cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO (Balwanthray cWg;gpdh;fshYk; mikf;fg;gl

Metha Committee) Ntz;Lk;.
 r%f Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk; (1952)  midj;J jpl;l kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L
kw;Wk; Njrpa ePl;bf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; eltbf;iffisAk; ,e;j
(1953) Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;Gfsplk; xg;gilf;f
nray;ghLfis gw;wp MuhaTk;> Ntz;Lk;.
mit NkYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy;  gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp eph;thf
nray;gl MNyhridfis mikg;ghfTk;> [py;yh ghp\j;
toq;fTk;> ,e;jpa muR 1957 k; MNyhrid $Wk;>
Mz;L [dthp khjk; xU xUq;fpizf;Fk;> kw;Wk;
FOtpid mikj;jJ. Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mikg;ghfTk;
 ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1957k; ,Uf;Fk;.
Mz;L etk;gh; khjk;mspj;jJ.  khtl;l Ml;rpah; [py;yh ghp\j;jpd;
NkYk; ,J gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;.
Kiw mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd  ,j;jifa [dehaf mikg;G
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. mjd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f -fSf;F mjpfhuq;fSk;
ghpe;Jiufshtd. flikfSk; cz;ikapNyNa
 khtl;l mstpyhd [py;yh gup\j;> toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xd;wpa mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;J  ,j;jifa mikg;Gfs; jq;fsJ
rkpjp fpuhk mstpyhd fpuhk flikfisAk; gzpfisAk;
gQ;rhaj;J Mfpatw;iw epiwNtw;w mitfSf;F
cs;slf;fpa %d;wLf;F Kiwia NghJkhd %y tsq;fis toq;f
mikj;jy;. Ntz;Lk;.
 ,k;%d;W mLf;FfspYk; kiwKf  vjph;fhyj;jpy; tUgth;fs;
Njh;jy;fspd; %yk; xd;Wld; xd;W mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tifapy; ,k;Kiwia mikf;f
 fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;J Neubahf Ntz;Lk;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l  ,g;ghpe;Jiufs; Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L
cWg;gpdh;fshYk; gQ;rhaj;J FOtpdhy; 1958 Mk; Mz;L
rkpjpAk;> [py;yh gup\j;Jk; [dthp khjk; Vw;Wf;
kiwKfkhf Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

Page 14
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

 ,f;FO xNu Kiwia gpd;gw;WkhW mth;fspd; jiyikapy; [djh

typAWj;jtpy;iy. cs;ehl;L muR mikj;jJ.
#o;epiyfSf;F jf;fthW xU  ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1978>
Kiwapid khepy muRfNs Mf];l;by; mspj;jJ. NkYk; ,J
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W ehl;by; Fiwe;J tUk; gQ;rhaj;J
$wpaJ. uh[;[pa Kiwia typikahf;f 132
 Mdhy; ,jd; mbg;gilf; ghpe;Jiufis mspj;jJ. mjd;
nfhs;iffs; ehL KOtJk; xNu ghpe;Jiufshtd.
khjphpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.  %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa
 gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;ij Kjd; Kiwf;F gjpyhf ,uz;lLf;F
Kjypy; mikj;j khepyk; Kiwia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
uh[];jhd;.  khtl;l mstpyhd [py;yh ghp\j;
 ,j;jpl;lk; ehfTh; khtl;lj;jpy; kw;Wk; mjw;F fPo; 15000ypUe;J
1959 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 2k; 20000tiu kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l
ehs; gpujkh; gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;j FOtpid
NeU mth;fshy; njhlq;fp nfhz;l kz;ly gQ;rhaj;J.
itf;fg;gl;lJ.  mjpfhuq;fis gfph;ej
; spg;gjpy;
 uh[];jhid njhlh;e;J khepyj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf
Me;jpug;gpuNjrKk; 1959 Mk; khtl;lNk Kjy; epiyahf ,Uf;f
Mz;L ,k;Kiwia Vw;Wf; Ntz;Lk;.
nfhz;lJ.  [py;yh ghp\j; eph;thf
 tpjp tpyf;Ffs;: jkpo;ehL mikg;ghfTk; khtl;l
; mstpyhd
,uz;lLf;F Kiwia Vw;Wf; jpl;lkpLjYf;F nghWg;ghdjhfTk;
nfhz;lJ. Nkw;F tq;fk; ,Uf;Fk;.
ehd;fLf;F Kiwia  gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fspd; midj;J
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. epiyfspYk; murpay; fl;rpfs;
gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk;.
mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO (Ashok Metha
 gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfs;
Committee)
jq;fsJ epjp Mjhuq;fis
 1977> brk;ghpy; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd thpfis
mikg;Gfspd; kPjhd xU
tpjpf;f mjpfhuk; ngw;wjhFk;.
FOtpid mNrhf; Nkj;jh

Page 15
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

 r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu FOf;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F

FOf;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l epjp tfpf;fpd;wd.
mitfSf;fhf nryT  gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfis
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij ftdpg;gjw;fhf mikr;ruitapy;
fz;fhzpf;f khtl;l mstpyhd xU mikr;rh; epakpf;fg;gl
mikg;G xd;wpdhy; jzpf;if Ntz;Lk;.
nra;ag;gLk;.
 gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfis  jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
khepy muR ePf;f KbahJ. goq;FbapdUf;fhd ,lq;fs;
 mtrukhd rpwg;G $l;lj;njhlhpd; mth;fsJ kf;fs; njhifapy;
NghJ mf; $l;lk; eilngw;w mbg;gilapy; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl
ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Ntz;Lk;.
Njh;jy; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.  [djh muR jdJ gjtpf;fhyk;
 epaha gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs;> Nkk;ghl;L KbAk; Kd;dNu fiyf;fg;gl;ljhy;
gQ;rhaj;JfspypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L mNrhf; Nkj;jh FOtpd;
jdpahd mikg;Gfshf ,Uf;f ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; ve;j
Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Wf;F jFjpngw;w eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
ePjpgjp xUth; jiytuhf ,Uf;f  fh;ehlfh> Nkw;F tq;fk; kw;Wk;
Ntz;Lk;. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fs;
 jiyik Njh;jy; MizaUld; mNrhf; Nkj;jh FOtpd;
fye;jhNyhrpj;J jiyik Njh;jy; ghpe;Jiufis kdjpy; nfhz;L
mjpfhhp gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F
elj;j Ntz;Lk;. Gj;Japh; mspf;f KbT nra;jd.
 Nkk;ghl;L gzpfs; [py;yh
ghp\j;Jf;F khw;wg;gl;L midj;J G.V.K uht; FO (G.V.K. Rao
Nkk;ghl;L Copah;fSk; ,jd; Committee)
fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;gpd;  fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tWik
fPo; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd
 gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;jpw;F kf;fspd; eph;thfj;jpw;fhf G.V.K uht;
Mjuit jpul;Ltjpy; jd;dhh;t jiyikapyhd xU FOtpid

Page 16
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

1985 Mk; Mz;L jpl;lf;FO  mDke;jh uht; FOtpd; mwpf;if>

mikj;jJ. gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO> eph;thf
 ,f;FO Nkk;ghl;L eilKiwahdJ rPhj
; ;jpUj;jf; FO> mNrhf; Nkj;jh
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfsplk; FO>G.V.K uht; FO Mfpatw;wpd;
,Ue;J gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w mwpf;ifapypUe;J NtWgl;L>
KbTf;F te;jJ. Nkk;ghl;L eph;thfj;jpd; khtl;l
 gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwf;F Ml;rpahpd; gq;iff; Fiwj;J
Gj;Japh; mspf;fTk;> typik gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;jpw;F mjpf
toq;fTk; ,f;FO gpd;tUk; gq;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpaJ.
ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ.
 [dehaf mjpfhug; gfph;tpy; [py;yh L.M rpq;tp FO (L.M. Singhvi
ghp\j;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f Committee)
Ntz;Lk;.  1986 Mk; Mz;L uh[Pt; fhe;jp
 khepy mstpyhd rpy muR> [dehafk; kw;Wk;
jpl;lg;gzpfis> khtl;l Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa
mstpyhd jpl;l mikg;GfSf;F mikg;GfSf;F kPz;Lk;
khw;w Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;f L.M rpq;tp
 khtl;l jpl;l Mizah; vd;w gjtp jiyikapyhd xU FOtpid
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mth; epakpj;jJ. ,jd; Kf;fpag;
[py;yh ghp\j;jpd; jiyik eph;thf ghpe;Jiufshtd.
mjpfhhpahfTk;> khepy mstpyhd  gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfs;
jpl;lj;Jiwf;F murpayikg;gpd;gb
nghWg;GilatuhfTk; tpsq;Fthh;. mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl
 ,e;j mbg;gilapy; G.V.K uht; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf xU Gjpa
mth;fspd; mwpf;if (1986) xd;wpa mj;jpahaj;ij ,e;jpa murpay;
mstpyhd jpl;lj;jpd; kPjhd mikg;gpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jde;thyh FOtpd; mwpf;ifapy;  gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F
,Ue;Jk; (1978)> khtl;lj;jpd; Kiwahd epahakhd Njh;jy;fis
kPjhd mDke;jh uht; FOtpd; elj;jTk; ,f;FO rpy
mwpf;ifapypUe;Jk; (1984) murpayikg;G cld;gbf;iffis
NtWgl;Ls;sJ. ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.

Page 17
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

 gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;j FOtpw;F njhif mbg;gilapy; ,l xJf;fPL

epaha gQ;rhaj;Jfs; mikf;fg;gl nra;jy;.
Ntz;Lk;.  ngz;fSf;F %d;wpy; xU gq;Ff;F
 fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; NkYk; Fiwtpy;yhj ,l xJf;fPL nra;jy;.
tYg;ngWk; tifapy; fpuhkq;fis  midj;J mLf;Ffspd; jiyth;
xd;wpizf;f Ntz;Lk;. gjtpfspYk; Nkw;fz;l
 NkYk; ,J fpuhk rghtpd; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;>
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; $WfpwJ. ,J ngz;fs; ,l xJf;fPl;bid
fpuhk rghit Neub [dehaf cU nray;gLj;Jjy;.
nfhLf;ff; $baJ vd;W  cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F epjp
$Wfpd;wJ. epiyapid typik nra;Ak;
 fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;JfSf;F mjpf nghUl;L xU epjp Mizaj;ij
epjp Mjhuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mikj;jy;.
 gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd;  ,e;j Mizak; Ie;J
Njh;jy;> fiyg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs; Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw cs;shl;rp
njhlh;ghd rh;r;irfis ePf;f mikg;Gfspd; epjpepytuj;ij
xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; ePjpj; Ma;T nra;Ak;. NkYk;> khepy
jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl ,Ug;G epjpapypUe;J ,tw;wpw;F
Ntz;Lk;. toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba
njhifapidAk; KbT nra;Ak;.
73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jq;  cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd;
-fspd; nghJthd $Wfs;: fzf;Ffisj; jzpf;if
 rPuhd Ie;jhz;Lg; nra;tjw;nfd Vw;ghL nra;jy;.
gjtpf;fhyj;Jld; midj;J  VNjDk; cs;shl;rp mikg;G
fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw fiyf;fg;gLkhdy; MWkhj
mikg;GfSf;F Neh;Kfj;Njh;jy; fhyj;jpw;Fs; fl;lhakhfj;
elj;Jjy; 21 taJila vtUk; Njh;jiy elj;Jtjw;fhd Vw;ghL
,j;Njh;jypy; Nghl;baplyhk;. nra;jy;.
 jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdh;>  fl;rp Ntl;ghsh;fshfNth my;yJ
goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l RNal;ir Ntl;ghsh;fshfNth
tFg;gpdh; MfpNahUf;F kf;fs; Nghl;baplyhk;.

Page 18
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

73tJ murpayikg;Gr;jpUj;jr; rl;lk;:  ,tw;iw khepy muRfs; khw;wq;fs;

 ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb ,e;jpa ,d;wp nra;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk;.
murpayikg;gpy; Gjpjhf tpUg;g tifKiwfis khepy
‘gQ;rhaj;Jfs;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; muRfs; tpUk;gpdhy;
gFjp IX ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mk;khepyj;jpd; Gtpapay;> murpay;>
 ,J ruj;Jfs; 243 - 243-O eph;thf #o;epiyfspd;
tiuapyhd tifKiwfisf; jd;ikf;Nfw;g khw;wp
nfhz;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> mikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
gQ;rhaj;JfSf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s  khepyg; gl;baypy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s
29 tifahd gzpfisf; ,e;j kj;jpa muRr; rl;lk; fPo;kl;l
Fwpg;gpLk; (ruj;J 243-G) 11tJ mstpy; kf;fshl;rp kyu top
ml;ltizAk; ,r;rl;lj;jhy; nra;fpwJ.
murpayikg;gpy; 73tJ rl;lj;jpypUe;J Kf;fpaf;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. $Wfs;:
 ,r;rl;lk; muRf;F topfhl;Lk; fpuhk rig:
newpKiwfspd; ruj;J 40y; cs;s  ,J xU fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fk; thf;Fhpik gilj;j midj;J
murpd; flikia epiwT nra;Ak; egh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. rigahFk;.
 ,jdhy; gQ;rhaj;Jfs; murpay;  fpuhkr; rl;lkd;wkhf> khepy muR
rl;lg; ghJfhg;igAk;> mspj;Js;s mjpfhuk;>
njhlh;r;rpahf Njh;jy; elj;jg;gl;L chpikfSf;F cl;gl;L ,J
cUthf;fg;gLtijAk; rl;lg;gb nray;gLk;.
ngw;Ws;sd.
 ,r;rl;lk; fl;lha tif %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J (Three tier
KiwfisAk;> tpUg;g Panchyat):
tifKiwfisAk; ngw;Ws;sd.  ,r;rl;lk; fpuhk mstpy;> xd;wpa
fl;lha tifKiwfs; ehL mstpy; kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpy;
KOikf;Fk; xNu khjphpahd vd %d;W mLf;F gQ;rhaj;J
mikg;ig cUthf;f top Kiwia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
nra;fpd;wd.

Page 19
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

 xt;nthU mLf;fpw;Fk; khepy epjpf;FO (State Finance

cWg;gpdh;fs; Neubj; Njh;jy; %yk; Committee)
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. Mdhy;  gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjpepiyia
khtl;l kw;Wk; xd;wpag; Ma;T nra;a khepy MSeH
gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; jiyth;fs; xt;nthU 5
kl;Lk; kiwKfkhf Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwAk; xU
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; epjpf;FOtpid mikf;fyhk;.,J
%ykhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufis
 fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;J jiyth;fSf;F MSeUf;F toq;fyhk;.
khepy muR tpUk;gpdhy; Neub  khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tupfs;
my;yJ kiwKfj; Njh;jiy kw;Wk; fl;lzq;fis khepy
elj;jyhk;. muRf;Fk;> gQ;rhaj;Jf;FkpilNa
 kf;fs; njhif 20 yl;rj;jpw;F gfpHe;J nfhs;tJ njhlHgpyhd
Fiwthf cs;s khepyq;fspy; nfhs;iffs;.
xd;wpag; gQ;rhaj;J mikf;fj;  khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J
Njitapy;iy. gQ;rhaj;JfSf;F toq;f Ntz;ba
khdpak; njhlHghd nfhs;iffs;.
epjp (Finance)
 gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjp njhlHghf
khepy rl;lrig :
MSeuhy; epjpf;FOtpw;F jpUg;gp
 t#y; nra;aTk;> gQ;rhaj;JfSf;F
mDg;gg;gl;l tptfhuq;fs;.
mjpfhuk; toq;fyhk;.
 khepy rl;lrig FOtpd;
 khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#y;
cWg;gpdHfspd; jFjpfs; kw;Wk;
nra;ag;gl;l tupfs; fl;lzq;fs;
mtHfs; NjHe;njLf;fgl Ntz;ba
Nghd;wtw;iw toq;fyhk;.
Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Fk;.
 khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J
 MSeH mf;FOtpd;
khdpaq;fs; toq;fyhk;.
ghpe;JiuNahL mtw;wpd; kPJ
 epjpfis mikj;J mtw;wpypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
jdJ epjp Njitfis G+Hj;jp
mwpf;ifiaAk; khepy
nra;J nfhs;s mjpfhukspf;fyhk;.
rl;lrigapd; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

Page 20
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

 khepyj;jpYs;s gQ;rhaj;JfSf;F khepy rl;lrig tpjpfis

epjp Mjhuq;fs; toq;f khepy tFf;fyhk;.,r;rl;lk; njhlq;fg;
njhFg;Gepjpapid -gl;l ehs; 1993> Vg;uy; 24 MFk;.
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd
MNyhridfis kj;jpa epjp fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;
MizaUk; toq;fyhk;. (Rural Dvelopment Programmes)
(khepy epjpf;FOtpd;  1952 - r%f Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;.
gupe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;).  1953 - Njrpa tphpthf;fj; jpl;lk;
 ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH jhd;  1960 - kiyg;gpuNjr Nkk;ghl;L
$Wk; tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lk;.
jpUj;jq;fSf;Fl;gl;L ,r;rl;lk;  1962 - goq;Fbapd gpuNjr
ve;j xU A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;.
nghUe;Jk; vd;Wk; cj;jutpl  1965 - mjpf kf#y; tif
cupik cz;L. jpl;lq;fs;.
 [k;K fh\;kPH> ehfyhe;J>  1969 - rpwpa tptrhhapfs; kw;Wk;
Nkfyhah> kw;Wk; kpNrhuk; Mfpa Ntshz; njhopyhsHfspd;
khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,d;Dk; rpy Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd mikg;G
gFjpfSf;Fk; ,r;rl;lk;  1972 - Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;l fpuhk
nghUe;jhJ. FbePH toq;fy; jpl;lk;
 ,e;jg; gFjpfs; murpayikg;gpd;  1973 - twl;rpf;Fl;gl;l fpuhk FbePH
244tJ tpjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s toq;fy; jpl;lk;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd  1974 - Fiwe;jgl;r Nritfs;
gFjpfs; khtl;l rig cs;s jpl;lk;
kzpg;G+upd; kiyg;gFjpfs;>  1975 - ,UgJ mk;r jpl;lk;
lhH[pypq; Nfhf;uh kiy rig cs;s  1977 - me;j;Nahjah jpl;lk;
Nkw;F tq;f khepyj;jpd; lhH[pypq;  1977 - ghiytd Nkk;ghl;lj;
khtl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw jpl;lk;
cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
 1978 - khtl;l njhopy; ikak;
 gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; fzf;Ffis
 1978 - xUq;fpize;j fpuhkg;Gw
guhkhpf;fTk;> jzpf;if nra;aTk;

,e;jpahtpy; eilngWk; Ml;rp - kiwKf kf;fshl;rp

Page 21
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (1980y; ,e;jpah  1997 - fq;fh fy;ahz; Nah[dh

KOtJk;)  2000 - gpujhd; ke;jphp fpuhNkhjha
 1978 - RaNtiy tha;g;Gf;fhf Nah[dh
fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfSf;F gapw;rp  2000 - md;dG+Hzh jpl;lk;
 1980 - Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw  2001 - me;j;Nahjah md;d
Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk;. Nah[dh
 1982 - fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; ngz;fs;  2001 - kfhtPH fpuhkfy;ahz
kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; Nah[dh
jpl;lk;  2001 - rk;G+Hzh fpuhkpd; Nuh[;fhH
 1983 - fpuhkg;Gw epykpy;yhjtH Nah[dh
-fSf;F Ntiytha;gG
; cj;juthj
jpl;lk; efHg;Gw cs;ehl;L murhq;fk;
 1983 - gbj;j Ntiyapy;yhj (Urban Local Government)
,isQHfSf;F Ra Ntiytha;g;G  ,r;nrhy; efh;g;Gw gFjpfspy;
jpl;lk; kf;fshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
 1986 - ,e;jpu mth]; jpl;lk; gpujpepjpfspd; %yk; elj;jg;gLk;
 1986 - fpuhkg;Gw njhopy; El;gk; muir Fwpf;Fk;.
kw;Wk; kf;fspd; nray;ghl;il  ,e;j murpd; mjpfhuk; khepy
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd fTd;rpy; murhy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l
 1989 - [tfH Nuh[;fhH Nah[dh efHg;Gw vy;iyfSf;Fl;gl;lJ.
 1992 - fpuhkf; iftpidQh;fSf;F  ,it vl;L tifg;gLk;. khefuhl;rp>
cgfuzq;fs; mspg;G jpl;lk;. ,e;j Kdprpghypl;b> Nehl;bigL > Vupah
jpl;lk; 1999 Mk; Mz;L Rth;z fkpl;b> lTd; Vupah fkpl;b>
n[ae;jp nghd;tpoh fpuhk fz;Nlhd;nkd;l; Nghh;L> lTd;\pg;>
Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lj;Jld; NghHl; bu];l; kw;Wk; ];ng\y;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. gh;g]; V[d;]p.
 1993 - Ntiy tha;g;G cj;jputhjj;  efHg;Gw cs;ehl;L muR
jpl;lk;. KiwahdJ 74tJ murpayikg;G
 1994 - KjyPl;L Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk; jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk;
 1995 - xUq;fpize;j jupRepy murpayikg;gpy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;

Page 22
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

 kj;jpapy; 3 mikr;rfq;fs; ,ij jiyaplg;gl;L 243 PKjy; 243 ZG

ifahs;fpd;wd. 1985Mk; Mz;L tiuapyhd tpjpfis nfhz;lJ.
jdp mikr;rfkhf njhlq;fg;gl;l  ,r;rl;lk; murpayikg;gpy; 12tJ
efHg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; ml;ltiziaAk; ,izj;jJ.
fz;Nlhd;nkd;l; NghHL tptfhuj;  ,J efuhl;rpfs; njhlHghd 18
-jpy; ghJfhg;G mikr;rfk;> tptfhuq;fisAk; ruj;J 243w
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlHghd ifahs;fpd;wJ.
tptfhuj;jpy; cs;Jiw mikr;rfk;.  ,r;rl;lk; efuhl;rpfis
murpayikg;Gld; ,izg;G murpayikg;gpd; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l
(Constitutionalisation) gFjpapd; fPo; nfhzHfpd;wJ.
 ,J 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;  ,r;rl;lk; midj;J khepyq;fspYk;
rl;lk; 1992 Mf Njhd;wp 1993 [Pd; gpd;tUk; 3 tifapyhd efuhl;rp
1 Kjy; mkyhf;fg;gl;lJ. -fis mikf;f top nra;fpwJ.
 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; 1. khw;wg;gl;l gFjpf;fhd efu
rl;lk; 1992 gQ;rhaj;J
 ,J efuhl;rpfs; vd;W

Jiwapd; ngaH khtl;;l jiythpd; gjtpapd; ngaH

tUtha; kw;Wk; khtl;l Ml;rpaH> MizaH-khtl;l nghJ epHthfj;Jiw>

ePjpj;Jiw ePjpgjp

fhty; Jiw fhty; Jiw fz;fhzpg;ghsH.

Rq;fk; Rq;fthp fz;fhzpg;ghsH.

kUj;Jtk; rptpy; rH[d; - khtl;l kUj;JtH mYtyfk;.

tdk; khtl;l td mYtyH

fy;tp gs;sp Ma;thsH - khtl;l fy;tp gjpthsH

$l;LwT $l;LwT rq;fq;fspd; Jiz gjpthsH

Ntshz;ik Ntshz;ik Jiz ,af;FeH> khtl;l Ntshz; mYtyH

rl;lk; khtl;l ePjpgjp> khtl;l nr\d;]; ePjpgjp

nghJg;gzpfs; epHthfg; nghwpahsH.

Page 23
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

2. rpwpa efHg;Gw gFjpf;fhd efuhl;rp  ruj;J 243Q efuhl;rp mikg;ig

fTd;rpy;. $Wfpd;wJ.
3. ngupa efHg;Gw gFjpf;fhd efuhl;rp  cs;shl;rpfspd; midj;J
fhHg;gNurd; cWg;gpdHfSk; efuhl;rpf;F
cl;gl;l kf;fshy; Neupilahfj;
Kf;fpaf; $Wfs;: NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhH.
 xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; %d;W  ,jd; nghUl;L efuhl;rp gy;NtW
tifahd efuhl;rp mikg;Gfis tl;lq;fshf (Wards)
Vw;gLj;j ,r;rl;lk; tif gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. efuhl;rp
nra;fpwJ. mit> gpujpepjpfs; ,t;tl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj
1. efug;gQ;rhaj;J - fpuhk epiyapy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
,Ue;J efHg;Gwkhf khWk; gFjp.  efuhl;rpfspd; jiytHfisj;
2. efuhl;rp - rpwg;G efHg;Gw gFjp. NjHe;njLj;jy;> ghuhSkd;w>
3. khefuhl;rp - ngU efug;gFjp rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
Jiw ty;YeHfs; kw;Wk;
tifg;ghl;L Kiw (Classification): FOj;jiytH MfpNahiu
 Nkw;fz;l tifghLfs; rpy efHkd;wj;jpy; ,lk;ngwr; nra;jy;
fhuzpfis mbg;gilahf Kjypatw;iw khepy muRfNs
nfhz;L gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. KbT nra;J nfhs;syhk;.1>00>000
cjhuzkhf> mjpfkhd kf;fs; njhifAs;s
Ng&h;fs; efuhl;rpfs; Mfr;
1. mg;gFjpapd; kf;fs;njhif. nray;gLfpd;wd.
2. kf;fs; neUf;fk;
3. Mz;L tUkhdk; (cs;shl;rp tl;lf;FOf;fs; (Wards Committee)
mikg;Gfs; tup %yk; ngwy;).  %d;W yl;rk; my;yJ mjw;F
4. Ntshz;ikapy; <Lglhj kf;fspd; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; njhiffisf;
tpfpjhr;rhuk; nfhz;l efuhl;rpfspy; xd;W
5. nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yJ my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
murpd; gpw tpUg;gq;fs; tl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpa tl;lf;
efuhl;rpapd; mikg;G : FOf;fs; (Ward Committees)
mikf;fg;gLk;. khepy muR ,J

Page 24
 cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

Nghf> NtW FOf;fisAk; khefuj; jpl;lf;FO (Metropoltion

mikf;fyhk;. Planning Committee)
 xU khefuj;jpd; tsHr;rpj;
khtl;l jpl;lf;FO (District Planning jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;nfd;W
Committee) khefuj; jpl;lf;FO cUthf;fg;gL
 xU khtl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l -fpd;wJ.
efuhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; gQ;rhaj;J  khepy muR ,jd; mikg;G>
-fspd; jpl;l mwpf;iffisj; cWg;gpdH kw;Wk; jiytH NjHjy;>
njhFj;J khtl;l mstpyhd gzpfs; Mfpatw;iw KbT
jpl;lkhf khepy muRf;F nra;Ak;. ,jd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
rkHg;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L khtl;lj; gq;F cWg;gpdHfs; khefug;
jpl;lf;FO mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. gFjpf;F cl;gl;l efuhl;rpfspd;
 ,jd; mikg;G> cWg;gpdH NjHjy;> cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; Cuhl;rpfspd;
gzpfs; Mfpatw;iw khepy jiytHfshy; mtHfsplkpUe;Nj
muRfNs KbT nra;Ak;. NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
 khefuj;jpd; efuhl;rp kw;Wk;
Ie;jpy; ehd;F gq;F cWg;gpdHfs; Cuhl;rpfspd; kf;fs; njhif
 khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; tpfpjj;jpw;F Vw;g ,f;FOtpYk;
efuhl;rpfspd; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs; ,lk; ngWtH.
cWg;gpdHfshy; mtHfsplj;jp  ,f;FOtpd; jiytH tsHr;rpj;
ypUe;Nj NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. jpl;lq;fis khepy muRf;F
 khtl;lj;jpd; fpuhk> efu kf;fs; mDg;gp itg;ghH.
njhif tpfpjj;jpw;F Vw;g ,jpYk;
cWg;gpdHfspd; tpfpjhr;rhuk;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 khtl;lj; jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiytH
khtl;l tsHr;rpj; jpl;lq;fis
khepy muRf;F mDg;gp itg;ghH;.

Page 25
 ePjpj;Jiw
,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
 eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;l mjpfhuq;fs;
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa
gfph;ej
; spf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ Nghy;
my;yhky; ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiwapd;
mjpfhuq;fs; xNu khjphpahd
xUq;fpize;j mjpfhuq;fshFk;.
 Muk;gj;jpy; cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpy;
 khepyj;jpy; cs;s %d;W xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> 7
mq;fq;fspy; ePjpj;JiwNa ePjpgjpfSk; ,Ue;jdh;.
murpay; mikg;gpd;gb
 jw;NghJ cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU
Kjd;ikahdjhFk;.
jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 30 kw;w
 murpayikg;gpd; jiyikj; ePjpgjpfSk; cs;sdh;
jd;ikia fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRf;fpil
vz;zpf;ifia $l;lNth
-Naahd my;yJ khepy
Fiwf;fNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
muRf;fpilNaahd gpur;rpidfis
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
jPhj
; ;J itf;f xU Rje;jpukhd
 FbauRj; jiyth; cr;r
ghugl;rkw;w mjpfhuKila
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jw;fhypf
mikg;G Njit.
ePjpgjpfis epakpf;fyhk;.
 cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp
cr;rePjpkd;wk;
,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjpahf
(The Supreme court )
epakpf;fg;gLthh;.
 ,J 124 ypUe;J 147 tiuapyhd
 cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik kw;Wk;
tpjpfspy; ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
cr;r ePjpkd;w %j;j ePjpgjpfSld;
rk;ge;jkhd cld;gbf;iffis
fye;jhNyhrpj;jgpd;dh; FbauRj;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis
epakpg;ghh;.

