia rebSi WaWis damatebas. orive SemTxvevaSi alko-
gamorCeuli qvevrebSi dayenebuli Rvino sxva holuri duRili WaWis mTlian raodenobaze mim-
Rvinisagan? am SemTxvevaSi Cveni mizani sulac araa dinareobs. duRilis dasrulebis Semdeg, maSin,
is, rom visaubroT da ganvixiloT sxva Rvinoebis rodesac qvevris Tavze momdgari WaWa RvinoSi Ca-
naklovanebebi qvevris RvinosTan SedarebiT, rac iZireba, qvevri unda gadaivsos da daixufos sarqv-
namdvilad araswori iqneboda; yuradRebas gava- liT. dRes bevrs saubroben imaze, Tu ramdeni xani
maxvilebT qvevris Rvinis im sikeTeze, romelsac unda dayovndes dasavargeblad kaxuri Rvino
sazogadoeba naklebad icnobs CvenSi. agreTve mok- Tavissave WaWaze. wiTeli Rvino qvevrebSi Tavisive
led SevexebiT qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis sxvadasxva WaWaze mxolod alkoholuri duRilis periodSi
wesebs, rogoricaa imeruli, kaxuri da sxv. Cerdeba. es periodi SesaZloa iyos 7_10 dRe, maq-
pirveli da Zalze mniSvnelovani wesi qvevrebSi simum ori kvira, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, WaWaze
Rvinis dayenebisa aris qvevrSi Rvinis dayovneba dayovnebis periodis gansasazRvrad didi mniSvne-
Tavissave WaWaze _ rogorc duRilis dros, ise mis loba aqvs yurZnis jiSs, alkoholuri duRilis
Semdgom periodSic. am SemTxvevaSi Zalze sain- xangrZlivobas, garemo pirobebs da sxv.

28
 rac Seexeba TeTr Rvinos, Zveli kaxuri wesi
gulisxmobda WaWaze Rvinis adre gazafxulamde
(martis dasawyisi) davargebas. aRniSnul periodSi
Rvino iZens kaxuri RvinisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
tipurobas, romelic ganapirobebs am Rvinis unika-
lurobas. xalxSi gavrcelebuli azri, rom TiT-
qos WaWaze didxans davargebuli Rvino zedmetad
uxeSi gamodiodes, usafuZvloa. uxeSi da uxarisxo
Rvino WaWaze didxans dayovnebiT ki ara, rigi wese-
bis daucvelobisa da teqnologiuri procesebis
darRvevis gamo dgeba. WaWaze ase didi xniT da-
yovnebuli Rvino iZens muq Calisfer, oqrosfer an
Caisfer Seferilobas, igi aris absoluturad
gamWvirvale da kriala, xasiaTdeba xilis tone-
orSimoTi Rvinis amoReba (imereTi)
biTa da taninebis zomieri SemcvelobiT, da rac
Zalze mniSvnelovania, aris bunebrivad stabi- mcire xniT imyofeboda, magaliTad ramdenime dRe
luri. amgvar Rvinos aRar axasiaTebs SemRvreva, an sulac erTi-ori kvira, maSin yurZnis WaWidan
aris ufro metad sasargeblo adamianis organiz- Rvino, miT umetes bolomde dauduRebeli, ver
misaTvis, vidre, magaliTad, evropuli Rvino, moaswrebs SeiZinos da miiRos yvela zemoT Ca-
radgan alkohols qvevris RvinoSi didi xniT moTvlili sasargeblo Tviseba da, TavisTavad
dayovnebuli yurZnis WaWidan maqsimalurad ga- cxadia, verc qvevri moaswrebs aseT mcire droSi
moaqvs adamianis organizmisaTvis saWiro da sa- dadebiTad imoqmedos Rvinoze.
sargeblo nivTierebebi. aseTi Rvino pirdapir Rvinis dayenebis imeruli wesi ki gulisxmobs
boTlebSic rom Camoisxas - gaufiltravad da da- sawnaxlidan an yurZnis wnexidan qvevrebSi Casx-
umuSaveblad - igi SesaniSnavad gaZlebs da mul tkbils daematos (kaxuri wesisagan gansxva-
Seinaxeba. vebiT) ara WaWis mTliani raodenoba, aramed maq-
TavisTavad cxadia, Rvinis zemoT CamoTvlil simum erTi mesamedi nawili. ra Tqma unda, aqac
Tvisebebze gavlenas axdens ara erTi, aramed ram- TeTryurZniani jiSebi igulisxmeba.
denime faqtori, kerZod, Tavad qvevri, duRilisa qarTlsa da mesxeT-javaxeTSi, TumcaRa zusti
da WaWaze Semdgomi davargebis temperatura, yur- gadmocema ar arsebobs aqauri Rvinis dayenebis
Znis jiSi, venaxis adgilmdebareoba, yurZnis sim- wesisa, magram aqac, ise, rogorc es kaxeTsa da
wife da misi qimiuri Sedgeniloba, WaWaze dayov- imereTSi iyo miRebuli, qvevrebSi mimdinareobda
nebis periodi, marani, misi higiena da sxv. aqedan ara mxolod yurZnis tkbilis, aramed WaWis erT
gamomdinare, Tuki Rvino qvevrebSi Tavissave WaWaze, nawilTan erTad misi duRili da WaWaze Semdgomi
WaWis erT nawilze an sulac uWaWod mxolod davargeba garkveuli droiT.

