1.introduce of High Voltage

Topic 1:
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE
Lecturers:
1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Hermagasantos Zein, M.Sc.
2. Siti Saudah, S.t., M.T.
Contact:
▪ Ofice:
➢ Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban, Bandung Barat, Indonesia
▪ Email:
➢ hermaga_s@yahoo.co.id, Hp. 081321108991
➢ siti.saudah@polban.ac.id, Hp.081222548693
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE
Content
1. Electric Power System
2. Aspects of using High Voltage
3. Energy sources and energy conversion
4. Substation
5. Power Overhead lines and Cables
6. Basic Equipment
7. Homework-1
8.Homework-1
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
1. Electric Power System
G1 Generating station
Generating substation
ektra/ulta Voltage
G2
transmission
Transmission
substation
High Voltage transmission:

G3 150 kV atau 220 kV
Bulk Substation
Medium voltage network
20 kV atau 70 kV
Distribution Substation
Low voltage network

Medium voltage consumer
: 220 V
Low voltage consumer

Fig.1: Single line diagram electric power system
1. Electric Power System …
▪ Power Network
• The term (sebutan) high voltage is used as a generic
term to include all voltages higher than 1000 volts,
although the emphasis is on the typical voltage levels
used power systems.
• High voltages, however, feature in many applications
that are not related to the power system. Typical
examples are automotive ignition systems, cathode
ray tubes as found in oscilloscopes and television sets.
The power transmission: S = 3 V I*
This equation:
• For a fixed S and V=high voltage, resulte in lower I
• Lower I: losses and voltage drops are lower.
1. Electric Power System …
Fig. 2: Schematic representation of a power network

2. Aspects of using High Voltage
• To prevent current leakage or flashover due to inadequate insulation.
• Higher conductivity Conductors: copper and aluminium are the cost-effective
choices.
• Non-metal for insulating material: gas, air, pure water, etc.
Table 1. Properties of Conductors and Insulating Materials
2. Aspects of using High Voltage …
From the table:
Air at atmospheric pressure is an obvious choice as an insulating material.
• The widespread use of high voltage overhead lines and outdoor substations.
• Still necessary to support the high voltage conductors mechanically.
Porcelain and Glass have given good service as support or suspension

insulators.
• These insulators then appear parallel to the air insulation that surrounds the
bare conductor (konductor telanjang).
• The interface between the porcelain or glass and air turns out to be a
vulnerable region (tempat serangga).
In metal clad insulated system (GIS): SF6 as main insulating medium.
Solid materials (i.e. Porcelin, galss and polymers): support the conductor HV
Transformer and other equipment use mineral oil, either on its own in
combination with linen or paper
2. Aspects of using High Voltage …
In a properly (wajar)designed system:
• Insulation sistems: reliably under normal as well as abnormal
volatage
• Main factor of failure : overstressing, i.e. Electric field exceed
capabilitties and indusces failure.
• Air at atmospheric pressure: good insulator and a gap electrodes
without sharp protrusions (benjolan tajam) can withstand 20 kV/cm.
However, at 30 kV/cm the air in the gap becomes ionized and
breaks down, leading to a flashover, accompanied by a high short
circuit.
• Lightning is the build up electric charge in the cloud causes field
conditions, leading eventually to a massive discharge in the form of
a high current to ground.
3. Energy sources and energy conversion
• Direct conversion: solar energy by the photo voltage effect.
• All the electricity in the world is generated using Faraday’s law (water,
stem or wind energy causes ratation of the turbine and generator rotor.
• When the magnetic poles on the rotor move past the stator: electricity in
induced in the stator winding, producing power as shown in fig. below
Fig.3 Principle of the generation of electricity, using Faraday’s law
3. Energy sources and energy conversion …
Priciple of the hydro and fossil fuel power station
Fig 4. Schematic diagrams, showing the operation of a hydro electric

power station (left) and acoal fired station (right)
Conventional and pebble bed modular reactors
Fig.5 Schematic diagrams, showing the operation of a conventional pressurised

water reactor (PWR) power station Ileft) and a PBMR (right)
Fig. 6 Layout of the PBMR with fuel pebble show
Generator: Typecal large generator:
• Ratting: 500 - 900 MVA
• Voltage: 24 kV.
• Full load current:10 – 20 kA.
• Reducing losses: water-cooling of the stator winding and the use of air-cooled
bus ducts for the connections between the generator and the generator
transformer.
• The insulation of the stator bars relative to the stator slots poses a particularly
difficult insulation problem in the light of the limited space, high voltage and
temperature
Fig.7 (a) Generator, stator windings and (b) detail of the winding insulation in the stator slot
4. Substation
• Substations are the nodes in the power system
• Transmission substations: interconnection nodes on the main transmission
system.
• Distribution stations:132 kV and below to distribute the power to consumers.
A typical distribution substation is shown in Fig.8.
Figure 8: Single line diagram of a typical 132 kV substation.
4. Substation …
• The Fig. shows: a conventional outdoor and of an indoor gas-insulated
substation (GIS).
• In GIS the use of SF6, a gas with exceptional insulating properties, facilitates the
design of very compact substations.
• In GIS a co-axial tubular system is used and all the components, such as circuit
breakers, isolators and circuit breakers form an integral part of the substation.
Figure 9: Typical 132 kV substations: Outdoor (a) and Indoor GIS (b)
5. Power Overhead lines and Cables
High voltage feeders in the form of overhead power lines or