Page 1
 ePjpj;Jiw

 jiyik ePjpgjp my;yhj NtW xU gj;jhz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhf

ePjpgjpia epakpf;Fk; NghJ ,Ue;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpahtpy; jiyik ePjpgjpia (my;yJ)
mtrpak; fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;  FbauRj; jiythpd; fUj;jpd;gb
 murpayikg;gpd; ruj;J 129tJ mth; jdpr;rpwg;G tha;ej
; rl;ltpay;
cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F xU epGzuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fhpa midj;J vdpDk; Fiwe;jgl;r taJ VJk;
mjpfhuq;fSk; ePjpkd;w eph;zapf;fg;gltpy;iy.
mtkjpg;gpw;F jz;lidaspf;Fk;
mjpfhuKk; cs;sJ vd;W gjtpf;fhyk;
mwptpf;fpd;wJ. 1. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUth; 65
taJtiu gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
jFjpfs; 2. gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj;
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf jiyth;f;F mDg;gp ,uh[pdhkh
epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F Njitahd nra;ayhk;.
jFjpfs; murpayikg;gpd;gb 3. ghuhSkd;w ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;
cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpf;F gpd;tUk; FbauRj; jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;w
jFjpfs; mtrpankd ePjpgjpia gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
1. mth; ,e;jpahtpd; Fbkfdhf gjtpePf;Fjy;;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.  FbauRj; jiythpd; Mizapd;
2. xh; cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh ,uz;L NghpNyNa cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp
my;yJ mtw;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l xUtiug; gjtpypUe;J ePf;f KbAk;.
ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh njhlh;eJ
;  FbauRj; jiyth; mj;jifa
Ie;jhz;LfSf;Ff; Fiwahky; Miziag; gpwg;gpf;f
ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Ntz;Lk; ePjpgjpf;F jpwik ,y;iy vd;Nwh
(my;yJ) mth; KiwNflhf ele;J
 xh; cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpNyh ,uz;L nfhz;lhh; vd;Nwh %d;wpy;
my;yJ mtw;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs;
ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh Fiwe;jJ m[uhfp thf;fspj;Jg;

Page 2
 ePjpj;Jiw

ngUd;ghz;ik MjuTld; (Consolidated Fund of India)

jdpj;jdpahf xU jPhk
; hdj;ij kPjhd nrytpdq;fshFk;.
epiwNtw;wp mjid  cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp xa;T
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; me;jf; $l;lj; ngw;wgpd; ,e;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy;
njhlhpNyNa FbauRj; jiythplk; cs;s ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy; GhpaNth muRf;F fPo;
 ,jw;fhd eilKiwia gpw rl;lk; cs;s mjpfhhpfis vjph;j;J
,aw;Wtjd; %yk; ehlhSkd;wk; thjhlNth $lhJ.
newpg;gLj;j KbAk;.
eilKiw tpjpfs;
CjpaKk; gbfSk; (salary and (Rules of Procedure)
Allowances) gpd;tUk; eilKiw tpjpfs;
 cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; gzpfspy;
khjr; rk;gskhf 1>10>000 &ghAk; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk; vd;W murpayikg;G
kw;w ePjpgjpfs; 1>00>000 &ghAk; $WfpwJ.
ngWthh;fs;.  cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPhg
; ;Gfs; jpwe;j
 rk;gsk; jtpu mth;fSf;F epiy ePjpkd;wj;jpNyNa
thlif ,y;yhj jq;FkplKk; ntspaplg;glNtz;Lk;.
kw;w nryTk;gbfSk; cz;L.  cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjpfspd; mwpf;iffSk; jpwe;j epiy
rk;gsj;ijAk; nryTg;gbfisAk; ePjpkd;wj;jpNyNa ntspaplg;gl
xOq;FgLj;j mjpfhuk; cz;L. Ntz;Lk;.
 Mdhy; mth;fsJ gjtpf;  cr;r ePjp kd;wj; jPhg
; ;Gfs; tof;F
-fhyj;jpy; ,tw;iw Fiwf;f tprhhpf;fg;gLk; NghJ M[uhfp
KbahJ. ,Ue;j ngUk;ghd;ikahd
 epjp neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ ePjpgjpfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;
kl;Lk; ,th;fsJ rk;gsj;ijAk; jhd; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gbfisAk; Fiwf;fyhk;.  ngUk;ghd;ikahd ePjpgjpfshy;
 ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk;> gbfSk; xj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPhg
; ;ig xU
,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapd; ePjpgjp Vw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhy;
mth; jdJ mjpUg;jp fUj;ij

Page 3
 ePjpj;Jiw

ntspapl chpik cs;sJ.  NkYk; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T

tof;Ffspy; 5f;F Fiwahj ngw;w ePjpgjpfisAk; my;yJ
ePjpgjpfis nfhz;l ngQ;r; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w
KbntLf;Fk;. ePjpgjpfisAk; mth;fSf;F cr;r
a. murpayikg;ig kPwpa ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf gjtp tfpf;f
tof;Ffs; jFjp ,Ue;jhy; Njitahd
b. Fwpg;gpl;lj;jf;f rl;lNfs;tp fhyj;jpw;F cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd;
-apid nfhz;l tof;Ffs; jw;fhypf ePjpgjpahf nghWg;G
c. FbauRj; jiytuhy; cr;r tfpf;Fk;gb miof;f jiyik
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ghprPyidf;F ePjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
toq;fg;gl;l tof;Ffs; ,t;thW epakpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;
FbauRj; jiythpd; Kd; mDkjp
jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfs; (Acting Judges) Njit.
 VNjDk; xU rkaj;jpy; cr;r
ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis ePjpgjpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa ghJfhg;Gfs;(Immunities of judge)

ePjpgjpfs; ,y;iy vd;why; ePjpkd;w ePjpj;Jiwf;F ghugl;rkpd;ikNa

eltbf;iffisj; njhlh;eJ
; Kf;fpakhd ,ay;ghFk;. ,jw;F
elj;Jtjw;fhf cah;ePjpkd;w ePjgjpfspd; Rje;jpuk; mtrpak;. cr;r

ePjpgjpfspilNa cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Rje;jpuk;

ePjpgjpahf epakdk; ngw gpd;tUk; topfspy; murpay; mikg;ghy;
jFjpAilath;fis Njitahd ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhyj;jpw;F jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfshf  xU cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpia
epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jiyik epakpf;Fk; Kd; FbauRj; jiyth;
ePjpgjpf;F cz;L. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjpia
 vdpDk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik  cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf
ePjpgjpia fye;jhNyhrpj;j epakpf;fg;gl;l xUtiu jtwhd
gpd;dUk;> FbauRj; jiythpd; elj;ij kw;Wk; jFjpapd;ik
Kd; mDkjpiag; ngw;w gpd;dUNk Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
,j;jifa jw;fhypf FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp ePf;fk;
epakdq;fisr; nra;ayhk;. nra;ayhk;.

Page 4
 ePjpj;Jiw

 Mdhy; ,jw;fhd jPhk

; hdk; NghJ kl;Lk; mth; mt;thW
ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspy; nray;glyhk;.
rigf;F te;jpUe;J Xl;lspf;Fk;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,Ug;gplk;
gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W  cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ,lk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nly;ypapy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; murpayikg;G mwptpf;fpwJ.
rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfs; kw;Wk;  vdpDk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; eph;thfr; nryTfs; ePjpgjp ,e;jpaf;
Nghd;wit ,e;jpa njhFg;G FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;W
epjpapd; kPjhd nrytpdq;fshFk;. ePjpkd;wj;ijg; gpw ,lj;jpNyh
 epjp neUf;fb epiyapy; NghJ jtpu my;yJ ,lq;fspNyh jw;fhypf
kw;w rkaq;fspy; cr;r ePjpkd;w ,Ug;gplkhff; nfhz;L
ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jyhk;.
nryTg;gbfis mth;fsJ gjtpf;
fhyj;jpy; Fiwf;f ,ayhJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Rje;jpuk;
 xU cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpia gjtp (independence of supreme court)
ePf;fk; nra;Ak; jPhk
; hdj;jpd; NghJ  eph;thfj; jiyaPl;bw;F vjpuhfTk;
my;yhky; gpw Neuq;fspy; mthpd; rl;lkd;w jiyaPl;bw;F vjpuhfTk;
elj;ijiag; gw;wp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jdpegh;fspd; chpikfs;
tpthjpf;ff; $lhJ. ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gjhy;
 xU cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp jdJ gpujpepj;Jt kf;fshl;rp mikg;gpy;
xa;;Tf;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpahtpd; ve;j epjp ghpghydk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
xU ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ ,e;jpa tha;ej
; J.
mjpfhhpf;F Kd;ghfNth  murhq;fj;jpd; kw;w ,uz;L
ePjpgjpahf nray;glf; $lhJ. cWg;gpdh;fsplkpUe;Jk; Rje;jpuk;
 ,jw;F xNu xU tpjptpyf;F ngw;w mikg;ghfTk; ePjpj;Jiwia
cz;L. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik Mf;Ftjd; %yk; me;j chpikfs;
ePjpgjpapid cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jw;fhypf ePjpgjpahf epakpf;Fk;  $l;luRf;F mjd; cWg;Gfshd
khepy muRfSf;Fk;

Page 5
 ePjpj;Jiw

murpayikg;gpd; gb mjpfhuq;fs;  mth;fs; FbauRj; jiytuhy;

rl;lkpaw;Wk; Jiw ePjpj;Jiw epakpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mtuhy;
Mfpatw;Wf;F jdpj;jdpNa gzpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl KbahJ.
mjpfhuq;fs; gFf;fg;gl;L  mg;gb ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhdhy;
cs;sjhYk; Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw ePjpgjpfspd; jtwhd elj;ij
Nkw;fz;l mikg;Gfspd; mjpfhu my;yJ jFjpapd;ik ep&gpf;fg;gl
vy;iy kPwiyj; jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtrpakhfpwJ.  ghuhSkd;w eilKiwfs; ahTk;
 Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwia gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jdpkdpj chpik kw;Wk;
murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtydhfr; 3. eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Cjpak;
nray;gl KbAk;. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; 1. ,jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
Rje;jpukhd Nghf;if cWjp nra;a thf;nfLg;Gf;F cl;gl;ljy;y.
,e;jpa murpaikg;gpy; gy ePjpgjpfs; jq;fs; gzpapy;
Vw;ghLfs; cs;sd mit cs;sNghJ mth;fspd; Cjpak;
kw;Wk; gbfisf; Fiwf;f KbahJ
1. epakd Kiw :
epjp neUf;fb fhyq;fspy; kl;LNk
 cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpapd;
Fiwf;fg;glyhk;.
MNyhridapd; Nghpy; FbauRj;
2. ghuhSkd;wk; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis
mjpfhu tuk;igAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
epakpf;fpwhh;.
ePl;bf;fyhNk xopa mjidf;
 ,t;thW MNyhridiag; ngwhky;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ.
FbauRj; jiytNu jd; tpUg;gg;gb
3. ePjpgjpfspd; elj;ij Fwpj;J
ePjpgjpfis epakpf;f KbahJ
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; vt;tpj
,jd; %yk; eph;thfj;Jiw
tpthjj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;s
murpay; fhuzq;fSf;fhf
KbahJ. gjtp ePf;fj; jPhk
; hdk;
ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gJ
nfhz;L tUk;NghJ kl;LNk
,ayhjjhfpwJ.
tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
2. gzpf;fhy ghJfhg;G
4. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk;
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
cah;ej
P pkd;wk; jq;fis mtkjpj;j
gzpfhyj;jpw;F ghJfhg;G
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Page 6
 ePjpj;Jiw

Fw;wj;jpw;fhf ve;j egiuAk; muRfSf;F ,ilNaahd

jz;bf;f mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sd. gpur;ridfspd; kPJ KbntLf;Fk;
5. eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
gphpf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. eph;thfj; cz;L.
Jiwapd; jiyaPl;by; ,Ue;J  murpayikg;G (VohtJ
ePjpj;Jiwapid ghJfhg;gJ rl;ljpUj;jk; 1956) d;gb cr;r
ePjpapd; epiyj;j tho;tpw;F ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %ytof;F
mtrpakhfpwJ. tprhuiz mjpfhuk; 1950 [dthp
6. ePjpgjpfs; jq;fs; gzpapypUe;J 26f;F Kd; nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;j
Xa;T ngw;w gpwF tof;fwpQuhf cld;gbf;if tuk;gpy; tuhj
gzpahw;Wjy; jil nra;ag; gpur;ridfSf;Fk; ,j;jifa
-gl;Ls;sJ. mjpfhu tuk;gpy; tuhj
7. cr;rePjpkd;wk; jdJ gpur;ridfSf;Fk; nghUe;jhJ.
gzpahsh;fis jhNd epakdk;  %y tof;F tprhuizapy; tuhj
nra;J nfhs;syhk;. mth;fspd; rpy cld;gbf;iffSk;
gzpfisAk; tiuaiw nra;ayhk;. murpayikg;gpy; cs;sd. rpy
 Nkw;fz;l tifKiwfshy; gpur;ridfis jPhk
; hdpf;Fk;
cr;rePjpkd;wk; Rje;jpukhfTk; mjpfhuk; jPh;gg
; haq;fSf;F cz;L
Neh;ikahfTk; jdpj;jd;ikNahLk; mitahtd
tpsq;f KbfpwJ. 1. ruj;J 363 (1)y; cs;s cld;ghl;by;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tptfhuq;fs;
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; 2. ruj;J 262y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
(Jurisdication of the supreme khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd ePh;
court) toq;Fjypd; jiyaPL njhlh;ghf
1. %y tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; rl;ljPh;g;ghaq;fSf;F
(Original Jurisdiction) mDg;gg;gl;Ls;s Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis
 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; %y tof;F (khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd ejpePh;
tprhuiz mjpfhuk; Kw;wpYk; gpur;rid rl;lk; 1956ia
$l;lhl;rp ,ay;ig Nrh;ej
; J. ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpajpypUe;J)
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRf;F epjpf;FOtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;s
,ilNaahd my;yJ khepy tptfhuq;fs;

Page 7
 ePjpj;Jiw

3. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy kd;wj;jpy; Nky;KiwaPL nra;a

muRfSf;fpilNa rpy KbAk;.
nrytpdq;fis rhpnra;jy;.  mJ Nghd;w rhd;wpjio toq;f
cah;ej
P pkd;wk; kWj;jhYk; cr;r
2. mbg;gil chpikfisf; fhj;jy; ePjpkd;wk; me;j tof;F
(Writ Jurisdiction) murpayikg;gpd; tpsf;fj;ij
 ruj;J 32 cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ehbaJ vd;W fUjpdhy; jd;dplk;
mbg;gil chpikfis mkyhf;Fk; Kiwapl;Lf; nfhs;s mDkjp
flikia toq;Ffpd;wJ. toq;fyhk;.
 ,t;tpjpapd;gb ve;j xU jdp  (Civil) rptpy; tof;Ffspy; khepy
kdpjUk; jdJ mbg;gil cah;ej
P p kd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J cr;r
chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Nky; KiwaPl;Lf;F
Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij nry;y Ntz;Lkhdhy; rptpy;
mZf chpik ngw;wtuhthh;. tof;fpd; kjpg;G 20>000 &gha;f;F
 ,J rpy rkaq;fspy; %ytof;F FiwahkNyh my;yJ mt;tof;F
tprhuiz vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;. Nky;KiwaPl;Lf;F jFjpAila
Mdhy; %ytof;F tprhuiz tof;fhfNth ,Ug;gjhf cah;ej
P p
murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rp -kd;wj;jpl kpUe;J rhd;wpjo;
,ay;GfSld; njhlh;GilaJ. ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. Nky; tof;F tprhuiz  fphpkpdy; tof;Ffs; Fw;w
(Appellate Jurisdication) tof;Ffspy; khepy cah;ePjp
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,e;j mjpfhuk; kd;wfspypUe;J cr;rePjp
%d;W tpjkhdJ. kd;wj;jpw;F Nky; tof;fhf nry;y
 murpayikg;G rhh;ej
; tof;Ffs; Ntz;Lkhdhy; fPo; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
(Constitutional) murpayikg;G tpLjiyahd tof;fpy; cah;ej
P p
rl;lk; xd;wpd; tpsf;fj;ij -kd;wk; kuz jz;lid
nghWj;J tof;fhf ,Ue;J nfhLj;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ fPo;ePjp
mt;tof;if Kd;G tprhhpj;j kd;wj;jpypUe;J tof;if jhNd
cah;ej
P pkd;wk; mJ murpayikg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cah;ej
P p kd;wk;
rhh;ej
; tof;F vd;W rhd;wpjo; kuzjz;lid nfhLj;jpUe;jhy;
toq;fpdhy; kl;LNk cr;r ePjp my;yJ cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky;

Page 8
 ePjpj;Jiw

tof;fhf nry;y jFjpAilaJ  Mdhy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; fl;lhak;

vd;W rhd;wpjo; ngw;wpUe;jhy; cr;r MNyhrid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
ePjp kd;wj;jpy; KiwaPL nra;J ve;j mtrpaKk; ,y;iy
nfhs;syhk;.  murpayikg;G njhlq;Ftjw;F
 epge;jidfSf;Fk;> vy;iyfSf; Kd;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs;
-Fk; cl;gl;L cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffspd; kPjhd
Fw;w tof;Ffs; Nky; tprhuiz gpur;rid fisAk; cr;r ePjp
mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; kd;wj;jpw;F mjd; fUj;ijg; ngw
tp];jhpf;fyhk;. FbauRj;jiytUf;F mjpfhuk;
 ruj;J 136d; gb cr;r cz;L.
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F uhZt  mj;jifa tof;Ffspy; ,e;jpa
ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,y;yhj gpw murpayikg;gpd; fPo; cr;rePjpkd;wk;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; toq;fpa jPhg
; ;G FbauRj; jiytUf;F jdJ
cj;juT fl;lis my;yJ fUj;ij mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
jz;lid Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhf fl;lhak; ,y;iy.
jd;dplk; Kiwapl;L nfhs;s
mDkjp toq;;fyhk;. 5. ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk; ( Judicial
Review)
4. MNyhrid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk;  ruj;J 137d; fPo; cr;r
(Advisory Jurisdication ) ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jhd; toq;fpa
 ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPhg
; ;Gfspy; cs;s jtWfis
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,ay;G mjd; ePf;fNth mtw;iw rhp
MNyhrid mspf;Fk; gq;fhFk; nra;tjw;fhfNth jhd; toq;fpa
(ruj;J 143) jPhg;GfisNa ePjpg;Gduha;T nra;a
 r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
rl;lj;ijg;gw;wpa Iag;ghLfisf;  mjhtJ cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpdhy;
FbauRj; jiyth; toq;fg;gl;l jPh;g;Gfs; midj;J ePjp
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mDg;gp mjd; kd;wq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpdhYk;
fUj;ij Nfl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
vd;W nghUs;.

Page 9
 ePjpj;Jiw

6. gjpT nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk; cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; gjtp ePf;fk;

(court of records) (Removal of the judges of the
 ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wk; xU gjpT supreme court)
nra;J nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wkhf  cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xUth;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gphpT 129 jtwhd elj;ij my;yJ
$WfpwJ. jpwikapd;ikf;fhf gjtp ePf;fk;
 ,jd; %yk; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nra;ag;glyhk;.
gjpNtLfis rhl;rpag; gjpNtL  ePjpgjpf;F vjpuhd jPhk
; hdk;
-fshf vq;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ghuhSkd;w ,U rigfshYk;
mr;rhl;rpaj;jpw;fhd ep&gzj;ij epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ve;j ePjpkd;wKk; Nfhu KbahJ. xt;nthU rigapYk; rigapd;
 ,e;ej
P pkd;wk; gjpNtLfis nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ghjpf;Fk;
Kiwg;gLj;Jk; ePjpkd;wkhf Nkyhdth;fshYk; rigf;F
tpsq;Ftjhy; ,jid mtkjpg;gth; te;jpUe;J thf;fspg;Nghhpy; %d;wpy;
-fis jz;bf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikapd -
ngw;Ws;sJ. uhYk; mj;jPhk
; hdk; Vw;Wf;
-nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rigfspy;
7. ,d;dgpw mjpfhu tuk;G
jPhk
; hdk; FbauRj; jiytiu
 cr;rePjpkd;wk; jhd; ntspapl;l
mile;jJk; mth; ePjpgjpia gjtp
jPhg
; ;GfisNah my;yJ cj;juT -
ePf;fk; nra;thh;.
fisNah kWrPuha;T nra;Ak;
mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ruj;J 125 (5)d; fPo; ghuhSkd;wk;
 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; cr;rePjpkd;wk;
jPhg
; ;Gfs; ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l
ePjpgjpfis gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak;
vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;
eilKiw kw;Wk; jtwhd elj;ij
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
jpwikapd;ik gw;wpa Mjhuq;fs;
 FbauRj; jiyth; xg;Gjy; ngw;W
kw;Wk; mjw;fhd tprhuiz
ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffisAk;
Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;Fg;gLj;jyhk;.
nray;Kiw fisAk; xOq;FgLj;J
 ,jd;gb 1968Mk; Mz;L
tjw;fhf tpjpfis ,aw;w
ePjpgjpfs; (tprhuiz) rl;lj;jpid
cr;rePjpkd;wk; mjpfhuk;
ghuSkd;wk; ,aw;wpaJ.
ngw;Ws;sJ.
Page 10
 ePjpj;Jiw

 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ePjpgjpapid cah;ej

; ];jhdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; jPhk
; hdk; ,U [{hpahfTk; ,Ug;ghh;.
mitfspd; Kd;Gk; itf;fg;gLk;.  ,f;FOtpd; Kd; Fw;wk;
 ,jid kf;fsitapy; jhf;fy; rhl;lg;gl;l ePjpgjp jdf;fhf
nra;jhy; kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fs; thjhlNth my;yJ jdJ fTd;rpy;
100 NgUf;F Fiwahky; %yk; thjhlNth chpik
ifnaOj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. cilatuhfpwhh;.
 ,jid khepyq;fs; mitapy;  ,jw;ffhd jPhk
; hdk; jhf;fy;
jhf;fy; nra;jhy; khepyq;fis nra;ag;gl;l mitapd; jiythplk;
cWg;gpdh;fs; 50 NgUf;F ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia
Fiwahky; mjpy; ifnaOj;jpl mspf;Fk;.
Ntz;Lk;.  ,f;FOtpd; mwpf;if kPJ
 Fw;wr;rhl;bid jpl;l tbtkhf 14 ghuhSkd;wk; eltbf;if
ehl;fSf;F Kd;dh; ePjpgjpf;F vLf;fyhk; my;yJ vLf;fhkYk;
toq;fpa gpd;dNu ,j;jPh;khdj; ,Uf;fyhk;.
-jpid nfhz;LtuKbAk;.  ,f;FO ePjpgjpapd; jtwhd
 ,jw;fhd jPh;khdk; Kiwg;gb elj;ij (provedmisbehaviour)
jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; my;yJ jFjpad;ikf;fhd
rk;ge;jg;gl;l mitapd; jiyth; (Incapacity) Mjhuq;fisj;ju
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l ePjpgjpapd; jtwpdhy; ,j;jPhk
; hdj;ij ghuhS
jtwhd elj;ij kw;Wk; -kd;wk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s ,ayhJ.
jFjpapd;ik Fwpj;J tprhhpf;f  ,j;jPhk
; hdk; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l
%d;W cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l mitapd; Njitahd
ePjpf;FOtpid mikg;ghh;. ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W epiw
 ,f;FOtpd; jiytuhf Ntw;wg;gl;lhy; mLj;j mitf;F
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; gzpapYs;s mDg;gg;gLk; me;j mitAk; mNj
ePjpgjp epakpf;fg;gLthh;. ngUk;ghd;ikapy; ,j;jPhk
; hdj;ij
 kw;w ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;fspd; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
xUth; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;  ,jd; gpwF ,j;jPhk
; hdk; FbauRj;
gzpGhpak; xUtuhfTk; kw;nwhUth; jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;gg;
-gLk;. gpd;dh; ,J epiwNtw;wg;

Page 11
 ePjpj;Jiw

-gl;lhy; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l ePjpgjp  Kjy; rPf;fpa ePjpgjp : n[fjP\;

FbauRj; jiytuhy; gjtp ePf;fk; rpq;Nf`h; (44)
nra;ag;gLgthh;.  T.S. jh$h; (43)
 Kjy; ngz; ePjpgjp : ghj;jPkh
gPtp (K];yPk; ngz;)
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid
,e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh; -
$Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; ,ay;G (Nature
ruj;J (76)
of SC’s Advisory Jurisdication)
 ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F rl;l
 ruj;J 143d; fPohd MNyhrid
rk;ge;jkhd tp\aq;fspy;
$Wk; mjpfhuk; cr;rePjpkd;wj;
MNyhrid toq;fTk;> rl;l
-jpd; Nky; tof;F tprhuiz
rk;ge;jkhf ,lg;gLk; gpw
mjpfhuky;y ruj;J (143 (2)) d; fPo;
gzpfisr; nra;aTk; FbauRj;
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jd;dplk;
jiyth; ,e;jpa muRj; jiyik
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpapd; kPjhd
tof;fwpQiu epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
jdJ fUj;ij njhptpf;f
 jFjpfs;: cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf
kWf;fyhk;.
epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfis
 ,J tiu FbauRj; jiyth;fs;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cr;rePjp
10Kiw cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk;
kd;wk; nly;ypapy; mike;Js;sJ.
MNyhrid Nfl;Ls;sdh;.
 FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;GjYld;
 Mdhy; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk;
,e;jpahtpy; NtW ve;j xU
MNyhridapd; Nghpy; FbauRj;
gFjpapYk;
jiyth; nray;glj; Njitapy;iy.
 mkh;Tfis elj;j KbntLf;Fk;
 mJ mtiu fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ ,J
chpik cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
murpayikg;G Kf;fpatj;Jk;
cz;L.
tha;ej
; tp\aq;fspy; epGzh;fs;
 ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f
fUj;ij ngWtjw;fhd xU
Ntz;Lk;> cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpy; 5
eilKiwahFk; ,jw;fhfNt
Mz;LfSf;F Fiwahky;
FbauRj; jiyth; MNyhridia
ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f
NfhUthh;.
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ 10 Mz;Lfs;
,e;jpaj; jiyik ePjpgjpfs; tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f

 Kjy; : `Puhyhy; n[. fhdpah Ntz;Lk; my;yJ FbauRj;

 jw;NghJ : jPgf; kp];uh (45) jiythpd; ghh;itapy; mth; rpwe;j

Page 12
 ePjpj;Jiw

ePjpkhdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs;

jiyik ePjpgjpf;F cz;L  cah; ePjpkd;wk; khepy
 gjtpf;fhyk;: FbauRj; jiyth; ePjpj;Jiwapd; jiyikahFk;.
tpUk;Gk;tiu mth; gjtpapy;  Xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU
,Ug;ghh;. cah; ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;Fk; (ruj;J
 cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfspd; 214)
gjtp fhyk; 65 taJ  xU khepyj;jpd; ePjpj;Jiw cah;ePjp
Cjpak;: kd;wj;jpidAk; fPo;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; KbT ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
nra;ag;gLfpwJ  ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
flikfs; (ruj;J 76(2)) xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
 kj;jpa murpd; rhh;gpy; vy;yh khepyq;fSf;FNkh A+dpad;
tof;FfSf;Fk; M[uhFjy;. gpuNjrq;fSf;FNkh Nrh;j;J
 ruj;J 143d; gb [dhjpgjpf;F nghJthd xU cah;ej
P pkd;wj;
mDg;gpatw;wpy; murpw;F -jpid mikf;fyhk;. (ruj;J 231)
MNyhrid toq;fy;.  xt;nthU cah; ePjpkd;wKk; xU
 murpayikg;G> gpw rl;lq;fshy; gjpT ePjpkd;wkhFk;. (Court of
jug;gl;l gzpfis nra;jy;. record) (ruj;J 215)

mjpfhuq;fs;
mikg;G
 ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; ve;j
ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; thjplyhk;.  cah;ej
P pkd;wk; xt;nthd;Wk; xU
jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; FbauRj;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
jiyth; eph;zapf;fpd;w
mitfspYk; thf;Fhpikapd;wp
vz;zpf;ifapy; kw;w ePjpgjp
fye;J nfhs;syhk;.
-fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy;
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;f;Fhpa
cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
rYif> ghJfhg;Gfisg; ngwyhk;.
vz;zpf;ifia murpayikg;G
 ghuhSkd;w FOf;fspYk; fye;J
tiuaWf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ
nfhs;syhk;.
GydhFk;.
jw;NghJ
Nf.Nf.NtZNfhghy;

Page 13
 ePjpj;Jiw

ePjpgjpfs; epakdk; : ePjpgjpahf epakpf;f ,q;F top

 cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ,y;iy.
ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk;
FbauRj; jiyth; epakdk; gjtpf;fhyk;
nra;thh;.  1963-k; Mz;L 15-tJ rl;lkd;wj;
 jiyik ePjpgjpia epakdk; jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 62 Mf cs;sJ.
nra;Ak; NghJ mth;
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik 1. cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpia gjtpePf;fk;
ePjpgjpiaAk; mk;khepy nra;tjw;fhd eilKiwiag;
MSeiuAk; fye;jhNyhrpg;gh; kw;w gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yNk cah;ej
P pkd;w
ePjpgjpfis epakdk; nra;Ak; NghJ ePjpgjpiag; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lth;fSld; me;j ,aYk;.
cah;ej
P p kd;wj;jpd; jiyik 2. FbauRj;jiytUf;Fj; jdJ
ePjpgjpiaAk; fye;jhNyhrid ,uh[pdkh fbjj;jij vOJtjd;
nra;thh;. %yk; gjtp tpyfyhk;.
3. Ntnwe;j cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh
jFjpfs; : my;yJ cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh
1. cah;ej
P p kd;w ePjpgjpahf epakdk; mth; ePjpgjpahf ,lkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;l xUth; ,e;jpaf; nra;ag;gl;lhYk; mth; ,lk;
Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhypahfp tpLk;.
2. Fiwe;jJ gj;J Mz;Lfs;
ePjpj;Jiw gzpahsuhf cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Rje;jpuk;
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; (my;yJ) (Provision for Independence of the
3. Fiwe;jJ gj;J Mz;Lfs; Judges of theHigh Court) :
cr;rePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhfg;  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cah; ePjpkd;w
gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjpgjpfspd; Rje;jpuj;ij gpd;tUk;
4. murpayikg;gpy; Fiwe;jgl;r taJ topfspy; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.
tuk;G VJk; Fwpg;gplgltpy;iy.  cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjp xUtiu
NkYk; cr;rePjpkd;wj;ijg; Nghy jtwhd elj;ij kw;Wk;
rpwg;Gkpf;f rl;ltpay; epGziu jFjpapd;ik Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; FbauRj;jiyth;

