STRACTURA

L DRAWING
(ST)

3. STRUCTURAL DRAWING (ST)

Shows the general layout of the structure, size, spacing of structural components
such as columns, roof trusses, beams and great variety of constriction works made from
structural steel shapes and plates. It also includes notes containing information.
Load transferring system
Rain load, wind load and other load are supports by roof structure to→ Top tie beam (roof
beam) structural member to →vertical structural member (column) to→ floor beam or
intermediate beam (horizontal member) and slab carry live load (equipment or furniture) and
dead load than transfer the load to floor beam (intermediate beam) finally floor beams are
transfer the load to →foundation structure ( grade beam, foundation wall etc..) to → footing
pad → finally all loads are distribute to the ground.

dead load
and live load

dead load
and live
load

3.2. Building Structural Elements

A- Roof structure:-consists
1. Truss :-A framed structure consisting of straight members joined to from a
patter
of inter connecting triangles usually made of wood or steel.
2. Purlin:-A horizontal roof framing member which is laid perpendicular to
main trusses and supporting the roof.
3. Rafter:-A member in a roof framing work running from the roof to the
ridge and supports roof load.
4. Joists:-Horizontal structural members which support the floors and/or
roof a building.

B- Wall, Slab and other Structural Elements

1. Beam (upper, intermediate, grade):-A horizontal structural member
that carries load.
2. Column:-A vertical supporting member.
 3. Shear wall:-A wall designed to resist lateral loading from wind and
underground disturbance.
4. Cantilever Beam:-A projecting beam or structure supported only at one
end.
5. Slab (roof slab, upper floor slab, ground floor slab):-A flat concrete
area usually reinforced with wire mesh and/or rebar(s).
6. Lintel:-The horizontal member was supporting the wall and window
(opening) over an opening.
7. Stair: - Set of steps usually leads from one floor to other.
8. Post (stud):- The primary vertical member of a wooden wall.
9. Girder: - A horizontal structural member similar to beam . The difference
is that:-Beam spans from column to column, and also Girder spans from
beam to beam.
C- Foundation structural parts (elements)
1. Foundation:-the supporting wall of a building below ground floor.
2. Footing:-the bases up on which the foundation and posts.
3. Retaining wall:-structural wall used to hold back earth.
3.3. Structural components
1. Concrete:-A mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, and water which is
usually reinforce with wire mesh and steel reinforcing bars when used in
heavy construction.
2. Bars:-A round, square or rectangular in cross section.
3. Plate:-A flat steel piece rectangular in cross section.
4. Rear (rod):-Short term used for steel reinforcing bars to reinforce
concrete.
3.4. Effect of external force on building structure
Four different types of forces with different effects will be applied on the structure of a
building either separated or in combination. These will enforce structural elements to develop
stresses. These basic forces are:-
1. Tensile forces:-will stretch the member.

Lengthenin
g
2. Compressive forces:-will compress the member.
Compressive
Force

Shortening

3. Shear force:-will cause one part of the member to side on the other.
 Shear force

Sliding

4. Torsion forces:-will cause the member to twist.

Twisting
Sliding

THE BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND THE STRESSES THEY DEVELOP

1. COLUMN/POST:-develops bending and compression stress.
A. Bending B. Compression

Shortening

Bending

2. BEAM /SLAB:-develop bending and shear stress.

A. Bending B. Shear load

Shear effect

Bending

3. CABLE:-develops tension

Lengthening

4. TRUSS:-develops tension and compress.

 Shortening

Lengthening

5. ARCH:-develops compression (and usually bending).

6. SHELL:-develops tension and compression.

3.5. Types of structures

The main types of structures used in building construction are three, which may be used
independently or in combination. This are:
1. Steel structure:-Are structures made of steel since steel. Since steel is light in
weight and has high tensile strength, if is used in wire house, stairs, and
factories.
2. Wood structure: - Are made of wood. Wood is expensive and not stronger
than steel and concrete. But for its aesthetic value it is used in residential and
simple buildings.
3. Concrete structure:-Are structures and /or structural elements made of
concrete. Concrete has high compressive character. It is week in tension but it
can provide a tensile strength by reinforcing it with steel. Concrete reinforcing
with steel reinforcing bars is called reinforcing concrete and a structure
having parts made of reinforced concrete is known as reinforced concrete
structure.
3.6. Reinforcement
Structural will be resistant to the applied load if they are reinforced with
reinforced bars.
Based on their finish, steels are classified in to plain (smooth) bars and deformed bars.
 Plain (smooth) bars:-Are TIE bars of small diameter (∅ 6, ∅ 8).
 Deformed bars:-Are used to inhibit longitudinal movement of bar
relative to the concrete that surrounds it (∅ 10, ∅ 12, e.t.c).
Reinforcing bars are usually 12m length with diameter of nominal size (based on
diameters of plain round bars) usually from ∅ 6, to ∅ 50mm.
3.6.1. Types of reinforcement
1. Tensile reinforcement:-Reinforcement inserted in to the structure to resist the
structure from moment or defalcation effect.
2. Compressive reinforcement: - Reinforcement inserted in to the structure to
overcome compressive force exerted on the structure.
3. Shear reinforcement: - Reinforcement inserted in to the structure to resist the
shear action.
 3.6.2. TYPES OF REINFORCING BARS
- Steel reinforcement may consist of wires. Bars, and welded wire fabric.
A. Reinforcement bar (rod)

