TERMINAL REPORT - Formulation of Feeds - GS - CANS - FAA - TTT - JRA - JCC - FINAL

Study 1.
Formulation and analysis of different dietary levels of energy and protein on growth
performance of native pig utilizing indigenous feedstuff in Eastern Samar
TERMINAL REPORT
BASIC INFORMATION
Project Title: Developing of Indigenous Feedstuff as Convenient

Feed for Sinirangan (Native) Pigs in Eastern Samar
Study Title: Formulation and analysis of different dietary

levels of energy and protein on growth
performance of native pig utilizing indigenous
feedstuffs in Eastern Samar
Principal Investigator/Study Leader: Dr. Felix A. Afable

Position/Designation Dean, Graduate School
Email Address/Contact Nos. butchandmiko@gmail.com/0919 739 4910
Co-Study Leader (s): Therese T. Toriano

Position/Designation Instructor/QAA/QMS CANS Coordinator
Email Address/Contact Nos. theresetoriano@yahoo.com/ 0910 811 4201
Members: Jason R. Acera

Position/Designation Research Associate
Email Address/Contact Nos. essuphilnativepig@gmail.com
Johanna C. Casillano
Position/Designation Science Research Specialist I
Email Address/Contact Nos. essuphilnativepig@gmail.com
Implementing Graduate School

Campus/College/Department:
Cooperating College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences

Campus/College/Department or
Agency
Sector (KRA & Research Area): Agriculture
Commodity: Livestock
Duration of the Study: 3 months

Start: (mm-dd-year.) March 1, 2020
End : (mm-dd-year) May 31, 2020
Funding Source: ESSU, GAA and DOST-PCAARRD

PS: Php 15,000.00
MOOE: Php 21,800.00 (DOST-PCAARRD)
(Contingency): Php 2,180.00 (Graduate School)
Total Php 38,980.00
Research & Development Services Office 1

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Study 1. Formulation and analysis of different dietary levels of energy and protein on growth
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Basic Information 1
Table of Contents 2
Abstract 3
I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 4
Objectives 5
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 6
Definition of Terms 6
Acronyms 7
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 8
III. METHODOLOGY 15
Feed Formulation 15
Experimental Treatment 16
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 17

Proximate Analysis 17
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19
VI. PROPOSED UTILIZATION/DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES EMANATING 21

FROM THE RESULT OF THE STUDY
REFERENCE 22
APPENDICES 25
Plates/Documentation 26
Approval Research Budget 30

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ABSTRACT
Pigs are one of the most important animals for smallholders in Eastern Samar,
particularly in areas where shifting cultivation is practiced. The major constraint faced by the
Native pig raisers include high cost of feed (60-70%), ease of procurement, and nutrient
composition, resulting reduced fed for native pigs. Native pigs survive with the local feed
sources and simple management practices. This study was made to determine the
proximate analyses of three pelleted diets intended for the growth performance of weanlings
native pig and to find ways how to come up with a relatively low inputs needed for growth.
The formulation of the feeds was done by using indigenous feedstuff commonly fed to pigs
in municipalities of Eastern Samar. The proximate analyses indices were: (a) crude protein,
(b) crude fat, and (c) ash. Result of the study revealed that Diet I had the highest proportion
of crude protein, crude fat and ash. Only Diet II was proximally close in ash (12.59). Least
was in Diet III 11.19% crude protein and 11.61% ash. The use of Tricanthera, flying fish by-
product, and other identified locally available feedstuff are potentially feasible to reduce cost
of production, thereby increase net profit.
Keywords: proximate analysis, feed formulation, crude fat, crude protein, ash, native pig,
feedstuff, weanling, flying fish by-product

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I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Preparing quality diets is a complex process that involves several important factors.
These factors include availability of raw feed material, ease of procurement, high production
cost, and nutrient composition. Careful attention must be accorded the feed nutritional
content for native animal diets. Different phases of production require knowledge of energy
values and nutrient composition to achieve high production results as well as good animal
health and vigor. Limited availability of protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. The
cost of feeds in organic pig and poultry production is approximately 70 to 80% of total
production cost. In order to attain economically favorable outcomes, there is a need to
gather exact nutritional data. Pig production in the tropics is constrained by seasonal feed
deficits, high feed cost, erratic supply of feed ingredients and competition between humans
and pigs for ingredients used in livestock feeds (Makkan 1993; D’Mello, 1995). A
combination of ingredients is one way of balancing available nutrient requirements.
According to Food and Agriculture (FAO) of the United Nations the demand for animal
protein for human nutrition in the developing world is still rising, especially for pork and
poultry products. There is an opportunity for smallholders with livestock, who make up
almost 20% of the world population (McDermott et al., 2010), to increase household incomes
and improve their livelihood by connecting with the livestock value chain. Smallholders often

