A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Transistor as a switch: Build/ test transistor switch circuit
on breadboard/General purpose PCB for various input:
signal.”

SUBMITTED BY
Miss. Pawar Sayali Rajendra (143) Miss. Rahane Ayushi Madhukar (145)
Miss. Salve Shraddha Umesh (156) Miss. Shaikh Fiza Ansar (159)
Miss. Shaikh Humera Altaf (160)

Under the guidance of

Ms. V. V. Pattevar

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHOLOGY

Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

SANJIVANI K. B. P. POLYTECHNIC
KOPARGAON – 423603, DIST: AHMEDNAGAR
2021-2022
 Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
SANJIVANI K. B. P. POLYTECHNIC
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled
“Transistor as a switch: Build/ test transistor switch circuit on
breadboard/General purpose PCB for various input: signal.”
Submitted By
Miss. Pawar Sayali Rajendra (143) Miss. Rahane Ayushi Madhukar (145)
Miss. Salve Shraddha Umesh (156) Miss. Shaikh Fiza Ansar (159)
Miss. Shaikh Humera Altaf (160)
Under our supervision and guidance for partial fulfillment of the requirement for
Diploma in Computer Technology affiliated to
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
For academic year
2021-2022

Ms. V. V. Pattevar Mr. G N Jorvekar

Project Guide HOD
 INDEX

Sr. No. Title Page

No.
1). Introduction 1.

2). What is Transistor? 2.

3). Transistor as a switch 4.

4). Operating Modes of 6.

Transistors

5). Utilization 8.

6). Conclusion 9.

7). Reference 10.

 1. INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

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 2. What is Transistor?

When an n-type or p-type semiconductor is connected between two p-type or n-type

semiconductors respectively then two PN junctions are formed. Such a two junction device is
called a TRANSISTOR.
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals or power. It
is a solid-state electronic device that is used to control the flow of electricity in electronic
equipment and usually consists of a small block of a semiconductor with at least three
electrodes.
Thus transistor is a two junction, three layers, and three-terminal semiconductor device.
The transistor is made of Silicon, Germanium material.

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Transistor has mainly two types.

1) PNP Transistor

2) NPN Transistor

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 3. Transistor as Switches

Transistor switches can be used to switch a low voltage DC device (e.g. LED’s) ON or OFF by
using a transistor in its saturated or cut-off state.
When used as an AC signal amplifier, the transistors Base biasing voltage is applied in such a
way that it always operates within its “active” region, that is the linear part of the output
characteristics curves are used.
However, both the NPN & PNP type bipolar transistors can be made to operate as “ON/OFF”
type solid state switch by biasing the transistors Base terminal differently to that for a signal
amplifier.
Solid state switches are one of the main applications for the use of transistor to switch a DC
output “ON” or “OFF”. Some output devices, such as LED’s only require a few milliamps at
logic level DC voltages and can therefore be driven directly by the output of a logic gate.
However, high power devices such as motors, solenoids or lamps, often require more power than
that supplied by an ordinary logic gate so transistor switches are used.
If the circuit uses the Bipolar Transistor as a Switch, then the biasing of the transistor, either
NPN or PNP is arranged to operate the transistor at both sides of the “ I-V ” characteristics
curves we have seen previously.

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The areas of operation for a transistor switch are known as the Saturation Region and the Cut-
off Region. This means then that we can ignore the operating Q-point biasing and voltage
divider circuitry required for amplification, and use the transistor as a switch by driving it back
and forth between its “fully-OFF” (cut-off) and “fully-ON” (saturation) regions as shown below.

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 4. Operating modes of transistor

Depending on the biasing conditions like forward or reverse, transistors have three major
modes of operation namely cutoff, active and saturation regions.

 Active Mode

In this mode, the transistor is generally used as a current amplifier. In active mode, two
junctions are differently biased that means emitter-base junction is forward biased
whereas collector-base junction is reverse biased. In this mode, current flows between
emitter and collector and the amount of current flow is proportional to the base current.

 Cutoff Mode

In this mode, both collector base junction and emitter base junction are reverse biased. As
both the PN Junctions are reverse biased, there is almost no current flow except small
leakage currents (usually in the order of few nano amps or pico amps). BJT in this mode
is switched OFF and is essentially an open circuit.

Cutoff Region is primarily used in switching and digital logic circuits.

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  Saturation Mode

In this mode of operation, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are forward
biased. Current flows freely from collector to emitter with almost zero resistance. In this
mode, the transistor is fully switched ON and is essentially a close circuit.

Saturation Region is also primarily used in switching and digital logic circuits.

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 5. Utilization

The transistor as a switch has the following uses:

 The LED feature is the most widely employed practical application that is used as a
switch for the transistor.
 The relay operation can be managed by making the necessary circuit changes in order to
connect and control some external devices with respect to the relay.
 With this idea of transistors, the dc motors can be controlled and monitored. This
software is used to turn the engine on and off. The motor speed can be modified by
changing the transistor frequency values.
 Light-bulb is one of these switches ‘examples. It can switch the light on if the setting is
bright and off depending on the dark surroundings. A light-dependent resistor (LDR) is
used to do this.
 An element called a thermistor can be controlled using this switching method, which
detects the ambient temperature. The thermistor is called a resistor. This resistance
increases when the temperature sensed is low and the resistance decreases when the
sensed temperature is high.

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6. Conclusion

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 7. Reference

1. Wikipedia
2. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_4.html
3. https://byjus.com/jee/transistor-as-a-switch/
4. https://www.electronicshub.org/transistor-as-a-switch/

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THANK YOU

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