B. Reinforcement cage (mesh)

-For column and beam.

C. Steel fabric
-For slab and wall.

D. Spiral reinforcement
-For circular column.

E. Main bar

F. Spacer bar
G. Distribution bar, temperature bar, shrinkage bar
-Distributes the effect of loading to control shrinkage and
cracking.

H. Splice bar
-Lab length created during column reinforcement extension.

I. Starter bar
-Footing column (plinth) reinforcement.

J. Link (tie) bar

–To tie the reinforcement together.
–To form uniform cages. (Shear reinforcement)

K. Anchorage bar
–Usually at end of structural element
 In the form of: - A. Hook
B. Bend
L. U-shaped bar

M. L-shaped bar

N. Erection bar
– Reinforcement for stresses occurring erection work.
O. Stay

P. Support

Q. Chair

R. Stirrup

S. Binder

3.6.3. COMMON BENT BAR TYPES

Reinforcing bars are cut and bent to the range of standard shapes.

A. Straight F
bars .

B. J- Shaped G.

C U- H Cranked bar
. Shaped .

Rectangular
D I. Link bar
.

E. J.

3.7. Symbols, conventions and standards in

structural drawings
Symbols and abbreviations are used extensively on construction drawings.
1. Structural steel shapes and their symbols
i. Re bar

ii. Circular Hollow Section (CHS)

 iii. Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)

iv. Square Hollow Section (SHS)

v. Plate

vi. C-section

vii. I-section

viii. L-section

ix. T-section
2. Common structural drafting symbols
Symbol Description

# Number e.g. # 12

∅ Diameter e.g. ∅ 12 ¯¿

□ Square e.g. 25 beam

@ Symbol for at used for dimensioning

C/C C/C spacing e.g.#3 bars C/C 15

Indicate direction of reinforcing (used on plan

views)

3. Abbreviations
F= Footing C/C=Center To Center
C= Column SFL=Structural Floor Level
IB=Intermediate beam FFL=Finish Floor Level
UP= Upper Beam BT=Bottom
GB= Grade Beam TOP=Top
S=Slab L=Lintel
FC1=Footing For Column One J= Joists
4. Structural Grid Notation
Structural grid lines identified (referenced) with letters (A, B, C …) in one direction and with
numbers (1, 2, 3 …) in the other.
 1 2 3

5. Bar notation in reinforcement details

A. Bars in group
 Column reinforcement
 Beam

2 4 Ø 20 L= 3.3M

Length of bar
Size of bar
No. of bars in the group
Bar mark number

B. Bars in strange
 Slab reinforcement
 Footing base
 22 26 Ø 10 c/c 30 L=5.5M

Length of bar
Spacing of bar
Size of bar
No. of bars in the string
Bar mark number

3.8. Contents of structural drawing

Main information included in ST drawings:
 Location of majors structural components such columns, beams.
 Basic dimensions
 Typical sections
 Notes to clarify complicated situations
 Details
Typical framing bays
Column and beam connection
Reinforcement in concrete
Footing
Foundation
3.9. Contents of structural working drawing for a
certain project (multi-storied building)
1. Site plan: - Normally drawn from the ground survey and is used to locate to the
beelines from which the building is serous and show the building grid.
2. Foundation and footing layout:-Show the plan, elevation, and sections of the
building foundation.
3. Ground floor slab layout:-Normally cast direction on to a compacted hardcore sub
base and the drawings basically illustrates a simple slab of constant thickness
(usually 100-200mm).
4. First floor slab layout
5. Roof slab layout
6. Column and beam layout
7. Reinforcement drawing:-
 Footing reinforcement
 Slab reinforcement (ground, upper, roof)
 Column reinforcement
 Beam reinforcement (grade, intermediate, upper, cantilever)
 Lintel reinforcement
 Stair reinforcement
8. Column lift shaft, staircases:-
 Separate drawing prepared for them.
9. Structural steel work
10. External works:- For ramps, retaining walls, duct e.t.c….
N.B- Generally for every structural element two sets of information is required.
A. Layout or general arrangement drawing shows:-
1. A fully dimensioned profile drawing of the concrete structure.
 2. Details of the concrete to be used.
3. Details of surface finishes required.
4. Additional (non-concrete) elements such as water proofing inserted for bolted
fixing cramps, dowels and so on.
5. Comprehensive notes including cross references to other drawings.
B. Reinforcement detail drawing shows:-
1. The outline of the concrete profile drawn to scale but not dimensioned. Except for
levels.
2. A fully annotated layout of the reinforcing bars (complete reinforcement
assemblies).
3. Compressive notes which relate to the reinforcement and to cross references.
4. Type, size and arrangement of ail the reinforcing bars required in concrete
structure.
4. Structural Drawing for RC Foundation Plan
Foundation plan
This drawing shows the general Rc foundation plan of the building or
to show the base of the building in plan view).
When draw foundation plan first know types of footing:-there are two
types of footing in construction.
1. Isolated footing: - according there shape isolated footing are divided in to
two:-
A. square B. rectangular