29
 unda aRiniSnos, rom arc Rvinis `udedod~ da-
yeneba yofila ucxo saqarTveloSi. udedod, anu,
Tanamedrove gagebiT, evropuli wesiT Rvinis da-
yenebas ZvelTaganve icnobdnen CvenSi, Tumca unda
iTqvas, rom udedod dayenebul Rvinoze raime
cnobebs qarTul wyaroebSi ufro iSviaTad vxvde-
biT, vidre Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi aseve scodniaT
ramdenime jiSis yurZnis tkbilisa da WaWis garkve-
uli dozebiT erTmaneTSi Sereva da maTi qvevrebSi
erTianad daduReba. magaliTad, qarTlSi, qalaq
gorTan mdebare sofel xidisTavSi icodnen qarT-
lis yurZnis jiSebis - Cinuris, Tavkverisa da go-
ruli mwvanis erTmaneTSi SereviT Zvel droSi
TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gan-
Tqmuli Rvinis - `xidisTauris~ dayeneba. aseve ra-
WaSi aleqsandroulisa da mujureTulis erTad
daduRebiT miiRebdnen mTel saqarTveloSi cno-
bil Rvinos `xvanWkaras~ saxelwodebiT da sxv.
dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom Rvinis qarTu-
lad dayeneba zogadad gulisxmobs yurZnis tkbi-
lis garkveuli raodenobis WaWasTan erTad dadu-
Rebas, daRvinebasa da Semdgom davargebas. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom Rvinis evropulad, anu Rvinis
udedod dayeneba CvenTvis ucxo Zvel droSic ki
ar yofila da amgvari Rvino saukuneebis ganmav-
lobaSi mzaddeboda, qarTul Rvinod moiazreba
ara es ukanaskneli, aramed swored zemoT xsene-
buli teqnologiiT dayenebuli Rvino. miRebu-
lia, rom qvevris Rvinod CaiTvleba is Rvino, ro-
melmac ara mxolod daiduRa qvevrebSi, aramed
garkveuli droiT qvevrebSive davargda. SesaZloa
qvevrebSi Rvino Tavissave WaWaze ar davargdes, ara-
med Rvino da WaWa gancalkevdes alkoholuri du-
Rilis damTavrebis Semdeg an sulac damTavre-
moxdili qvevri imereTSi
bamde, ise, rogorc magaliTad kaxuri saferavis
SemTxvevaSi, magram WaWidan moxsnili Rvino qvev-
rsave unda daubrundes da ara sxva WurWels (igu-
lisxmeba: kasri, cisterna da sxv.). marTalia, jer-
jerobiT saqarTvelos kanoni vazisa da Rvinis Se-
saxeb qvevris Rvinis teqnologiaze arafers ambobs,
magram, specialistebis azriT, qvevris Rvinod un-
da CaiTvalos iseTi Rvino, romelmac qvevrebSi,
daduRebidan moyolebuli, Tavis WaWianad Tu
uWaWod, minimum sami_eqvsi Tve dahyo.
oriode sityviT SevexoT aseve qvevrebSi Rvinis
Senaxvis xangrZlovobis sakiTxsac. mosaxleobaSi
gavrcelebulia azri, TiTqos, Rvino qvevrebSi
mxolod erT wlamde inaxebodes da amis Semdeg
qvevri Rvinos veRar inaxavdes. es azri mcdaria -
Tu qvevrebSi Rvino xangrZlivad ar inaxeba, es ara
qvevris, aramed imis bralia, rom meRvines daurR-
vevia qvevris movla_higienisa da Rvinis Senaxvis
teqnikuri Tu teqnologiuri wesebi, romlebzec
Cven saubari ukve gvqonda.