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lack access to good-quality feed with sufficient energy content and the balanced amino-acid
profile that is needed to ensure satisfactory animal well-being.
Eastern Visayas, including Eastern Samar is primarily an agricultural region with rice,
corn, coconut, sugarcane, cassava, and banana as its major crops. Primary sources of
revenue are manufacturing, wholesale, retail trade, and services. These above-named
agricultural crops are available throughout the year. Eastern Samar faces the Pacific Ocean
directly; this has an effect on its unique climate. It receives heavy rainfall throughout the year
and is sometimes visited by typhoons. It has no pronounced dry season; this has bearing on
rice and other agricultural crop production (DA8).
Objectives of the Study
Study was conducted to attain the following objectives; (a) formulate feeds using
identified abundant agricultural crops to their maxima; (b) determine which among the
formulate feeds has the highest protein content; (c) determine which among of the protein
sources contributes more on crude protein, crude fat, and ash in the mixture.
Significance of the Study
Livestock production in many countries had its boom reflected in the high prices of
the finished feeds. Since the feed crisis of 1983, efforts have been made to seek alternative
energy sources and some other conventional feed ingredients. These alternative energy
sources must be locally available, cheap and be able to replace a certain portion (Tegbe et
al., 1995). Ideally, feeds should be derived from a crop that is part of an environmentally-
sustainable farming system, which optimizes biomass productivity per unit of solar energy,
minimizes inputs of agro-chemicals, and enhances soil fertility and biodiversity (FAO 1996).
The profitability of piggery is very sensitive to the price of feeds used, the efficiency
of the pig genotype to convert feed into meat, and the price of the market pigs at any
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particular time. To maximize profits, a delicate “compromise is reached between minimizing”
feed costs and maximizing pig meat returns.
The Philippine livestock sector is beset with problems of high costs and insufficient
supply of quality feed ingredients (PCAARRD, 2000). Feed constitutes more than 80% of the
total cost of livestock production. It is important therefore that much attention be given to
feed and the methods by which it could be produced by utilizing an indigenous feedstuff.
This research provide baseline data on the nutrient content of indigenous feedstuffs
available in the area, innovate feed material combinations, and assess the growth
performance of the native pigs (Study 2).
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study primarily focuses on the nutrient content of indigenous feedstuffs locally
available in the area. Identified feedstuffs is utilize to innovate on feed material
combinations. The target of this study is to formulate feed, determined its proximate
analysis, and produce a low-cost feed without sacrificing the health and growth of the
animals.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are used in understanding the contents of the study.
1. Ad libitum - as much or as often as necessary or desired.
2. Ash - is one of the components in the proximate analysis of biological materials,
consisting mainly of salty, inorganic constituents. It includes metal salts which are
important for processes requiring ions such as Na+ (Sodium), K+ (Potassium), and
Ca2+ (Calcium).
3. Crude protein - is the amount of protein of animal feed or specific food.

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4. Crude fat - is the term used to refer to the crude mixture of fat-soluble material
present in a sample.
5. Entrails – animal intestines or internal organs, especially when removed or exposed.
6. Feed formulation - is the process of quantifying the amounts of feed ingredients that
need to be combined to form a single uniform mixture (diet) for poultry that supplies
all of their nutrient requirements.
7. Feedstuff - is (uncountable) feed for animals; fodder.
8. Flying fish - a species of fish in which the pectoral fins are enlarged and act as
aerofoils when the fish leaps out of the water, enabling it to glide up to 50 m, possibly
to escape predators
9. Flying fish by-product – all raw materials edible or inedible left during the
production of the main product such as processing of marinated flying fish.
10. Proximate analysis - determination of the compounds contained in a mixture as
distinguished from ultimate analysis, which is the determination of the elements
contained in a compound.
11. Swine – other term for pig.
12. Weanling – stage of pig about two or three months old that are no longer reliant on
their mother's milk.
Acronyms
AOAC – Association of Official Analytical Collaboration
CP – Crude Protein
EAA – Essential Amino-Acids
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization
FB – Flying fish By-product