2. Combined footing:-is a type of footing combined one footing pad two or

more columns in one. E.g.

 Rc foundation plan shows include the following information:-

A. Dimension
1. External
 Detail dimension
 Offset dimension
  Center to center
 Overall
2. Internal
 Column size
 Footing size
 Grade beam size
 Internal dimension b/n grade beam to grade.
 Level difference
B. mark identification number (e.g.FC1,GB1)
C. Grid line
D. Mark structural grid notation
E. Title and scale of have drawn the drawing.
The scale this drawing is the same as floor plan scale.
Facts with footing
- The minimum depth of footing pads is 15 cm.
- The minimum concrete cover for footing pads is 50mm.
- The best location for columns on footing pads is at the center of the pad.
- The quality of concrete mostly used for footing is C-25.
- The quality of steel mostly used for footing is S-300 and above.
 GB1
D

1000
3000
F3C2 F2C1

1000
F1 F1
GB2

1000
C
C1 C2
F3C2

 8c/c200
Both ways 1200
 8c/c200
both ways
3881

F3C2

B'
1841

F1
GB2
B
C1 C2
F3C2

GB4 GB5
GB4

 8c/c200 Expansion joint

6519

both ways

1200

A A GB3 C2
A'
F1
000
2100
1500

C2
A
F3C1 GB1
F4

6202 549
1 2 8 3

Foundation, column layout

ground floor slab & grade beam
(Slab Thickness=100mm) Scale 1:50

Footing Rc detail
 B B

10 L=1200
25

850
C
Lean Concrete-C5 -100

220
350

30
50
SECTION A- A 
Scale 1:30
250

250
SECTION B-B
Scale 1:5
200 50
50
200 200

200

A A  C6c/c 200 L=900

stirrup scale 1:5
1400

250
250



FOOTING PLAN

12c/c 200 L=1720

190

1340
FOOTING - F1(4 pcs)
Scale 1:30

5. Structural columns
These structural members are vertical loads bearing member of the structural frame,
which transmit the beams and floors load down to the foundation.
- The concrete quality for columns is C-25.
Classification of column
A. Depending on the types of reinforcing bars
1. Columns reinforced with longitudinal steel and closely spaced
spirals(helical reinforcement )
Plan

Section

2. Columns reinforced with longitudinal steel and lateral ties (closed stirrups)
 Plan

Section

3. Composite – structural steel member is encased in a concrete.

Concrete

Steel

B. Depending on the types of material

1. Steel concrete

I Beam-Columns
Circular tube Mullion
Stanchion

2. Columns of timber

Prop Post Pole

Wood or steel

Anchorage bar

3. R.C column

Reinforcing
bars

concrete

C. Depending on their location in a building

1. External column
  Columns located on the outside or perimeter if the
building.
2. Internal columns located on the inside of the building.
D. depending there shape
Circular, square, rectangular, polygon, etc
5.1. Structural Drawing For RC Columns
1. Column reinforcement: - column mainly carries compressive forces, column under
load has a tendency to buckle or bend. Thus column must be reinforced with steel
reinforcing bars to prevent the columns from buckling or bending.
Basic column reinforcement.
a. Longitudinal (main steel bars)
b. Link (ties/stirrup)
a. Main /longitudinal bars: - secured to starter bars projecting from the column or
foundation below and is normally cranked to keep the bars on the perimeter of the
cage. Work with the concrete to carry the compressive loads and to resist the tensile
stresses that occur in columns when a bldg. frame is subjected to wind or earthquake
loads.
b. Links (ties/stirrups):-
 Smallest steel bars wrapped around the vertical bar help to prevent them
from buckling under load (prevent it from bursting through the sides of the
column).
 Normally made from mild steel.
 Size ties ( ∅ 6- ∅ 10mm)
 Depending on the vertical bars, arraignment ties may be either column ties
or column spirals.
U.B

L-bars
splice
1st
floor I.B STRAIGHT
BARS
stirrups

G. floor lap
G.B STARTER
BARS

Column ties/ tie arrangements/

Ties may be arranged in many ways to restrain the vertical main bars. Here are some of
the arrangements which are used in structural column.
2. Column splices: - columns which are used in multistory buildings must be spliced
usually occurs at floor levels. Splicing a column involves extending the main
reinforcing steel out of the bottom column so that it can be spliced to the bottom
column so that it can be spliced to the main reinforcing of the column that will rest
no the top of it.