30
 qvevrebSi Rvino, Tuki daculia Rvinis Senaxvis,
marnis mowyobisa da higienis yvela piroba, SesaZ-
loa Senaxul iqnes sakmaod xangrZlivad. Zvelad
Rvinos qvevrebSi aTwleulobiTac ki inaxavdnen.
aseT dros ra Tqma unda, araa gamoricxuli qvev-
ris Rvinis xarisxisa da mdgomareobis garkveuli
periodulobiT gakontroleba da saWiroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi procesSi Careva.
wesebis dacviT damzadebuli da garecxili
31
qvevri da gamarTuli marani winapirobebia imisa,
rom Rvino Senaxul iqnes xangrZlivad da xaris-
xianad. da Tuki Rvinis xangrZlivad Senaxva SesaZ-
lebelia muxis kasrebSi an liTonis cisternebSi,
qvevrebSi miT umetes SesaZlebelia Rvinis wlo-
biT Senaxva. zogadad, Tuki Rvino Tundac ori
wliT, yovelgvari problemis gareSe Seinaxa
qvevrma, es ukve niSnavs, rom Rvinis Senaxva qvevrebSi
gacilebiT xangrZlivi droiTacaa SesaZlebeli.
zedaSis qvevri da Rvino
miuxedavad imisa, rom qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis
sakiTxi erT mTlian sagans warmoadgens, SeiZleba
sazedaSe qvevri da Rvino mainc calke movlenad
gamoiyos. TavisTavad sazedaSe Rvinis dayeneba di-
dad ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi Rvinis daye-
nebisagan. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba am ori Rvinis daye-
nebis SemTxvevaSi aris ar Rvinis teqnologia, ara-
med Sinaarsobrivi, daniSnulebiTi mxare.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixed-
viT, zedaSe aris wiTeli Rvino, romelsac xma-
robdnen ziarebis an jvrisweris wesis Sesrule-
bisas; aqvea meore ganmartebac: saeklesio dResas-
waulebisaTvis sagangebod Semonaxuli saukeTeso
Rvino.
zedaSis qvevri maranSi erTgvar orientirs war-
moadgenda da mas yovelTvis gamorCeuli adgili
unda sWeroda, xolo danarCeni qvevrebic swored
zedaSis qvevrisa Tu qvevrebis mdebareobis gaTva-
liswinebiT ganlagdeboda maranSi. es sulac ar
niSnavs, rom zedaSes Sua, centraluri adgili
unda sWeroda sxva qvevrebs Soris. piriqiT _ ze-
daSis qvevri gancalkevebul adgils ikavebda,
magram zedaSeebis adgili, Rvinis xarisxianad
Senaxvis TvalsazrisiT, unda yofiliyo saukeTeso
sxva qvevrebis mdebareobasTan SedarebiT. igu-
lisxmeba sigrile, mzis sxivebis miuwvdomloba da
SedarebiT myudro adgili.
Cven dRemde ar mogvepoveba masala imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra gansxvaveba arsebobda Cveulebrivsa da ze-
daSis qvevrebis damzadebis teqnologias Soris.
gansxvavebas zedaSisa da Cveulebriv qvevrebs Soris
arc maTi cviliT damuSavebisa Tu kiriT daduRa-
bebis SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT, Tumca didad savarau-
32
zedaSes qvevrebi alaverdis taZris ezoSi
doa, rom zedaSis qvevrebi ufro gulmodgined
irecxeboda da am mniSvnelovan process meti dro
da energia daeTmoboda warsulSi. zedaSis qvev-
rebisa da Rvinis kultura mTel saqarTveloSia
gavrcelebuli, magram am movlenas ufro metad
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da, konkretulad, ka-
xeTSi vxvdebiT. Zvelad praqtikulad ar arse-
bobda arc erTi marani, sadac zedaSis Tundac
erTi qvevri ar yofiliyo Cafluli.
aqedan gamomdinare, TiTqmis yvela marnis
mflobel ojaxs hqonda zedaSis qvevri, romelSic
mzaddeboda rogorc taZar-monastrisaTvis Sesa-
wiri, ise saero Tu saeklesio dResaswaulebze
sakuTari moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili Rvino.
ori sityviT SevexoT Tavad sazedaSe Rvinis da-
yenebis wessac. sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba gan-
sakuTrebuli yuradReba, movla da mopyroba, daw-
ye-buli qvevrebis recxviTa da marnis sisufTaviT,
vidre yurZnis gadamuSavebisa da misi daduReba-
daRvinebisa da Senaxvis procesamde.
 qvevrebs alkoholuri duRilis periodSi
sWirdeba WaWis xSiri dareva, es procesi SesaZloa
dReSi minimum 5-jer ganmeordes. saerTod ki
kargia, Tu qvevrebSi WaWas yovel or-sam saaTSi
erTxel mainc daureven, gansakuTrebiT mZafri
duRilis periodSi. duRilis damTavrebis Semdeg
WaWa da Rvino unda gancalkevdes da Rvino unda
gadaiRon calke qvevrSi, ris Semdegac sazedaSe
Rvinos esaWiroeba sruli simSvide garkveuli
drois manZilze. Rvinos, WaWidan moxsnis Semdeg,
pirvelma gadaRebam SesaZloa sxvadasxva dros
mouwios adgilis, regionis, mosavlis wlisa Tu
sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es dro SesaZ-
loa iyos, magaliTad, noember-dekemberi. sazeda-
Se Rvinis dasayeneblad unda dawuron mxolod da
mxolod wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSebi. yovlad da-
uSvebelia sazedaSe Rvinis dasayeneblad TeTr-
yurZniani vazis jiSebis gamoyeneba an Tundac maTi
umciresi nawilis Sereva wiTel yurZenSi. aseve ar
SeiZleba wiTel sazedaSe RvinoSi TeTri Rvinis
Serevac, Tundac es iyos Rvinis sul mciredi na-
wilic ki. amis garda, unda gamoiricxos sazedaSe
RvinoSi wylis moxvdrac. amis Tavidan asacileb-
lad WurWeli (qvevri, kasri, minis WurWeli Tu
sxva), unda gamoiyenoT maSin, rodesac igi recxvis
Semdeg kargad gaSreba. sazedaSed aseve ar gamoi-
yeneben vardisferi Rvinis momcem yurZnis jiSeb-
sac, romelTa Seferilobac sustia. zogadad, sa-
zedaSe da aqedan gamomdinare sabarZime RvinisaT-
vis umjobesia Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba Zveli qar-
Tuli wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSebi, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad: “saferavi”, “ZvelSavi”, “ocxanuri sa-
fere”, qarTlisa Tu kaxeTis “Tavkveri”, “Savkapito”
da sxva, dasavleTisa Tu aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los yurZnis jiSebi.
33
ojaxur pirobebSi dayenebul sazedaSe Rvinos
damuSaveba (igulisxmeba filtracia, gawebva da
sxva qimiuri danamatebi) ar esaWiroeba. aseve ara-
nair saWiroebas ar warmoadgens da aseT SemTxve-
vaSi arc aris rekomendebuli alkoholuri du-
Rilis dros safuvris wminda kulturis gamo-
yenebac. zogadad, ojaxur pirobebSi, araTu saze-
daSe Rvinos, aramed Cveulebriv Rvinosac ar esa-
Wiroeba zemoT CamoTvlili danamatebi da filt-
racia, radgan Rvino, Tuki mas codniT miudgebiT,
bunebrivad da yovelgvari qimiuri danamatebis ga-
reSe gaivlis yvela im etaps, romelic, magali-
Tad, qarxnul meRvineobas esaWiroeba. erTaderTi
meTodi, romlis gamoyenebac daSvebulia zedaSis
Rvinis dayenebisas, esaa qvevrebSi gogirdis Cabo-
leba, rasac WurWlisave sadezinfeqciod mimar-
Taven maTi gamoyenebis win. am meTods Cveni winap-
rebic iyenebdnen. ra Tqma unda, gogirdis Caboleba
ar gamoricxavs WurWlisa da marnis higienis wese-
bis dacvas, rac erT-erTi winapirobaa xarisxiani
Rvinis misaRebad.
aqedan gamomdinare, sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba
ara filtracia, gawebva Tu sxva preparatebiT
gajereba, aramed WaWidan drouli moxsna, gada-
Rebis swori drois SerCeva, wesebis dacviT Senaxva
da, rogorc ukve iTqva, marnisa da WurWelis hi-
gienuri wesebis zusti Sesruleba.
qvevris damRebi
qvevris damRebi meqvevris mier dasmuli ergvari
niSnulebia qvevris pirze. Cvens mier gadaRebuli
qvevris damRebis suraTebi mogrovilia rogorc
dasavleT ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan. dam-
Rebis simravliTa da mravalferovnebiT gansa-
kuTrebiT kaxeTia gamorCeuli da Cveni foto-
koleqciis didi nawilic swored kaxeTSia gada-
Rebuli.
marTalia, Zveli meTuneebi damRebs sxva na-
warmsac ukeTebdnen, rogorebicaa: kramiti, aguri,
didi zomis wylisa Tu sxva WurWeli, magram dam-
Rebis yvelaze meti raodenoba Tu mravalferov-
neba swored Zvel qvevrebze gvxvdeba. damRis mi-
xedviT Cven SegviZlia amovicnoT kidec rogorc
qvevris ostati, ise Tavad qvevris warmomavloba,
SesaZloa gavigoT qvevris damzadebis TariRi da
sxv. xSirad damRebi naTels hfenen, saidan sad
gahqondaT qvevrebi.
Zveli qvevrebis umetesobas aqvs damRa, romel-
zec gamosaxuli iyo: meqvevris inicialebi, os-
tatis sruli saxeli da gvari, damzadebis weli,
sxvdasxva ornamentebi, jvari, yvavili, borjRali,
qvevris damzadebis adgili, Zalze iSviaTad
qvevris moculoba da sxv.
xalxuri gadmocemiT, Zvelad damRa amav-
droulad warmoadgenda erTgvar xarisxis niSan-
sac. damRis niSani mamidan Svilze an SviliSvilze
avtomaturad ar gadadioda da yovel meqvevres
Tavis naxelavze damRis dasmis ufleba Tavadve
unda moepovebina.