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LP – Low Protein
PCAARRD – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources
Research and Development
PWD – Post-Weaning Diarrhea
SEAFDEC/AQD – Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Alternative Protein and Energy sources
Trichantera gigantea has a crude protein content of the leaves varies from 15 to 22%
(Table 1) and apparently most of this is true protein. The calcium content has been found to
be particularly high compared to the other fodder tress (Rosales et al. 1987). This can
explain the use of campesinos in Colombia make of Tricanthera gigantea as a lactogenic
drink and suggest a good potential for feeding lactating animals. According to Dr. Etis, this
plant adapts well in local tropical conditions and grows well easily between plantation crops
producing 12 tons of dry matter per hectare per year. It can grow up to three meter-high, but
may be pruned for ease of harvesting and good herbage yield. The plant has been known as
a good feed source for swine. In fact, at the Southern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural
Research Center (SMIARC) of the Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Office 11, a
techno guide was developed that teaches swine raisers to use Trichantera as feed
supplement. Its young leaves are offered fresh to pigs replacing about 20-30 % of its
required commercial diet. It can also be processed into leaf meal and use as ingredients in
mash. According to SMIARC, six kilograms of fresh leaves consumed by pigs per day is
equivalent to one kilogram of mixed feeds saved. According to the study of Nguyen Thi
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Hong et. al, the use of fresh leaves of Trichanthera gigantea as a supplement to traditional
diets for lactating and growing-fattening pigs, or as replacement for fish meal or soya bean
meal for fattening ducks, resulted in substantial saving in feed cost with no loss in
performance. Another study conducted by the Faculty of Agronomy, Central University of
Venezuela in coordination with Swine Research Institute at Havana City showed that pigs
fed ad libitum with diets formulated to contain 40% of cassava root meal and 20% from
mixed foliage of cassava and trichanthera leaves have similar performance and carcass
traits as compared to those fed a conventional diet.
Rice bran is a by-product of rice grain production consisting primarily of the outer
layers of the grain (Campabadal et al, 1976) The bran is remove during the process of
milling to produce white rice for human consumption (Saunders, 1990). It usually includes
the pericarp, seed coat and aleurone, as well as most of the germ (Kaufmann et al, 1995).
Rice bran is regarded as an energy source which can be used to supply the energy
requirements for animals especially pigs (Mc Donald et al., 2002). Rice bran consumption
has shown to be successful in reducing cholesterol level in pig (Roy and Lundy, 2005). Rice
bran is also excellent source of vitamins and minerals. Rice bran has highly available
energy, and is generally economical. It is usually used in swine diets because it is widely
grown in the East and Southeast of Asia. There are 40 to 45 million tonnes of rice bran
produced annually (David, 1994). According to Dr. Loannis Mavromichalis, rice is grown
mainly for human consumption and as a result its use in pig diets is rather limited. However,
when good quality rice flour (no hulls) is available, performance can be equal or even better
when compared to the performance of maize-fed pigs. Brown rice, rice bran, and rice hulls
are not recommended for young pigs, but they can be used for older pigs up to covering their
requirements for crude fibre (about 3-5% crude fibre in the final diet for most pig formulas). It