Lap Column splicing details Lap

A. tied column splice B. spiral column

splice
3. Kicker :-
 Is the raised plinth, it is about 50mm-75mm high and
the same shape as column.
 It is cast directly on the slab before the reinforcement
cage is erected.
 It is used to locate the column shutter.
Links
Main steel

Kicker

BASIC RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF COLUMNS

1. Cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement should not be :-
 Less than 0.8% A0.
 Greater THAN 8% A0. A0=Area of concrete
2. Min ∅ of longitudinal bar shall not be less than 12 mm.
3. Min concrete cover is 25mm
4. Min # of main bars shall be
i. 6 for circular columns ii. 4 for rectangular columns
 5. Minimum lateral dimension of a column shall be at least length 15cm and width
15cm.

15
15
Structural Drawing of Columns
A. STRUCTURAL COLUMN LAYOUTS
It is the plan view of columns, showing the location, the size, spacing and marks of
columns, which is used to reference structural column reinforcement detail.
It includes:-
 Basic dimension.
 Structural grid identification.
 Column mark numbers.
 Location and size of columns.
 Plan view of columns.
 Center line of columns.
 Notes
 Schedule (column schedule)
1 2 3

D
C C C1
1 1

C1 C C
C
1 1

C C C1
B
1 1

C1 C C
A 1 1
Column layout plan
Scale
1:50

B. STRUCTURAL COLUMN DETAILS

SHOWS:-
1. How the bars are to be placed in the form.
2. Height and size of columns.
3. The amount size and length of bars.
4. Detail reinforcements.
INCLUDES:-
 Plan view, sectional view and details.
 General dimensions.
  Column height
 Floor levels
 Beam sizes
 Lap length
 Kickers height
 Elevations of structural form(levels)
 Bar identifications (bar marks)
 Size, number and length of bars.
 Grid identification
 Column identification
Column mark
No. of pieces
 Necessary notes
 Details
 Column cross section
 Stirrups development
 Construction joint details.
 Bar schedule
 COLUMN - C1 # 10

Scale 1:30
+5.85
200

3145
14 -
250x

2945
250
1 1

8 
a

50mm kicker 560

8  14

+2.88
b

250
250

SECTION 1-
1 Scale 1:25

0
20 50

50
200
200

200
a St  8c/c200-
3440

. 900
14 -

b St  8c/c100-
. 900
250x
250
a

1 1
8 

50mmkicker
560

±0.00
b

5.2. Structural Drawing for Steel Columns

For this structure the columns are building made up of steel. Shows this construction
in the structural drawings described size, material and shapes of steel.
Including drawings for structural steel columns:-
1. Structural steel columns layout
 It is the plan view of columns, showing the location, the size, spacing and marks of
columns, which is used to reference structural column steel detail.
It includes:-
 Basic dimension.
 Structural grid identification.
 Column mark numbers.
 Location and size of columns.
 Plan view of columns.
 Center line of columns.
 Notes
 Schedule (column schedule)

2. Structural steel column details

SHOWS:-
1. How the steels are to be placed in the form.
2. Height and size of columns.
3. The amount size and length of steel.
4. Steel Detail.
INCLUDES:-
 Plan view, sectional view and details.
 General dimensions.
 Column height.
 Floor levels.
 Beam sizes.
 Lap length.
 Kicker’s height.
 Elevations of structural form (levels).
 Steel identifications (steel marks).
 Size, number and length of steel.
 Grid identification.
 Column identification.
Column mark.
No. of pieces.
 Necessary notes.
 Details
 Column cross section.
 Construction joint details.
 Steels schedule.
 Steel welding or fastener types and size.