34
35
boloTqma
amrigad vasrulebT broSuras “qarTuli qvev-
rebi”. rogorc mkiTxveli darwmundeboda, wi-
namdebare broSura qarTuli, tradiciuli WurW-
lis - qvevris popularizacias emsaxureba. ro-
gorc SesavalSive aRiniSna, Znelia erTi bro-
Suris farglebSi moaqcio iseTi mniSvnelovani da
amavdroulad moculobiTi Tema, rogoric qvevri
da meqvevreobaa, miT umetes, rom aRniSnuli Tema
jer kidev Semdgomi kvlevis sagans warmoadgens da
bolomde Seswavlili araa. swored amitomac Se-
saZloa, rom aRniSnulma naSromma farTo mkiTx-
vels da gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc ase Tu ise
misdevs mamapapur qvevrebSi Rvinis qarTulad
dayenebis wess, zogierT SekiTxvaze verc ki upasuxa,
rac bunebrivicaa. Cven vimedovnebT, rom axlo
momavalSi am sakiTxebis garSemo pasuxgaucemeli
kiTxva aRar iarsebebs.
Cven momavalSic vgegmavT mevenaxeoba-meRvi-
neobis sakiTxebze axali gamocemebis momzadebas,
romlebic Seexeba qarTuli marnis aSeneba-
mowyobasa da mis arqiteqturas, venaxis gaSenebas,
qarTuli saRvine WurWelisa da venaxisa da marnis
iaraR-inventarsa da sxv. aseve igegmeba gamoices
katalogi “qarTuli vazis jiSebi”.
dasasrul gvinda kvlav gavimeoroT da aRvniS-
noT, rom qarTuli tradiciuli saRvine WurWeli
- qvevri unikaluri WurWelia, am unikalurobas
qmnis misi daxvewili forma, simartive, arqauloba
da, rac mTavaria, misi Seucvleli da didi roli
Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis saqmeSi.

