MODULE 4  Particles are need to attach or collide each

other in order to create new substances.

FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF CHEMICAL RAECTION
Successful chemical reaction occurs if:

 Particles collide with each other

Reaction – slow down or speed up depending on the
 Have proper orientation
several factors, these factors are:
 Have sufficient kinetic energy to break bonds
 temperature,
KINETIC ENERGY
 concentration,
 surface area  Energy that matter possesses because of
 presence of catalyst particle motion
 nature of reactants  “energy in motion”

Chemical Reaction

 Process in which at least one new substance

(element or a compound) is produced as a
result of chemical change occurred.

Evidences of Chemical Change:

 Color change
 Precipitate
 Gas/ bubbles
 Heat/ Light

Activation Energy (Ea)

Reaction Rate
 Minimum energy required for a
 Expressed as amount of reactants changing per reaction to occur
unit of time  Depends on reactants
 Related to the properties of atoms, ions, and  Low Ea = fast reactions rate ( these kind
molecules through a model called collision of relationship is inverse/direct
theory. proportional

TEMPERATURE

Steps

1. In separate test tubes, add 5mL sodium thiosulfate

What is COLLSION THEORY?
 Reaction rates depend on collisions between
reacting particles for them to make new
substances.
and into another 3 separate test tubes, add 0.1 HCl.
2. Prepare stopwatch or timer for our results.
3. Prepare 3 pairs of sodium thiosulfate and 1 HCl test
tube.
4. Get the first pair and get them into ice water bath.
Transfer solutions and stop when cloudiness forms.
Stop the time when the mixtures appear cloudy
due to the formation sulphur.
5. Get the second pair and get them in hot water
bath.
6. Get the third pair and transfer in the room of
temperature. Record the results.

Increase Temperature = Faster reaction rate

(relationship is directly proportional)

Kinetic Energy

 T, gives the particle energy

 Movement of particles
 Opportunities for collision

 opportunities for collision

 Amount of particles
 Reaction rate is doubles every 10 ° c in the
temperature
SURFACE AREA

Nature of Reactants

 Substances vary in tendencies to react

 Rate of reaction depends on the reactants and
CONCENTRATION the bonds involved

Steps
STEPS
1. I n 2 separate test tubes, put 2ml of 6M HCl and
1. In three separate test tubes place 2millillites of
6M HNO3.
the following:
2. Place a magnesium ribbon in each test tubes
 1M of HCl
and start timing.
 3M of HCl
 6M of HCl
2. Add magnesium strips in each test tubes and
start timing the reaction, stop the time when
the reaction stop too.
 1M of HCl = 2 minutes
 3M of HCl = 35 seconds
 6M of HCl = 25 seconds

 3 concentrations: 6M, 3M and 1M HCl

Steps
 (solutions) = no. of reacting substances
present 1. Add 6M HCl in 3 separate test tubes.
2. Line the tubes in a rack and add the ffg metals:
 Zinc ribbon
 Iron fillings
 Coppery bond
3. Observe and record results.
 Zinc ribbon (fastest)
 Iron fillings
 Coppery bond
 PRESENCE OF CATALYST

Catalyst

 Compound which increases the reaction

without being consumed.
 Activation energy

4 Factors in Surface area:

Steps

1. In a flask, add the ffg: 0.010M KI, 0.01M

 To get higher rate of reaction
 You need to use the large surface area
 By using smaller size of particles
 The rate of reactions slows down when you use
the large size of particles which may lead to
smaller surface area.
Steps
Na2S204 and d. H2O. ( Label the flask E1)
2. In another flask, add 0.04 KBr03, 0.1M HCl and
2% starch solution. ( Label the flask E2)
3. Transfer solutions and time for color change.
4. Repeat procedure.
Add gtts of ammonium molybdate on E2 before pouring
to E1. Record and comparing the results of two
procedures.

1. Place a small piece of chalk and add 10 to 15 Answer the following:

gtts of HCl. 1. What was purpose of the starch solution in the
2. In another test tube place powdered chalk and procedure?
add 10 to 15 gtts of HCl. -
3. Comparing the results obviously shown that the 2. What reagent served as the catalyst?
piece of chalk has a slower rate compared to
powdered chalk because of surface area.

Le Chatelier’s Principle
What is a Chemical Equilibrium?

 State at which forward and backward chemical

reactions occur simultaneously at the same rate

Reverse Reaction

 Conversion of reactants to products (forward)

and conversion of product to reactant  Exothermic reaction
(backward) occur simultaneously  Radiates heat after rxn takes place
 Double-headed arrow  Releases heat/ energy

Le Chatelier’s Principle

 Aka the “The Equilibrium Law”

 Named after Henry Louis Le Chaterlier who
discovered it independently
 These principles state “If a stress is applied to a
system in equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts in
a way that tends to undo the effect of the
stress.”

Effect of Concentration

Effect of Temperature Add heat = shift?

 Endothermic reaction
 Uses heat for rxn to take place
 Absorbs heat/ energy
Decrease heat = shift?

Experiment A: SILVER ION EQUILIBRIA

Steps

1. In a test tube, add 10 gtts 0.1M AgNO3 and

0.1M Na2CO3. Write down the chemical
equation for the system we created.
2. Add 6M KNO3 and observe changes. Until no
further change occurs, write down changes.
3. Add gtts of 0.1M HCl until no change occurs
again. Let the precipitate settle down.
4. Discard the supernatant and leave the
Effect of Pressure precipitate.
5. Add gtts of ammonia to the precipitate until it
dissolves. Write down any changes.
6. Reacidify the systems with 6M HCl. Observe
again any changes.
7. Add gtts 0.1M KI.
8. Let the precipitate settle down. Add 10 gtts
0.1M Na2S. Write down the changes occur.

Experiment B: Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) Solution

Procedures

1. In a test tube, add N4HCl crystal and dissolved it

in water
2. Make sure that all solids are dissolved.
3. Take note tha moist being observe in the test
tube.

Why do think the reaction went cold?

 Experiment C: Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) Equilibrium

Methods

1. Add 10 gtts 1M CoCl2 in a test tube. Record the

color of the solution.
2. Add gtts of concentrated HCl until color of
solution fully changes. Write the new chemical
equation for this reaction.
3. Add gtts of distilled water and record the
changes again.