6. Structural Drawing For RC Ground floor slab

Ground floor slab
Definition: - A flat R.c slab which is normally casts directly on to a
compacted hardcore sub base.
Ground floor
slab

Ground floor slab thickness

 75 mm ____________________For side walks.
100 mm ___________________For a residential floor.
150-200 mm ______________For an industrial floor.
300 mm ____________________For airport runway.
Reinforcement
The slab is not required to span and flexural reinforcement is unnecessary, but
sheets of fabric or square mesh are placed in the top. The reinforcing helps to protect the
slab against cracking that might be caused by concrete shrinkage, temperature, stress
concentrated loads or settlement of the ground.
Including structural drawing for R.C slab
1. R.c ground floor slab plan:-
2. Detail section :-
3. Bar schedule
GROUND FLOOR SLAB
(Slab Thickness=100mm) Scale
1:50
C

A F 8c/c200
both ways
A 8c/c200
F both ways
4470

B'
1810

Expansion joint
3780

A F 8c/c200
both ways

A A
A'
1500

4050 3375
1 2 3

7. Structural beam
Beams are the horizontal structural elements of a building that transmits the roof loads to
the structural vertical elements.
7.1. Classification of beams
A. Depending on location
I. Upper tie beam: - A beam which carries the roof load.
II. Lintel beam: - A simple beam which supports the wall over an
opening.
III. Intermediate: - Is a beam, which carries the load of upper roof,
furniture, people & floor load to the column.
 IV. Grade beam: - Is a beam locates the wall, used to transfer the
load to foundation.
Upper (top) tie
be
am

Lintel beam

Cantilever slab

Intermediate (floor) beam

Grade beam

B. Depending on its cross section

C. Depending on support -
1. Single span beam: - A beam, which spans from one end to the
other end and it is a simply supported.
2. Continuous beam: - A beam, which is continued on more than
two spans.
3. Cantilever beam: - A beam that is supported at one end and the
other end become projected (free end).
4. Fixed end beam:-A beam which is fixed in its two of its ends.
5. Suspended beam: - Abeam which is fixed in its two of its ends
and suspended its length.
D. Other -
1. Spandrel beam: - Is a beam that runs along the outside edge floor
or roof.
2. Tie beam: - A Rc beam cast is a masonry wall whose primary
purpose is to hold the wall together or cast between a numbers of
isolated foundation elements to mention their relative positions.
3. Perimeter beam: - A beam which runs along the perimeter of the
building.
4. Ring beam: - A beam which forms ring in its support, particularly
for concentric beam layout.
5. Fascia beam: - A beam serving as a fascia on the top of the wall or
structure usually for secondary beams.
6. Plinth beam:- A beam located below the wall.
7.2. The effect of beam under load
BEAM ACTION UNDER LOAD
 Beams are subjected to shear, bending and deflection
1. Shear: - The tearing of a beam near the support-usually
associated with heavy loads and short span.
2. Deflection:-The sagging of a beam under load in long spans.
 3. Moment: - The splitting of a beam mid span-for long beams.
LOAD EFFECT
Slab type Load effect

1. Single span
T
T T T
2. Continuous c
c
c
c
c
T T

T
3. Cantilever c

7.3. Beam reinforcement

Beams normally reinforced with:-
i. Longitudinal (main steel)
ii. Top steel
iii. Links
iv. Negative bars ( not used grade beam)
i ii
iv

iii

i. Main steel (longitudinal):- The principal reinforcement in the beam.

Bars introduced to give necessary tensile strength.
High yield steel 12-32
ii. Top steel: - Used to complete the reinforcement and also works with links to
resist shear.
iii. Links: - Are shear reinforcement bent bars normally takes the form of encased
rectangular hoops bent from lengths of straight bars.
Introduced in to the concrete to prevent the beam from shear failure.
Mild steel 8 & 10mm bar.
iv. Negative bars: - These bars are provided in the beam for the purpose of resisting
compressive & tensile stresses that are caused by the push of columns upwards.
- The diameter and number of negative bars are to be determined based on the
amount of the negative tension & compressive.
- For simple beams, the length of negative bares is 1/3 rd of the span of the
beam.
7.4. Arrangement of reinforced bars in a beam
1. Simple single beam: - usually for upper tie beam of smaller load
for lintel beam, and for grade beam.
 1 2
BEAM GB1 (250 x 300)
Scale 1:50
a 1

300
4050

 14- 4800
 4300
250

250
 14- 4300

2. Continuous
b 4 b 4
400

2660 2500

B' C D
 16- 6110
 5410

350
350

 14- 5410

3. Cantilever beam
Scale 1:20
b 5
400

7.5. STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM

I. Structural beam layout:-
Is the plan view of beams showing the layout (arrangement), size, spacing and
marks for identification.
It is used to:
 Reference structural beams.
 Show the size of beam for form work.
 Show the beam axis.
It includes –
 Basic dimension
Effective span length or c/c dimension of columns.
Sizes of beams.
Length (overall) of beams.
 1 2 3