leqi iqa, Rvino aqa,

kasri iqa, qvevri aqa.

36
gamoyenebuli literatura
?a. boxoCaZe, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba Zvel
saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri masalebis
mixedviT. Tbilisi 1963;
?a. lekiaSvili, Sen xar venaxi. Tbilisi 1972;
?l. fruiZe, mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi 1974;
?iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad.
tomi V. “meRvineoba”. Tbilisi 1986;
?masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da
xelosnobis istoriisaTvis. tomi II. Tbilisi
1979;
?m. zandukeli. qarTuli xalxuri keramika
(qsnis xeoba). Tbilisi 1982;
?qarTlis cxovreba IV. batoniSvili vaxuSti.
aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa;
?ilia WavWavaZe. Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba
(narkvevi). 1887;
?T. Rlonti. ilia WavWavaZe da soflis
meurneoba. Tbilisi 1988;
?gazeTi “meurne” #9. Tbilisi 1888w. 3 marti;
?T. l. e. jorjaZe. mevenaxeoba da Rvinis
dayeneba, keTeba da gaumjobeseba
xelTmZRvanelobisaTvis kaxuri Rvinis
myenebelTa. Tbilisi, 1876;
?j. sonRulaSvili. saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba-
meRvineobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1974.

37
SeniSvnebiI

38
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