Page 14
 ePjpj;Jiw

gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjpf;ff;

,jw;fhd jPh;khdk; $lhJ.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U xU cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J
mitfspYk; rigf;F te;jpUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F xU ePjpgjpia
Xl;lspf;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fspy; khw;Wjy; (Transfer of the judge
%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F from one High court to another ) :
ngUk;ghz;ik ngw;W  xU cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpapid
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtUila mDkjp ,y;yhkNyNa
 xU cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjp xa;T FbauRj;jiyth; xU cah; ePjp
ngw;wgpd; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; kd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F
mth; gjtpapy; ,Ue;j khw;wyk; (ruj;J 222)
cah;ej
P pkd;wk; my;yhj NtW xU  ,jw;F ,e;jpa jiyik
cah;ej
P pkd;wk; Mfpatw;iw jtpu ePjpgjpapid KOikahf
NtW ve;j ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
my;yJ ve;j xU ,e;jpa  xU cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpf;F
mjpfhhpapd; Kd;ghfNth gzpahw;w gzpapl khWjy; toq;FtJ
KbahJ. njhlh;ghd midj;J
 mth;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l cz;ikfSk; ,e;jpahtpd;
gpwF epjp neUf;fb Neuj;ij jtpu jiyik ePjpgjpf;F njhptpf;fg;gl
gpw Neuq;fspy; mth;fsJ rk;gsk; Ntz;Lk;.
kw;Wk; nryTg;gbfs; Mfpatw;iw
Fiwf;f ,ayhJ.
 mth;fsJ rk;gsKk;
nryTg;gbfSk; khepy njhFg;G
epjpapd; kPjhd nrytpdq;fshFk;.
rl;lrigapd; Xl;nlLg;gpw;F
cl;gl;litay;y.
 cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;Ak; jPh;khdj;jpd; kPJ
my;yhky; NtW ve;j Neuq;fspYk;
mth;fspd; elj;ijiag; gw;wp

Page 15
 ePjpj;Jiw

ngah; tUlk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfs; ,lk;

myfhghj; 1866 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; myfhghj; (ngQ;r; -
yf;Ndh)
Me;jpug; 1954 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj;
gpuNjrk;
gk;gha; 1862 kfuh\;buk;> jhjh; efh; `Ntyp> Kk;ig (ehf;g+h;>ghQ;rp>
Nfhth> lhkd;> ilA+ xsuq;fghj; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; ngQ;r;)
fy;fj;jh 1862 Nkw;Ftq;fshk;> me;jkhd;> nfhy;fj;jh (ngQ;r; -
epf;Nfhgh; Nghh;l;gpNsah;)
nly;yp 1966 nly;yp nly;yp
fTfhj;jp 1948 m];]hk;> ehfyhe;J> kpNrhuhk;> fTfhj;jp (Nfh`pkh>
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; ,k;ghy;> mfh;jyh>
\py;yhq;fpy; ngQ;r;)
F[uhj; 1960 F[uhj; m`kjghj;
,khr;ryg; 1966 ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh
gpuNjrk;
[k;K fh\;kPh; 1928 [k;K fh\;kPh; =efh;> kw;Wk; [k;K
fh;ehlfh 1884 fh;ehlfh ngq;f@h;
Nfush 1958 Nfush> yl;rj;jPTfs; vh;zhFsk;
kj;jpa 1956 kj;jpagpuNjrk; [gy;g+h; (ngQ;r; ,e;J}h;>
gpuNjrk; Fthypah;)
nkl;uh]; 1862 jkpo;ehL> ghz;br;Nrhp nkl;uh];
Xhp];]h 1948 Xhp];]h fl;lhf;
gl;dh 1916 gPfhh; ghl;dh (ngQ;r; uhQ;rp)

gQ;rhg; 1975 gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh> rz;bfh; rz;bfh;

mhpahdh
uh[];jhd; 1949 uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+h; (ngQ;r;
n[ag;g+h;)
rpf;fpk; 1975 rpf;fpk; fh];lhf;
rl;b];fh; 2000 rl;b];fh; gpyh];G+h;
cj;juhQ;ry; 2000 cj;juhQ;ry; iedplhy;
[hh;fz;l; 2000 [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp
kzpg;G+h; 2013 kzpg;G+h; ,k;ghy;
Nkfyhah 2013 Nkfyhah \py;yhq;
jphpGuh 2013 jphpGuh mfh;jyh

Page 16
 ePjpj;Jiw

 ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpapd; -nfhs;Sk; tof;FfspYk; Nky;

fUj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhs;s cah;ej
P pkd;wq;fSf;F mjpfhuk;
Ntz;Lk; NkYk; mtuJ fUj;J cs;sJ.
FbauRj; jiytiuf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. 3. mbg;gil chpikfs; fhj;jy; (Writ
cah;ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; Jurisdication)
(Jurisdication of the High Court) :  murpayikg;gpd; 226 tpjpapd; fPo;
1. %y tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; mbg;gil chpikfis
(Original Jurisdication) mkyhf;Ftjw;F kl;Lkpd;wp kw;w
 ngU efuq;fspy; cah;ej
P pkd;wq; fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk; cj;juTfis
-fSf;F %ytof;F tprhuiz gpwg;gpf;Fk; chpik
kw;Wk; Nky; tof;F tprhuiz cah;ej
P pkd;wq;fSf;F cz;L.
Mfpa mjpfhuq;fs; cz;L.  ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpd;gb cr;rePjpkd;w
Mdhy; kw;w cah; ruj;J 32d; fPo; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mNj
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F ngUk;ghYk; tifahd cj;juTfisAk;
Nky; tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuNk fl;lisfisAk; gpwg;gpf;Fk;
cz;L. chpik cah;ej
P p kd;wj;jpw;F
 flw;gil eph;thff; FO> ePjpkd;w cs;sJ.
mtkjpg;G kw;Wk; jpUkz  cah;ej
P p kd;wq;fspd; ,e;j
rk;ge;jkhd tof;Ffs; Nghd;w mjpfhuk;. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd;
tptfhuq;fspy; kl;LNk mjpfhuj;ij tpl nghpajhFk;.
,e;ej
P pkd;wq;fSf;F %y tof;F  cr;r ePjpkd;wk; mbg;gil
tprhuiz mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. chpikfs; kPwg;gLk;NghJ kl;LNk
cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;f mjpfhuk;
2. Nky; tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ. Mdhy; cah;ePjp
(Appellate Jurisdication) kd;wk; mbg;gil chpikfs;
 midj;J cah;ej
P pkd;wq;fSf;Fk; kl;Lky;yhJ rhjhuz rl;l
jdf;F fPo; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fspy; chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ $l
,Ue;J tUk; Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
r%ftpay; tof;FfspYk; jhNd
Nky; tprhuizf;fhf vLj;Jf;

Page 17
 ePjpj;Jiw

cah;ePjpkd;w mjpfhu tuk;G cah;ej

P pkd;wk; jpUg;jpAw;why;
 khepy ePjpj;JiwahdJ Xh; mt;tof;if mf;fPoik
ePjpkd;wj;jpidAk; mjd; fPo; cs;s ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J jhNd
gy fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; tprhuizf;fhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;s
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjd; mjpfhu cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
tuk;Gfshtd. cz;L.

1. gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk; : 4. ePjpg;Nguhizfs; ntspapLk;

 Xt;nthU cah;ePjpkd;wKk; xU mjpfhuk; :
gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk; Mtz  cah;ej
P pkd;wk; mbg;gil
ePjpkd;wk; MFk;. jd;id chpikfis typAWj;jpr;
mtkjpj;jth;fisj; jz;bf;Fk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; kw;w rpy
mjpfhuk; cs;spl;l vy;yh Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; Ie;J
mjpfhuq;fisAk; mJ tifahd ePjpg; Nguhizfis
ngw;Ws;sJ. ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.
,e;j tifapy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij
2. midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; tpl mjpf mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mjpfhuk; :
 jdJ mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; tUfpd;w 5. nghJ mjpfhu tuk;G :
midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;  cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G
jPhg
; ;ghaq;fis Nkw;ghh;it ,Lk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;> murpayikg;G
mjpfhuj;ij xt;NthU njhlq;fg; gLtjw;F Kd;G vg;gb
cah;ej
P pkd;wKk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,Ue;jdNth mg;gbNa ,Uf;Fk;.

3. tof;Ffisj; jhNd 6. mjpfhhpfisAk; Copah;fisAk;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; : epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;:
 jdf;F fPOs;s fPoik  cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Copah;fisAk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cs;s tof;nfhd;wpy; mjpfhhp fisAk; epakpf;Fk;
murpaiykg;gpd; nghUs; tpsf;fk; mjpfhuk; cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik
Fwpj;J nghUshh;ej
; rl;lg; ePjpgjpaplk; cs;sJ.
gpur;rid xd;W cs;sJ vd;W

Page 18
 ePjpj;Jiw

fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; (Suboridnate murhq;f tof;fwpQuhfNth

Court) gzpahw;wpa mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f
cah; ePjpkd;w fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;> Ntz;Lk;.
fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
khtl;l mstpy; ,aq;Fk; ,t;tif kw;w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;:
ePjpkd;wq;fs; chpikapay; kw;Wk;  khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; jtpu xU
Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis tprhhpj;Jj; khepyj;jpd; kw;w ePjpj;Jiw
jPhg
; ;gspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wit gjtpfSf;F MSeh; khepy
fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; muRg;gzpahsh; Njh;thizaj;
gbepiyfshtd -Jld; cah;ePjpkd;wj;ijAk;
fye;jhNyhrpj;J gzp epakdk;
rptpy; gf;fk; Fw;wtpay; gf;fk; nra;thh;.

khtl;l ePjpgjp nrrd;]; ePjpgjp fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; kPjhd

fl;Lg;ghLfs;
$Ljy; khtl;l $Ljy; nrrd;]; khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
ePjpgjp ePjpgjp Vid fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; kPJ
cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F KOikahd
rptpy; ePjpgjp Kjd;ikePjpj;Jiw eph;thff; fl;Lg;ghL cs;sJ.
(KJepiy gphpT) eLth;  khtl;l ePjpgjp gjtpf;Ff;
Fiwthd me;j];Jila
rptpy; ePjpgjp ePjpj;Jiw eLth; ePjpj;Jiw gjtp tfpf;Fk;
(,sepiyg; gphpT) midtUila gzpakh;j;Jk; gjtp
cah;T tpLg;G toq;fy; Nghd;w
khtl;l ePjpgjpapd; epakdk; : vy;yh tp\aq;fisAk; ftdpf;Fk;
 khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfs; mjpfhuk; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jplNk
MSeuhy; khepy cah;ePjpkd;wj; cs;sJ.
-jpd; MNyhridAld;
epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;. FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; (Family Courts)
 ,th;fs; Vohz;LfSf;F  Kiwahd ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
Fiwahky; tof;fwpQuhfNth gbepiyfSld;> ,e;jpahtpy;

Page 19
 ePjpj;Jiw

gy;NtW khepyq;fspy; FLk;g

ePjpkd;wq;fSk;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

 1984 Mk; Mz;bd; FLk;g

ePjpkd;wq;fs; rl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f
mjpfr; nrytpdk; ,y;yhky;
tof;Ffisj; jPh;gg
; J kw;Wk;
Kiwahd ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mjpfr; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; eph;thfg;gzpfs;
nryT Vw;gLtJ Nghd;wtw;iw (Administrative function of the
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L jpUkzq;fs; High Court)
kw;wk; FLk;g tptfhuq;fs; cr;r ePjpkd;wq;fs; jdf;F fPo; cs;s
njhlh;ghd tof;Ffis ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gzpfis
tprhhpg;gjw;F FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Nkw;ghh;itaplTk;
mjpfhuq;fisAk; mjpfhu nra;fpd;wJ. NkYk; me;ePjp
tuk;igAk; ngw;Ws;sd. kd;wq;fSf;fhd tpjpKiwfisAk;
fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; tFf;fpwJ.
 FLk;gk; tpthfuj;J tujl;riz
Nghd;wtw;wpd; gpur;ridfs;
njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fSk; ,t;tpj
ePjpkd;wq;fshy;
ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpj
ePjpkd;wq;fs; chpikapay;
rl;lj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.
cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;wk;
xhxg;gPL(Comparision between the
supreme court and the High Court):

Page 20
 ePjpj;Jiw

t.vz; cr;rePjpkd;wk; cah;ePjpkd;wk;

1. cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU $l;lhl;rp cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F xt;nthU
ePjpkd;wkhFk;. ,J nly;ypapy; khepyj;jpYk; A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jp
mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; ngQ;Rfs; -Yk; ,lKs;sJ. Mdhy; ,uz;L
kw;w ,lq;fspy; mikf;fg;glyhk;. mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspNyh
Mdhy; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspNyh
,ize;J xU nghJthd cah;
ePjpkd;wj;ij mikf;fyhk;
2. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; FbauRj; cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpfs; FbauRj;
jiytuhy; epakpf;fpwhh;. jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
3 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;F cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;F
Njitahd jFjpfs; : Njitahd jFjpfs;
1. mth; njhlh;eJ
; Fiwe;jJ 5 1. ,e;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ
tUlq;fSf;F cah;ej
P pkd;w 10 tUlq;fSf;F ePjpj;Jiw
ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f
mYtyuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Ntz;Lk;.
2. njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 10 2. xU cah;ejP pkd;w tof;fwpQuhf
tUlq;fSf;F cah;ej
P pkd;w
Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F
tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. FbauRj; jiythpd;
fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w [{hpahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; 65 taJ cah;ej

P pkd;w ePjpgjp 62 taJ
G+h;j;jpailAk; NghJ Xa;T G+h;j;jp milAk; NghJ Xa;T
ngWthh; ngWthh;.
5 FbauRj; jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;w cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s mNj
jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;w Kiwapd; %yNk cah; ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisAk; gjtp ePf;Fk; jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;w
jPhk
; hdj;ij ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpfisAk; FbauRj; jiyth;

Page 21
 ePjpj;Jiw

epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.

gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fyhk;
6. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik cah;ej
P pkd;wk; jiyik ePjpgjp
ePjpgjp 1>10>000 &ghAk; kw;w 1>00>000 &ghAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfs;
ePjpgjpfs; 1>10>000 &ghAk; 90>000 &ghAk; khjr; rk;gskhfg;
ngWfpd;wdh;.
7. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; jdJ cah; ePjpkd;w ePgjpfs; jdJ
xa;Tf;Fg; gpd;dh; kw;Wk; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ve;j
gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpag; ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; thjhl KbahJ.
gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ve;j mth;fsJ xa;Tf;F gpd;dh;
ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ mjpfhhp cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F fPOs;s
Kd;ghfNth thjhl KbahJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thjhl KbahJ
mjhtJ mth;fs; kw;w
cah;ej
P kd;wq;fspYk;
thjhlyhk;
8 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F gjtp cah;ej
P p kd;w ePjpgjpfs; xU
,wf;fNth gzpaplkhWjNyh ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU
toq;fg;glhJ ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;glyhk;
my;yJ cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf
gjtp cah;T toq;fg;glyhk;.
tpjpfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;
 ruj;J 227d; fPo; cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpd;
tFf;fyhk;.
mjpfhug; gFjpf;Fs; nray;gLk;
3. me;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mYtyh;
MAjg;gilfspd; tptfhuq;fis
-fspdhy; guhkhpf;fg;gLk;
ifahSk; jPh;gg
; haq;fisAk;
fzf;Ffis guhkhpf;f Ntz;ba
Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mjpfhuk;
Kiwfis tFf;fyhk;.
cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L. ,t;tjp
4. xU ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J
-fhuk; %yk; xU cah;ePjpkd;wk;
kw;nwhd;Wf;F tof;Ffis
1. mj;jifa ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J
khw;wyhk;.
mwpf;if Nfhuyhk;
 ruj;J 235d; fPo; epakdk; kw;Wk;
2. me;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; eilKiwfis
gzpaplkhWjy; Nghd;w tptfhuq;
xOq;Fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Page 22
 ePjpj;Jiw

-fspy; cah;ePjpkd;wk; jdf;F jiyik ePjpgjp> ehd;F %j;j

fPOs;s ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; khtl;l cr;rePjpd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j %d;W cWg;gpdh;fs;>
KbAk;. cah;ej
P pkd;wk; rhh;ghf
 murpayikg;gpd; 229tJ tpjpapd; (cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp
fPo; xt;nthU cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl) ,th;fs; midtiuAk;
mjd; gzpahsh;fspd; kPJ cs;slf;fpaJ nfhyP[pak; MFk;.
KOikahd fl;Lg;ghL mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa ePjpkd;w epakd FO (ruj;J
 ePjpkd;w mYtyh;fspd; 124 A)
gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfis  Njrpa ePjpkd;w epakd FO vd;w
xOq;FgLj;jTk; mth;fis mikg;G cr;rePjpkd;w kw;Wk;
gzpapypUe;J ePf;fTk; cah;ePjpkd;w cah;ej
P p kd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;f
jiyik ePjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; ,lkhWjy; nra;tjw;F
cz;L. nghWg;ghFk;. ,t;tikg;G>
 xt;nthU cah;ej
P pkd;wKk; cr;r nfhyP[pa mikg;gpw;F khw;whd
ePjpkd;wj;ij Nghd;Nw gjpT mikg;ghFk; Njrpa ePjpkd;w
ePjpkd;wkhFk;. NkYk; cah;ej
P p epakd FO kNrhjh kw;Wk;
kd;wq;fs; xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; murikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;l kNrhjh
chpa midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; Mfpait 16 khepyq;fspy;
ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;gpw;F jz;lid cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;L 31 brk;gh; 2014
toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; md;W FbauRj; jiyth;
ngw;Ws;sd. xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wJ.

ePjpgjpfs; fy;Y}hp mikg;G kw;Wk;

Njh;TKiw mikg;G:
 ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp
 nfhyP[pak; Kiw vd;gJ  ,uz;L %j;j cr;r ePjpkd;w
cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;
ePjpgjpfis epakdk; kw;Wk;  kj;jpa rl;l mikr;rh;
khWjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis  ,uz;L rpwg;G egh;fs;
nra;Ak; mikg;G MFk;. ,e;jpa

Page 23
 ePjpj;Jiw

(,e;j egh;fisj; Njh;T nra;tJ ePjpgjpahf epakdk; nra;a

,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp> ,e;jpa gpujkh; ghpe;Jiu nra;a KbAk;. jFjp>
kw;Wk; kf;fsit vjph;f;fl;rp jiyth; jpwik kw;Wk; Vida newpKiwfs;
my;yJ vjph;f;fl;rp ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; rl;lj;jpy; $wpagb eilKiwf;F
jdpngUk;ghd;ik vjph;f;fl;rp jiyth; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
MfpNahh; nfhz;l mikg;G MFk;).
cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;
gzpfs;:  ,e;j mikg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy
 ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpapl
cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> cah;ePjp -kpUe;J epakd egh;fspd;
kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; gl;baiyf; NfhUk;> mt;thW
cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Ml;rpg; NfhUk; NghJ> jiyik ePjpgjp
gjtpfSf;F egh;fis ghpe;Jiu jdJf; fUj;jpid njhptpg;ghh;.
nra;jy;. ,e;j ,uz;L eltbf;iffspYk;
 cah;ej
P pkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; cah;ej
P pkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp %j;j
ePjpgjpfis cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L ePjpgjpfis fye;jh
,Ue;J kw;nwhU -Nyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; MSeh;
cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F khWjy; nra;a kw;Wk; Kjyikr;rh; fUj;ijAk;
ghpe;Jiuj;jy;. Nfl;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tikg;gpy;
 epakpf;fg;gLk; egh;fspd; jFjp> VNjDk; ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;
jpwik kw;Wk; Vida fUj;jpy; khWghL nfhz;lhy; me;j
eilKiwfis rl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ egiu epakpf;f ghpe;Jiu
Nghy; Kiwg;gLj;jp egh;fis nra;aKbahJ.
ghpe;Jiuj;jy;.

eph;thfj; jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis Njh;T
 42tJ murpayikg;G jpUg;Gr;rl;lk;
nra;Ak; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jiyik
1976d; %yk; ruj;J 323A & 323 B
ePjpgjpfs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 323A
 ,e;j mikg;G cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp
tpjpapd;gb kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
xUtiu mtUila gzp %g;ig
nghJg;gzpfspy; epakpf;fg;gLk;.
nghWj;J cah;ej
P pkd;w jiyik

Page 24
 ePjpj;Jiw

 egh;fspd; Njh;T gjtp cah;T  cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;

gzpapl khWjy; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Copah;fs; MAjg;
gzpaplq;fSf;fhd epge;jidfs; -gil Copah;fs; kf;fsit kw;Wk;
Nghd;w tof;Ffis jPh;g;gjw;fhf khepyq;fsitapd; jiyikr;
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy eph;thf nrayf Copah;fs;.
jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.  jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs; ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
 ,t;tpjpg;gbapd; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Ntiyg;gSit Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk;
efuq;fspy; fpisfSld; $ba rl;l eilKiwia Jhpjg;gLj;J
kj;jpa eph;thf jPh;g;ghaj;ij -tjw;fhfTk; mikf;fg;gl;lit
mikg;gjw;fhf eph;thf jPh;g;gha -ahFk;.
rl;lk; 1985ia ghuhSkd;wk;  42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpd;gb gzpfs;
,aw;wpaJ. njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fis cr;r
 gy khepyq;fspy; khepy eph;thf ePjpkd;wk; kl;LNk ftdpf;f
jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,aYk;. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik
 nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; ePjpgjpAld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J tpl;L
njhopyhsh;fspd; gzpfSila FbauRj;jiyth;. kj;jpa kw;Wk;
tptfhuq;fs; kj;jpa my;yJ khepy khepy eph;thf jPhg
; ;ghaq;fspd;
jPhg
; ;ghaq;fspd; fPo; xU jiytiuAk; kw;w
mwpf;ifapd; %yk; nfhz;L cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpg;ghh;.
tug;gl;ld. jPhg
; ;ghaj;jpd;  xU cah; ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp my;yJ
jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk; xU Fiwe;jJ 2 tUlq;fSf;F
cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpf;F rkkhd cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpahf
me;j];jpid cilath;fshth;. gzpGhpe;jth;fs; my;yJ
 NkYk; ,th;fsJ xA;T ngWk; jPhg
; ;ghaj;jpd; Jizj;jiyth;fs;
taJ 65 MFk;. kw;w MfpNahiuNa jPhg
; ;ghaj;jpd;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; Xa;T ngWk; 62 jiytuhf epakpf;f KbAk;.
MFk;.
 gpd;tUgth;fs; eph;thf
jPh;g;ghaq;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
cl;glhjth;fshth;.

Page 25
 ePjpj;Jiw

ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;T ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; epiy

(JUDICIAL REVIEW)  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy;
 mnkhpf;fh If;fpa ehLfspy; ePjpj;Jiw kWMa;T vd;Dk; nrhy;
Njhd;wp tsh;ej
; ePjpj;Jiw kW Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vdpDk;
Ma;T vd;Dk; fUj;J xU ehl;bd; gy;NtW gphpTfspy; ,J
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; njhlh;ghd tifKiwfs;
rl;lk; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiw nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nray;fs; me;ehl;bd; mbg;gilr;  mbg;gil chpikfSld;
rl;lkhd murpayikg;Gr; xj;jpirahj my;yJ mt;Thpik
rl;lj;jpw;F xj;jpirthf cs;sjh -fis xLf;Ffpd;w vy;yhr;
,y;iyah vd;gij me;ehl;bd; rl;lq;fSk; xj;jpirahj mstpw;F
jiyik ePjpkd;wk; tprhhpj;J nry;Yk;gb MfhJ vd;W gphpT 13
jPhg
; ;gspg;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd;gb $WfpwJ.
ehl;bd; murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhf  mbg;gil chpikfs; gphpT 32
,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; eph;thf ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;T mjpfhuj;jij
nray;fs; ahtw;iwAk; nry;yhJ Fwpg;ghf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk;
vd mwptpf;f jiyik ePjpkd;wk; mspf;fpwJ.
mjpfhuk; ngWfpwJ.  ,jd;gb mbg;gil chpikfis
epiyehl;l cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij
ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;tpd; Njit : mZf xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk;
 murpayikg;gpd; Nkyhz;ikia chpik cz;L.
fhg;gjw;Fk;  ,jd;gb cr;rePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;
 kj;jpa - khepy cwTfis Nguhizfis gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
murpayikg;G mike;Js;sgb  gphpT 226d;gb khepy
rkepiyapy; itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; cah;ej
P pkd;wq;fSk; mbg;gil
 Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfis epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf
chpikfisf; fhg;gjw;Fk; ePjpg;Nguhizfis gpwg;gpf;Fk;
ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;T mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sd.
mtrpakhfpwJ.

Page 26
 ePjpj;Jiw

ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd 3. kf;fSila Fwpg;ghf rpWghd;ik

mbg;gilfs; (Reasons for judicial -apdhpd; mbg;gil chpikfs;
review) : ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,e;jpahtpy; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk;> 4. tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;L Rje;jpukhd
khepy cah;ej
P p kd;wq;fSf;Fk; murhq;fk; nray;gl tif
ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;T mjpfhuk; nra;fpwJ.
fPo;fz;l ,dq;fspy; toq;fg;  rl;lkd;wq;fs; mtru mturkhf
-gl;Ls;sJ. rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wtjpy; ,Ue;J
1. kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;F ,ilNa ghJfhg;G jUfpwJ.
Vw;gLk; rr;ruTfs; kw;Wk;
jhthf;fs; Fiwfs; :
2. murpayikg;gpy; cs;s gphpTfs; 1. mjpfhug; gphptpidf; nfhs;iff;F
VNjDk; gw;wp re;Njfq;fNsh vjpuhdjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;
my;yJ NtWghLfNsh my;yJ 2. eph;thfj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw
NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fNsh -fSf;fpilapy; gpzf;FfSk;
epyTkhdhy; mij tpsf;FtJ NkhjYk; Vw;gl toptFf;fpwJ.
my;yJ tpkh;rpg;gJ 3. rpwe;j rKjhaj;ij cUthf;F
3. mbg;gil chpikfs; ghJfhg;G -tjw;Fj; Njitahd nfhs;if
4. ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; -fisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk;
rl;lkd;wq;fs; ,aw;Wk; ,f;nfhs;ifg; ghjpf;ff; $Lk;.
murpayikg;gpw;F Kuzhd 4. ePjpj;Jiw rl;lj;Jiwia kpQ;rpa
rl;lq;fs;. mjpfhuk; ngw tif nra;Ak;.
5. ePjpgjpfs; rpy rkaq;fspy;
ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;tpd; epiwfs;(Merits fhyj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jhw; NghyTk;

of Judical review) khWgl;l #o;epiyf;F Vw;gTk;

1. mwpT kw;Wk; mDgt mbg;gilapy; ele;J nfhs;shky; goikthjp

ePjpgjpfs; ePjp kWMa;T nra;aj; -fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.

jFjpAilath;fs;. 6. ePjpgjpfs; rpy rkaq;fspy;

2. murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtydhf rl;lq;fspy; cs;Nehf;fk; vd;d

$l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; nray;gl vd;gijg; ghuhky; mtw;wpy; cs;s

tif nra;fpwJ. nrhw;fspd; nghUSf;F Vw;g

Page 27
 ePjpj;Jiw

jPhg
; ;G toq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; njhlug;gLtjhy; ,it nghJey
mth;fs; fbd Nehf;fk; tof;Ffs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
cilath;fshf khWfpwhh;fs;.
 ,k;khjphpahd tof;FfSf;fhf
nghJey tof;F
xU fbjk; vOJtjd; %yNk cr;r
 nghJthf xU rl;lk; jdJ
ePjpkd;wj;ij mZfyhk;. ,e;jj;
chpikfisg; ghjpj;Jtpl;ljhff;
jPhg
; ;Gf;Fg; gpd;dh; nghJeyd;
$wp mr;rl;lk; murpayikg;Gf;F
ehLk; Fbkf;fSk;> r%f
KuzhdJ vd;W ghjpf;fg;gl;l
mikg;GfSk; jd;dhh;t
egNu ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kDjhf;fy;
epWtdq;fSk; nghJkf;fspd;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
eyDf;fhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
 Mdhy; ‘ePjpgjpfs; ,lkhw;w
epthuzk; NjLk; tha;gG
;
tof;fpy;”; jPh;g;gspf;f cr;rePjp
cUthdJ.
kd;wk; xU tp\aj;jpy; xUtUf;F
Neubahf njhlh;G ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL
Nghjpa mf;fiw ,Ue;jhNyNa  ehl;bd; kw;w mq;fq;fSf;F
ruj;J 226d;gb cah;ej
P pkd;wj;ij toq;fg; gl;Ls;s flikfis
mZfyhk; vd;Wk; tWik mit rhptu epiwNtw;WkhW
cjtpapd;ik ,ayhik my;yJ nra;Ak; ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL
r%f hPjpahfNth nghUshjhu kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. kf;fs;
hPjpahfNth gpd;jq;fpa epiyik eyid fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ve;j xU nghWg;gw;w Kiwapy; eilngWk;
egUk; my;yJ gphptpdUk; jdJ eph;thfj;jpd; kPJ ePjpj;Jiw jdJ
mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLtij mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
vjph;j;J ePjpkd;wk; nrd;W  eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
tof;fhl Kbahj epiyapy; rig Mfpa ,U mq;fq;fspd;
mth;fSf;fhf NtW vtNuDk; Gwf;fzpg;ghy; xU ehl;bd;
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F eph;thfk; ghjpf;fg;gl$lhJ.
njhluyhk; vd;W jPh;gg
; spj;jJ. ,jid cr;r ePjpkd;wk; rkPg
fhyq;fspy; typAWj;jp
 ,k;khjphpahd tof;Ffs; tUfpd;wJ.
nghJeyDf;fhf kw;wth;fshy;

Page 28
 ePjpj;Jiw

 ,J ePjpg;Gzuha;tpy; kl;LNk cah; ePjpkd;wk;

tuNtw;fg;glf; $baJ. ePz;l 1. KO ngQ;r; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F
fhyj;jpw;F ,ij Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhy; %d;W 2. btp\dy; ngQ;r; ,uz;L my;yJ
mq;fq;fSf;fpilNa mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
mjpfhuq;fis gfph;;ej
; spf;Fk;  xw;iw ngQ;r; : xNu xU ePjpgjp
KiwiaNa ,J mopj;J tpLk;.
 Vnddpy; ,jd;gb ePjpj;Jiwf;F
mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
vdNt ,jd; kPJ ePjpj;Jiw
jhdhfNt Raf;fl;Lg;ghLfis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tNjhL ,ij
nray;gLj;Jk; ePjpgjpfSf;F
elj;ij tpjpfis tFf;f
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,jid filrp
topahf kl;LNk gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.

ePjpkd;w ngQ;Rf;fspd; tiffs;

(Types of Judical Benches)
cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
1. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Ie;J Ngh;
my;yJ mjw;F Nky; nfhz;l
murpayikg;G / KOngQ;r;

2. btp\dy; ngQ;r; jiyik ePjpgjp

gq;Nfw;why; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisAk; kw;w Neuj;jpy;
,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cr;r
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ.
Page 29
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cwTfs;

kj;jpa khepy cwTfs; 1. rl;lk; rhh;e;j cwTfs; (The

Legislative Relations)
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G $l;lhl;rp
Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpapUg;gjhy;  ekJ murpayikg;ig

ehl;by; ,uz;L tifahd (kj;jpa cUthf;fpath;fs; typikahd

khepy muRfs;) murhq;fq;fs; kj;jpa murpid mikf;Fk; fdlh

nray;gLfpd;wd. ehl;bd; Kiwapid

gpd;gw;wpdhh;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fs;
 ,t;tpU murhq;fq;fSf;fpilNa
nghJ mjpfhug;gl;baiyAk;
mjpfhuq;fs; kpfTk; tphpthd
,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
Kiwapy; gq;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
 jw;Nghija murpayikg;G ,e;jpa
 xU muR mjw;nfd
murhq;f rl;lk; 1935y;
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Jiwapy; kw;w
$wg;gl;Ls;s Kiwia
muRf;F fPo;gg
; l;ljhf tpsq;fhJ.
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,J kj;jpa
xU murpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;w
khepy muRfSf;fpilNa
murpd; mjpfhuq;fNshL
mjpfhuq;fis 3 gl;bay;fspd;
xd;Wgl;ljhFk;.
%yk; gfph;e;jspf;fpd;wJ. kj;jpa
 ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;Wk; ve;j
mjpfhug;gl;bay;> khepy
rl;lj;jpdhYk; my;yhky;
mjpfhug;gl;bay;> nghJ
murpayikg;GgbNa rl;l> eph;thf
mjpfhug;gl;bay;.
kw;Wk; epjp mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa
 kj;jpa mjpfhug;gl;bay; 99
khepy muRfSf;fpilNa
nghUs;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy;
gfph;ej
; spf;fg;gl;bUg;gNj
$wg;gl;Ls;s nghUs; Njrpa
$l;lhl;rpapd; mbg;gil
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit.
nfhs;ifahFk;.
 mjhtJ ghJfhg;G> ntspAwT>
tq;fpfs;>&gha;> ehzak;>
FbAhpik> jghy; kw;Wk; je;jp
Nghd;wit.