IB1

IB2 IB2

IB1

Intermediate beam layout plan

scale 1 : 50

General procedures for producing beam layout drawing (usually for intermediate beams)
1. From the architects drawing and structural column layout drawing determine beam
configuration length dimension grid identification abut the columns.
2. Determine the width and length of beams and draw the plan view or configuration
of beams.
3. Write numbers and letters for the grid.
4. Give all marks for both columns and beams.
5. Give the necessary dimensions and notes.
6. Finally prepare beam schedule.
II. Structural beam reinforcement drawing
 It the longitudinal sectional view of beams intended to show the arrangement of
bars in the form.
It is used to show:-
1. Placement of bars in the form and their spacing’s.
2. Length and depth of beam.
3. The amount, size, and length of bars.
4. Detail references.
5. Configuration dimension.
This drawing includes:-
 Plan view, section view (longitudinal and cross) and details.
 General dimension
Beam length and configuration dimensions.
Reinforcing bar lengths.
Reinforcing bar spacing along the length of the beam.
 Column size and location.
Reinforcing bar spacing in the sectional view of the beam.
Lap lengths.
 Structural grid identification.
 Bar, marks, bar sizes, bar numbers bar spacing, and bar lengths.
 Necessary notes.
 Details.
Beam cross-sections taken near the center and near the
supports.
Stirrups development length.
Construction detail (joint details).
Bar schedule
1. TYPICAL UPPER TIE BEAM REINFORCEMENT DRAWING
2. TYPICAL INTERMEDIATE BEAM
3. TYPICAL GRADE BEAM REINFORCEMENT DETAIL DRAWING

Grade beam on axis D-D

Scale 1:50
a 1
300

4050

 14-
 4300
4800

250
250

 14- 4300


Floor beam on axis D-D @ +300

Scale 1:50
b 3
400

4050

 16-
5000
 4300
350
350

 16-
 4300

Top tie beam on axis D-D @ +600

Scale 1:50
a 7
300

4050

 14- 4800
 4300
250

250

 14- 4300


4. TYPICAL CANTILEVER BEAM DETAIL

 Cantilever beam
Scale 1:20
b 5

400

Lintel beam: - is the horizontal member supporting the wall over an opening
constructed with 1:2:4 concrete mix and reinforced with mild steel.
- Acts likes a beam and transfers the load vertically to the supporting walls.
Lintel reinforcement
Basic rule
 Main bar – depends on span and load.
Span in M In mm

Up to 1.2 10

1.2-2 12

2-3 14

 Depth of lintel
Up to 1.2m =15cm
For every additional 30cm span add 25mm.
 Bearing
Bearing of lintel at its end=10cm-20cm.

 Width of lintel
Depends on thickness of the wall. Ex. For brick wall
External - 25cm
Internal - 15cm
Reinforcement consists of:-
 Top (anchor) bars
 Main (bottom) bars and
 Links
Lintel beam3 (250 x 200)
Scale 1:50
b 5

LINTEL LEVEL PLANS

 1 2 3

D
LB2

Bed LB2
room
LB4
C
Bed
room
LB2
LB2

Living and LB4

Dinnin
B
g
LB3
LB5
LB2 WC
LB1
A

Lintel beam
layout
Scale 1:50

Gutter Section G-G

Scale 1:20
100

2 Ø8c/c200 3 2Ø8

300
100

1 Ø8c/c165

250
360
70

1 Ø8c/c165-3080
350

750

790
270
270

220

8. Structural slab
Slab is a flat concrete area usually reinforced with mesh and/or re bar.
- Supported live loads and equipment (furniture)loads, and transfer these loads to the
supporting beams or walls.
Slab Reinforcing
Edge or side
bars
Soffit

8.1. Classification of slab

i. Depending on its position in building:- under this the following can be
grouped
 Roof slab
 Mezzanine slab
 Cantilever slab
 Floor slab
 Stair slab
 Landing slab
 Roof slab (flat roof)

Mezzanine floor
slab

Cantilever slab
Upper floor slab

Landing slab

Stair slab

Ground floor
slab

ii. Depending on its shape and support

A. Suspended slab
 A slab which is supported at its ends and suspended in its size.

B. Fixed edge slab

 A concrete slab which is fixed in two its ends.

C. Cantilever slab
 A projecting slab support only at one end.

D. Ribbed slab
 A thinner slab with concurrently poured ribs.

E. grid slab (coffered) waffle

 A thick slab with a series of geometric recesses formed into it.

F. Flat plates
  Are solid concrete slabs of uniform depths that transfer load
directly to the supporting column without the aid of beam.

iii. Depending on direction of deflection

A. One way slab
 Beams run in one direction.
 Deflects in one direction.
 The main reinforcing bars run only on one direction.
Load

B. Two way slab

 Beam run in two directions.
 Deflects in two directions.
 Reinforced in two directions.