underground cables interconnect high voltage substations. Typical high
voltage overhead power lines are shown in this Fig.
Fig. 10 : Typical overhead high voltage lines: (a): 400 kV suspension tower, (b) 400 kV double circuit strain
tower and (c) 22 kV wood-pole distribution line with fused cable connection.
5. Power Overhead lines and Cables …
Fig. 11 : New designs of (a) a 400 kV line and (b) a 132 kV line
5. Power Overhead lines and Cables …
Underground power cables
Fig.1.4: Various types of cable constructions and terminations .
6. Basic Equipment
In this section the components of the power system, consisting of transmission and distribution
substations and power lines, are discussed.
Power lines: towers, conductors, metal ware and insulators
Fig. 12: Examples of conductor power line components: (a) Detail of ACSR conductor,
(b) Pistol grip connection of a conductor to a strain insulator and (c) Wind vibration
dampers.
6. Basic Equipment …
Fig.13 : Insulator types
Bushings
Fig. 14: Normal straight through epoxy resin bushing and (b) capacitively graded paper and oil bushing.
Examples of typical bushings are shown in Fig. 1.15.
Fig. 15: Example of typecal graded bushings

Power transformers
Fig.16 : Power transformers
6. Basic Equipment ….
Instrument transformers
CT’s: current transformers
VT’s: voltage transformers
Fig. 17: Schematic diagram showing a typical

application of current and voltage
transformers to a single- phase circuit
Fig. 18: Equivalent circuit of current transformer

(a) normal operation and (b) with open circuited
secondary .
Instrument transformers
• CT’s: current transformers
• VT’s: voltage transformers
Fig. 19 :A high voltage Capacitive Voltage Transformer(CVT)
Line traps (LT’s)
Fig. 20 : Power Line Carrier coupling
Fig. 21: Typical Line Traps
Circuit breakers and fuses
Fig.22: Schematic presentation of the

interruption of fault current by a circuit
breaker and associated protection relays.
Fig.23: Air Blast Circuit Breakers
Fig. 24: Oil Circuit Breakers
Fig. 25: SF6 Circuit Breakers
Fig.26 : Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Fig.27 : (a) Cut-out (drop-out) Fuse

assembly (b) Isolator (link) assembly
Insulators
Fig.28 : Typical rotating arm isolators: (a) Isolator closed and (b) Isolator
open.
Surge arresters or lightning arresters (LA’s)
Fig.29 : Lightning Arresters
7. Homework
Part 1:
1. What meaning in Indonesia language of the terminologies below: Conjugate
current, Pole, Flashover and breakdown, buildup electric charge, massive
discharge, tower, conductivity, isolator, suspension isolator, support isolator
2. Explain meaning in Indonesia language the some thinks below: Substation, power
plant, Transmission and Distribution, Bulk substation, generating substation,
transmission substation and distribution substation, Faraday's law
7. Homework …
Part 2:
1. Compare the pros and cons (pro dan contra) of overhead lines and underground
cables.
2. What is a bushing?
3. Which two purposes are served by the oil in a transformer? Elaborate.
4. What are the differences between CTs and VTs?
5. Why should the secondary of a CT never become open-circuited while it is
energized?
6. Describe the concept of auto reclosing.
7. How does an isolator differ from a circuit breaker?
8. Describe the arc interruption processes in air blast, SF6, oil and vacuum circuit
breakers.
9. What are the pros and cons of AC and DC transmission?
10.What meaning of the terminologies below: Conjugate current, Pole, Flashover and
breakdown, buildup electric charge massive discharge, tower, conductivity,
isolator, suspension isolator.
11.Explain the some thinks below: power plant, Transmission and Distribution, Bulk
substation, generating substation, transmission substation and distribution
substation
OK, our class is over
Thank You

1.introduce of High Voltage

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Topic 1:

INTRODUCTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE

High Voltage transmission:

Low voltage network

Low voltage consumer

The power transmission: S = 3 V I*

Fig. 2: Schematic representation of a power network

Porcelain and Glass have given good service as support or suspension

In metal clad insulated system (GIS): SF6 as main insulating medium.

Fig.3 Principle of the generation of electricity, using Faraday’s law

Priciple of the hydro and fossil fuel power station

Fig 4. Schematic diagrams, showing the operation of a hydro electric

Fig.5 Schematic diagrams, showing the operation of a conventional pressurised

Fig. 6 Layout of the PBMR with fuel pebble show

Figure 8: Single line diagram of a typical 132 kV substation.

High voltage feeders in the form of overhead power lines or

Fig.1.4: Various types of cable constructions and terminations .

Power lines: towers, conductors, metal ware and insulators

Fig.13 : Insulator types

Fig. 15: Example of typecal graded bushings

Fig.16 : Power transformers

Fig. 17: Schematic diagram showing a typical

Fig. 18: Equivalent circuit of current transformer

Fig. 19 :A high voltage Capacitive Voltage Transformer(CVT)

Fig. 20 : Power Line Carrier coupling

Fig. 21: Typical Line Traps

Fig.22: Schematic presentation of the

Fig.23: Air Blast Circuit Breakers

Fig. 24: Oil Circuit Breakers

Fig. 25: SF6 Circuit Breakers

Fig.26 : Vacuum Circuit Breakers

Fig.27 : (a) Cut-out (drop-out) Fuse

Fig.29 : Lightning Arresters

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