Page 1
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;

 khepy mjpfhug;gl;bay; 61  kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;

nghUs;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,it -fpilNa eph;thfj;Jiw rhh;e;j
cs;ehl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfhuq;fspy; gpur;ridfs;
tha;ej
; it. Vw;glhky; jLf;f murpayikg;ig
 mjhtJ nghJ xOq;F kw;Wk; cUthf;fpath;fs; tphpthd
fhty; cs;ehl;L murhq;fk;> nghJ tpjpfisf; $wpAs;sdh;.
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak;>  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G kj;jpa
Ntshz;ik> ePjp> ePh;ghrdk; muir typikahdjhf;f
Nghd;wit. tpUk;GfpwJ. vdNt khepy
 nghJ mjpfhug;gl;bay; 52 eph;thfj;jpd; kPJ kj;jpa murpd;
nghUs;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. eph;thfk; nray;gLk;.
,tw;wpd; kPJ ,U muRfSk;  khepy murpd; eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
rl;lq;fis ,aw;wyhk;. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lq;fSld;
 Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa xj;Jg;NghFk; tifapy;
rl;lj;jpw;Fk;> khepy rl;lrig nray;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;wpa rl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa  (ruj;J 256) NkYk; kj;jpa murpd;
Kuz;ghL fhzg;gl;lhy; eph;thf mjpfhuq;fis jil
ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa rl;lk; jhd; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;glf;
eilKiwf;F tUk;. $lhJ (ruj;J 257).
 xU khepy muR kj;jpa murpd;
2. eph;thfj;Jiw rhh;e;j cwTfs; topfhl;Ljy;fis
(Administrative Relations) gpd;gw;wtpy;iynad;why; 356tJ
 $l;lhl;rp murpaypd; ntw;wp tpjpapid gad;gLj;jp khepy
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa murpd; mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa
ahd xj;Jiog;igAk; xUikg; muNr vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
-ghl;ilAk; rhh;e;Js;sJ. (FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp).
 xU $l;lhl;rp murpay;  ruj;J 258 (2)d; fPo; kj;jpa murpd;
eph;thfj;Jiw rhh;e;j rl;lq;fs; mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf khepy
mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa> khepy muRfisg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
muRfSf;fpilNa gfph;ej
; spg;gJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
kpfTk; rpf;fyhd gzpahFk;. cs;sJ.

Page 2
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;

 tpUk;gj;jfhj epfo;Tfspd;NghJ mikj;J cs;shh;. Njrpa Rfhjhuf;

mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfspd; fPo; cs;s FO> Njrpa cs;ehl;L
mjpfhhpfis khepy muR jw;fhypf murhq;ff;FO> Nghf;Ftuj;J
gzp ePf;fk; kl;LNk nra;a ,aYk;. Nkk;ghl;Lf;FO.
mth;fspd; kPJ xOq;F eltbf;if
vLf;f KbahJ. 3. epjp rhh;e;j cwTfs; (Financial
 xU khepy murpd; Relations)
tpUg;gj;jpw;nfjpuhff; $l kj;jpa  gFjp 12-d; Kjyhk; mj;jpahak;
muR ,uhZtg;gilfis epjp gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.1935 Mk;
mk;khepyj;jpw;F mDg;gp tUl ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lj;jpy;
itf;fyhk;. $wg;gl;Ls;sgbNa kj;jpa khepy
 khepyq;fSf;fpilNa ejpePh; gq;fPL muRfSf;fpilNa epjpg;gq;fPL
njhlh;ghf vOk; gpur;ridfisAk; nra;ag;gl;L cs;sJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; jPhj
; ;J itf;fyhk;.  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G thp
 ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; 3 tpjpg;gpw;F cs;s rl;l
cWg;gpdh;fs; mlq;fpa ejp ePh; mjpfhuj;ijAk;> mt;thp tUthia
jPhg
; ;ghaj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s cs;s epjp
mikj;Js;sJ. mjpfhuj;ijAk;
 ,jd; jPhg
; ;gpid kj;jpa muR jdJ NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;LfpwJ.
mwpf;ifapy; ntspapl;lhy;  thpfs; njhlh;ghd vQ;rpa
mj;jPh;g;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyq;fis mjpfhuq;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jplNk
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; (ruj;J 262). tplg;gl;Ls;sd.
 tpjp 263d; fPo; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy  thp tpjpg;gpy; khepy muRfSf;F
muRfSf;fpilNaahd my;yJ Fiwe;j mjpfhuq;fNs cs;sd.
khepy muRfSf;fpilNaahd NkYk; mit epjp Mjhuq;fSf;F
gpur;ridfis jPh;j;J itg;gjw; kj;jpa muirNa rhh;e;Js;sd.
-fhf xU FOtpid mikf;f vdNt khepy muRfs; Gfo;tha;e;j
FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; efuhl;rpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
cz;L.  ruj;J 265 - thpfSf;F kl;Lk;
 ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; FbauRj; nghUe;jf; $baJ. ruj;J 265 -
jiyth; %d;W FOf;fis rl;lj;jpd; mjpfhukpd;wp vt;tpj

Page 3
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;

thpiaAk; tpjpf;fNth (m) 1. tptrha epyk; jtpu guk;giuahf

t#ypf;fg;glNth $lhJ vdf; tUk; kw;w nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPjhd
$Wfpd;wJ. thp.
 kj;jpa muR toq;Fk; khdpaq;fNs 2. tptrha epyk; jtpu kw;w
khepy murpd; Kf;fpa epjp nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPjhd v];Nll; thp.
MjhukhFk;. vdNt kj;jpa muR 3. nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; gazpfspd;
khepyq;fspd; epjpapd; kPJ kPjhd ,Wjp fl;l thp (uapy;Nt>
mjpfg;gbahd fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; fly; kw;Wk; thd;top)
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 4. uapy;Nt gazpfs; fl;lzk; kw;Wk;
 thpfis t#ypj;jy; kw;Wk; thp ruf;Ff; fl;lzk; kPjhd thp.
tUthia kj;jpa khepy 5. gj;jpur; nryTfs; jtpu gq;Fr;
muRfspilNa gfph;ej
; spj;jy; re;ij kPjhd thpfs;.
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; 4 6. khepyq;fspilNa mDg;gg;gLk;
tiffshf murpayikg;G nghUs;fs; kPjhd thpfs;.
gphpf;fpd;wJ. 7. nra;jpj;jhs;fs; thq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
 kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L khepy tpw;wypd; kPjhd thpfs; kw;Wk;
murhy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L mjd; mjpYs;s tpsk;guq;fspd; kPjhd
tUthia KOtijAk; khepy thpfs;.
muNr itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; thpfs;
ruj;J (268) mit jghy; jiy  kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L
nryTfs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt> t#ypf;fg;gl;L mjd; tUthia
Fspayiw nghUs;fspd; kPjhd kj;jpa khepy muRfs; gfph;e;J
Rq;fthp. 268 A-Nrit thp (88-tJ nfhs;Sk; thpfs; (ruj;J 270).
jpUj;jk; 2003)  ,J tptrha tUkhdj;ij jtpu
 kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L kw;w tUkhdq;fspd; kPjhd
t#ypf;fg;gl;L Mdhy; mjd; thpfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
tUtha; KOtJk; khepy muRf;F  ,jd; tUthia FbauRj; jiyth;
toq;fg;gLk; thpfs; (ruj;J 269) xt;nthU 5 tUlq;fSf;nfhU
mitahtd> -KiwAk; mikf;Fk; epjpf;FO
KbntLj;jgb 78:22 vd;w
tpfpjj;jpy; gfph;eJ
; nfhs;th;.

Page 4
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;

 kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L> jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhpf;F

t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs; ,tw;iw chpik cz;L.
khepy muRfSf;F gfph;e;Jk;  epjp neUf;fb epiyapd;NghJ
mspf;fyhk;. FbauRj; jiyth;> khepy muRfis
 ,it kUj;Jt kw;Wk; Fspayiwg; mtw;wpd; Copah;fspd; rk;gsq;
nghUl;fs; jtpu kw;wg; -fis Fiwf;Fk;gbAk;> MSeiu
nghUl;fspd; kPjhd Rq;f kw;Wk; midj;J gz kNrhjhf;fisAk;
fyhy; thpfs;. jdJ xg;GjYf;F mDg;gp
 ,it jtpu goq;Fbapdupd; itf;Fk;;gbAk; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;.
eytho;TfSf;fhfTk;> 8. vdNt rl;lk;> eph;thfk; kw;Wk; epjp
goq;Fbapdg; gFjpfspd; cwTfspy; kj;jpa muRf;Nf ngUk;
eph;thfj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;> kj;jpa gq;F cs;sJ. khepy muR
muR khepy muRfSf;F ngUk;ghYk; kj;jpa muR rhhe;Nj
khdpaq;fs; toq;fyhk;. (ruj;J cs;sJ.
275).
 khepy muR ,e;jpa njhFg;G
epjpapd; cj;juthjj;jpd; Nghpy;
fld; ngwyhk;.
 Mdhy; khepy muRfs;
fld;ngWtjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
Kd; mDkjpapid ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis
guhkhpf;Fk; Kiwapid
jPhk
; hdpf;fTk; mtw;iw jzpf;if
nra;aTk; jiyik jzpf;if
fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhpf;F chpik
cz;L.
 73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ jpUj;jq;
-fSf;F gpwF gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; efuhl;rpfspd; fzf;Ffis
jzpf;if nra;aTk; jiyik

Page 5
 neUf;fb epiy gpufldk;
mtruepiy gpufldk; mLj;j 6 khjj;jpw;F njhlh;e;J
nraypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Ruj;J 352 - 360 :
,Jtiu 3 Kiw neUf;fbepiy
 ,e;jpahtpy; 3 tifahd neUf;fb
gpufldq;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
epiyfs; cs;sd.
1. rPdg;Nghh; (1962-1968)
1. Njrpa neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J
2. ghfp];jhd; Mf;fpukpg;G (1971)
352
3. cs;ehl;L mikjpf;FiyT
2. khepy neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J
fhuzkhf (1975-1977)
356
3. epjp neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J neUf;fbepiy gpufldj;jhy; Vw;gLk;
360 tpisTfs;;
1. neUf;fb epiy nray;ghl;by;
1) Njrpa neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J 352: ,Uf;Fk;NghJ, khepyq;fSf;Ff;
 NghhpdhNyh my;yJ ntspehl;L fl;lisapLtjw;F a+dpadpd;
Mf;fpukpg;gpdhNyh my;yJ MAj eph;thfj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
fpsh;r;rpapdhNyh ,e;jpahtpw;F 2. neUf;fb epiyg; gpufldk;
neUf;fb epyTtjhf FbauR nray;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ,
jiyth; kdepiwT khepyg;gl;baypy;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ> ,e;jpah Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; ve;jg; nghUs;
KOikf;Nfh my;yJ VjhtJ xU Fwpj;Jk; ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk;
gFjpf;Nfh FbauRj; jiyth; ,aw;wyhk;.
Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia 3. ruj;J 19d; fPo; cj;juthjk;
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; Nfgpndl; toq;fg;gl;l mbg;gil chpikfis
mikr;ruit vOj;J tbtpy; epWj;jp itf;fyhk;. neUf;fb
FbauRj; jiytUf;F epiyapd;NghJ kf;fsitapd;
ghpe;Jiuf;fNtz;Lk;. MAs; fhyj;ij Xuhz;Lf;Ff;

 Mdhy; ,jw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; FbauRj; jiytuhy; ePl;bf;fg;

xU khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; xg;Gjy; ngw -glyhk;.

Ntz;Lk;. xg;Gjy; ngwg;gl;lhy;

Page 1
 neUf;fbepiy gpufldk;

4. neUf;fb epiyg; gpufldj;jpd; thapyhf 3 Mz;LfSf;F nraypy;

-NghJ, ruj;J 20 kw;Wk; 21fspy; ,Uf;fr; nra;ayhk;.
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil  1951k; Mz;by; gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy;
chpikfs; jtpu kw;w ,g;gpufldk; mky;gLj;jj;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; epWj;jp njhlq;fp ,Jtiu E}w;Wf;fzf;
itf;fg;gl;LtpLk;. -fhd Kiw ,e;jpahtpy; gad;
-gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpfkhd
khepy neUf;fb epiy: Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ruj;J 356d;gb khepyq;fspy;

murikg;G ,ae;jpuk; rhpahf epjp neUf;fb epiy:
nray;gltpy;iy vd;W  ruj;J 360d;gb ,e;jpahtpNyh
my;yJ mjd; VjhtJ xU
MSehplkpUe;J xU mwpf;ifia
gFjpapNyh epjp epiy epiyg;Gj;
FbauRj;jiyth; ngWk;NghJ,
jd;ik my;yJ nghUspUg;G
my;yJ FbauRj;jiyth; mr;RWj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhd R+o;epiy
kdepiwT nfhs;Sk;NghJ vOe;Js;sjhf FbauRj; jiyth;
khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyia kdepiwT nfhs;Sk;NghJ
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. ,g;gpufldj;ij gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
mt;thW gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lhy;
 ruj;J 356d;gb ruj;J 365y;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mit
cs;sgb xU kj;jpa murpd;
fspYk; 2 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs;
topfhl;Ljiy xU khepy muR
Vw;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
gpd;gw;whj NghJk; neUf;fb ,g;gpufldk; ,Jtiu
epiyia FbauRj; jiyth; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,e;jg;
gpufldk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfshYk; ,uz;L
khjq;fSf;Fs; Vw;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW Vw;fg;gl;lhy; 6
khjq;fSf;F nraypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;; xg;Gjy;gb
mLj;jLj;J ePbf;fg;gLtjd;

Page 2
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;
 ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy rl;lrigfs;> Njh;jy;fs; khepy Njh;jy;
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf; Mizaq;fspdhy; elj;jg;gLk;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpfs;  Njh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyik
Mfpatw;wpw;Nf cz;L vd;W ruj;J Njh;jy; MizaiuAk;> 2 Njh;jy;
324 $Wfpd;wJ. Mizah;fisAk;
 thf;fhsh;fspd; jFjpfs;> thf;fhsh; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.
gl;bay; jahhpj;jy;> njhFjpfis  1993 Mk; Mz;L gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l
eph;zapj;jy;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;> xU mtru rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf
khepy rl;l rigfspYk; cs;s Njh;jy; Mizah;fspd;
,lq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;> mjpfhuq;fs;> jiyik Njh;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt MizaUila mjpfhuj;jpw;F
rl;lk; 1951 ifahs;fpwJ. rkkhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
 ruj;J -327 kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt  ,f;FO jiyik Njh;jy;
(Njh;jy;fis elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Mizahpd; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo;
Njh;jy; kDf;fs;) tpjpfs; 1951. nray;gLk;.
 FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;  ,J Njh;jy;fisAk;> ,ilj;Njh;jy;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; Njh;jy; rl;lk; -fisAk; elj;Jk; kw;Wk;
1952. Nkw;ghh;itapLk;.
 kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; 1950  ,J Njh;jy;fSf;fhd njhFjp
MdJ 1988 kw;Wk; 1996 Mk; -fspd; vy;iyfis eph;zapj;J>
Mz;Lfspy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. mitfSf;F ,lq;fis xJf;fPL
 ,e;jpahtpd; Njh;jy; Kiw> nra;Ak;.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s  ,J Njh;jy; eilngWk; Njjpfis
Njh;jy; KiwaplkpUe;J KbT nra;Ak;. thf;Fg;gjpT
ngwg;gl;lJ. ikaq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia
 khepyq;fspy; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jf; eph;zapf;Fk; kw;Wk; KbTfis
-fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspd; mwptpf;Fk;.
Page 1
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

 Njh;jy; Mizak;> cWg;gpdh;fspd; MSeuhy; mjw;F mDg;gg;gl;l

jFjpapog;gpd; kPjhd Nfs;tpfs; kDf;fspd; kPjhd
cl;gl midj;J Njh;jy; gpur;ridfisAk; jPhj
; ;J itf;Fk;.
njhlh;ghd tp\q;fspYk; FbauRj;  jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; 6
jiyth; my;yJ MSeUf;F tUlk; my;yJ 65 taJ ,uz;by;
mwpTiufs; toq;Fk;. vJ Kd;djhf epiwtilANkh
 Ntl;ghsh;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfs; mJtiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;.
kw;Wk; thf;fhsh;fSf;fhd  cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfisg;
elj;ij tpjpfis ,t;thizak; NghyNt ,tiuAk; gjtp ePf;fk;
tFf;Fk;. nra;ayhk;.
 ,J Njh;jy; nryTfSf;F  ,tiu kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; epakpf;ff;
vy;iyfis eph;zapf;Fk;> kw;Wk; $lhJ.,th; Xa;T ngw;w gpd;dh;
Njh;jy; fzf;Ffis Ma;T murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; ve;j
nra;Ak;. NtiyapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
 ,J murpay; fl;rpfspd;  ,tuJ rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk;
mq;fPfhuj;jpw;Fk; mtw;Wf;fhd ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J
Njh;jy; rpd;dq;fis KbT toq;fg;gLk;.
nra;aTk; tpjpfis tFf;Fk;.
 ,J Njh;jy; gpur;ridfisAk;>
FbauRj; jiyth; my;yJ

,e;jpahtpd; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah;fs;

(Chief Election Commissioners of India)
1. RFkhh; nrd; khh;r; 21> 1950 brk;gh; 19> 1958
2. K.V.K. Re;juk; brk;gh; 19> 1958 nrk;lk;gh; 30> 1967
3. S.P. nrd;th;kh nrk;lk;gh; 30> 1967 nrk;lk;gh; 30> 1972
4. lhf;lh;. ehNfe;jpu rpq; nrk;lk;gh; 30> 1972 gpg;uthp 6> 1973
5. T. Rthkpehjd; gpg;uthp 6> 1973 [_d; 18> 1977
6. S.L. \hf;jh; [_d; 18> 1977 [_d; 18> 1982
7. R.K. jphpNtjp [_d; 18> 1982 brk;gh; 31> 1985
8. R.V.S. nghprh];jphp [dthp 1> 1986 etk;gh; 15> 1990

Page 2
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

;
9. V.S. uhkNjtp (nray;) etk;gh; 15> 1990 brk;gh; 12> 1990
10. T.N. Nr\d; brk;gh; 12> 1990 brk;gh; 11> 1996
11. M.S. fpy; brk;gh; 12> 1996 [_d; 12> 2001
12. J.M. ypq;lh [_d; 14> 2001 Mf];l; 02> 2004
13. T.S. fpU\;z%h;j;jp Mf];l; 02> 2004 2005
14. P.P. lhz;ld; 2005 [_d; 23> 2006
15. Nfhghyrhkp [_d; 23> 2006 2009
16. etPd; rht;yh 2009 2011
17. Y.M. FNuh\p 2011 2012
18. V.S.rk;gj; 2013 – Till now

Njh;jy;fSf;F khepy epjp toq;Fjypd; Njitia Ma;T nra;a 1998 Mk;

Mz;L Nk khjk; ,e;jpu[pj; Fg;jh FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.8 cWg;gpdh;fisf;
nfhz;l ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1999> [dthpapy; mwptpj;jJ.
xt;nthU tUlKk; ,e;j thf;fhsh; gl;bay; me;j Mz;bd; [dthp 1 Mk;
Njjp 18 taJ epuk;gpath;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpf;Fs; FbNawpath;fspd;
ngah;fis Nrh;gg
; jw;fhfTk;> ,we;jth;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpia tpl;L ntspapy;
nrd;wth;fspd; ngah;fis ePf;Ftjw;fhfTk; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gLk;.

Njh;jy;fs; eilngWk; Kiw 3. fiyf;fg;gl;l kf;fsitapd; fl;rpf;

1. ghuhSkd;w kf;fsitf;Fk; khepy $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; Gjpa mitapd;
rl;lrigfSf;Fk; 5 $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,ilapy; 6
tUlq;fSf;nfhUKiw Njh;jy; khj fhyj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ,ilntsp
eilngWk;. ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;W
2. muR kf;fsitapy; jdJ murpayikg;G $Wfpd;wJ.
ek;gpf;if ,oe;Jtpl;lhy; kw;Wk;
mjw;F gjpyhf NtnwhU muir Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpy; gjpT nra;jy;
mikf;f Kbahtpl;lhy; FbauRj; (Election Commision)
jiyth; kf;fsit fiyj;Jtpl;L  kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lk;
nghJj;Njh;jy; elj;jr; nrhy;yyhk;. 1951d; gb murpay; fl;rpfs;

Page 3
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk;  Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk; gjpT

gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nra;ag;gl;l xU fl;rp Njh;jy;fspy;
mjd; nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
Fwpg;G : Njrpa fl;rpahfNth my;yJ khepy
jkpo;ehl;by; Ik;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gjpT fl;rpahfNth mq;fPfupf;fg;gl
nra;ag;gl;l fl;rpfs; cs;sd. Ntz;Lk;.
rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;L :  kw;w fl;rpfs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
 mide;jpa Vio kf;fs; Mdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj
Kd;Ndw;w fofk; fl;rpfshf mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
 mide;jpa kf;fs; Kd;Ndw;w  xU fl;rp vt;thW
-fofk;> mide;jpa K];yk
P ; yPf; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg;

 [dehaf ghh;th;L gpshf; nghWj;J mf;fl;rpf;F rpy

 ,e;J kf;fs; fl;rp Kd;Dhpikfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

 thf;fhsh; gl;baiy njhpe;J
 fhkuh[h; Mjpj;jdhh; fofk;
nfhs;Sjy; mfpy ,e;jpa
 ,e;jpa fpwp];jt Kd;dzp
thndhyp kw;Wk; J}h;jh;\d;
 nfhq;fehL kf;fs; fl;rp
Nghd;w muRf;F nrhe;jkhd
 jkpo; Njrpa fl;rp
njhiyf;fhl;rpfspYk; thndhyp
 coth; ciog;ghsh; fl;rp -fspYk; murpay;
epfo;r;rpfis xspg;gug;Gjy; Njh;jy;
mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; rpd;dk; rpd;dk; xJf;fPL nra;jy;
xJf;fPL nra;jy; (Recognation & Nghd;wtw;wpy; Kd;Dhpik
Reservation of Symbols) toq;fg;gLk;.

fl;rpapd; ngah; RUf;fk; rpd;dk; Mz;L jiyth;

mide;jpa AIADMK ,ul;il ,iy 1972 n[ayypjh
mz;zh jpuhtpl
Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;
jpuhtpl DMK cja#hpad; 1949 K. fUzhepjp
Kd;Ndw;wf;fofk;
Njrpa Kw;Nghf;F DMDK KuR 2005 tp[afhe;j;
jpuhtpl fofk;

Page 4
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

;
 gbg;gwpT ,y;yhj thf;fhsh;fs; khepy fl;rpfspd; mq;fPfhuk;
jhq;fs; thf;fspf;f tpUk;Gk; (Recognition of State Parties)
fl;rpapd; Ntl;ghsiu njhpe;J  khepy fl;rpahf mq;fPfhuk;
nfhs;sTk; Njh;jy; rpd;dk; ngWtjw;F kf;fsitj; Njh;jy;
cjTfpwJ. my;yJ rl;lrig Njh;jypy; nkhj;j
 Njrpa fl;rpfSf;F ehL nry;yj;jf;f thf;Ffspy; MW
KOikf;Fkhd jq;fsJ rjtpfpj thf;FfSf;F Fiwahky;
cgNahfj;jpw;F kl;Lk; Njh;jy; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
rpd;dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;
 khepy fl;rpfSf;F me;je;j -fisf; rl;lrigapy; nfhz;bUf;f
khepyj;jpy; my;yJ mf;fl;rp Ntz;Lk; (my;yJ) rl;lrigapy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s khepyq;fspy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;W
mf;fl;rp cgNahfj;jpw;fhf Njh;jy; rjtPjk; cWg;gpdh;fisf;
rpd;dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
 gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mq;fPfhpf;fg; Fiwe;jJ %d;W cWg;gpdh;fisf;
-glhj fl;rpfs; ve;j fl;rpahYk; nfhz;bUf;f
cgNahfg;gLj;jg;glhj rpd;dq; - Ntz;Lk;. khepy fl;rpfspd;
fspy; ,Ue;J xU rpd;dj;ij mq;fPfhuj;ij ,oe;jpUe;jhy;
Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. rpd;dq;fs; xJf;fg;glhJ.

ngah; RUf;fk; rpd;dk; Mz;L jiyth;

ghujPa [djh BJP jhkiu 1980 mkpj;\h
fl;rp
,e;jpa Njrpa INC if 1885 Nrhdpah fhe;jp
fhq;fpu];
,e;jpa CPI (M) el;rj;jpuk; 1964 rPj;jhuhk; nar;#hp
fk;A+dp];fl;rp
(khh;f;rp];l;)
,e;jpaf; CPI fjph; mhpths; 1925 Rutuk; Rjhfh; nul;b
fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp
gF[d; rkh[; BSP ahid 1984 khahtjp
fl;rp
Njrpathj NCP fbfhuk; 1999 \uj; gthh;
fhq;fpu]; fl;rp

Page 5
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

Njrpa fl;rpfspd; mq;fPfhuk; vd;w murpay;thjpfspd; vz;zq;

(Recognition of National Parties) -fSf;F ,k;Kiw jil tpjpf;fpwJ.
 Fiwe;jJ ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F
Fiwfs;
Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; nry;yj;jf;f
 gjpthd thf;Ffspy; ngwg;gLk;
thf;Ffspy; MW rjtpfpj
ngUk;ghd;ikia nghWj;Nj
thf;Ffisg; rl;lrigj;
,k;Kiwapd; fPo; ntw;wp
Njh;jypNyh my;yJ kf;fsitj;
jPhk
; hdpf;fg;gLk;.
Njh;jypNyh ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rpy Neuq;fspy; NkypUe;J 40
 NkYk; Fiwe;jJ ehd;F
rjtPj Xl;Lf;fs; ngw;wth;
cWg;gpdh;fis kf;fsitapy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;.
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (my;yJ)
 mr;rkaq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
kf;fsit nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy;
thf;fhsh;fSf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,uz;L rjtpfpj cWg;gpdh;fis
fpilf;fhJ.
jdpj;j %d;W khepyq;fspy;
 rpWghd;ikapdhpd; thf;Ffis
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ngWk; fl;rp ngUk;ghd;ikahd
xw;iw cWg;gpdh; njhFg;G Kiw ,lq;fis ifg;gw;Wk.;
(Signle Member Constituency System)  ,k;Kiwapy; rpWghd;ik
 ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; ngUk;ghyhd fl;rpfspd; gyk; rpjWtjhy; mit
thf;fhsh;fs; thf;fspf;fh- mopf;fg;gLk;.
tpl;lhYk; $l gjpthd  vdNt rpWghd;ikapdUf;F
thf;Ffspy; xU thf;fhtJ kw;w Fiwe;j gpujpepjpj;JtKk;>
Ntl;ghsh;fistpl $Ljyhf xU ngUk;ghd;ikapdUf;F mjpf
Ntl;ghsh; ngw;why; mtNu ntw;wp gpujpepjpj;JtKk; fpilf;Fk;.
ngw;wjhf jPhk
; hdpf;fg;gLk;.  Mdhy; ,k;Kiw ekf;F
 ,k;KiwNa /g];l; gh];l; jp nghUe;Jtjhy; ekJ murpayikg;G
Ngh];l; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 xU [dehafj;jpy; ,JNt kpf
vspjhd Njh;jy; KiwahFk;. xw;iw khw;W thf;F (Signle
 ,k;Kiw xU ngUk;ghd;ik muR Transferable Vote or Order of Choice)
mika cjTfpwJ. kj> ,d> [hjp  ,e;jpahtpy; khepyq;fsit khepy
mbg;gilapy; kf;fis Ruz;lyhk; rl;l Nkyit FbauRj; jiyth;
Page 6
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

;
kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; rjtPjj;jpw;F Nky; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Njh;jy;fspy; xw;iw khw;W thf;F ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; rl;lrigapy;
Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. cs;s ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 ,k;Kiw M];jpNuypahtpy; ,ad;w msT mf;fl;rpf;F
gpujpepjpfs; rigf;fhd Njh;jypy; mspf;fg;gLk; thf;Ffspd;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. xw;iw
 ,k;Kiwapy; xU thf;fhsh; jhk; cWg;gpdh; njhFjp Kiwapy;
tpUk;Gk; vj;jid Ntl;ghshpd; rpWghd;ik fl;rpfspd; gyk;
ngah;fisAk; jq;fsJ tpUg;gg;gb rpjWtjhy; mit ,k;Kiwf;F
xNu thf;Fr; rPl;by; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jq;fsJ KO MjuitAk;
 ,k;Kiwapy; Kjy; tpUg;g jUfpd;wd.
thf;Ffis Fiwthfg; ngw;w  Mdhy; ,k;KiwapYk; rpy
Ntl;ghshpd; vQ;rpa thf;Ffis Fiwfs; cz;L. ,k;Kiw gy
gfph;ej
; spf;f KbAk;. NkYk; murpay; fl;rpfs; cUthfTk;
Ntl;ghsh;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ $l;lzp muR mikaTk;
kw;Wk; njhlh;r;rpahd tpUg;g toptFf;Fk;.
thf;Ffis khw;wTk;  ,k;Kiw kpfTk; rpf;fyhdjhfTk;
,t;thf;FfSld; fsj;jpy; cs;s vspjpy;; ifahs KbahjjhfTk;
Ntl;ghsh;fis njhlh;e;J cs;sJ. NkYk; ,k;Kiw [hjp>
itj;jpUf;fTk; ,aYk;. r%fk;> kjk; Mfpatw;wpd;
 Njitahd vz;zpf;iff;F mbg;gilapyhd tpRthrj;ij
Ntl;ghsh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; tiu NkYk; $h;ikahf;Ffpd;wJ.
,k;Kiw njhlh;r;rpahf  ,k;Kiw fl;rpfs; NkYk;
eilngWk;. Jz;lhtjw;F J}z;Ljyhf
mikfpd;wJ. ,k;Kiw nghpa
tpfpjhr;rhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
ehLfSf;F nghUe;jhJ.
(System of Proportional Representation)
 gpuhd;]>; fphP]>; ,];Nuy;> ];ngapd;>
 xU Ntl;ghsh; tpfpjhr;rhu
Rtpl;rh;yhe;J kw;Wk; M];jpNuypah
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; fPo;
Mfpa ehLfspy; ,k;Kiw
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
mth; gjpthd Xl;Lfspy; 50

Page 7
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

gl;bay; Kiw (List System) Fiwfs;:

 gl;bay; Kiw vdg;gLk; ,k;Kiw  kf;fs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fis
n[h;kdpapd; fPo; rigf;fhd njhlh;G nfhs;s KbahJ.
Njh;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;rp
KiwahFk;. ,k;Kiw 50 rjtPj -fis rhh;e;jth;fshf ,Ug;gh;.
,lq;fSf;F Neubj; Njh;jy;fSk;>  kf;fspd; eyd; fUj;jpy;
50 rjtPj ,lq;fSf;F tpfpjhr;rhu nfhs;sg;glhJ. Vnddpy; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwg;gb gl;bay;fs; fl;rpfs; nghpa mstpyhd
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; nfhs;iffis gw;wp kl;LNk
eilngWk; Njh;jy;fSk; fye;j tpthjpf;Fk;.
fyitahFk;. ,k;Kiwapd; fPo;
,ul;il thf;Fr; rPl;L Kiw (Two
xt;nthU thf;fhsUf;Fk; 2
Ballort System)
thf;Ffs; ,Uf;Fk;. xd;W mtuJ
 gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; u\;ahtpd; mjpgh;
njhFjpapd; gpujpepjpia
Njh;jypy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;
Njh;e;njLf;fTk;> kw;nwhd;W fl;rp
,k;Kiwg;gb 50 rjtPjj;jpw;F Nky;
gl;bay;fSf;fpilNa Njh;T
Xl;Lf;fis ngWgtNu
nra;aTk; toq;fg;gLk;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;.
 Neubj; Njh;jy;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ik
 Kjy; Rw;wpy; ve;j Ntl;ghsUk; 50
-ahd thf;Ffis ngw;w Ntl;ghsh;
rjtPj thf;Ffis ngwtpy;iy
ntw;wp ngWthh;. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
-nadpy; ,uz;lhtJ Rw;W
,uz;lhtJ thf;Ffspd;
thf;Fg;gjpT eilngWk;.
tpfpjj;jpy; murpay; fl;rpfspilNa
,lq;fs; gfph;ej
; spf;fg;gLk;.  ,uz;lhtJ Rw;wpy; Kjy; ,U
,lq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
 Mdhy; fl;rp gl;baypy; cs;s xU
kl;LNk Nghl;bapl mDkjpf;fg;
,lj;ij ngw Ntz;Lnkdpy; xU
-gLth;. ,k;Kiw murpay;
fl;rp Fiwe;jJ 5 rjtPj
fl;rpfspd; FWfpa vz;zq;fis
fl;rpg;gl;bay; thf;Ffis
jilnra;fpwJ.
ngw;wpUf;fTk; Fiwe;j 3
njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp ngw;wpUf;fTk; kpd;dD thf;F ,ae;jpuk; (EVM)
 kpd;dD thf;F ,ae;jpuk;>
Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; 1998 Mk;
Mz;L Nfushtpd; tlf;F gut+h;

Page 8
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

;
rl;lrig ,ilj;Njh;jypy; gjpdhwhtJ nghJj; Njh;jy; 2013
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  ,j; Njh;jypy; ghujPa [djh fl;rp
 2004Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;w $l;lzp mjpf ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp
nghJj; Njh;jypy; ,e;jpah KOtJk;
ngw;wJ. gpujkuhf jpU. eNue;jpu
Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nkhb mth;fs; gjtpNaw;whh;.

,e;jpag; nghJj; Njh;jy;fs; NOTA - (None of the Above) in

 ,e;jpahit cyf ehLfs; Election
 2014Mk; Mz;L nghJj;
Mr;rhpaj;NjhL ghh;gg
; jw;F fiy>
Njh;jypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;
Md;kPfk;> fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;w gy
gl;lJ.
mk;rq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> etPd  2013y; 5 khepyq;fspd; rl;lrig
cyfj;jpd; ghh;itapy; ,e;jpahtpd; Njh;jypy; Kjd; Kjypy;
Mr;rhpafukhd mk;rkhf ,Ug;gJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,q;F epyTk; [dehafkhFk;. 100
murpay; fl;rpfspd; jd;ikfs;
Nfhbf;Fk; mjpfkhd
(,ay;Gfs;)
thf;fhsh;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
1. gy fl;rp Kiw
Kjy; nghJj; Njh;jy; 1952 2. xNu fl;rp Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;
 Rje;jpu ,e;jpah 1950 Mk; Mz;by; 3. njspthd nfhs;ifapd;ik
KOikahd FbauR ehlhd gpwF 4. jdpg;gl;l eghpd; kPjhd <h;g;G /
1952y; Kjy; nghJj; Njh;jy; Mjf;fk;.
eilngw;wJ. 5. goq;fhy fhuzpfs; - mbg;gil
 ,jw;fhd thf;Fg;gjpT 1951 Mk; 6. gpuhe;jpa fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp
Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjj;jpy; 7. cl;fl;rp G+ry; - jhty;
njhlq;fp 4 khjq;fs; eilngw;wJ. 8. vjph;f;fl;rpapd; jpwikapd;ik
26 khepyq;fspy; 489 njhFjpfspy; mOj;jf; FOf;fs; (Pressure Groups)
eilngw;w ,e;jj; Njh;jypy;  Njhw;wk; - mnkhpf;f If;fpa
fhq;fpu]; fl;rp 245 ,lq;fspy; ehLfspy;
ntw;wp ngw;wJ.  tpsf;fk; : jq;fs; eyDf;fhf
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhfg; murpd; kPJk;> mjd; eph;thfj;jpd;
nghWg;Ngw;whh; gz;bjh; kPJk; gy;NtW topfspy; mOj;jk;
[t`h;yhy; NeU. nrYj;Jjy;.

Page 9
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

 eilKiwfs;:  ABVP - BJP

1. Njh;jy; %yk;  AISF - CPI
2. eyd; tpistpj;J rhjpj;Jf;  NSVI - Congress
nfhs;jy;  PSU – CPM
3. nfhs;if gug;Gjy;
,e;jpahtpd; mOj;jf; FOf;fspd; 1. rhjpf; FOf;fs;
nghJthd tifghLfs;:- 2. goq;Fbapdh; FOf;fs;:-v.fh:
1. tpahghu FOf;fs; : - v.fh. FICCI,  ehfyhe;jpd; Njrpa
ASSOCHAM
Nrhrpaypr mikg;G NSCN –
2. njhopyhsh; FOf;fs;: (Trading
National Socialist council of
Unions) Nagaland
 AITUC – CPI  kzpg;G+hpd; kf;fs; tpLjiyg;
 INTUC – Congress (F) gil Liberation Army in
 HMS Manipur.
 UTUC- CPM 6. fUj;jpay; FOf;fs;
 HMP – BJP 7. mdhkpf; FOf;fs; (rhjhuz
3. tptrha FOf;fs; v.fh. #o;epiyapy; Vw;gLk; FOf;fs;):-
 mide;jpe;jpa fprhd; rgh v.fh.
(goikahdJ (1936) kw;Wk;  ef;ry; ,af;fk;
nghpaJ)  m];]hk; If;fpa tpLjiy
 Gul;rpfu coth; ,af;fq;fs; Kd;dzp cy;gh
(khh;f;]r
; p];l; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpahy;
 (ULFA) (United Liberation
1967 y; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ)
Front of Assam)
fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpahy; 1967y;
khepy Njh;jy; Mizak; (State
ef;ry;ghhp ,af;fk; Njhd;wpaJ
Election Commission)
vdyhk;).
 gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis
 (ef;ry;ghhp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy;
elj;JtJk;> mjw;fhd thf;fhsh;
Njhd;wpa Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf
gl;bay; jahhpg;gij fz;fhzpg;
Njhd;wpaJ).
-gJk;> fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;> khepy
4. mYtyf Copah; ,af;fq;fs;
5. khzth; FOf;fs;

Page 10
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

;
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd;  ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb gpd;tUk;
gzpfshFk;. mbg;gilapy; fPo; xUth; cWg;gpdh;
 ,J MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l jFjp ,of;fyhk;.
khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiuf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. 1. xU cWg;gpdh; ve;j fl;rp toq;fpa
 mtuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jid ,lj;jpd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;
-fSk;> gjtpf;fhyKk; MSeuhy; -gl;lhNuh mf;fl;rpapypUe;J
epakpf;fg;gLk;. jhdhf Kd;te;J tpyFjy;.
 khepy cah;ej
P p kd;w ePjpgjpapid 2. xU cWg;gpdh; jhd; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk;
gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw kw;Wk; fl;rpf; nfhwlhtpw;F vjpuhf
fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Xl;lspj;jy;> mth; rhh;ej
; pUf;Fk;
kl;LNk khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu fl;rp $Wk; tifapy;
gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;. Xl;lspf;fhky; ,Ue;jij mf;fl;rp
 ,th; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; Xl;nlLg;G ele;j 15 ehl;fSf;Fs;
,tuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jid kd;dpf;fhky; ,Ue;jy;. 1992y; cr;r
-fis khw;wf; $lhJ. ePjpkd;wk; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
 xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPhk
; hdk;> gz
jiyikr; nrayfk; cz;L. -kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; ed;wpAiu
Mfpatw;Wf;F kl;LNk
fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; nfhwlhtpd; gq;F mtrpak; vd;W

 fl;rpjhty; murpay; ,e;jpa $wpaJ. mjhtJ kw;w Neuq;fspy;

murpay; mikg;gpd; xU cWg;gpdh; nfhwlhtpw;F vjpuhf

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhf 1967y; thf;fspf;fyhk;. cr;rePjp

(4tJ nghJj; Njh;jy;) ,Ue;J -kd;wj;jpd;gb cWg;gpdUf;F

tUfpwJ. mgpg;gpuha Ngjk; nfhs;s chpik

 1985y; 52tJ murpayikg;Gj;
jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wk;
,ijf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lk; mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs;
jFjpapof;fTk; tif nra;fpwJ.
cz;L. xU RNal;ir cWg;gpdh;
ve;j fl;rpapyhtJ NrUjy;.
3. mitf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;
epakpf;fg;gl;l 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F
gpwF ve;j fl;rpayhtJ Nrh;jy;>
(mth; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; ve;j

Page 11
 Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;

fl;rpayhtJ Nrh;ej
; hy; jFjpapof;f  vdNt> ePjpg;Gudha;Tf;Fl;gl;L
khl;lhh;) rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsitj;
4. fl;rpay; gpsT Vw;gLk; NghJ jiythpd; jPh;gN
; g ,WjpahdJ.
jdpNa Nghd FOtpd; Njhy;tpapd; fhuzq;fs; (Causes of
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Failure)
%d;wpy; xU gq;if tpl Fiwthf  epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh; 6 khj
,Uj;jy;. fhyj;jpw;Fs; xU murpay; fl;rpapy;
5. xU fl;rpNahL kw;nwhU fl;rp Nrh;tijg; gw;wp vJTk;
,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,izf;fg; $wg;gltpy;iy
-gLk; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdh;fspy;  fl;rpfspd; gphptpy; %d;wpy; xU
%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F Ngh; gq;F kw;Wk; ,izg;gpd; %d;wpy;
,izg;gpw;F xj;Jf; gq;F Njit vd;gJ ve;j
nfhs;shjpUj;jy;. mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ vd;W
 kf;fsit rghehafh; my;yJ njspthff; $wg;gltpy;iy
Jiz rghehafh; kw;Wk; tpjhd; rl;lj;jpy; Xl;ilfs; ,Ug;gjhy;
rghtpd; rghehafh; my;yJ nghpa fl;rpahf ,Ue;J nra;a
Jizrghehafh; kw;Wk; tpjhd; Kbahjij gphpe;j gpwF
ghp\j; jiyth; Nghd;Nwhh; jdJ nra;fpd;wdh;. fl;rpj;jhty;
gjtpfis tpl;Ltpl;L kPz;Lk; xUKiw nra;ifah my;yJ
jq;fsJ fl;rpfspy; ,ize;jhYk; njhlh;r;rpahd nra;ifah vd
jFjpapof;f khl;lhh;. njspthf $wg;gltpy;iy.
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb fl;rpj;jhty;  fl;rpapypUe;J gphpe;J nry;tijj;
njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; jLf;f murpay; fl;rpfs; jhdhf
rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsitj; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fis
jiythpd; KbNt ,WjpahdJ. fl;rpapypUe;J ePf;Ftijg; gw;wp
 ,ij tprhhpf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F VJk; $wg;gltpy;iy. rghehafNu
ve;j chpikAk; fpilahJ. KbntLf;ff;$ba mjpfhu
 1991 etk;ghpy; murpyaikg;G Kilath;. vdNt ,e;j
mbg;gil fl;likg;ghd tptfhuj;jpw;F murpay; rhak; G+Rk;
ePjpg;Gudha;T nra;Ak; chpik tha;gG
; fs; mjpfk;.
vLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;W $wpaJ.

Page 12
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs;
murpay;
mikg;G tUlk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jpUj;jg;gl;l nghUs;
jpUj;j ruj;Jfs;
vz;.
15, 19, 85, 87, 174, nghJeyidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
341, 342, 372, 376 rkj;Jt chpik jd;Dhpik kw;Wk;
ruj;Jfs; 31A, 31B, nrhj;Jhpik Mfpait
NkYk; 9tJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld. epyr;rPh;jpUj;j
ml;ltizapy; rl;lj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mjpfhu
1tJ 1951
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. tuk;gpw;F cl;gl;ljhf nra;tjw;fhf
mJ 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lrigfspy;
$l;lj;njhlh;fs;> ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;
kw;Wk; ,l xJf;fPL njhlh;ghd
tpjpfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
2tJ 1952 ruj;J 87 ia ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; khepyq;fspd;
jpUj;jpAs;sJ. gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj gUj;jp> czT
cw;gj;jp> fhy;eil guhkhpg;G Nghd;wit
3tJ 1954 7tJ ml;ltiz nghJ mjpfhug; gl;baYf;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ. (33-ia
khw;wpaikj;Js;sJ)
nrhj;ij ifafg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjw;F
gjpyhf toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba e\;l
4tJ 1955 31, 31A, 305 kw;Wk; <l;bd; njhif Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkYk;
9tJ ml;ltiz e\;l <l;bd; njhif ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
jpUj;jpAs;sJ. mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l ruj;J
305 jpUj;jpAs;sJ. (9-ml;ltizapd;
fPo; Gjpjhf rl;lq;fhty;)
khepyq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk;
vy;iyfs; ghjpf;Fk; tifapy;
5tJ 1955 ruj;J 3 nfhz;Ltug;glg;NghFk; rl;lj;jpd; kPJ
jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ khepyq;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ij njhptpf;f
fhyf;nfL eph;zapf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Page 1
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

269> 286> 286(3)7tJ khepyq;fspilNa th;j;jfj;jpy;

6tJ 1956 ml;ltiz gl;bay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l nghUs;fspd; kPJ thp
I, II 92A Nrh;j;Js;sJ tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 1. 14 khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; 6 A+dpad;
153, 158, 168, 170, gpuNjrq;fs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ld.
171, 216, 217, 220, 2. kf;fsit> khepyq;fsit kw;Wk;
222, 224, 230, 231, khepy rl;lrigfspy; ,lq;fs; kW
232, 239, 240, 253, xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;ld.
7tJ 1956
298, 371, Nrh;f;fg;gl;l 3. nray; kw;Wk; $Ljy; ePjpgjpfis
ruj;Jfs; : 385A, epakpj;jy; kw;Wk;
290A, 350A, 350B, cah;ejP pkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs;
372A, 378A, gw;wpa ruj;J.
ePf;fg;gl;l ruj;Jfs; : 4. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;fhd ruj;J
238, 242, 243, 259, 5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
278, 306, 379, 80, gk;gha; khepyq;fSf;F rpwg;G
ruj;Jfs;.
2tJ> 4tJ kw;Wk;
7tJ
ml;ltizfSk;
330, 332, 333, 334 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk;
(334- jpUj;jg;gl;L Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;ijr;
8tJ 1960 NkYk; gj;J Nrh;ej; th;fSf;fhf rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
Mz;Lfs; xJf;fPL xJf;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fPL 1970 tiu
tphpTg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngUghp A+dpad; gFjpfis
9tJ 1960 Kjy; ml;ltiz ghfp];jhDf;F khw;WtJ njhlh;ghd
ruj;Jfs;
10tJ 1961 240 Kjy; jhjh; ehfh; `Ntyp ,e;jpahtpy;
ml;ltiz ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
FbauRj; jiyth;> Jizf; FbauRj;
jiyth; Njh;jYf;fhd Njh;jy; FO
11tJ 1961 66(1)> 71(4) njhlh;ghd ruj;Jfs;.
thf;fhsh; Fohkpy; xU fhypaplk;
,Ug;gjhff;$wp ,th;fs; Njh;jiy
vjph;f;f KbahJ.
12tJ 1962 ruj;J 240 Kjy; Nfhth> ilA> lhkd; Mfpait
ml;ltiz ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

Page 2
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;

ehfyhe;Jf;F khepy me;j];J

ruj;J 371A toq;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ehfyhe;J
13tJ 1962 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ khepyj;jpw;F rpwg;G tpjpfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
ghz;br;Nrhp ,e;jpahtpd; A+dpad;
gpuNjrkhf ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
239A, 240(1) Kjy; me;j A+dpad; gpuNjr khepy
14tJ 4tJ ml;ltiz rl;lrigAk; mikr;ruitAk; mikf;f
1962
tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
,khr;rhyg; gpuNjrk;> kzpg;G+h;
jphpg;Guh> Nfhth> lhkd;.
1. cah;ejP p kd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;T
ngWk; taJ 60ypUe;J 62Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
2. cah;ejP pkd;wq;fspd; Xa;T ngw;w
ePjpgjpfs; kPz;Lk; Ntiyapy;
124, 128, 217(3), 222,
mkh;tjw;fhd tpjpfs;.
15tJ 1962 224A, 226, 297, 311(2) 3. cah;ejP p kd;wq;fspd; mjpfhu
VohtJ ml;ltiz
tp];jhpg;G.
4. 1963-Mz;L 15-tJ gphpT
jpUj;jg;gb 60 taij 62-Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
Ngr;Rhpik> MAjkpd;wp mikjpahff;
$Lk; chpik> rq;fq;fs; mikf;f
,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahik &
xUikg;ghL Mfpatw;wpd;
eyd;fSf;fhf tiuaiwfs; tpjpf;f
19, 84, 173, 3tJ
,J top tFj;jJ. Njrpa xw;Wikia
16tJ 1963 ml;ltiz
Nkk;gLj;j ehlhSkd;w & khepy
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F epw;gth; fhg;ghw;w
cWjpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ePjpg;Gzuha;T njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
kWtiuaiw nra;ag;gl;ld.
17-tJ jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; gaphplg;gLk;
17tJ 1964 31A 9tJ epykhf> epyk; ,Ug;gpd; re;ij gjpg;gpd;
ml;ltiz gb ,og;gPL toq;fg;gl;lhyd;wp mij
vLf;f $lhJ vd $wpaJ.
18tJ 1966 ruj;J 3 khepyk; kWtiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gQ;rhg; khepyk; rPuikf;f Kbe;jJ.

Page 3
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

Njh;jy; jPh;gg
; haq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld.
19tJ 1966 ruj;J 324 Njh;jy; gpur;ridfs; njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;> cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F
xg;gilj;jJ.
20tJ 1966 ruj;J 233A khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;.
21tJ 1967 8tJ ml;ltiz ,e;jp nkhop vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;Jfs; 244A A+dpad; gpuNjrk; Nkfyhah
22tJ 1969 kw;Wk; 271B cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; m];]hk;
Mfpait khepyj;jpw;fhd rpy rpwg;G tpjpfs;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld mspj;jJ.
rl;lrigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;>
23tJ 1969 331, 332, 333, 334 goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpdUf;fhd ,l xJf;fPL 1980
tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
mbg;gil chpikfs; cs;spl;l
murpayikg;gpd; ve;j xU gFjpiaAk;
24tJ 1971 13, 368 jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
31(2), 31C tpjp 39y; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb mbg;gil
25tJ 1971 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ chpikfs; topfhl;b newpKiwfSf;F
fPohditahf itf;fg;gl;ld.
ruj;J 363A murh;fspd; rYiffs; mopf;fg;gl;ld
26tJ 1971 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ NkYk;
291&392
ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
239B kw;Wk; 371C tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd; kW
27tJ 1971 Mfpait fl;likg;G
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.
ruj;J 312A ,e;jpa r%fg;gzpfspd;
28tJ 1972 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ruj;J cWg;gpdh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
314 ePf;fg;gl;lJ. rYiffs; xopf;fg;gl;ld.
Nfus khepy rl;lrigapdhy;
xd;gjhtJ ,aw;wg;gl;l epyr;rPhj
; pUj;jr;rl;lk;
29tJ 1972 ml;ltiz xg;gjhtJ ml;ltizapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

Page 4
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;

rptpy; tof;Ffs; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy;

Nky; KiwaPL nra;a mt;tof;fpd;
30tJ 1972 133 kjpg;G 20>000 &gha;f;F Nky; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;
31tJ 1973 81> 330 kw;Wk; 332 vz;zpf;if 525ypUe;J 545 Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 371 ghjpf;fg; - Me;jpu gpuNjr khepyj;jpw;fhd rpwg;G
gl;lJ. 371D, 371E tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xU ikag;
32tJ 1974 Mfpait gy;fiyf;fofj;ij Vw;gLj;JtijAk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld Fwpj;jJ.
ruj;Jfs; 101> 190 xU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdhpd;
uh[pdhkh fbjj;ij mitj; jiyth;
33tJ 1974 Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fl;lhakpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd ruj;J
xd;gjhtJ ml;ltizapy;
tp];jphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
34tJ 1975 xd;gjhtJ xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz
ml;ltiz tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJ
ruj;J 80 ghjpf;fg; rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahtpd; xUq;fpize;j
-gl;lJ. ruj;J 371F khepykhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk; gj;jhtJ
35tJ 1975 ml;ltiz
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
(2A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ)
(81 kw;Wk; 82
jpUj;jg;gl;ld)
ruj;J 80 rpf;fpk; xU KOikahd khepyj;jpd;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 371F
36tJ Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
1975
NkYk; 10tJ
ml;ltiz ePf;fg;
-gl;lJ. (81 kw;Wk; 82
jpUj;jg;gl;ld)
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrj;jpy; khepy
37tJ 1975 ruj;J 239A kw;Wk; rl;lrigiaAk; mikr;ruitiaAk;
240 mikg;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;

Page 5
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

123, 233, 239B, 352, FbauRj; jiyth;> MSeh; kw;Wk; Lt

359, 360 – MSeh; MfpNahuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l
38tJ 1975 Mfpaitfisj; mtrur;rl;lk;> ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
jpUj;jp As;sJ. mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;ljhf
Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 71> 329A FbauRj; jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj;
Mfpait ghjpf;fg; jiyth;> gpujkh; kw;Wk; kf;fsit
39tJ 1975 -gl;ld. ruj;J 391A rghehafh; MfpNahhpd; Njh;jy;fis
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; vjph;f;f KbahJ.
ml;ltiz X
ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 31B, 297 kw;Wk; xd;gjhtJ ml;ltizapy; Gjpa
xd;gjhtJ tptfhuq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
40tJ 1976 ml;ltiz ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fly; ejpfspd; ePh;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. kPJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
41tJ 1976 ruj;J 316(2) khepy kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; Xa;T
ngWk; taJ 60ypUe;J 62Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
42tJ 1976 Kfg;Giu ruj;J 31, 1. kjr;rhh;gw;w rkj;Jt kw;Wk;
31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, xUq;fpize;j Mfpa thh;j;ijfs;
82, 83, 100, 102, 103, Kfg;Giuapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
105, 118, 145, 150, 2. murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpd;
166, 170, 172, 189, nry;yj;jf;f jd;ikapd; kPJ ve;j
191, 192, 194, 208, ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; Nfs;tp vOg;g
217, 225, 226, 227, KbahJ. 368(A)
228, 311, 312, 330, 3. muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b
352, 353, 356, 357, newpfspd; tp];jhpg;G.
358, 359, 366, 368, 4. mbg;gil chpikfis tpl muRf;
371F, kw;Wk; VohtJ nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b
ml;ltiz> ruj;J newpKiwfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
48A, gFjp IVA 5. mbg;gilf; flikfs;
(ruj;J 51A), 114C, Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
6. mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPjhd
131A, 139A, 144A,
fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;ld.
226A, 228A, 257A,
7. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
gFjp XIVA, 323A
rl;lrigfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Njrpa

Page 6
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;

kw;Wk; 423A neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ 6

Mfpait tUlq;fshf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld. 8. njhopw;rhiyfspd; eph;thfj;jpy;
226A – ePf;fg;gl;lJ njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;Nfw;f
nra;tjw;fhf tpjpfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
9. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpg;Gzuha;T
mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
10. Rw;Wr;#oy;> tdk; kw;Wk;
tdtpyq;Ffspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd
tpjpfs;.
11. Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isQh;fis
Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J fhf;Fk; tpjpfs;.
12. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
rl;lrigfspd; njhFjpfis
kWrPuikg;gJ 2001 Mk; Mz;L
tiu 1971 Mk; Mz;bd; kf;fs;
njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
13. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
rl;lrigfspd; $l;lq;fis elj;j
Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;
tUif mtrpakpy;iy.
14. ruj;J 32Ad; fPo; khepy
muRfSila rl;lq;fspd;
nry;yj;jf;f jd;ikia MuhAk;
cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk;
ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
15. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; nray;ghl;by; [{hp
Kiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
16. mikr;ruitapd; mwpTiuapd;gb
FbauRj; jiyth; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
17. ve;j xU khepyj;jpw;Nfh (m) xU
khepyj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpf;Nfh
rl;l xOq;if epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf
kj;jpa gilfis mDg;g kj;jpa
muRf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
mg;gilfspd; fl;Lg;ghL kj;jpa
murplNk ,Uf;Fk;.
Page 7
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

18. neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs; (m) Njrpa

neUf;fb epiyia
,e;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; xU gFjpapy;
gpufldk; nra;ayhk;> (m) FbauRj;
jiythpd; Ml;rp xU jilia
ePbf;Fk; fhyk; 6 khjj;jpypUe;J
xU tUlkhf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
19. tdk; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs;
ghJfhg;G> fy;tp> vz; kw;Wk;
msTfs;> kf;fs;njhif
fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw
eph;thfk; Nghd;w rpynghUs;fs;
nghJ mjpfhug;gl;baYf;F
khw;wg;gl;ld.
20. nghJ Copah;fSf;fhf eph;thf
jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs; mikg;gJ
njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;.
ruj;J 145> 226> 228> 1. ePjpJiwapd; chpikfSk;
366 Mfpait mjpfhuq;fSk; fhf;fg;gl;ld.
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. 31D, 2. ePjpg;Gzuha;Tf;F Gj;Japh;
43tJ 32A, 131A, 144A, mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
1977
226A, 228A Mfpait 3. xU mikg;ig Njrj;jpw;F
ePf;fg;gl;ld. vjpuhdJ vd;W mwptpf;f
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ,Ue;j
mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 19, 20, 30, 31A, 1. nrhj;jpd; kPjhd mbg;gil
38, 74, 77, 83, 105, chpikfs; ePf;fg;gl;ld.
123, 132, 133, 134, 2. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
44tJ 139A, 150, 166, 172, rl;lrigfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5
1977
194, 213, 217, 226, tUlq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
227, 239A, 327, 352, 3. ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy
356, 358, 359, 360 rl;lrigfspd;
371F, kw;Wk; 9tJ cWg;gpdh;fSila jFjpfspd;
ml;ltiz kPjhd gpur;ridfs; KiwNa
Mfpait FbauR jiyth; kw;Wk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. MSeuhy; KbT nra;ag;gLk;.
ruj;J 19(i)f, 31, 257F, 4. rl;lrigfspd; $l;lq;fis
elj;j Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r
329 Mfpait
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
gw;wpa tpjpfs; 42tJ
ruj;J 71, 103, 192

Page 8
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;

Mfpait Gj;Japh; jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G

mspf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ue;jthNw khw;wg;gl;ld.
ruj;J 134A, 330A, 5. FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk;
gFjp XIId; Jizf;FbauRj; jiythpd;
mj;jpahak; IV kw;Wk; Njh;jy; gw;wpa rh;r;irfspd; kPJ
361A Mfpait cr;r ePjpkd;wKk;> ghuhSkd;w
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld. kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
cWg;gpdh;fSila Njh;jypy;
ruj;J 359 $wg;gl;l
jpUj;jk; gFjp 8 fPo; Vw;gLk; rh;irfspd; kPJ
toq;fg;gl;l cah;ejP p kd;wq;fSk;
chpikfs; cs;sJ. KbntLf;Fk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.
6. Nfgpndl;bd; vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd
ghpe;Jiuia ngw;whyd;wp Njrpa
neUf;fb epiyia gpufldk;
nra;a KbahJ.
7. thOk; chpik> jd;Dhpik
kw;Wk; gj;jphpif Rje;jpk;
Mfpait kPz;Lk;
toq;fg;gl;ld.
khepy rl;lrigfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;
ruj;J 330> 332> 333 goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
45tJ 1980 kw;Wk; 334 r%fj;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,l
xJf;fPL NkYk; 40 tUlq;fSf;F
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 269> 286 kw;Wk; khepy muRfshy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l
46tJ 1982 7tJ ml;ltiz tpw;gid thp kWrPuikg;G
29A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. nra;ag;gl;lJ.
epyr;rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; njhlh;ghd 14
47tJ 1984 9tJ ml;ltiz Gjpa tpjpfs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
gQ;rhgpy; mkyhf;fg;gl;l FbauRj;
48tJ 1984 ruj;J 356(5) jiythpd; Ml;rp ,uz;L
tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
jphpGuh khepy goq;Fbapd gFjpfis
ruj;J 244> gw;wp rl;lq;fs; ,aw;w
49tJ 1984 ml;ltiz V kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;> jphpGuh khepy
VI Mfpait rl;lrigf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L. 1982-
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld jPhk
; hdk; xd;iw ,aw;wpAs;sJ.
MAjg; gilfspd; cWg;gpdh;fSila

Page 9
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

mbg;gil chpikfis rl;lj;jpd;

50tJ 1984 ruj;J 33 %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;j ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp
gFjpfspy; cs;s ,lq;fis jtpu
ghuhSkd;w kf;fsit kw;Wk;
51tJ 1984 ruj;J 330 kw;Wk; 332 tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd;
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ rl;lrigfspy; cs;s rpy ,lq;fis
mk;khepyq;fis Nrh;e;j
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;F xJf;fPL nra;jy;
102> 190> 191 fl;rpj;jhty; jil rl;lk; njhlh;ghd
Mfpait jpUj;jpaJ. tpjpfs; murpayikg;gpy;
52tJ 1985 ml;ltizX ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
53tJ 1986 ml;ltiz I - 317G ,e;jpahtpd; 23tJ khepykhf kpNrhuk;
Nrh;j;jJ. ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz II ruj;J cr;rePjpkd;w kw;Wk;
125 221 Mfpatw;wpy; cah;ej
P pkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfspd;
54tJ 1986 kw;witfis rk;gsk; gbfSk; cah;j;jg;gl;ld.
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
ml;ltiz I – 371H ,e;jpahtpd; 24tJ khepykhf
55tJ 1986 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
56tJ 1987 ml;ltiz I – 371I ,e;jpahtpd; 25tJ khepykhf Nfhth
Nrh;j;jJ. ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
kpNrhuk;> ehfyhe;J> Nkfyhah>
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; Mfpa
gFjp XXII kw;Wk; khepyq;fspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
57tJ 1987 ruj;J 332 Mfpait goq;FbapdUf;F kf;fsitapYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. mk;khepyq;fspd; rl;lrigfspYk;
toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fPL NkYk;
332 jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;gpd; mjpfhu %y
ruj;J 394A thf;fpak; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gjw;fhd
58tJ 1987
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ tpjpfs;.
1. gQ;rhg;gpd; FbauRj; jiyth;
Ml;rpf;fhyk; 3 tUlq;fs; tiu

Page 10
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;

ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpfspd;
ruj;J 356> 352 kw;Wk; mbg;gilapy; gQ;rhgpy; Njrpa
59tJ 358> 359 Mfpait neUf;fb epiyia
1988
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
ruj;J 359A tpjpfs;.
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ 3. gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; kl;Lk;
neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ
thOk; chpikAk; jd;DhpikAk;
jw;fhypfkhf ePf;fg;gLk;.
cs;ehl;L mjpfhhpfshy; tpjpf;fg;gLk;
njhopy; thpapd; mjpfgl;r njhif
60tJ 1988 ruj;J 376(2) 250 &ghapypUe;J 2500 &ghahf
jpUj;jpaJ. mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
61tJ 1988 ruj;J 326 thf;FhpikngWtjw;fhd taJ tuk;G
21ypUe;J 18Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyrl;lrigfspd;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;FbapdH; kw;Wk;
62tJ 1989 ruj;J 334 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F
toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fPL NkYk; 10
tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
63tJ 1989 ruj;J 356 gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ruj;J epiyapd; NghJ thOk; chpikAk;
359A ePf;fg;gl;lJ. jd;DhpikAk; jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj; jiyth;
Ml;rp (1987> Nk 11 Mk; ehs;
64tJ 1990 ruj;J 356 mkyhf;fg;gl;lJ). NkYk; 6
khjq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
65tJ 1990 ruj;J 338 goq;FbapdUf;fhd Njrpa FOtpw;F
murpayikg;G me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz IX epyr;rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; njhlh;ghf
1990 55 rl;lq;fisr; khepyq;fspdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l 25
66tJ Nrh;j;jJ. rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

Page 11
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj; jiyth;

Ml;rp mkyhf;fg;gl;l ehspypUe;J
67tJ 1990 ruj;J (356) (4) (1987 Nk 11) 4 tUlq;fSf;F
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
68tJ 1991 ruj;J 356 (4) gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpd; FbauRj; jiyth;
Ml;rp 5 tUlq;fSf;FePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
nly;yp A+dpad; gpuNjrk;. nly;yp
ruj;J 239AA kw;Wk; Njrpa jiyefh; gpuNjrk; vdg; ngah;
69tJ 1991 239AB Mfpit khw;wg;gl;lJ. NkYk; nly;ypf;F 70
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld ,lq;fisf; nfhz;l khepy rl;lrig
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhpapd;
rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fSf;F FbauRj;
70tJ 1992 ruj;J 54 jiyth; Njh;jypy; gq;Nfw;f chpik
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Neghsp> nfhq;fdp kw;Wk; kzpg;G+hp
71tJ 1992 ml;ltiz VIII Mfpa nkhopfs; vl;lhtJ
ml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.
2000 Mz;L kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;G vLf;Fk; tiu jphpGuh
72tJ 1992 ruj;J 322.y; 3B khepy rl;lrigapy;
vd;w thrfj;ijr; goq;FbapdUf;F xJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
Nrh;j;jJ. ,lq;fis rl;lg;gb KbT nra;jy;.

ruj;J 243f;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd;

Gj;Japh; mikg;G Njh;jy;fs; epjp kw;Wk;
73tJ 1993 mspf;fg;gl;lJ. gzpfs; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;.
kw;Wk; ml;ltiz
XI ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 243f;F cs;shl;rpfs; mikg;G> Njh;jy;fs;>
74tJ 1993 Gj;Japh; epjp kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;ghd
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. tpjpfs;.
ml;ltiz IXA, XII
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
tPl;L chpikahsUf;F thliff;F
FbapUg;NghUf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
75tJ 1994 ruj;J 323B gpur;ridfis tpiuthf jPH;g;gjw;fhf
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. rpwg;G eph;thfj; jPhg
; ;ghaq;fis
mikg;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;.

Page 12
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;

,l xJf;fPL njhlh;ghf jkpo;ehL

76tJ 1994 ml;ltiz IX rl;lrigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;
9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
nghJg;gzpfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;
kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F gjtp
77tJ 1995 ruj;J 16 (4A) cah;Tfs; mspg;gJ njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;.
gy khepyq;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpy
78tJ 1995 ml;ltiz IX epyr;rPhj
; pUj;j rl;lq;fs; 9tJ
ml;ltizapy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
rl;lrigfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;>
79tJ 1999 ruj;J 334 goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,l
xJf;fPL NkYk; 10 tUlq;fSf;F
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
gj;jhtJ epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kj;jpa
80tJ 2000 ruj;J 268, 269, 270, khepy muRfspilNa thpfis
272 gfph;ej
; spf;f khw;WKiw
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;gpd; ruj;J 16d; fPo;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd
81tJ 2000 ruj;J 16(1) Gjpjhf kf;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;L fhypahf
thrfk; (40) cs;s ,lq;fs; gpd;tUk; tUlk;
Nrh;eJ
; s;sJ. my;yJ tUlq;fspy; epug;gg;gl
Ntz;ba rpwg;G fhypaplq;fshff;
fUjg;gLk;.
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;F Njh;Tfspy;
82tJ 2000 ruj;J 335 ngwNtz;ba jFjp kjpg;ngz;fis
jsh;j;Jjy;> gjtp cah;Tf;F
Njitahd jFjpfis Fiwj;jy;
kw;Wk; kj;jpa khepy Ntiyfs;
njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; rYiffis
mspg;gjw;fhf khepy muR tpjpfis
tFg;gij ruj;J 335 jil nra;ahJ.

Page 13
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrj;jpy; xU
gQ;rhaj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kf;fs;
83tJ 2000 ruj;J 243M midtUk; goq;Fbapduhf ,Ue;jhy;
mg;gQ;rhaj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F
,l xJf;fPL toq;f Njitapy;iy..
ruj;J 1> 2 kw;Wk; rl;b];fh;> cj;juhQ;ry;> [hh;fz;l;
84tJ 2001 ml;ltiz I, IV. 55, Mfpa khepyq;fspd; cUthf;fk;.
81, 82, 170, 330, 332
jpUj;jg;gl;ld.
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
85tJ 2001 ruj;J 16 (4A) goq;Fbapdhpd; gjtp cah;T
njhlh;ghd xJf;fPL kPz;Lk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
21A fl;lha fy;tp 45 Foe;ijfs;
86tJ 2002 (k) Nrh;e;Js;sJ guhkhpg;G 51A ngw;Nwhh;fs; jq;fs;
Foe;ijfis gs;spf;F mDg;Gjy;
75(1A), 164(1A) 5% f;F ke;jphprig msT nkhj;j
91tJ 2003 361A, 361B cWg;gpdh;fspy; mjpfk; Nghfhky;
Nrh;eJ
; s;sJ jLj;jy;.
92tJ 2006 ehd;F nkhopfs; 8tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
93tJ 2005 OBC 27% ,l xJf;fPL
goq;Fbapdh; mikr;riu epakpj;jy;
94tJ 2006 ruj;J 164(1) (rl;lP]f
; h;> [hh;fz;l; kj;jpagpuNjrk;>
Xbrh)
SC,ST gpuepjpj;Jtj;ij ePl;bj;jy;
kw;Wk; kf;fsit (k) khepy
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Mq;fpNyh -
95tJ ruj;J 334 ,e;jpah;fspd; rpwg;G gpujpepj;Jtj;ij
2009
NkYk; 10 Mz;LfSf;F (2020tiu)
ePl;bj;jy;. (Art 334 )
xhpah nkhop ,dp Xbah vd
96tJ 2011 miof;fg;gLk;
$l;LwTr; rq;fSf;F murpay;
97tJ 2011 ruj;J 19 mikg;g me;j];J kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
mspj;jy;.
$l;LwT rq;fk; tif mbg;gil

Page 14
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;

chpikapy; ,izf;fgLk;. (ruj;J 19)

muRnewp Kiwf;Nfhl;ghL ruj;J 43-
BapYk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gFjp 1xB apYk; $l;LwT rq;fkhdJ
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Art (243ZH to
243Z7)
98tJ 2012 ruj;J 371 -J fh;ehlfh - i`jughj; gFjpfSf;F
rpwg;G me;j];J toq;fjy;.
24tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; ePf;fg;gl;L mjw;F gjpyhf murpay;
rl;lj;ij jpUj;Jtjw;F
cUthf;fk;
mspf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuKk; mjw;Fhpa
 mbg;gil chpikfis ,e;jpa eilKiwAk; vd;w thrfq;fs;
ghuhSkd;wk; ruj;J 368d; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
jpUj;jyhk; vd cr;r ePjpkd;wk;  368d;fPo; gphpT 1d;gb ghuhSkd;wk;
rq;fhp gpurhj; tof;F %yk; jdJ murpay; rl;l eph;za rig
jPhg
; ;gspj;jJ. (Kjy; rl;l jpUj;jk; mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;L murpay;
1951) rl;lj;jpy; ,izg;igNah
 1967y; Nfhyf; ehj; tof;fpy; khw;wj;ijNah ePf;fj;ijNah ruj;J
cr;rePjpkd;wk; ghuhSkd;wk; 368f;Fs;Sk; murpay; rl;l
mbg;gil chpikfis Fiwf;fNth eilKiwia gpd;gw;wp nra;ayhk;.
xLf;fNth chpik fpilahJ vd;W
jPhg
; ;G toq;fpaJ.
 Nfhy;ehj; tof;fpw;F vjpuhf 24tJ 42tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;
rl;ljpUj;jk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
1971y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
Kd;Diuapy; kjr;rhh;gw;w rKjhak;
kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL thh;j;ijfs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; : ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
 murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;jq;fis
 24tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; mbg;gil
ve;j ePjpkd;wKk; tpthjpf;f $lhJ.
chpikfis jpUj;jp mikf;Fk;
 muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;
mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
mbg;gil chpikfis tpl
toq;fpaJ.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ MFk;.
 ,j;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb murpay; rl;l
 mbg;gil flikfs; (IV A)
ruj;J 368d;gb nra;ag;gl;l
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpUj;jq;fs; ruj;J 13 ghjpf;fhJ
 ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpg;Gzuha;T
vd;gjhFk;.
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 368d;gb murpay; rl;l jpUj;j
 Njrpa neUf;fbapd;NghJ
eilKiwfs; vd;w thrfq;fs;
kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
Page 15
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;

rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fhyj;ij 6 KiwNa FbauRj; jiyth;>

Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;f nra;jJ. MSeuhy; KbT nra;ag;gLk;.
 njhopyhsh;fs; eph;thfj;jpy;  rl;lrigfspd; $l;lq;fis elj;j
gq;Fngw top nra;jJ. Njitahd Fiwe;j gl;r
 ehl;bd; tdtpyq;ifAk;> Rw;Wg;Gwr; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wpa
#oiyAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ruj;Jfs; 42tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F
 1971 kf;fs; njhif Kd;G ,Ue;jthNu khw;wg;gl;ld.
fzf;fPl;bd;gb njhFjp  FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk;
kWrPuikg;G 2001 tiu Jizf;FbauRj; jiythpd;
eilKiwgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Njh;jy; gw;wpa rh;r;irfs; kPJ cr;r
 ve;j xU khepyj;jpw;Fk; my;yJ ePjpkd;wKk; ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk;
khepyj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l xU khepy rl;lrigfspd;
gFjpf;Nfh rl;lk; xOq;if cWg;gpdh;fSila Njh;jypy;
epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf kj;jpa Vw;gLk; rh;r;irfs; kPJ cr;r
gilfis mDg;g khepy ePjpkd;wKk; KbntLf;Fk;.
murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;  Nfgpndl; vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghpe;Jiuia ngw;whyd;wp Njrpa
 tdk; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs; neUf;fb epiyia gpufldk; nra;a
ghJfhg;G> fy;tp> vil kw;Wk; KbahJ.
msTfs;> kf;fs; njhif  thOk; chpik> jd;Dhpik kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghL> ePjpj;Jiw eph;thfk; gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk; Mfpait
Nghd;wit khepyg;gl;baypUe;J kPz;Lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nghJg;gl;baYf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 kf;fsit khepy rl;lkd;wk;
$l;lq;fis elj;j Fiwe;j gl;r
cWg;gpdh;fs; tUif
mtrpakpy;iy.

44tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;

 nrhj;jpd; kPjhd mbg;gil chpik

ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
 kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
rl;lrigapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5
tUlq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy
rl;lrigfspd; cWg;gpdh;fSila
jFjpfspd; kPjhd gpur;ridfs;

Page 16
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd;
ml;ltizfs;

,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; ml;ltizfs;

vz;fs; nghUs;fs; mlq;Fk; ruj;Jfs;
Kjy; 1. 29 khepyq;fs; ngah;fs; kw;Wk; 1 kw;Wk; 4
ml;ltiz mitfspd; 7 A+dpad; gpuNjr mjpfhuq;fs;
2tJ njhlh;Gila tpjpfs; 59(3)>65(3)>75>97>12>
ml;ltiz 1. FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; khepy MSeh; 148(3)>158(3)>164(5)>
gFjp A 2. kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz 186 kw;Wk; 221
gFjp C rghehafh; A,B,C,D,E – 5 gFjp
3. khepyq;fsit jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizj; cs;sd.
jiyth; B- ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ
,th;fspd; rk;gsk;
4. khepy rl;lrigfspd; rghehafh; kw;Wk;
gFjp D gbnjhif &
Jiz rghehafh;
gFjp E rYiffs; gw;wp
5. khepy rl;lNkyitfspd; jiyth; kw;Wk; $WfpwJ.
Jizj;jiyth;
6. cr;r ePjp kd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp
kd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfs;
7. ,e;jpa jiyik fzf;F kw;Wk; jzpf;if
fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp
3tJ gpd;tUgth;fSf;fhd cWjpnkhopfs; 75>99>124>148>164>
ml;ltiz tbtq;fs; 188 kw;Wk; 219
1. kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; ruj;J 84(a) 173 (a)
2. ghuhSkd;w Njh;jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs; ,th;fspd; gjtpg;
3. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; gpukhdk; gw;wp
4. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; cs;sJ.
5. ,e;jpa jiyik kw;Wk; jzpf;if
fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp
6. khepy mikr;rh;fs;
7. khepy rl;lrig Njh;jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
8. khepy rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fs;
9. cah;ejP p kd;w ePjpgjpfs;

Page 1
 ml;ltizfs;;

10. FbauRj; jiyth; vLf;f Ntz;ba gjtpg;

gpukhdj;jpw;fhd ruj;J 60y; cs;sJ.
11. Jiz FbauR jiytUf;F ruj;J 69-Yk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4tJ khepyq;sitapd; ,lq;fis 4(1) kw;Wk; 80(2)
ml;ltiz khepyq;fSf;Fk;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk;
xJf;fPL nra;jy;
5tJ goq;Fbapdg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd 244(1)
ml;ltiz kf;fspd; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL
njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;

6tJ m];]hk;> Nkfyhah> jphpGuh kw;Wk; kpNrhuk;; 244(2) kw;Wk; 275(1)

ml;ltiz Mfpa khepyq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fbapdg;
gFjpfspd; eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
(kiyr;rhjpapdh; 97)
7tJ gl;bay; I (kj;jpa mjpfhug; gl;bay; 100) 246
ml;ltiz gl;bay; II (khepy mjpfhug; gl;bay; 61)>III
(nghJg;gl;bay;52)> Mfpatw;wpd;gb kj;jpa
khepy muRfSf;fpilNa cs;s
mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;jspj;jy;.
8tJ murpayikg;ghy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l 344(1) kw;Wk; 351
ml;ltiz nkhopfis cs;slf;fpaJ. Kjypy; 14
nkhopfs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; jw;NghJ 22
nkhopfs; cs;sd. mitahtd> 1. m];]hk;>
2. ngq;fhyp> 3.F[uhj;jp> 4. ,e;jp> 5.fd;dlk;>
6.fh\;kPh>; 7. kiyahsk;> 8. kzpg;G+hp> 9.
kuhj;jp> 10. nfhq;fdp> 11.Neghsp> 12. xhpah>
13. gQ;rhgp> 14.rk];fpUjk;> 15.rpe;jp>
16.jkpo;> 17. njYq;F> kw;Wk; 18.cUJ>rpe;jp
nkhop 21tJ jpUj;j rl;lk; 1967d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. nfhq;fdp> kzpg;G+hp kw;Wk;
Neghsp Mfpait 71tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk;
1992d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. NghNlh>
Nlhf;hp> ikjpyp> re;jhyp nkhopfs; 92 tJ
rl;lj;jpUj;jpd; gb Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
9tJ epyr; rPhj
; ;jpUj;jq;fSld; njhlh;Gila rpy 31- B
ml;ltiz rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjp Kiwfis
nry;yj;jf;fitahfr; nra;jy;. mj;jifa
284 rl;lq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j
ml;ltiz Kjy; jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1951 %yk;

Page 2
 ml;ltizfs;

murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;j ml;ltizapy; VNjDk; xU rl;lj;ij
,izg;gjd; %yk; muR mjid ePjpj;
Jiwapd; Ma;tpypUe;J ghJfhf;fyhk;
10tJ fl;rpj;jhtypd; mbg;gilapy; 102 (1)kw;Wk; 191
ml;ltiz Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; (2) 36/B vd;w
jFjpapoe;J njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; ,J 52tJ cWg;ig Gjpjhfr;
jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1985d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Nrh;j;Js;sJ.
,J fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk;.

11tJ gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; mjpfhuq;fs; flikfs; 243-G

ml;ltiz Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 29
nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,J 73tJ
jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

12tJ efuhl;rpfspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; 243- W

ml;ltiz flikfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 18
nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,J 74tJ jpUj;jr;
rl;lk; 1992d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ml;ltiz 1:
 khepy kWrPuikg;G Mizak; 1953 y; gry; myp jiyikapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;j FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb>khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; 1956 k; Mz;L
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 14 khepyq;fSk;> 6 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;G gy
khepyq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1.Me;jpu gpuNjrk; (1953) 2. kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj; (1960)
3. ehfyhe;J (1963) 4. gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdh (1966)
5. `pkhr;ry gpuNjrk; (1971) 6. m];]hk; (1972)
7. Nkfhyah> kzpg;G+h;> jphpGuh 8. rpf;fpk; (1975)
(1972)
9. kpNrhuhk; (1986) 10. mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; (1986)
11. Nfhth (1987) 12. rl;B];fh;> cj;jufz;l;> [hh;fz;l; (2000)
13. njyq;fhdh 2014. [_d;

Page 3
 ml;ltizfs;;

murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; gFjpfSk;>

jiyg;Gg; nghUs;fSk;
gFjpfs; jiyg;Gg; nghUs;fs; gphpTfs;
I xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;rp vy;iyAk; 1-4
II FbAhpik 5 - 11
III mbg;gil chpikfs; 12 - 35
IV muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; 36 - 51
IV A mbg;gilf; flikfs; 51 - A
V ghuhSkd;wk; 52 - 151
VI khepy murhq;fk; 152 - 237
VIII A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; 239 - 242
IX Cuhl;rpfs; 243 - 243 - 0
IX - A efuhl;rpfs; 243 P - 243 ZG
IX - B $l;LwT 243-ZH to 243-ZT
X jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; gug;gplq;fs; 244 - 244 A
XI xd;wpaj;jpw;Fk; khepy muRfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd 245 - 263
cwTfs;
XII epjp> nrhj;J kw;Wk; jPqF ; eltbf;iffspy; muR 264 - 300
my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;G epiy
nrhj;Jhpik 300 A
XIII ,e;jpa Ml;rp vy;iyf;Fs; tpahghuk; kw;Wk; 301 - 307
tzpfg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
XIV kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPohd gzpfs; 308 - 323
XV Njh;jy;fs; 324 - 329 A
XVI rpy tFg;gpdh; njhlh;ghd rpwg;G rl;l 330 - 342
tifKiwfs;
XVII Ml;rpnkhop 343 - 351
XVIII neUf;fb epiy rl;l tifKiwfs; 352 - 360
XIX gytifg;gl;lit 361 - 367
XX murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jk; 368
XXI jw;fhypf ,ilkhW fhy kw;Wk; rpwg;G 369 - 392
tifKiwfs;
XXII murpayikg;gpd; njhlf;fk;> jiyg;G kw;Wk; jpUk;g 393 - 395
ngwg;gl;l tpjpfs;

Page 4
 eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
gpd;tUgit njhlh;ghd MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F NfL tpis
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis ftdpj;jy; -tpf;ff;$batw;iw Fiwf;fTk;
 ngz;fspd; chpikia gwpj;jy; ngz;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
 ngz;fSf;F ghJfhg;G toq;Fjy; Nkk;gLj;jTk; Njitahd Nkk;ghL
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Nkk;ghL Mfpa kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Nkk;gLj;jTk; Njitahd Nkk;ghL
rl;lq;fis mkyhf;fhky; kw;Wk; fy;tp Muha;r;rpfis
,Uj;jy;. Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
 ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLik  xU khepy my;yJ A+dpad;
-fis Fiwg;gijAk; ngz;fspd; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngz;fs;
eytho;tpid cWjp nra;tijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; Nkk;ghl;ilAk;
ngz;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;F kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
-tijAk; Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l  ngz;fs; ifjpfshf itf;fg;
nfhs;if KbTfs; topfhl;Ljy; -gl;Ls;s ,lq;fis Ma;T nra;J
-fisAk; mwpTiufisAk; Njitg;gl;lhy; vLf;fg;glNtz;ba
gpd;gw;whky; ,Uj;jy;. jPhT
; eltbf;iffis rk;ge;jg;gl;l
 ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd nfhLikfs; mjpfhhpfSld;,ize;J vLj;jy;.
kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; Nghd;w  ngz;fspd; mikg;ig ghjpf;ff;
gpur;ridfSf;F rpwg;G tprhuiz $ba tptfhuq;fis cs;slf;fpa
kw;Wk; Ma;T Mfpatw;iw epjp tptfhuq;fis ftdpj;jy;.
NfhUjy; NkYk; mtw;Wf;fhd  ngz;fs; gw;wpAk; mth;fSf;Fz;
fhuzq;fis fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw -lhd f\;lq;fis gw;wpAk; muRf;F
rhp nra;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis mwpf;ifaspj;jy;.
ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;.  kj;jpa murhy; ,f;FOtpw;F
 ngz;fs; midj;J JiwfspYk; mDg;gg;gLk; kw;w tptfhuq;fis
gpuepjpj;Jtk; ngwTk; mth;fSf;F ftdpj;jy;
,ilA+whf ,Ug;gtw;iw fz;lwpa
-Tk; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy;

Page 1
 eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;

jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fb goq;FbapdUf;fhd FO 1978

-apdUf;fhd Njrpaf;FO (National Kjy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Commission forthe Scs the STs)  ,g;gphptpdh;fs; njhlh;ghd
 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ Njrpa
goq;FbapdUf;F ghJfhg;G mstpyhd MNyhrid
toq;fg;gl Ntz;bajd; mikg;ghf nray;gLtjw;fhf
mtrpaj;ij murpayikg;ig ,f;FO 1987 Mk; Mz;L
cUthf;fpath;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
 vdNt ,;j;jifa eyptile;j goq;FbapdUf;fhd Njrpa FO
gphptpdhpd; r%f fy;tp kw;Wk; vd ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
nghUshjhu eyid fhg;gjw;fhf  jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
murpayikg;gpy; rpy rpwg;G tpjpfs; goq;FbapdUf;fhd Kd;gpUe;j
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Mizah; mYtyfq;fs;
 ruj;J 338d; fPo; ,g;gphptpdUf;F ,f;FOtpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;G -gl;ld.
mk;rq;fs; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;  1990 Mk; Mz;L ruj;J 338
-fis tprhhpf;fTk; ,g;ghJfhg;G murpayikg;G (65tJ jpUj;jk;)
mk;rq;fspd; nray;ghL Fwpj;J rl;lk; 1990d; %yk; jpUj;jg;
FbauRj; -gl;lJ. NkYk; ,g;gphptpdUf;fhf
-jiytUf;F Kd;gpUe;j Mizah;
Mz;Lf;nfhUKiwNah my;yJ mYtyfq;fSf;F gjpyhf ,f;FO
Njitg;gLk;NghNjh mwpf;if 12.03.1992 Kjy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
mspf;fTk; xU rpwg;G mjpfhhpia  ,f;FO nly;ypapy; jiyik
epakpf;fTk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G mYtyfj;ijAk; 16 khepyq;fspy;
toptFf;fpwJ. mYtyfq;fisAk; nfhz;l xU
 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; rl;l mikg;ghFk;.
goq;FbapdUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s  89 rl;ljpUj;jk; 2003y;
ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fis gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh>; goq;Fbapdh;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtij Nkw;ghh;it Mizak; vd jdpj;jdpNa
-apLtjw;F gy cWg;gpdh;fis gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh;
nfhz;l jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; Mizak; - ruj;J 338

Page 2
 eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;

goq;Fbapdh; Mizak; ruj;J Mz;bw;nfhUKiw my;yJ

338 (A) ,J gpd;tUgth;fis Njitg;gLk; rkaq;fspNyh
cs;slf;fpaJ mwpf;if mspj;jy;
1. jiyth;  ,g;ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fis NkYk;
2. Jizj;jiyth; ey;yKiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;
3. kw;w 5 cWg;gpdh;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapdhpd; r%f nghUshjhu

,f;FOtpd; gzpfSk; flikfSk; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; eytho;Tf;F xU

,f;FO gpd;tUk; gzpfisAk; khepy my;yJ A+dpad; gpuNjr

flikfisAk; Kf;fpa nray;ghlhff; muR vLf;f Ntz;ba

nfhz;Ls;sJ. eltbf;iffis mt;twpf;if

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G my;yJ gpw ghpe;Jiuj;jy;.

rl;lq;fspd; fPo; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;

kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F murpayikg;G rhh;e;j
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;G mikg;Gfs;
mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;tJ
mt;tk;rq;fspd; nray;ghl;bid epjpf;FO
kjpg;gPL nra;tJk;  ePjp mikg;G - ruj;J 280
 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;  gFjp - XII
goq;Fbapdhpd; chpikfis
 FbauR jiytuhy; 5 Mz;Lf;F 1
gwpg;gJ njhlh;ghd Kiw epakdk;.
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis tprhhpj;jy;
 ,g;gphpTfis rhh;ej
; kf;fspd; mikg;G
r%f nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf  jiyth;
jpl;l eilKiwia tFg;gjpy;
 4 cWg;gpdh;fs;
gq;Nfw;gJ kw;Wk; MNyhrid
 Kjy; epjp Mizak; - K.C. epNahfp
$WtJ NkYk; ,k;kf;fspd;
 14tJ epjp Mizak; - Y.V. nul;b
tsh;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;tJ
 15tJ epjp Mizak; - N.K. rpq;
 ,g;gphptpdUf;fhd ghJfhg;G
mk;rq;fspd; nray;ghl;bid gw;wp
FbauRj; jiytUf;F
Page 3
 eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;

gzpfs;
ruf;F kw;Wk; Nrit thp (GST)
tuajPh;T
 GST tpjp - 279A
 thptUkhdj;ij kj;jpa - khepy
 GST rl;lk; - 101
muRfSf;fpilNa
 GST rl;lj;jpUj;j kNrhjh - 122
gfph;ej
; spf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 GST rl;lk; eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;l
 khdpak; - Art 275
ehs; 12.09.2016
 ,e;jpa jpus; epjpapypUe;J
 GST kNrhjhit Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
khepyq;fs; toq;fg;gLk; epjp
Kjy; khepyk; m];]hk;
msit eph;zaj;jpy; 1. r%f ey
 2tJ gPfhh;
jpl;lq;fs;> 2. Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik
 jkpofk; 28tJ khepyk;

khepyq;fspy;  GST fhuzkhf ePf;fg;gl;l ruj;J

 khepy epjp Mizak; ghpe;Jiu 268A
Nghpy; khepy jpus; epjpia cah;j;j  rl;ljpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
MNyhrid ml;ltiz 6 kw;Wk; 7
 gQ;rhaj;Jfs; (k) efuhl;rpfSf;F
toq;Fk; epjp msit cah;j;j murpayikg;G rhuhj
ghpe;Jiu mikg;Gfs;
jpl;lf;FO:
MNyhrid  1950 khh;r; 15 Mk; ehs; jpl;lf;FO
 FbauR jiyth; Fwpg;gpLk; epjp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf;FO
Fwpj;j tp\aq;fspy; mwpTiu ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhy Fwpf;Nfhs;
toq;Fjy; -fis Ie;jhz;Lf;F xUKiw
jPhk
; hdpf;Fk; tifapy; tphpthd
mwpf;if jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk;.,e;jpag;
 FbauR jiythplk; rkh;gpg;ghh;. gpujkh; jpl;lf;FOtpd;
jiytuhthh;.
 Jizj; jiyth; xUth;
epakpf;fg;gLthh;. ,tNu FOtpd;
cz;ikahd eph;thfj;
jiytuhthh;.

Page 4
 eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;

 mtNu Ie;jhz;L jpl;l tiuT gzpfs;:

mwpf;ifia cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;  Njrpa jpl;lj;ij cUthf;F
mij mikr;ruitapy; rkh;g;gpg; -tjw;fhd topKiwfis
-gjw;Fk; nghWg;Gilauhthh;. cUthf;Fjy;
 ,th; Nfgpndl;lhy; epakpf;fg;  jpl;lf;FO jahhpj;j Njrpaj;
-gLfpwhh;. Mdhy;, ,th; jpl;lj;ij Ma;T nra;jy;
Nfgpndl;by; cWg;gpdh; ,y;iy.  jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
mjd; $l;lq;fspy; thf;Fhpik tsq;fis mjpfhpj;jy;
VJkpd;wp fye;J nfhs;syhk;.
 jpl;l mikr;rUk;> epjp mikr;rUk; epjp MNahf;:
jk; gjtp top cWg;gpdh;fshf 1) nfhs;iff;FO
epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. 2) kj;jpa muR 64 Mz;Lfshf
 kw;w rpy mikr;rh;fs; gFjpNeu nray;ghl;by; ,Ue;J te;j
cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpf;fg;gL jpl;lf;FOtpw;F epjp MNahf; vdg;
-fpd;wdh;. ngah; khw;wk; nra;Js;sJ.
3) NITI vd;gjd; nghUs; National
Njrpa tsh;r;rpf; FO:
Institute of Transforming
 1952 Mf];l; Kjy; Ie;jhz;L
India.,t;tikg;G nray;ghl;by;
jpl;l mwpf;ifapd;
,Ue;J tUk; jpl;lf;FOtpid
ghpe;Jiuapd;Nghpy; Njrpa
kWrPuikg;gjw;fhd Kjw;gb MFk;.
tsh;r;rpf; FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa gpujkh; ,th; jiytuhf mikg;G :
nray;gLthh;. 1) jiyth; - gpujkh;

 kj;jpa murpd; midj;J Nfgpndl; 2) Ml;rp kd;wk; - midj;J

mikr;rh;fSk; ,lk; ngWth;. khepyq;fspd; Kjy;th;fs;/ A+dpad;

 vy;yh khepy Kjyikr;rh;fSk; gpuNjr MSeh;fs;

,lk; ngWth;> A+dpad; 3) gpuhe;jpa rig - midj;J

gpuNjrq;fspd; Kjyikr;rh;fs; khepyq;fspd; Kjy;th;fs;/ A+dpad;

my;yJ MSeh;fs; ,lk; gpuNjr MSeh;fs;

ngWth;.jpl;lf;FO cWg;gpdh;fs; 4) KONeu cWg;gpdh;fs;

gq;F ngWth;. 5) gFjp Neu cWg;gpdh;fs;

Page 5
 eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;

6) nrayfk; - Njitg;gl;lhy; mwpTiufs; toq;Fk;

mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. epWtdkhFk;.
 jw;Nghija Kjy; Jiz jiyth;  Gjpa nfhs;if KbTfis
- uh[Pt; Fkhh; nrayhf;fj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUtJ>
cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L
Nehf;fk;;: nghUshjhu th;j;jf jpl;lq;fs;
 Njrpa Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd Kd;Dhpik mikg;gJ ,jd; nray;ghlhFk;.
mspj;jypy; xd;Wgl;l njhiy cs;ehl;bNyh my;yJ ntsp
Nehf;fpid cUthf;Fjy;. -ehl;bNyh nray;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpwe;j Ml;rp
 xUq;fpize;j $l;lhl;rpj;
Kiwfis ehL KOtJk; nray;
jj;Jtj;jpid Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
-gLj;JtJ. Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpid
 fpuhkg;Gwq;fs; tiu murhq;fj; rhh;ej
; tp\aq;fSf;F jPh;tspg;gJ
jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L ,t;tikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
eltbf;iffs; nrd;wilAk;
mstpy; nray;ghl;L topKiw
-fis tFj;jy;.
 njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghl;bd; kPJ mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.

Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; :
 ,e;j mikg;G murpDila
'rpe;jid fsQ;rpakhf"
nray;gLk;. murhq;f nfhs;if
-fis tFg;gjpYk; kw;Wk;
mf;nfhs;iffspd; rpwg;ghd
nraw;ghl;bw;fhfTk; toptif
nra;ag;gLk;.
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs;
jq;fsJ nfhs;iffis
tbtikg;gjw;F Njitg;gLk;
mwpTrhh;e;j kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g

Page 6
 nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;> CoYf;F vjpuhd
eltbf;iffs;> kj;jpa yQ;r xopg;Gj;Jiw> Nyhf;
mjhyj;> ,e;jpa jiyikj; jzpf;if Jiwj;jiyth;

Coy; ghJfhf;Fk; kNrhjh epYitapy;

cs;sJ.
CoYf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs;
 muR eph;thfj;jpy; ntspg;gilj;
murhq;f eltbf;iffs;
-jd;ik nfhz;LtUk; nghUl;L>
 muR> Coy; jLg;Grl;lj;ij (1988)
jfty; ngWk; chpikr; rl;lk; (RTI -
,aw;wpAs;sJ. ,r;rl;lk;>
2005) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
Kiwapd;wp mDkjp toq;f Fw;wk;
Ghpjy;> ghpRg; nghUl;fis
thq;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,e;jpa fzf;fha;T kw;Wk;
jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhf jzpf;ifj; Jiw
mwptpj;Js;sJ.
ruj;J (148 - 151):
 kj;jpa Coy; fz;fhzpg;G
 ruj;J 148(1) - ,e;jpahtpw;F
Mizak; (CVC), kj;jpa muR
fzf;fha;T kw;Wk; jzpf;if Jiw
kw;Wk; nghJj; Jiw
xUth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epWtdq;fspd; eltbf;iffs;
 epakdk;: 6 Mz;Lfs; (m) 65
fz;fhzpf;Fk; tifapy;
taJ tiu
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd
 gzpePf;fk; Kiwfspd; gb:
 kj;jpa Gydha;TJiw (CBI):
cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpia ePf;Fk;
re;jhdk; FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb
Kiwfspd;gb (148)
1963> cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J>
 Cjpak; kw;Wk; gpwgzp
xUFw;wj; jLg;G Coy; jLg;G
epiyghLfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
mikg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ.
eph;zak;.
 Nyhf;ghy; rl;lk;> Coy; Gfhh;
tprhhpf;Fk; nghUl;L
flikfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuk;:
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 jpul;L epjpapypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk;
 Coiy ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L
gzj;jpy; fzf;fhsh; vd;w
tUNthh;fis (Whistle blowers)

Page 1
 nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;

Kiwapy; fl;Lg;ghL nra;thh;. muR epWtdq;fspd;

itj;jpUf;fpwhh;. (Kd;G) jw;NghJ fzf;FfisAk; cWjp nra;thh;.
jzpf;if kl;Lk;. 2. nghJ fzf;F FOtpd; ez;gh;
 jzpf;ifahsh; vd;w Kiwapy; kw;Wk; topfhl;bahf nray;gLthh;.
kj;jpa / khepy muRfspd; vy;yh 3. [dhjpgjpapy; ifnahg;gkpl;l
nryTfisAk; jzpf;if fzf;Ffis rhpghh;gg
; hh;.
nra;fpwhh;.
jw;NghJ CAG
fzf;Ffs; gbtk; (ruj;J 150)
,uh[pt;nk`hprp
 [dhjpgjp jUk; gbtj;jpy; kj;jpa /
khepy muRfspd; fzf;if tuT
itf;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpaGydha;Tj; Jiw Central
Bureau Of Investigation (CBI)
mwpf;iffs;  kj;jpaGydha;Tj; Jiw (re;jhdk;
 kj;jpaurpd; fzf;Ffis fkpl;b ghpe;Jiu) 1963k; Mz;L
[dhjpgjp Kd;itg;ghh;. cs;Jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; jPhk
; hdk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Kd; itg;ghh;. %yk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 151 (1).  jw;NghJ Nfgpdl; nrayfj;jpd; fPo;
 khepy murpd; fzf;Ffis xU ,izf;fg;gl;l mYtyfkhf
MSdh; Kd; itg;ghh;. mth; nray;gLfpwJ.
rl;lkdwj;jpy; itg;ghh; - ruj;J
151 (2). gzpfs;
 Coy;> ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; elj;ijkPwpa
jw;NghJ
kj;jpa> khepy muR mjpfhhpfs;
 nghJkf;fs; gzj;jpd;
Fwpj;j tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jy;.
ghJfhtyd; - CAG
 epjp> nghUshjhu rl;lq;fs;>
 Kjy; CAG – V eu`hp (1948-54)
Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghL>
fyhy; kw;Wk; Rq;fthp> tUkhdthp>
gzpfs; me;epa nrythzp xOq;FKiw
1. kf;fspd; jpul;L epjp rl;lg;gb Nghd;wit njhlh;ghd tof;F
nryT nra;ag;gLtij cWjp -fis> mj;Jiwfs; tpUk;gpdhy;>
CBI tprhhpf;Fk;.

Page 2
 mbg;gil chpikfs;

 Njrpa my;yJ cyf mstpyhd  xU kj;jpa fz;fhzpg;G Mizah;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Fw;wq;fis /jiyth; kw;Wk; ,uz;L
tprhhpf;fpwJ. fz;fhzpg;G Mizah;fisAk;
 kw;w Coy; jLg;G epWtdq;fspd; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
nray; ghLfisAk; xUq;fpizf;  ,e;j Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs;
-fpwJ. gpujkh; (FOtpd; jiyth;) kj;jpa
 khepy muRfs; tpUk;gpf; Nfl;gpd; cs;Jiw mikr;rh; kf;fsit
nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; vjph;f;fl;rpfs; jiyth; nfhz;l
tof;Ffis tprhhpf;Fk;. ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. mt;thW
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; egiu FbauR
kj;jpa fz;fhzpg;G Mizak;
jiyth; epakpf;fpwhh;.
Central Vigilance Commission
(CVC)
gjtpf;fhyk;
 kj;jpa murpy; Coy;fis jLf;Fk;
 Mizah;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 4
xU Kf;fpa mikg;G kj;jpa
Mz;Lfs; my;yJ 65 taJ
fz;fhzpg;G Mizak; (CVC)
 ,tw;wpy; vJ Ke;ijaNjh mjd;gb
MFk;
gjtptpyf Ntz;Lk;
 kj;jpa murpd; xU jPhk
; hdj;jpd;
 gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwF mth;fs;
%yk; 1964y; ,J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspy;
(re;jhdk; fkpl;b ghpe;Jiug;gb
vg;gjtpiaAk; tfpf;f ,ayhJ.
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ)
 CVC MdJ murpayikg;G ngw;w jw;NghJ
epWtdKk; my;y> ghuhSkd;wj; jiyik fz;fhzpg;G Mizah;
-jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l epWtdKk; Nf.tp. nrsj;hp
my;y
 nrg;lk;gh; 2003 y; ghuhSkd;wk; gjtp ePf;fk;
,t;tikg;gpw;F mq;fPfhuk;
 Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwdw;wtuha;
mspj;jJ
,Uj;jy;
 ePjpf;F Gwk;ghf nray;gLjy;
mikg;G
 gzk; tUkhdk; tUk; njhopy;
 ,J gy cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l
<Lgl;bUj;jy;
mikg;G
Page 3
 nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;

 clystpNyh (m) kdjstpNyh rk;gsk; kw;w ,U Mizah;fSf;F

,g;gzpapid nra;a toq;fg;gLk;.
jFjpapy;yhjpUj;jy; (FbauRj;
jiyth; fUj;Jg;gb) gzpfs;
 mYty;fis ghjpf;Fk; tz;zk;>  Coy; jLg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; (1988) fPo;
VNjDk; tUtha; kw;Wk; gpwtw;iw tUk; Fw;wq;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iw
ngWjy;. kj;jpa murpd; Copah;fs; my;yJ
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzq;fSs; kj;jpa muR epWtdk; Ghpakhapd;
VNjDk; xd;wpy; <Lgl;bUe;jhNyh mij tprhhpf;Fk;.
my;yJ jtwhd nra;iffs;  Coy; jLg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUk;
my;yJ Ntiy nra;tjw;F Fw;wq;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iw
jFjpaw;w epiy Nghd;w fPo;f;Fwpg;gpl;l mYtyh;fs; Ghpe;jhy;
fhuzq;fspdhNyh FbauRj; mt;tof;if tprhuiz nra;Ak;
jiyth; Mizah;fis gjtpePf;fk;
nra;ayhk;.  kj;jpa murpy; gzpGhpak;
 vdpDk; ,J Fwpj;J FbauRj;  mfpy ,e;jpa gzpahsh;fs;
jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk;  kj;jpa murpd; F&g; A
njspTg;gLj;jpnfhs;s mg;NghJk;> mjpfhhpfs;
cr;rePjpkd;wk; Mizah;fspd;
 kw;Wk; kj;jpa muR
gjtpePf;fj;jpw;F ghpe;Jiug;gpd;
mYtyq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l
FbauRj; jiyth; Mizah;fis
epiyapy; NtiyapYs;s
gjtpePf;fyhk;.
mjpfhhpfs;

rk;gsk; kw;Wk; ,ju rYiffs;

 nly;yp rpwg;G NghyP]; gil rl;lk;
 kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;T thhpak;
1946y; fPo;> nly;yp rpwg;G NghyP];
jiytUf;fhd rYiffs; kw;Wk;
mikg;gpw;F mjd; gzpfis
rk;gsk; kj;jpa Coy; fz;fhzpg;G
nra;AkhW mwpTWj;JfpwJ.
MizaUf;F toq;fg;gLk;
 nly;yp rpwg;G NghyP]; mikg;G
 kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;T thhpak;
tprhhpf;Fk; tof;Ffspd;
cWg;gpdUf;Fk; rYiffs; kw;Wk;
Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;J Nkw;ghh;it
nra;fpwJ.

Page 4
 mbg;gil chpikfs;

 kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; mjd;  kj;jpa murhdJ mfpy ,e;jpa

epWtdq;fspd; Nfs;tpfSf;F gzpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; muRg;
mwpTiu toq;FfpwJ. gzpahsh;fSf;fhd Coy; kw;Wk;
CVC nray;ghLfs; xOq;F njhlh;ghd tpjpKiwfis
 CVC mjDila gzpfis jd; tpjpf;Fk; nghOJ kj;jpa Coy;
jiyikaplj;jpypUe;Nj (epA+ fz;fhzpg;G Mizaj;jplk;
nly;yp) Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. MNyhrid ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 xU chpikapay; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fhpa
midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; Nyhf; mjhyj;
,e;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L. kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk;
 kj;jpa murpypUe;Njh> my;yJ  Nyhf; mjhyj; vdg;gLk; kf;fs;
kj;jpa muR epWtdq;fspypUe;Njh ePjpkd;wk; rkhjhd epiy kw;Wk;
Njitahd jfty;fis Nfl;Lg; rkurk; %yk; kf;fspd;
-ngWk; mjpfhuk; ,t;tikg;gpw;F gpur;rpidfis jPhf
; ;f ,e;jpa
cz;L murhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;wk;
 jdJ mikg;gpdhy; Vw;Wf; MFk;
nfhs;sg;gLk; Gfhh;fs; Fwpj;J
mwpf;if jhf;fy; nra;Ak; tuyhW

 mt;twpf;if / mwpTiuapd; Nky;  ,J xU khw;W Kiwapy;

kj;jpa muR eltbf;if vLf;fyhk; rr;ruTfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhZk; xU
vLf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. topKiwahFk;.

 vdpDk; CVCd; mwpTiufs;  Nyhf; vd;gJ kf;fisAk; mjhyj;

epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzj;ij vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

kj;jpa muR njspTgLj;j  Kjd; Kjypy; F[uhj; khepyj;jpy;

Ntz;Lk;. [Pdhfhh; vd;w ,lj;jpy; khh;r;

 CVC Mz;L NjhWk; jdJ 14>1982 md;W Nyhf; mjhyj;

nray;ghLfs; rhh;e;j mwpf;ifia vdg;gLk; kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk;

FbauRj; jiythplk; rkh;g;gpf;fpwJ. ele;jJ.

 FbauRj; jiyth; me;j rpwg;Gfs;

mwpf;ifia ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;  kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk; %yk; Nfhh;l;by;

,U mitfspYk; rkh;g;gpf;fpwhh; epYitapy; ,Uf;Fk; tof;Ffs;

Page 5
 nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;

kl;Lky;yhky; Nfhh;l;Lf;F tu  tl;lhu mstpyhd fpoik

,Uf;Fk; jhthf;fSf;Fk; jPhT
; ePjpkd;wk; njhlq;fp> cr;rePjpkd;wk;
fz;Ltplyhk;. tiu ehL KOtJk; midj;J
 ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fspy; jPhT
; ePjpkd;wfspYk; ,e;j nkfh mjhyj;
fhzg;gl;lhy; mjw;F Nky; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
KiwaPl;bw;Fg; NghfKbahJ.  xNu ehspy; ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; 35
,yl;rk; tof;Ffs; jPhj
; ;J
jPh;f;fg;gLk; tof;F tiffs;
itf;fg;gl;ld
 fhNrhiy njhlh;ghd tof;Ffs;.
 jkpofk; kw;Wk; GJr;Nrhpapy; 13
 thfd tpgj;J tof;Ffs;
yl;rj;J 62 Mapuk; tof;FfSf;F
 FLk;gg; gpur;ridfs; njhlh;ghd
xNu ehspy; jPh;T fhzg;gl;lJ.
tof;Ffs;
 njhopy; jfuhWfs;
Nyhf;ghy; (LOKPAL)
 njhopyhsh; gpur;rpid njhlh;ghd
 Nyhf;ghy; vd;why; kf;fs; fhtyd;
tof;Ffs;
vd;W nghUs;
 Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; rkhjhdk;
 ,e;j thh;j;ijia rl;l ty;Yeh;
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; jd;ikAs;s
L.M. rpq;tp 1963y; mwptpj;jhh;.
tof;Ffs;.
 kf;fspd; FiwjPhf
; ;Fk; rpwg;G
 epy Mh;[pjk; kw;Wk; ,og;gPL
Mizaq;fshf Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk;
njhlh;ghd tof;Ffs;
Nyhf; MAf;jh mikg;Gfis
 tq;fpf; fld; gpur;rpidfs;
eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;j Mizak; (1966
 thlif tptfhuq;fs;
- 1970) ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ jiyth; -
 tpw;gid thp
nkhuhh;[p Njrha;
 tUkhd thp
 Nyhf;ghy; kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs;>
 kiwKf thp njhlh;ghd
nrayhsh;fs; kw;Wk; khepy
gpur;rpidfs;
mjpfhhpfs; vd;W midtiuAk;
nkfh Nyhf; mjhyj;
tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; etk;gh; 23>2013 md;W
 Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh Kjd;Kjypy;
tof;FfSf;F tpiuthf jPh;T
1968y; kf;fsitapy; mwpKfk;
fhz cjTk; nkfh Nyhf; mjhyj;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd; gpwF 8 Kiw
ehL KOtJk; eilngw;wJ.
Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjhit epiwNtw;w

Page 6
 mbg;gil chpikfs;

Kaw;rpj;Jk; epiwNtwtpy;iy.  midj;J khepy muRfSk;> Nyhf;

,Wjpahf Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; Nyhf; MAf;jh ePjpkd;wq;fis xU
MAf;jh kNrhjh (2011) Mz;Lf;Fs; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epiwNtw;wg;gl;L 2014 [dthp 1 y;  mjd; tiffs; kw;Wk;
FbauRj; jiyth; xg;Gjy; mikg;Gfis khepy muRfNs
ngwg;gl;lJ. eph;zapj;J nfhs;syhk;.
 Njrpa rl;lg;gzpfs; Mizfs;
topfhl;LjYld; Njrpa mstpy; 2) Nyhf; mikg;G
Nyhf; mjyhj; eilngw;wJ.  Nyhf;ghy; mikg;gpy; xU jiyth;
kw;Wk; mjpfgl;rk; 8 cWg;gpdh;fs;
FiwNfs; mjpfhhp (OMBUSDSMAN) ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
 ];fhz;bNetpad; ehl;by;  ,jpy; 50% ePjpj;Jiwiar;
fhzg;gLk; FiwNfs; mjpfhhp Nrh;ej
; th;fs; kPjKs;s 50%
mikg;ghdJ Kjd; Kjypy; ];tPld; cWg;gpdh;fs; SC, ST, OBC
ehl;by; 1809y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. rpWghd;ikapdh; kw;Wk; kfsph;
 cyf mstpy; Fbkf;fspd; gphpitr; rhh;e;jth;fshf ,Ug;gh;.
Fiwiaj; jPh;f;Fk; nghUl;L  jiytuhf jw;NghJ gjtpapy; cs;s
cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; FiwjPh;f;Fk; my;yJ Xa;T ngw;w cr;rePjpkd;w
mikg;G ,JthFk; jiyik ePjpgjp my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw
 epA+rpyhe;jpy; ,t;tikg;G ghuhS rhuhj vdpDk; mjw;Fhpa jFjp
-kd;w tprhuiz fkp\dhh; vd ngw;wth;fs; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; ,f;FiwNfs; mjpfhhp 3) Nyhf; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;T
(Ombaudsman) Nyhf;ghy; vd;W  cWg;gpdh;fis Njh;T nra;Ak;
kj;jpapYk; Nyhf; MAf;jh vd;W Njh;Tf; FOtpy;
khepyq;fspYk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.  gpujkh;
 kf;fsit rghehafh;
jw;NghJ ,aw;wg;gl;ls;s Nyhf;ghy;  kf;fsit vjph;f;fl;rp jiyth;
rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs;
 ehl;bd; jiyik ePjpgjp
1) Nyhf; MAf;jh
MfpNahh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

Page 7
 nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;

tUlk; kNrhjhtpd; epiy

Nk 1968 ehd;fhtJ kf;fsitfiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; epiwNtwtpy;iy
Vg;uy; 1971 Ie;jhtJ kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; epiwNtwtpy;iy
[Piy 1977 MwhtJ kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; epiwNtwtpy;iy
Mf];l; 1985 kf;fsitfiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; epiwNtwtpy;iy
brk;gh; 1989 kNrhjh> murhy; jpUk;g ngwg;gl;lJ
nrg;lk;gh; 1996 11tJ kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; epiwNtw;wtpy;iy
Mf];l; 1998 12tJ kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy
Mf];l; 2001 kf;fsit fiyf;fg; gl;ljhy; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy
Mf];l; 2011 kf;fsitapy;mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L ghuhSkd;w epiyf; FO
(Nyhf;rgh) (gzpahsh; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Fiw) rhpghh;j;Jjy;
brk;gh; 22> 2011 kf;fsitapy; kPz;Lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
brk;gh; 27>2011 kf;fsitapy; kNrhjhepiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
brk;gh; 29> 2011 uh[;[pah rgh khepy rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ghuhSkd;w
epiyf;FO mwpf;iff;F mDgg;gl;lJ.
Nk 21> 2012 khepyq;fsitapy; kPz;Lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
brk;gh; 17> 2013 kNrhjh khepyq;fsitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
brk;gh; 18> 2013 kf;fsitapy; kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
[dthp 1> 2014 FbauRj jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ngwg;gl;lJ.
 Ie;jhtJ eguhf Vw;fdNt  ntspehl;bypUe;J gzk;
FOtpy; ,Uf;Fk; 4 Nguhy; ngWtJ
gpugy ePjpgjp vd;W  Fwpg;gpl;l msTf;F
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; egiu tUthia nfhz;lit
FbauRj; jiyth; epakpg;ghh;. Mfpad mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
mwf;fl;lis ,jpy;
4) kj mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd
mwf;fl;lisfs;  vdpDk; kjk; kw;Wk; nghJf;
 nghJ epjpia ngWtJ fhhpaq;fSf;fhd mwf;fl;lisfs;

Page 8
 mbg;gil chpikfs;

Mfpatw;wpw;F tpyf;F mspf;fg; rp..gp.I mjpfhhpfis ,lkhw;wk;

-gl;Ls;sd. nra;a KbAk;.
 10 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ntspehLfsp 7) gpujkh;
-ypUe;J ed;nfhil ngWk;
 Nyhf;ghy; tprhuiz tuk;gpy;
tof;FfSk; tprhhpf;fg;gLk;.
gpujkUk; cs;slq;Fthh;.
 vdpDk; gpujkUf;F vjpuhd
5) tof;F
tof;Ffspy; rpy tptfhuq;fs;
 tprhuiz mwpf;ifapd; Nghpy; xU
kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpfspy; tpyf;F
tof;if gjpT nra;a KbT
mspf;fg;gLk;.;
vLg;gjw;F Kd;ghf Nyhf;ghy;
mikg;G jdJ rl;lf;FO my;yJ
8) Gydha;T : tof;Ffspd; tprhuiz
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Gydha;T mikg;G
60 ehl;fSf;Fs; Kbf;fg;gl
rpwg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F gjpT
Ntz;Lk;.
nra;a mDkjp toq;Fk;.
 Coy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F 9) mguhjk;

cs;shdthpd; nrhj;Jfis  jtwhd kw;Wk; Nghypahd

tof;F tprhuizapd; NghJ Gfhh;fSf;F Xuhz;L tiu rpiwj;
Klf;fTk; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. jz;lidAk; & 1 yl;rk;
tiuapYk; mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;gLk;
6) kj;jpa Gydha;T tprhuiz  nghJ Copah;fSf;F 7Mz;L
 rpgpI Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghf tiu rpiwj; jz;lid
nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
Gjpa kNrhjhtpy; tof;FfSf;fhd  jtwhd Fw;w eltbf;if
,af;Feiu epakpf;f tif njhlh;e;j Coy; Mfpaw;wpw;F 10
nra;fpwJ. Mz;L tiu rpiw jz;lid
 tof;FfSf;fhd ,af;Feh; kj;jpa tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
Coy; fz;fhzpg;G (CVC) fkp\d; Nyhf; MAf;jh (LOK AYUKTAS)
ghpe;Jiuapy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;  jw;NghJ ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
 Nyhf;ghy; mDkjpf;F gpd;dNu epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk;
tof;Ffis tprhuiz nra;Ak; Nyhf; MAf;jh kNrhjh 2011tpd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rk;

Page 9
 nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;

 khepyq;fs; jq;fs; tpjpKiwfis mikg;G NtWghL

gad;gLj;jp xU tUlj;jpw;Fs;  midj;J khepyq;fspYk; xNu
Nyhf; MAf;jh mikg;Gfis epWt khjphpahd Nyhf;MAf;jh
Ntz;Lk;. nray;gLtjpy;iy
 Nyhf; MAf;jh khepy mstpy;  uh[];jhd;> fh;ehlfh> Me;jpuh>
kf;fs; Fiw jPhg
; ;gitahfTk; kfuh\;buh khepyq;fspy; Nyhf;
CoYf;F vjpuhd mikg;ghfTk; MAf;jh kw;Wk; cgNyhf;MAf;jh
nray;gLfpwJ.,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; vd;w mikg;Gfs; cs;sd.
Nyhf; MAf;jh mikg;G  gPfhh;> cj;jpugpuNjrk;> ,khr;ry
kfhuh\;buhtpy; 1971y; gpuNjrk; khepyq;fspy; Nyhf;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. MAf;jh kl;Lk; cs;sJ.
 1970y; xhp];]h khepyk; Nyhf;  gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; xhp];]h
MAf;jhtpw;fhd rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpa khepyq;fspy; ,t;tjpfhhp
NghjpYk; 1983 k; Mz;L jhd; Nyhf;ghy; vd;Nw toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
xhp];]htpy; Nyhf; MAf;jh
epakdk;
mikg;G epWtg;gl;lJ.
 Nyhf; MAf;jh kw;Wk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; Nyhf; MAf;jh mikg;G
cgNyhf;MAf;jh mikg;gpd;
,y;yhj khepyq;fs;
cWg;gpdh;fs; MSeh; epakpf;fpwhh;.
 Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
 Njh;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ MSeh;>
 jkpo;ehL
khepy cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp
 mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; rl;lg;Nguit vjph;f;fl;rp jiyth;
 [k;K fh\;kPh; MfpNahh; fye;J MNyrpf;f
 kzpg;g+h; Ntz;Lk;.
 Nkfhyah
 kpNrhuk; jFjpfs;

 ehfyhe;J  cj;ju gpuNjrk;> ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;>

 rpf;fpk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;> xhp]h>

fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; m];]hk; Nghd;w
 jphpGuh
khepyq;fspy; jiyth; kw;Wk;

Page 10
 mbg;gil chpikfs;

jPh;g;G tprhuiz khepyq;fs;

khepy Kjy;tiu tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;> Me;jpu gpuNjrk;>
khepy Kjy;tiu tprhuizf;F kj;jpa gpuNjrk; F[uhj;> kfuh\;buh>
cl;gLj;j ,ayhJ. cj;jpugpuNjrk;> uh[];jhd;> gP`hh;>
xhp];]h
mikr;rh;fs; kw;Wk; cah; midj;J khepyq;fs;
mjpfhhpfis tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
Kd;dhs; mikr;rh;fs; tprhuiz kfhuh\;buh
nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; rl;lg;gNguit
cWg;gpdh;fs; tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
rl;lg;Nguit cWg;gpdh;fis Me;jpugpuNjrk;> ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;>
tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; F[uhj; cj;jpugpuNjrk; m];]hk;
Fbkfd;fsplk; ,Ue;J tUk; cj;jugpuNjrk;> ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;
tof;Ffis kl;Lk; tprhhpf;Fk; m];]hk;
mjpfhuk; (jhdhf Kd;te;J
tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy)
Coy; kw;Wk; eph;thf rPh;Nfl;il kfhuh\;buh cj;jpugpuNjrk;>
,uz;il tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; m];]hk;> gP`hh; kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk;
Coiy kl;Lk; tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,khr;ry; gpuNjrk;> Me;jpu gpuNjrk;>
uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; F[uhj;

Page 11
 jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk; toq;Fk; tifapy; ,r;rl;lk;
2005 ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
(kj;jpa rl;lk; - 22) 2005> mf;Nlgh;  muR mjpfhhpfspd;
2005 Kjy; mkYf;F te;Js;sJ. nray;ghLfspy; ntspg;gilj;
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jkpo;ehL muR jd;ikia nfhz;L tUtijAk;>
jkpo;ehL jfty; mwpAk; chpik Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtijAk;
(fl;lzq;fs;) tpjpfs; 2005> muRj;Jiwfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;
murhiz (rpiy) vz; 989, nghJ Mfpaitfs; kf;fSf;F
(gzpahsh; - njhFjp 1 kw;Wk; rl;l fl;Lg;gl;Ls;sij
kd;wk;) Jiw ehs; 07-10-2005 cWjpnra;tijAk; ,r;rl;lk;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
kf;fSf;F jfty;fs;
toq;Fjw;fhd xU nray;
kj;jpa jfty; Mizak; :
 njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 2005 tbtj;ij ,r;rl;lk;
cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
 Kjy; jiyik jfty;
Mizah; : th`j; `gpGy;yh
 jd;dpay;ghfTk;> Nfhhpf;ifapd;
 jw;Nghija jfty; Mizah;:
mbg;gilapYk; kf;fSf;Fj;
Mh;.Nf. khj;J}h;
jfty;fis toq;f Ntz;baij
muR mjpfhhpfspd; Kf;fpaf;
1. Nehf;fk; flikahf ,r;rl;lk;
 [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyk; ePq;fyhf cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
ehl;bd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;>  kf;fSf;Fj; jfty;fs; mspg;gijj;
muR mjpfhhpfsplk; ,Ue;J jil nra;Ak; muR Mtzq;fs;
jfty;fisg; ngWk; chpikia ufrpar; rl;lk; 1923 Nghd;w
mbg;gil chpikahf kf;fSf;F Ke;ija midj;Jr; rl;lq;fs;

Page 1
 jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;

murhizfs; Nghd;w MNyhridfs;> gj;jphpf;iff;

midj;ijAk; ,g;Gjpa rl;lk; uj;J -Fwpg;Gfs; Rw;wwpf;iffs;>
nra;fpwJ. Mizfs;> jpdrhpf; Fwpg;Gfs;>
xg;ge;jq;fs; mwpf;iffs;> jhq;fs;
2. mjpfhu tuk;G khjphpfs; Kd;tbtq;fs; kpd;dZ
 kj;jpa khepy kw;Wk; A+dpad; tbtpy; gjpthfpAs;s jfty;fs;
gpuNjr muRfshy; nrhe;jkhfNth> juTfs; vd midj;Jk; kf;fs;
NeubahfNth my;yJ epjp cjtp mwpe;J nfhs;s chpik cs;sJ.
%ykhfNth cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
midj;J tpjkhd 4. gjpNtLfs; vd;gJ
mYtyfq;fSk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;  midj;J tpjkhd Mtzq;fs;
tUfpd;wd (,e;j tuk;gpw;Fs; ifnaOj;J %yg; gpujpfs; kw;Wk;
midj;J cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSk; Nfhg;Gfs;
efukd;wq;fSk; fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;J  Ez; RUs;> Ez; Gifefy; njhiy
-fSk; $l cs;slq;fpAs;sd) Gifg;gl efy; Nghd;w tbtq;fspy;
Nkw;$wpa muR kw;Wk; muR gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU Mtzj;jpd;
eph;thfq;fspd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;b efy;fs;.
-Nyh> epjp cjtpapNyh nray;gLk;  Ez; RUspy; (nghpJgLj;jpNah
midj;J mYtyfq;fSk; jfty; my;yhkNyh) nghjpag;gl;l cUtk;
mwpTk; chpikia kf;fSf;F mkYg;gLj;j cUtq;fspd; kW
toq;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;sd. gjpg;Gfs;.
 murpd; epjp cjtpia  fzpdp Nghd;w rhjdq;fs; %yk;
NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth jahhpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs;
ngWk; midj;J muR rhuh Nghd;wit midj;Jk; jfty;fs;
mikg;Gfs; kPJk; ,r;rl;lk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
mky;gLj;jg;gLk;. gjpNtLfs; MFk;.

5. jfty; ngWk; chpik vd;gJ

3. jfty; vd;gJ
 gzpfs; Mtzq;fs;>
 gjpNtLfs; Mtzq;fs;
gjpNtLfis Ma;T nra;Ak;
mYtyff; Fwpg;Gfs; kpd;
chpik
mQ;ry;fs;> fUj;Jiufs;

Page 2
 jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;

 Fwpg;Gfs;> RUf;fq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw ngWk; chpik
my;yJ rhd;W efy;fs; ngWk;
chpik.
 khjphpfs; vLf;Fk; chpik
 kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; jfty;fisg;
ngWk; chpiknghJeyd;
njhlh;Gila midj;Jj;
jfty;fisAk; ngWk; chpik
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk;>
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jfty;fis
kWf;ff;$lhJ. ve;j ehSk;
rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;
mikg;GfSf;F jfty;fis
kWf;ff;$lhJ.

6. ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ufrpaq;fs;

 ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik>
xUikg;ghL> ghJfhg;G> ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mwptpay;
eyd;fs;> ntspAwT njhlh;ghd
jfty;fs; Nghd;wit
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;bait.

Page 3
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy Mizaq;fs;
 ,uz;L muRfisf; nfhz;l tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ ghpe;Jiufis
$l;lhl;rp Kiwapy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; mspg;gJ.
khepy muRfspd; nfhs;iffSk;  ,j;jifa FOtpdhy; gzp
mtw;wpd; nrayhf;fKk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tptfhuq;fis Ma;T
xj;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; fbdk;. nra;tJk; mtw;wpd; kPJ
$l;lhl;rpapd; myFfspilNa ghpe;Jiufis mspg;gJk; kl;LNk
xj;Jiog;igAk; xUikg; MFk;.
-ghl;bidAk; cUthf;f xU  ,f;FOtpdhy; eLj;jPh;T toq;f
$l;lhl;rp kd;wj;ij mikf;f ,ayhJ. gpd;tUgth;fisf;
ruj;J 263 tif nra;fpd;wJ. nfhz;l khepyq;fspilNaahd
 ,t;tpjp gpd;tUk; flikfisf; FOtpid FbauRj; jiyth; 1990
nfhz;l xU FOtpid Mk; Mz;L mikj;jhh;.gpujkNu
mikj;jhy; nghJkf;fspd; eyd; ,jd; jiytuhthh;.
fhf;fg;gLk; vd;W FbauRj;  khepyq;fspd; Kjyikr;rh;fSk;
jiyth; fUjpdhy; mth; rl;lrigfisf; nfhz;l A+dpad;
mj;jifa xU FOtpid gpuNjrq;fspd; Kjyikr;rh;fSk;
mikf;fyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ. kw;Wk; 6 kj;jpa Nfgpdl;
 khepyq;fspilNa vOe;Js;s mikr;rh;fSk; ,jd;
gpur;ridfis tprhhpg;gJ kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;.
mjd; kPJ MNyhrid toq;FtJ.  kj;jpa mikr;ruitapy; cs;s
 rpy> my;yJ midj;J mikr;rh;fSk; ,f;FOtpd;
khepyq;fSNkh> my;yJ kj;jpa $l;lq;fSf;F Njitg;gl;lhy;
muRk;> xd;W my;yJ mjw;F miof;fg;gLth;.
Nkw;gl;l khepy muRfSk; tpUk;Gk;  ,jd; eilKiwfs; ntspg;gil
tptfhuq;fis tpthjpg;gJ kw;Wk; -ahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,jd;
Ma;T nra;tJ. KbTfs; Vfkdjhf vLf;fg;gLk;.
 rpy tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ Fwpg;ghf  ,jw;F Kd; FbauRj; jiyth;
xj;Jiog;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Njrpa cs;ehl;L murhq;f

Page 1
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy Mizaq;fs;;

FOtpidAk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nkk;ghl;L FOtpidAk;
mikj;jhh;.
 khepyq;fspilNaahd FOtpid
kw;w mikg;GfspypUe;J
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l ,jid
muRfSf;fpilNaahd FO vd;W
miof;f Ntz;Lk; vd; rh;f;fhhpah
FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
 1997 [_iyapy; ,f;FOtpd;
$l;lj;jpy; 10tJ epjpf;FO $wpa
khw;W mjpfhuk; toq;Fjy;
Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;
ruj;J 356ia cgNahfpg;gij
fbdkhf;f eltbf;iffs;
vLf;fTk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Page 2
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;
ngz;fSf;fhd Njrpaf;FO ,f;FO gpd;tUgth;fis
(National Commission for Women) cs;slf;fpaJ
 ngz;fSf;fhd murpayikg;G  kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
kw;Wk; rl;l ghJfhg;G jiyth; 5 cWg;gpdh;fs; rl;lk;>
eltbf;iffs; kW Ma;T njhopw;rhiy> eph;thfk;>
nra;tjw;fhf ngz;fSf;fhf ngz;fspd; jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfs;
Njrpaf;FOr;rl;lk; 1990d; fPo; eph;thfk;> nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL>
1992 Mk; mz;L [dthp khjk; Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp my;yJ r%f
ngz;fSf;fhd Njrpaf;FO xU eytho;T Nghd;w Jiwfspy;
rl;l mikg;ghf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwg;ghf gzpahw;wpath;fSs;
 rl;lj;jPhT
; eltbf;iffis ,Ue;J kj;jpa murhy;
ghpe;Jiu nra;tJ Fiwfis Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L
jPhj
; ;J itf;f cjTtJ kw;Wk; epakpf;fg;gLgth;.
ngz;fis ghjpf;Fk; nfhs;if  kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; xU
-fspd; kPJ muRf;F MNyhrid cWg;gpdh; nrayh; ,jd; cWg;gpdh;
toq;FtJ Nghd;wit ,jd; nrayh;.
gzpfshFk;.  ,r;rl;lk; ,f;FOtpw;F mjpf
 ,jd; Kjy; FO 1992 Mk; Mz;L mjpfhuq; fisAk; gzpfisAk;
[dthp 31 Mk; ehs; jpUkjp. toq;fpAs;sJ. NkYk; ,f;FOtpw;F
n[ae;jpgl;ehaf; jiyikapy; xU r%ftpay; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fhpa
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpAs;sJ.
 ,jd; ,uz;lhtJ FO 1995
[_iyapy; Kidth; jpUkjp gzpfs; (function)
Nkhfpdp fphp mth;fs; jiyikapy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpd;tUk; gzpfis
mikf;fg;gl;lJ ,f;FO Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
 murpayikg;igAk; kw;Wk; gpw
rl;lq;fspd; fPo; ngz;fSf;F

Page 1
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;

 toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;G
me;jkhd; nfhy;fj;jh
mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;jy;.
epf;Nfhgh; cah;ePjpkd;wk;
 1978Mk; Mz;L I.eh. rig cyf
jPTfs;
ngz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ.
rz;bfh; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
 ,j;jifa ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fspd;
mhpahdh
nray;ghL Fwpj;J kj;jpa muRf;F
cah;ej
P pkd;wk;
Mz;Lf;nfhU KiwNah my;yJ
jhjh; ehfh; Kk;ig cah;ePjpkd;wk;
Njitg;gLk; NghNjh mwpf;if
`Ntyp
mspj;jy;.
yl;rj;jPTfs; Nfush cah;ej
P pkd;wk;
 ngz;fspd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;J
ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id
-tjw;fhf ,g;ghJfhg;G
cah;ej
P pkd;wk;
mk;rq;fis NkYk; ed;Kiwapy;
rl;lq;fis mkyhf;fhky;
eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;F
,Uj;jy;.
Njitahd ghpe;Jiufs;
 ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLik
mt;twpf;ifapy; $Wjy;
-fis Fiwg;gijAk; ngz;fspd;
 murpayikg;Gk; kw;Wk; gpw
eytho;tpid cWjp nra;tijAk;
rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpjpfisAk; kW
ngz;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;F
Ma;T nra;J mtw;wpd; kPjhd
-tijAk; Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l
jpUj;jq;fis ghpe;Jiuj;jy;.
nfhs;if KbTfs; topfhl;Ljy;
 ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd
-fisAk; mwpTiufisAk;
murpayikg;G tpjpfisNah
gpd;gw;whky; ,Uj;jy;.
my;yJ gpw rl;lq;fis kPWtJ
 ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd nfhLikfs;
njhlh;ghd tof;Ffis
kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; Nghd;w
rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhhpfNshL
gpur;ridfSf;F rpwg;G tprhuiz
,ize;J vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;
kw;Wk; Ma;T Mfpatw;iw
gpd;tUgit njhlh;ghd NfhUjy; NkYk; mtw;Wf;fhd
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis ftdpj;jy; fhuzq;fis fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw
 ngz;fspd; chpikia gwpj;jy; rhp nra;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis
 ngz;fSf;F ghJfhg;G toq;Fjy; ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;.
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Nkk;ghL Mfpa  ngz;fs; midj;J JiwfspYk;
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; ,aw;wg;gl;l gpuepjpj;Jtk; ngwTk; mth;fSf;F
Page 2
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;;

,ilA+whf ,Ug;gtw;iw fz;lwpa ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;

-Tk; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy;
 ,e;jpahtpy; rkPgj;jpa fhyq;fspy;
MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F NfL tpis
eilngw;W tUk; ngz;fSf;F
-tpf;ff;$batw;iw Fiwf;fTk;
vjpuhd td;nfhLikfs;>
ngz;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
Ruz;ly;fs; kw;Wk; mePjpfis
Nkk;gLj;jTk; Njitahd Nkk;ghL
fisa ngz;fSf;F mjpfhu
kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
-kspj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
Nkk;gLj;jTk; Njitahd Nkk;ghL
kw;Wk; fy;tp Muha;r;rpfis
ngz;fspd; jw;Nghija epiy
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
 ghypd tsh;r;rpf; FwpaPL (Gender
 xU khepy my;yJ A+dpad;
Developmental Index )
gpuNjrj;jpy; ngz;fs;
 GDI apd; ,e;jpahtpd; juk;
tsh;r;rpiaAk; Nkk;ghl;ilAk;
kjpg;gPL nra;jy;  MMR
 ngz;fs; ifjpfshf itf;fg;
 ,ij 2015f;Fs; Mf
-gl;Ls;s ,lq;fis Ma;T nra;J
Fiwj;jy;
Njitg;gl;lhy; vLf;fg;glNtz;ba
 IMR = (2012)
jPhT
; eltbf;iffis rk;ge;jg;gl;l
mjpfhhpfSld;,ize;J vLj;jy;.  Mz; =
 ngz;fspd; mikg;ig ghjpf;ff;
 ngz; =
$ba tptfhuq;fis cs;slf;fpa
epjp tptfhuq;fis ftdpj;jy;. ghypd tpfpjk;
 ngz;fs; gw;wpAk; mth;fSf;Fz;  ,e;jpah ; Nfush ;
-lhd f\;lq;fis gw;wpAk; muRf;F
mwpf;ifaspj;jy;. jkpo;ehL =

 kj;jpa murhy; ,f;FOtpw;F

Foe;ijfs; gpwg;G tpfpjk; (Child sex
mDg;gg;gLk; kw;w tptfhuq;fis
ration )
ftdpj;jy;
 ,e;jpah

Page 3
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;

ngz;fs; mjpfhukspj;jYf;fhd  r%f cjtpj;jpl;lk;

topKiwfs;  kw;w jpl;lq;fs;
murpay; topfs; :
 murpay; fl;rpfspy; ngUk; gjtpfs; kj;jpa murpd; ngz;fSf;fhd cly;
 73>74 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jg;gb eyj;jpl;lq;fs;;
cs;shl;rpfspy; 33 % ,lxJf;fPL [ddp Ruf;\h Nah[dh 2005
 ghJfhg;ghd gpurtj;ij
nghUshju top Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L kUj;Jt
 njhopw;fy;tp -kidfspy; gpurtk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
 njhopy; KidNth;f;F thpr;rYif> tWikNfhl;bw;F fPNo thOk;
epjp cjtpaspj;jy; ngz;fSf;F Cf;fj;njhif.
 rkNtiyf;F> rkCjpak; mspj;jy;  ASHA vd;Dk; kUj;Jt eyg;
 11 Ie;jhz;L jpl;lg;gb> murpd; gzpahsh; cjTth;.
midj;J jpl;lq;fspy; 33% Ngh;  IMR & MMR tPjj;ij Fiwg;gJ
ngz;fsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; Nehf;fk;.

rKjha top : fhg;gpzpg; ngz;fs; kw;Wk;

 xNu khjhpahd rptpy; Kiwia Foe;ijfspd; eyd; - 2005
ehL KOtJk; (Reprodeative & Child Health
 ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd Ruz;liy (ROH))
jLf;f rl;lkpw;Wjy; Nehf;fk; :
 ngz;Zhpik kPWgth;fis  IMR & MMR tPjj;ij Fiwj;jy;
rl;lg;gb jz;bj;jy;.  KO nrOikf;fhyk;

kpy;ypdpak; tsh;r;rp fzf;F -2000

ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jypy;
 Njrpa kf;fs; njhiff; nfhs;if
murpd; gq;F
,tw;iw epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L
 kj;jpa - khepy muRfs;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
ngz;fSf;fhd
 cly; eyk;
jkpof murpd; cly; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
 fy;tp
 rj;ah mk;ikahh; epidT muR
 nghUshjhuj; jpl;lk;
mehijfSf;fhd jpl;lk;.
Page 4
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;;

 Mjutw;w Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr SABLA jpl;lk; 2010

czT> cil> ciwtplk; kw;Wk;  ,uh[Pt; fhe;jp tsUk; ngz;fs;
kUj;Jt trjp ,sk; gUtj;jpdw;fhd jpl;lk;.
 lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkpnul;b epidT  taJ (11-18 )
kfg;Ngw cjtpj;jpl;lk; 1989  Cl;lr;rj;J mspj;jy; kw;Wk; cly;
 tWikf;Nfhl;bw;Ff; fPo; thOk; eyj;ij NgZjy;
fh;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;f epjp cjtp.
 mq;fd;thb ikak;
,sk; gUtj;jpdUf;fhd Cl;lr;rj;J
jpl;lk; (2002 -2003) (Nutritional Prog.
kj;jpa murpd; ngz;fs; fy;tpf;fhd
for Adolescent (circle )
jpl;lq;fs;
 Cl;lrj;J Fiwthd ,sk;
 SSA - 2001 (End of the 9th five
ngz;fSf;fhd khje;NjhWk; 6
year plane)
fpNyh jhdpak;
 86 - A act 2002 d;gb 6 to 14
taJs;s Foe;ijfSf;F
fl;lhaf;fy;tp Indira Gandhi Matirtva Sahyog
yojana (IMSY)
 ngz;Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;nfd
 fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; ghY}l;Lk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jpl;lk;
jha;khh;fSf;fhd gzk; toq;Fk;
 ngz; Foe;ijfspd; njhlf;f jpl;lk;
fy;tpf;fhd Njrpa jpl;lk;  Ntiy mspg;gpw;fhd $yp
 kfpsh rkf;ah jpl;lk; jUj;jy;.
 f];J}hpgh fhe;jp gtpf;fh  &. 4000 - 3 jtizfspy;
tpj;ahyah
NgWfhy tpLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1961
 gzpGhpAk; ngz;fSf;fhd 6
kfpsh rkf;ah jpl;lk; 1989
khjfhyk; topKiw $ba rk;gsk;.
 Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd;
,yf;Ffis epiwNtw;Wk; f];J}hpgh fhe;jp gypf;fh tpj;ahyah
nghUl;L ,sk; gUtj;jpdUf;fhd jpl;lk;
Cl;lr;rj;Jmq;fd;thb ikaq;fs;  eLepiyf; fy;tp tiu gapYk; ngz;
%yk; Cl;lr;rj;J. jw;NghJ rhg;yh Foe;ijfSf;F tpLjpAld; $ba
jpl;lk; (SABLA) vd;gh;. fy;tp epWtdq;fs; mikj;jth;.
Page 5
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;

jkpof murpd; eltbf;iffs; ];tak; rpj;jh (2001)

 nghpahh; <.nt.uh. ehfk;ik jpl;lk;  SHG - %yk; ngz;fs; njhopy;

(1989) njhlq;f top

 ngz; Foe;ijf;fhd ,ytr fy;tp  ,e;jpuh kfpsh Nah[dh vdTk;

toq;Fk; jpl;lk;. ,j;jpl;lk; toq;fg;gLk;.

 ,ilepw;wiy Fiwj;jy;
 ,isepiy fy;Y}hp gbg;G tiu jdy\;kp - 2008 (Conditional

ngz;fSf;Ffhdf; fy;tp Cashtranifer)

 8k; tFg;G tiu gapYk;
,e;jpa murpd; ngz;fSf;fhd ngz;fSf;F epjpajtp
nghUshjhu jpl;lq;fs;
 Encourage the family to educate girl
1. ];thyk;gd; - 1982
child and present the child.
 Ntiytha;g;ig ngwTk;>
RaNtiytha;ig cUthf;fpf;
Rashtriya mahila Kosh (National
nfhs;sTk; gapw;rpaspf;Fk; jpl;lk;.
creadit find for women)
 FW epjpNritfs; toq;Fjy;.
Rtrf;jp jpl;lk; (1988)
 Cuf kfsph; Nkk;ghl;L Gender Budgiting - 2004
jpl;lq;fSf;F epjpAjtp  ehl;by; nra;ag;gLk; xt;nthU
tsq;fis> kfsph; vspjhf nrytPdj;jpYk; Fwpg;gpl;lj;
gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L njhifia ngz;fSf;fhf nryT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tl;bapy;yh fld; toq;Fjy;
 midj;J JiwfspYk;
 (STEPW 2003 -2004)
ngz;fSf;fhd ts xJf;fPL
 Support to traning employments
nra;tjw;F Gender Budgeting
progammes sex human
cjTk;
 vl;L tpjkhd Jiwfspy;
ngz;fspd; mwpit tsh;f;fTk;>
f];jphp rf;jp Gu];fh;
jpwikfis ntspf;nfhsuTk;
 r%f tsh;r;rp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;
gapw;rp.
ngz;fspd; rhjidfis

Page 6
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;;

mq;fPhpf;Fk; nghUl;L tpUJfis  2 ngz; Foe;ij ,Ug;gpd; & 15200

toq;FfpwJ. toq;Fjy;;.
 Njtp mfy;ah gha; tpUJ
Nehf;fk;
 fz;zfp tpUJ
 FLk;g eyj;jpl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;
 khjh [P[hgha; tpUJ
 ngz;fy;tp
 uhzp n[apd; nld;N[h n[fhq;
 ngz; rpRf;nfhiyia xopj;jy;.
tpUJ
 uhzp yl;Rkp gha; tpUJ
,e;jpa murpd; ngz;fSf;fhd r%f
 ukh Njtp tpUJ
cjtpj;jpl;lq;fs;
 gzpGhpAk; ngz;fSf;fhd tpLjp
,e;jpa murpd; kw;w jpl;lq;fs;
1972
 et[j; rpR Ruf;\ fhh;ahfpuhk; 2009
 uh\;bhpa kfpsh Nfh\; 1993
 IMR , MMR tPjj;ij Fiwj;jy;
 ngz;fSf;fhd Njrpa epjp cjtpj;
 Rfhjhu epiyaq;fspy; gzpGhpfpw
jpl;lk;
-th;fSf;F rpwg;G gapw;rp
 ,J fld; toq;fk; Kjyhspfspd;
mspg;gjd; %yk; ngz;fSf;F
Ruz;ly; fspypUe;J ngz;fis
cly; ey ghJfhg;ig cWjp
ghJfhf;fpwJ.
nra;Ak;.
 ngz;fspd; vOj;jwpit
mjpfhpg;gNj mjd; Nehf;fk;.
ghujpa kfpsh tq;fp 2013
 11tJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy; nkhj;j
 2013k; Mz;L gl;n[l;by;
kf;fs; njhifapy; 80%
mwptpg;G
vOj;jwpit miltNj ,yf;F
 1000 Nfhb KjyPL
 ngz;fSf;fhd tq;fp
jkpof murpd; ngz;fSf;fhd r%f

jkpof murpd; ngz;fSf;fhd cjtpj;jpl;lq;fs;

nghUshjhu jpl;lq;fs;  kfsph; jpl;lk; 1997-98

 rptfhkp mk;ikahh; epidT ngz;  jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk;

Foe;ij ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1992  kq;fs khiy jpl;lk;
 xU ngz; Foe;ij ,Ug;gpd; &
22000

Page 7
 ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;

 %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;khs;  Njhl;lj; njhopy; rl;lk; 1951

epidT jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk;
1989
 <.nt.uh. kzpak;ik epidT Vio
tpjitg; ngz;fps;d
cjtpj; jpl;lk; 1981
 rj;jpathzp Kj;J mk;ikahh;
epidT ,ytr ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
 njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk; 1992
 tpjitfs; epjpAjtp jpl;lk;
murpd; jw;Nghija eltbf;iffs;
 ngz;fs; ,lxJf;fPl;L
2012
 108 rl;lj;jpUj;j kNrhjh gb
 ehlhSkd;wk;
rl;lg;Nguitapy; 33.3%
ngz;fSf;F ,lxJf;fPL
 efh;kd;wq;fspy; 50 %
 Ruq;fr; rl;lk; 1952
 NgUfhy cjtp rl;lk; 1961
 1976 rkCjpar; rl;lk;
jpUkz  kfsph; fhty; epiyak; 1992
 jkpof ngz;fs; Mizak; 1993
 Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizak; - 1992
cyf ngz;fs; khehL
 nkf;]pNfh - 1975
 nld;khh;f; - 1980
 nfd;ah - 1985
 rPdh - 1995
kNrhjh
SAARC
 ngz;fs; Mz;L - 1978
kw;Wk;  rh;tNjr ngz;fs; jpdk; - khh;r; 8
 Foe;ijfs; Mz;L - 1979
 ngz; Foe;ij Mz;L 1990
 SAARC Decade of the will child -
1991 - 2000

ngz; rpR nfhiyia vjph;j;J

 ngz;fs; : ,af;fk; %yk;
tpopg;Gzh;T jj;J vLg;gjdhy;
fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfis
vLj;Jiuj;jy;.

gzpGhpAk; ngz;fspd; eyd; fhf;f -

rl;lq;fs;
 njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; 1948

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