Load

iv. Depending on material used to construct

A. solid slab
 Made by reinforcement bar and concrete.
B. Filler slab (flat slab)
 Made by filler material like ribbed block.
This slab is made without supporting beams; the slab is supported on
column.
Facts with slab
- The minimum concrete cover for slabs is 15mm.
- A slab having only two supports is a simple slab.
- A slab having many supports is a continuous slab.
- A slab having only support is a cantilever slab.
8.2. Slab reinforcement bars
 Basic slab reinforcement consists of:
A. Main steel bars.
B. Secondary steel (distribution bars).
C. Negative bars
A. Main steel
 Placed parallel to direction of span and carries the bending moments due to
the weight of slab and imposed loading.
Facts with main bars
- The main bar always at the bottom.
 - The minimum diameter of bar for slab is 8mm.
- The minimum spacing between the bars is 250mm, and the maximum 2 times the
thickness of the slab or 300mm.
B. Distribution steel
 The distribution bars are places at right angle to the main bars.
 It is used to control the effects of concentrated loads over a wide area.

Main steel

Distribution
Steel
Span

C. Negative bars
 The slab protects the concrete from negative tensions.
Negative bars always placed at the top of the slab.
Negative bars are provided only when there is a connection
between the slab & the beam. Otherwise no negative bars are
needed.
When slabs are supported on three or four sides the loading are carried as bending moments in
both directions. The secondary steel then became must be main steel.
 All slab steel is normally in the range of ∅ 8-∅ 25 mm.
 FB1

120
D

625
2500
120 120

c200-
6925
Ø8c/

c190-
2325
Ø8c/
835
FB2

120
C

FB6

5360

1120
1490
2660
120 120

885 c190-
1485
Ø8c/

FB8
4470

FB3

700
B'
120

120

600
1810

11340
c200-

FB9
Ø8c/
120
LB

1490
c200-
2870
Ø8c/
120
FB4
B c170-
2220
Ø8c/

10100
1380
2100

120 120
3780

c200-
7160
Ø8c/

Ø14c/
1260 c140-
1380
FB7

5720

FB5
A'
1500

120 120
1320

FB1 FB10
A
120

120

4050 3375

1 2 3

FIRST FLOOR SLAB & BEAM LAYOUT

(Slab Scale 1:50
Thickness=150mm)
9. Stair structure
A stair is set of steeps leading from floor to floor.
It functions as:-
- A means of providing circulation and communication between the various a
building.
- Means of escape incase of fire.
9.1. Load effect and reinforcement
The simplest stair flight is designed as a slab spanning between the centers of the supporting
walls, with the main reinforcement in the bottom.
- No shear effect is expected.
- Concrete mix = 1:2:4
- Concrete cover = 15mm-25mm or diameter of bar, which even is (the greater to give 1 hr
fire resistant).
- Waist thickness = usually between 100 – 250mm depending on stair type.
- Reinforcement type = mild steel or high yield steel.
- The most common riser dimension is in range of 15cm to 30cm.
- The most common thread dimension is in the range of 25cm to 30cm.
- Concrete quality for stair is C -25
- Steel grade for stair can be S-300 and even more.
9.2. Structural drawing of stair
A complete set of stair details (structural details) includes stair plan longitudinal
sectional sections and reinforcement layout drawings.
 1. Stair plan
- Is a plan view of stair showing the sizes of staircase. It is used to :-
1. Show the basic dimension of stair.
2. Reference other details.
Stairs plan view includes:-
 Basic dimensions.
 Stair width and overall length.
 Flight width and length.
 Landing depth and length.
 Levels (floor elevation).
 Width of thread and number of risers.
 Direction of flight
 Cutting planes showing detail section.
 Notes
1 2