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is a good source of protein, fat, minerals and vitamin (B1). For pigs, rice bran Class 1 should
be used because of its higher protein, fat and low fibre content (Dai Peters et.al).
Banana trees are widely planted in the Philippines. Most parts of banana trees are
used as human food (banana fruits, flowers, and even banana root). In some areas of
Vietnam, banana stems are also used as feed for pigs and poultry. Banana stem contains a
lot of water (93.4%) and has rather low nutritive value (6.5% CP and 1.5% lipids on DM
basis, table 1) according to Bui Quang Tuan and Nguyen Van Hai 2004. Calles et al. (1970)
studied the performance of growing/finishing pigs fed free-choice ripe bananas with a
restricted amount of either a 30 or 40% protein supplement. Growth performance, which
significantly improved (660 vs. 770 g) when the 30% supplement was used, was assumed to
be the effect of the additional intake of energy. It was suggested that the significant increase
in the daily consumption of bananas during the first two to three weeks of the experimental
period might have been associated, not only with the adaptation to a new feed, but also to
the development of a larger stomach capacity. Findings from the study by Le Dividich and
Canope (1975) suggest that ensiled green bananas could successfully serve as a basic feed
for gestating sows but not for lactating sows, even if the silage was generously
supplemented with molasses and protein.
Results in the study of Du Ponte et.al (2016) and Tuan et al. (2004) and Foulkes et
al. (1977) showed that banana stalks contain a lot of water (93.4%) and have low nutritional
value; thus, banana foliage cannot meet animal requirements alone and must be
supplemented with nitrogen and energy, or be part of a diet containing other feeds and
forages. If utilizing banana silage to supplement feedstuffs, it is recommended to use no
more than 25% of banana silage as part of the ration.

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Press cake or Sapal contains a protein of higher biological value than that of coconut
meal because it is not heat processed and it has more vitamins (Gohl, 1982; Grimwood et
al, 1976). Coconut flesh is waste product abounding in the Philippines, is also a potential
source of fiber, it may help meet the requirements for fiber intake. Initial studies indicate
that the fiber content of coconut and its conversion into short-chain fatty acids in the intestine
have a potential for reducing colon cancer risk
(http://coconuter.Blogspot.com/2007/07/coconut-flesh-or-sapal-uses-as-fuel-and.html).
According to Cocjin, the development of the breast and wings of the broilers were improved
at higher levels of coconut meat (press cake) supplementation. Returns per broiler raised on
rations with fresh coconut meat increased with increasing level of coconut meat in the ration.
It is advisable to, however to start feeding the fresh mature coconut meat to broiler at the
age of three weeks.
Cassava is a drought-tolerant, staple food crop grown in tropical and subtropical
areas where many people are afflicted with under nutrition, making it a potentially valuable
food source for developing countries. Cassava roots are a good source of energy while the
leaves provide protein, vitamins, and minerals. However, cassava roots and leaves are
deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and some nutrients are
not optimally distributed within the plant. Cassava also contains anti nutrients that can have
either positive or adverse effects on health depending upon the amount ingested
(Montagnac et.al, 2009). The composition of cassava depends on the specific tissue (root or
leaf) and on several factors, such as geographic location, variety, age of the plant, and
environmental conditions. The roots and leaves, which constitute 50% and 60% of the
mature cassava plant, respectively, are the nutritionally valuable parts of cassava (Tewe and
Lutaladio, 2004). Raw cassava, can supply the major source of energy for growing/finishing
pigs. Pigs fed in ad libitum, on a ration of chopped raw cassava roots and a protein
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supplement, growing/finishing pigs gained weight less rapidly but as efficiently as those fed a
maize-soya bean meal ration. The consumption of chopped fresh cassava roots by
growing/finishing pigs varies according to the protein content of the supplement. The
voluntary daily intake of cassava roots was reported to increase throughout the
growing/finishing period when the amount of protein supplement increased (Job et al., 1975,
cited by Maner et al., 1977). Trials have shown that fresh cassava, of low cyanide content
and properly supplemented with a source of protein, minerals and vitamins, can be used as
a major source of energy throughout the entire swine life cycle. However, if they are fed
bitter roots, performance will suffer: consumption will decrease and they will exhibit a lower
average daily gain, and in some cases even lose weight (Gomez et al., 1976).
S. calyptrata locally revealed a novel feature of structural variegation, which was
generated by variation in the spatial arrangement of the adaxial-most tip of the palisade
cells. It has high frequency of leaf variegation of S. calyptrata in natural habits suggests that
this structural variegation plays an unknown advantageous role (Tsukaya et al., 2004).
Schismatoglottis is a predominantly old-world tropics genus of more than 100 species of
terrestrial herbaceous plants which also called as mesophytes, which adapted to constant
levels of soil and atmospheric moisture. However, some of this genus is adapted to the flood
zones of tropical forest streams (such plants are termed as rheophytes). Others which very
rarely grow as swamp plants in full sun called as helophytes (Arif, 2012).
Base on the observations and survey conducted Schismatoglottis calyptrata locally
known as “daliri” in Eastern Samar, was utilized by the local pig farmers as feed, pigs are
given fresh “daliri” as feed without expending too much labor and cost.
Table 1. Nutritional value of raw materials with potential for native animal Feeding
Amount (% dry matter)
Raw Crude Crude Crude
Moisture NFE** Ash References
Material Protein Fat Fiber
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Tricanthera 11.56 22 21.80 14.41 60.38 17.9 Rosales 1996
Nworgu 2007
Rice bran 9.2 13.3 14.1 8.5 53.4 10.7 SEAFDEC
2012
Banana 92.8 6.5 1.5 20.5 60.5 14.3 Bui and
stem Nguyen 2004
For CF, NFE &
Ash – FAO
1993
For moisture -
Johri et. al
1967
Press cake 8.4 22.0 6.7 17.3 44.3 9.7 SEAFDEC
or sapal 2012
Cassava - 3.5 0.28 3.7 87.4 0.62 Institute of
root Food
Technologists
2009
For NFE
Dominguez
1985
Daliri - - - - - -
Protein Requirements
In swine nutrition, a good quality protein is one that provides the ten essential amino
acids required for the normal body function in the amounts and proportions necessary for the
particular need of the pig (Adesehinwa et al, 1995). Traditionally, swine diets are formulated
on the basis of crude protein. Amino acids are critical nutrients required by all classes of
swine for the physiological processes of maintenance, growth, gestation and lactation
(Fashina, 1991). Hence protein levels are established for the various weight classes of pigs
so that the most limiting amino acid (lysine) will be present in adequate amounts
(Adesehinwa et al, 1995).
Amino acids are the chemical building blocks of protein (meat) and at least 20
different types occur in nature. A pig needs only eight or nine of these in its diet- the
‘essential’ amino acids. Table 2, shows the ideal balance of amino acids needed in a diet to
provide for maintenance (adults sows and boars) and protein deposition (growing pigs).

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Table 3, shows the dietary crude protein and metabolizable energy concentrations required
for feed formulation at different stages of pigs.
Table 2. The ideal amino acid pattern of dietary protein for growers and breeders
Weaners Growers Finishers Lactating Pregnant
Amino acids
5-20 kg 21-50 kg 51-100 kg sows sows
Lysine 100 100 100 100 100
Isoleucine 57 57 57 57 57
Methionine 30 30 30 30 30
Methionine + 55 55 55 55 55
cysteine
Threonine 63 63 63 63 63
Trytophan 18 18 18 18 18
Source: FAO 2010
Table 3. Typical dietary crude protein and metabolizable energy concentrations (/kg
air dry feed) and dietary protein expressed relative to energy (g/MJ ME and as
percentage protein energy
Protein
Pig CP g/kg ME MJ/kg CP g/MJ
energy %
Starter 3 week 5-10 kg 240 14.1 17.1 29
weaning
5 week 11-20 kg 210 13.7 15.3 26
weaning
Grower 21-60 kg. 165 12.6 13.1 22
Finisher 60-90 kg. 140 12.5 11.2 19
Sow lactating 176 12.5 14.1 24
pregnant 130 12.0 10.8 18
Source: FAO 2010
Utilization of Alternative Feedstuffs by Native Animals
Livestock production in many countries had its boom reflected in the high prices of
the finished feeds. Since the feed crisis of 1983, efforts have been made to seek alternative
energy source and some other conventional feed ingredients. These alternative energy
sources must be locally available, cheap and be able to replace a certain proportion (Tegbe

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et al. 1995). Ideally, feeds should be derived from a crop that is part of an environmentally-
sustainable farming system, which optimizes biomass productivity per unit of solar energy,
minimizes inputs of agro-chemicals, and maintains (preferably enhances) soil fertility and
biodiversity (FAO 1996).
Although all these requirements are rarely met at the same time, tropical forages as
feed for monogastrics contribute to improved sustainability of animal production within
farming systems (Schultze-Kraft et al., 1997 and modified according to Savon, 2005): high
biomass production in environments where other crops cannot compete; no or limited
competition with human food requirements; high levels of protein with a desirable amino acid
(AA) profile, high levels of vitamins and minerals compared to traditional energy-based feed
ingredients.
III. METHODOLOGY
Feed Formulation
The experimental diets were prepared at Eastern Samar State University (ESSU)
Food Laboratory Borongan City, Eastern Samar. The diets were with varied proportions of
two different protein sources fishmeal and plant-based source. Feed proximate composition
analyses were carried out on three samples comprised of 3 treatments in order to compare
the proximate composition of formulated feeds and effects on the growth performance in the
weanlings of Sinirangan native pig (Study 2 In-vivo testing).
The study used the Pearson’s square method and Linear Programming. Identified
abundant feedstuffs were collected within the locality. Samples collected were placed in

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clean plastic bags. Feedstuffs were dried prepared in a convection oven drying
(Buckmaster, 2005).
Dry ground ingredients in different ratios were mixed and homogenized; the
processing of the feeds followed the work of SEAFDEC/AQD (Millamena et al., 2002). All
feeds (300g/feed samples) were packed in a plastic Ziploc and sent to Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center/Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/AQD) Tigbauan Iloilo.
The experimental samples were subjected to proximate analysis in accordance to standard
method as follows; crude protein (AOAC method 964.13 using Kjeltec 8400, Factor used
6.25), crude fat (AOAC method 920.23 using Soxtec 2055), and ash (AOAC method
942.05). These formulations, the feed will be tested in vivo for a week among the test pigs in
the farm to determine the preliminary response (Study 2).
Experimental Treatment
The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three (3)
replications. The dietary treatments (DM basis) were:
Treatment I = 50% Tricanthera gigantea + 50% Flying fish by-product +
Schismatoglottis calyptrata (S. calyptrata) +rice bran + banana stem
+ press cake + cassava + Vitamin C
Treatment II = 65 % Trichanthera gigantea + 35 % Flying fish by- product + S. calyptrata +
rice bran + banana stem + press cake + cassava + Vitamin C

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Treatment III = 35% Trichanthera gigantea + 65% Flying fish by-product +
S. calyptrata + rice bran + banana stem + press cake + cassava +
Vitamin C
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Proximate Analysis
All formulated feeds (300g/feed samples) were packed in a Ziploc plastic container and
sent to Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center/Aquaculture Department
(SEAFDEC-AQD) Tigbauan, Iloilo. These were analyzed for crude protein, crude fat, and
ash. The three diets from plant and animal protein sources subjected to proximate analyses
were: Diet I – 50% Tricanthera + 50% flying fish by-product (FB); Diet II- 65% Tricanthera +

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35% FB; and 35% Tricanthera + 65% FB. Table 4 shows the combination of the raw
material, to prepare the three diets for the experimental trials.
Table 4. Amount of raw materials in the trial potential for native pig feeding
Amount (g dry matter)

Experimental Diet
Diet I Diet 2 Diet 3
Tricanthera 478.8 368.3 257.8
Fishmeal 257.8 368.3 478.8
Schismatoglottis 52.7 52.7 52.7

calyptrata
Rice bran 52.7 52.7 52.7
Banana Stem 52.7 52.7 52.7
Press cake 52.7 52.7 52.7
Cassava 52.7 52.7 52.7
Vitamin C 30.0 30.0 30.0
Table 5 shows that Diet I had the highest proportion of crude protein, crude fat and
ash. Only Diet II was proximally close in ash (12.59). Least was in Diet III 11.19% crude
protein and 11.61% ash.
Table 5. Proximate composition of experimental feeds used

Percent Dry Basis
Treatment Diet
Crude Protein (%) Crude Fat (%) Ash (%)
Treatment I 17.99 7.00 12.60

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Treatment II 12.75 4.75 12.59
Treatment III 11.19 4.59 11.61
Source: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, 2020
Both protein sources, Tricanthera and flying fish by-product contribute more crude
protein, crude fat, and ash in the mixture. A study of Heo et al., 2008 on long-term feeding of
low protein (LP) diets for weanling piglets showed that a reduction of crude protein (CP)
levels was made from 24.3% to 17.3% when supplemented with essential amino-acids
(EAA) to conform to an ideal amino acid (AA) pattern. Consequently this reduce the plasma
urea nitrogen (PUN) and NH3-N, result in lower post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) of weanling
piglets over without compromising production. Two other studies also showed a similar trend
in the incidence of PWD when feeding LP diets (not less than 17%) to weanling piglets
(Lordelo et al., 2008; Bhandari e. al., 2010). The present study implies that the different
diets tested could be used as feeds for native pig weanlings, provided that EAA are added in
the diet.
Most studies indicate that a reduction of dietary crude protein (CP) 20 g/kg could
effectively decrease nitrogen emissions. Every 10 g/kg reduction of dietary CP can decrease
ammonia emission from feces and urine by 8% to 10% (Nyachoti et al., 2006; Aarnick et al.,
2007). In addition, lower dietary CP level resulted in reduced water intake, along with
decreased urea nitrogen excretion in urine.
IV. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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This study was conducted to determine the proximate analyses of three pelleted diets
intended for the growth performance of weanlings Sinirangan native pig weanlings in
Eastern Samar. The experimental diets were prepared at Eastern Samar State University
(ESSU) Food Laboratory Borongan City, Eastern Samar; feed proximate composition
analyses were carried out on three samples. The diets were with varied proportions of by
two different protein sources (fishmeal and plant based source) and comprised of 3
treatments in order to compare the proximate analyses intended for growth performance of
native pig weanlings. The proximate analyses indices were: (a) crude protein, (b) crude fat,
and (c) ash. The tested diets were: (TI) 50% Tricanthera + 50% flying fish by-product (FB),
(TII) 65% Tricanthera + 35% FB, (TIII) 35% Tricanthera + 65% FB. Results revealed that
Treatment I had the highest crude protein 17.99% and 12.60% ash followed by Treatment II
(12.75%) and 12.59% ash, and least was in Treatment III 11.19% crude protein and 11.61%
ash.
Identified abundant feedstuffs were collected within the locality. All formulated feeds
(300g/feed samples) were packed in a plastic Ziploc and sent to Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center/Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/AQD) Tigbauan Iloilo and were
analyzed for crude protein (AOAC method 964.13 using Kjeltec 8400, Factor used: 6.25),
crude fat (AOAC method 920.23 using Soxtec 2055), and ash (AOAC method 942.05).
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions derived:
1. Diet I had the highest proportion of crude protein, crude fat and ash. Only Diet II
was proximally close in ash (12.59). Least was in Diet III 11.19% crude protein
and 11.61% ash.

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2. Based on the result both protein sources, Tricanthera and flying fish by-product
contributes more on crude protein, crude fat, and ash in the mixture. Present
study implies that the different diets tested could be used as feeds for native pig
weanlings, provided that of EAA be supplemented in the diet.
3. The use of Tricanthera, flying fish by-product and other identified locally available
feedstuff are potentially feasible to reduce cost of production expenses, thereby
increases net profit.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions derived in the study, the following recommendations are
made:
1. Future studies should also address the issues associated with decreased utilization
of protein by native swine and determine the minimum level or what point crude
protein (CP) becomes limiting.
2. Nutritionally enhanced crops have the potential to benefit animal health, growth and
performance, to reduce feed costs, to make animal protein more affordable, and to
add essential protein to animal diets.
3. Utilization of flying fish by-product as source of animal protein is beneficial if used
and will reduce of water pollution caused by dumping the fish entrails in the coastal
area in some municipalities of Eastern Samar.

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VI. PROPOSED UTILIZATION/DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES

EMANATING FROM RESULTS OF THE STUDY
Potential
Responsible Expected Proof of
Objective Strategies adopters/ Monitoring
Persons output utilization
beneficiaries
Native Pig Formulated
Raisers feeds for
Native pig
weanling

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09981639423/09196925351
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APPENDICES
Appendix A. Certificate of Analysis for Diet I, II, and III

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DOCUMENTATION
Mixing of locally available feedstuffs
Dough is squeezed and passed through a meat grinder

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Steaming of pelleted feeds for 5 min.

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Cutting of pelleted feeds into desirable length
Cooking of pelletized feeds to preven contamination of pathogens
Feed samples ready for sending to third party for proximate analyses

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to acknowledge DOST-PCAARRD Project and the
Eastern Samar State University (ESSU) for the financial support to complete this project.
Likewise, Mr. Rolando Rapada, Ms. Josefina E. Oliverio and Mr. Gideon G. Alea for the
helping hands to finish the project.

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ESTIMATED BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS
STUDY TITLE: Formulation and analysis of different dietary levels of energy and protein on
growth performance of native pig utilizing indigenous feedstuffs in Eastern Samar
BUDGET ESTIMATE: TWEENTY EIGHT THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED EIGHTY PESOS
(PhP 28,980)
SOURCE OF FUNDS: ESSU, GAA and DOST-PCAARRD
IMPLEMENTING COLLEGE/DEPT.: Graduate School, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences
PROJECT DURATION: March – May 2020
MONTH
ITEMS Month
Month 1 Month 3 Total
2
I. PS
A. Honoraria
i) Researchers 5,000 5,000 5,000 15,000
Sub-total for PS 5,000 5,000 5,000 15,000
II. MOOE
A.Supplies 6,800 6,800
B.Materials 500 500
C.Job Order 1,500 3,000 4,500
D. Travelling Expenses
E. Laboratory Services 10,000 10,000
Sub-Total for MOOE 18,800 3,000 21,800

III. Equipment of
Outlay (EO) Sub-total
for EO
IV. Contingency Cost 2,180.00
(CC) Subtotal for CC
TOTAL 23,800 5,000 8,000 38,980.00
Prepared by:
JASON R. ACERA JOHANNA C. CASILLANO THERESE R. FELIX A. AFABLE,

Researcher Researcher TORIANO PhD
Researcher Researcher
Noted:
VIOLETA A. AFABLE, PhD FELIX A. AFABLE, PhD DR. JOVITO B. MADEJA

College Research Coordinator College Dean Director, R & D
Recommending Approval: Budget Clearance:
DR. EMILIA L. BAQUILOD EVELYN T. OBINA

VP-PRE FINMO
Approved:

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DR. EDMUNDO A. CAMPOTO
University President

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Study 1.

Project Title: Developing of Indigenous Feedstuff as Convenient

Study Title: Formulation and analysis of different dietary

Principal Investigator/Study Leader: Dr. Felix A. Afable

Co-Study Leader (s): Therese T. Toriano

Members: Jason R. Acera

Implementing Graduate School

Cooperating College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences

Sector (KRA & Research Area): Agriculture

Duration of the Study: 3 months

Funding Source: ESSU, GAA and DOST-PCAARRD

Research & Development Services Office 1

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 8

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 17

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19

VI. PROPOSED UTILIZATION/DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES EMANATING 21

Research & Development Services Office 2

of production, thereby increase net profit.

feedstuff, weanling, flying fish by-product

Research & Development Services Office 3

Background of the Study

production cost. In order to attain economically favorable outcomes, there is a need to

combination of ingredients is one way of balancing available nutrient requirements.

Research & Development Services Office 4

profile that is needed to ensure satisfactory animal well-being.

rice and other agricultural crop production (DA8).

Objectives of the Study

Significance of the Study

particular time. To maximize profits, a delicate “compromise is reached between minimizing”

feed costs and maximizing pig meat returns.

performance of the native pigs (Study 2).

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

available in the area. Identified feedstuffs is utilize to innovate on feed material

1. Ad libitum - as much or as often as necessary or desired.

2. Ash - is one of the components in the proximate analysis of biological materials,

3. Crude protein - is the amount of protein of animal feed or specific food.

Research & Development Services Office 6

5. Entrails – animal intestines or internal organs, especially when removed or exposed.

all of their nutrient requirements.

7. Feedstuff - is (uncountable) feed for animals; fodder.

production of the main product such as processing of marinated flying fish.

10. Proximate analysis - determination of the compounds contained in a mixture as

distinguished from ultimate analysis, which is the determination of the elements

11. Swine – other term for pig.

their mother's milk.

AOAC – Association of Official Analytical Collaboration

EAA – Essential Amino-Acids

FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization

FB – Flying fish By-product

PCAARRD – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources

Research and Development

PWD – Post-Weaning Diarrhea

SEAFDEC/AQD – Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Alternative Protein and Energy sources

explain the use of campesinos in Colombia make of Tricanthera gigantea as a lactogenic

Research Center (SMIARC) of the Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Office 11, a

performance. Another study conducted by the Faculty of Agronomy, Central University of

traits as compared to those fed a conventional diet.

Research & Development Services Office 9

restricted amount of either a 30 or 40% protein supplement. Growth performance, which

supplemented with molasses and protein.

forages. If utilizing banana silage to supplement feedstuffs, it is recommended to use no