B
B B
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

A 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A
Up

2. Stair section
- It is a section view showing the arrangement of reinforcing bars in stair
waist.
It is used to show:
- Basic dimension.
 Levels (floor elevation).
 Landing thickness (depth).
 Slab depth
 Total riser and tread in the flight.
 Sizes of thread, height of riser.
- Reinforcing bars.
 Layout.
 Length
 Spacing.
 Size.
 Number.
 Mark.
 Lap length.
- Necessary notes.
- Details.
- Bar schedule.
Example of stair section see below (section A_A & section B_B).
Stair reinforcement layout plan
- It is the plan view of staircase intended to show the arrangement (layout) of reinforcing
bars.
 Major procedures
- First lightly trace the plan of staircase from the stair plan.
- Give mark size dimension of the staircase.
- Show the layout of reinforcing bars with dark lines.
- Give mark size, number spacing and length for the reinforcing bars.
- Put all necessary notes.
9.3. Reinforcement bars for stair
1. Main bars
2. Distribution bars
3. Step bars
4. Hanger bars
5. Starter bars
1. Main bars: -These bars are placed parallel to the direction of flight to take the tensile
stress in the inclined slab. They are placed to full length of the flight slab without
lapping.
- The diameter of these bars ranges from 10mm to 16mm depending on the
bending moment in the slab.
- The minimum spacing between the bars is 250mm or 300mm.
- The ends of the bars are connected to the slabs and landings.
2. Distribution bars: - These are similar with the bars in slabs. They are placed across
the flight perpendicular to the main bars.
3. Step bars: - These bars are placed in each step to take the shear stress as in the case
of stirrups in beams. 8mmor 10mm bars can be used with space of 150mm or
200mm.
4. Hanger bars: - The primary purpose of these bars is keep the step bars in position
when concrete is filled. They are provided one in each step.
5. Starter bars:-These are placed at the beginning and end of a flight to connect the
flight with the supports, and to act as a negative bar for the flight.
- The length of starter bars depends on the bond strength of the concrete.
- The placement of these bars shall be in compression and tension zones of the
stair with one bar.
 

 
   





 
 

  

  
 Section B-B
 Scale 1:20


 
  note:
    -25mm concrete cover
 
 -reinforcing bar s 300

  - all dimensions are in mm

 - Lap length65 x bar diameter

 - Concrete mix c 25


 

 
 

Section A-A  
Scale 1:20




10. Roof structure
Roof- Is the top cover of the building. Used to:
- Give enclosure to a building.
- Protects from rain, snow, sun rays and wind.
More over roof gives stability to walls. Walls of the structure are give stability by their
attachment to the ground and to the roof. Most roofs are not structurally sound without
roofs. Walls can resist outside or inside forces unless same horizontal support (roof).
Roof strictures made up of steel and wood structure
Structural roof drawings:-as shown in the structural drawings of a roof are two in
types.
i. Layout drawing (truss layout)- framing plan .
ii. Details-roof member details.
i. Roof framing plan:-It is plan view of roof framing (truss, purling )
It is used to show:-
A. The layout or arrangement of roof trusses and purlin.
B. The spacing of roof framing.
C. The roof configuration.
D. Referencing of detail.
E. The layout of upper tie beam.
- Plan view roof members.
- Plan view of top tie beams.
- Structural grids and their identification.
- Marks of roof truss.
 - Marks of upper tie beams
- Spacing between roof members.
- Marks of roof frames.
- Basic dimensions.
- Necessary notes.
Truss layout
A B C

90 90 90 90 90 90

Ridge line

3
A UB1
120
UB2 UB2
UB2
B
120

2
C UB1
120

120 Truss
UB1
1
E
Purlin
5
1 2 3 4 6 7 8

ii. Structural roof details

Ridge
7 x 7cm zigba purlin
Splice

J6

Top chord

Eave
J2 J4 J3

Ø 100 mm eucalyptus truss inclined member Bottom chord

Ø 100 mm eucalyptus truss diagonal member
Ø 100 mm eucalyptus tree vertical member
Ø 100 mm eucalyptus tree horizontal member

Joint details of wooden truss

 sheet plate both
Ø 6 nails spaced at
side
Splice

Eave

Joint 4 Joint 3

Joint 6

Joint 2 Steel cosset plate on both sides

Other roof details

1. Ridge detail- shows the ridge board in section and how rafters corner to it.

2. Eave detail- shows how the ceiling joints or roof trusses overhang the wall and the
construction of eave.

3. Parfait detail- to show how the parfait wall is constructed and its relation to the roof
members.

4. Truss – beam connection detail – shows how roof members connected to the structural
beam.

5. Sky light detail – shows the detail construction of the part.

 iii. Roof configuration drawing
 It is the plan view of a roof intended to show the roof configuration and basic
dimension.
 Provide completed picture to guide the carpenter in constricting a roof.
- Gable roof
Roof
overhang

Ridge line

- Hip roof

R.L
R.L
R.L

R.L
R.L

Steel roof structure is mead up of steel show types of steel section and sizes of steel.
Bar schedule
Beam schedule
Longitudinal
reinforcement
Beam Mark No of Size of beam Stirrup
type No beam Top Bottom

No Ø L No Ø L No Ø L Spacin
Remark

g (c/c)
Width Depth
Upper TTB1
tie beam TTB2

Inter. IB1
Beam
IB2

Grade GB1
beam
GB1

N.B

Column schedule
Beam Column No of Size of column Vertical bar stirrup Remark
location type column

C1 C2 length width No Ø L No Ø L Spacing

(c/c)

Roof

1st floor

G.F

footing

NB:

Footing schedule
Footing No of Size of footing Main bar Distribution bar Remark
type footing
length width depth No Ø L No Ø L

F1

F2

F3

NB: