United Nations Office for Project Services

Afghanistan Rural Rehabilitation Programme

UNOPS-KABUL
Engineering section

PARACTICAL DESIGN OF CULVERT & BRIDGES

R.C.C Slab Culvert
R.C.C Bridge,
R.C.C Foot Bridge,
R.C.C & Steel Composite Bridge
Suspension Bridge

Prepared By: Eng. Sayed Khan Ahmadzai

UNOPS-Kabul

Design of culvert
10/Aug/2002

1
 R.C.C CULVERT
Data Collected from Project site:

Cross Section of culvert site.

Clear Span = 7.50m
Wash slope = 0.029 1n 100 m
Live Load = Hs20 = 20 m.ton

Assume:

Thickness of Slab =50cm

Thickness of wearing coat =7cm
Clear Width of culvert =5.0m

Data from R.C.C books:

fc (Compressive Strength of Concrete ) =210kg/Sqm

fs (yield or proof strength of steel) =2800kg/Sqm
Specific unit weight of R.C.C =2400kg/Sqm
Allowable strength of concrete fc’ =0.4*210=84kg/Sqm
Allowable strength of steel fs’ =0.5*2800=1400kg/Sqm

Design Process:

Hydraulic Calculations:

Fig.1

1-Total wetted cross section area A= 26.265 Sqm

2-Total wetted perimeter P=24.869m
3-Hydraulic radius R=A/P=26.265/24.869=1.056m

4-Velocity of water in wash stream V=1/n*S0.5*R2/3

Where:
S=Slope of wash bed
n=coefficient of roughness=0.03

V=1/0.03*0.0291/2*1.0562/3=5.88m/sec

5- Discharge: Q=A*V Q=26.265*5.88=154.4cum/sec

6- Scour depth: D.scour=0.475(Q/f)1/3

2
 Where :

f=lacey silt factor=0.9

D. scour=0.475(154.4/0.9)1/3=2.63m below the H.F.L

Max.Scour depth=1.50*D.scour=1.50*2.36=3.94m

7- Average Max.F.L = (1.20+0.74+2.14+2.33+2.33+0.87)/6=1.60m

Therefore:
Scour depth under river bed=3.94-1.60=2.35m
Vertical Clearance above from H.F.L=60cm

Slab Design of culvert:

Effective span of slab= 1.05*7.50=7.875m
Bearing of slab on each support=30cm
Therefore: L=Effective span=7.50+0.30+0.30=8.10m

Dead load:

fig.2

Self weight of slab = 0.50*2.40 = 1.20 Ton/m

Weight of wearing coat = 0.07*2.10 = 0.147Ton/m
q = Total dead load = 1.347Ton/m

Dead load bending moment:

B.M. Dead load = q*L2/8= 1.34*8.102/8=11.047 Ton-m

fig.2
Live load bending moment:

fig.3

B .M. live. load=P*Leff./4

Where:
P=Load on each rear tire of vehicle/E
E=1.22+0.06*Leff.=1.22+0.06*8.10=1.706m
Load on each rear tire of vehicle =7.25 ton
P=7.25/1.706=4.24 ton/m

B.M. live .load= P*Lefc./4= 4.25*8.10/4=8.606 Ton-m

Impact Factor, If =15/Lefc.+38=0.33

Iefc.>0.30 , Therefore: Impact Moment=8.606*0.33=2.64 ton-m

Total B.M.= B.M. Dead load + B.M. live load +B.M. Imp.=11.05+8.606+2.84=22.50 ton-m

r=fs’/fc’=1400/84=16.70 k=n/n +r=10/10+16.70=0.37

fc=210kg/Sqm<275kg//Sqm therefore: n=10

3
 j=1-k/3=1-0.37/3=0.876

Slab thickness :d min.=(2*T.B.M./fs’*k*j*b)1/2=(2*22.50*105/84*0.37*0.876*100)1/2=40.65cm

D real=50-(5-2.50/2)=43.75cm, Where:
Thick. of slab=50cm, Protection. layer=5cm, d steel bar =25mm to be used

Area of Steel bars in 100cm 0f slab:

As=Total B.M./fs’*j*d=22.50*105/1400*0.876*43.75=41.93cm2
#9 dia. 25mm in 100cm of slab

Longitudinal or distribution steel bars in 100cm of slab:

As=0.55/(L effect .)1/2 * As main steel bars When the main steel bars is parallel to the
Line of traffic
As=1.20/(L effect.)1/2 *As main s.b, When the main steel bars is right angle to the
Line of traffic

As=0.55/(8.10)1/2*A main steel bars=0.20*41.93=8.36Sqm ,

Hence provide # 8 dia.12 @ 13cm center to center

Design of Curb or Kerb:

Fig.4

Dead load: -Weight of kerb=0.40+0.50/2 *0.75*2.40=0.81 ton/m

Live load Hs20=20 ton , Load on each rear tire=7.25ton

B.M. dead load =q*Leff.2/8=0.81*8.102/8=6.64 ton-m
B.M. live load = 0.10*7.25*8.10=5.87 ton-m
Total B.M.=6.64+5.87=12.51 ton-m

Area of steel for curb:

As=T.B.M./fs’*j*d=12.51*105/1400*0.876*75=13.60 Sqm
#4 dia. 25mm in 50cm , also provide #2 dia 25mm in the top of curb.

Check for shear:

Dead Load shear:

Fig.5
Shear Force:
MB=0, RA*8.10-q*8.12/2 RA=(1.347*8.12/2)/8.10=5.45 ton , RA=RB=5.45 t

4
Live load shear force:

Fig.6

MB=0, RA*8.10-7.25*3.85 RA=10.70 ton

Total Shear Force (Q)=5.45=10.70=16.15 ton

Allowable shear stress: V’=0.03*210=6.30 kg/Sqm

Real shear stress : V=Q/b*j*d=16.15*103/100*0.875*43.75=4.21 kg/Sqm

Real shear stress =4.21kgsqm<6.30 kg/ Sqm , Hence safe against shear force

Check for bond shear stress:

Real bond shear stress : V bond=Q/∑0*j*d , Where: ∑0= # of unbent steel bars *Perimeter of bar
Here: From 9 steel bars , 3 bars is unbent in 100 cm
∑0 = 3*pai*2.25 = 3*3.14*2.25 = 23.55
Real bond stress = 16.15*103/23.55*0.87*43.75 = 18kg/Sqm
Allowable shear stress = 0.1*fc = 0.1*210 = 21kg/Sqm
Therefore:
Real shear stress=18kg/Sqm<Allowable shear stress=21kg/Sqm
Hence safe against bond shear stress

Dimensions of Abutment and Wing walls(for culvert):

Max. Pressure on soil Dimension Value in m for height of meter

ton/Sqm
1.50 2.0 2.50 3.00 3.50
20 A 0.75 0.90 1.20 1.65 2.60
20 B 0.20 0.30 0.45 0.65 1.06
20 C 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
40 A 0.30 0.45 0.55 0.75 0.90
40 B 0.20 0.30 0.45 0.65 0.85
40 C 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Wing Walls:
1-Length of wing wall 1.50-2.0m times the height of abutment:
L=(1.50 or 2.0)H
2- The width of the wing wall at the base should be from 0.35H to 0.40H
where: H is height of wing wall.

5
 R.C.C BRIDGE
Selection of Bridge site:

1- Suitable foundation
2- Straight line
3- Firm and well defined bank
4- Stream line flow
5- Minimum width
6- Right angle crossing

Bridge and Culvert :

1- Span of bridge form 3 to 7.5 m, made form R.C.C slab.

2- Span of bridge 7.5 to 12 m, made form R.C.C beam and slab.
3- Span of bridge more than 12 to 28 m, made form iron beam and R.C.C pre-cast
slab.
4- Span more than 28 to 40 m, made form R.C.C pre-cast beam.

Diaphragm:

Location of diaphragm:

1- Up to 12 m span, two diaphragm in each end of beam.

2- Span from 12 to 15 m, 3 diaphragms, two in each end and one in the middle of
span.
3- Span more than 15 m , after each (span/3) one diaphragm.

Depth of Tee beam: Depth of Rectangular beam:

1- For light loading :span/15 to 20. 1- For span up to 10 m : Span/20

2- For medium loading : span/12 to 15. 2- For span longer than 10 m: Span/12
3- For heavy loading :span/12

Vertical clearance above H.F.L:

Discharge cum/sec Min .vertical clearance (mm)

Below 0.30 cum/sec 150

0.30 up to 3.0 cum/sec 450
3.10 to 30.00 cum/sec 600
31.00 to 300.00 cum/sec 900
301.00 to 3000.00 cum/sec 1200
Over 3000.00 cum/sec 1500

Hydraulic Calculation:

Cross section of bridge site:

Hydraulic calculation for bridge the same as for culvert , (see the hydraulic calculation for culvert)

6
Design of R.C.C Bridge:

Example: Clear span according to the site = 14m

Width of the bridge with curbs = 5m
Width of curb = 0.60m
Width of beam = 0.40m
Depth of beam = (span/17) = 0.80m
Live load = Hs20
Thickness of slab (assume) = 0.20m
Thickness of wearing coat = 0.07m

Design of slab:

Weight of slab = 0.20*2.40*= 0.48 ton

Weight of wearing coat = 0.07*2.20 = 0.154 ton
Total weight (q) = 0.48+0.154 = 0.634 ton

B.M. for dead load = q*l2/8 = 0.634*1.072/10 = 0.073 ton-m

Fig.7

B.M. for live load = (0.80*1.64*l+1/16) P20 = (0.80*1.64*1.07+1/16) 7.25 = 0.998 ton-m

Impact factor = 15/span+38 = 15/14+38 = 0.30

B.M. Impact = 0.30*0.998 = 0.299 ton-m

Total B.M. = 0.072+0.998+0.299 = 1.369 ton-m

Area of steel bars:

fc” = 100 kg/cm2 fs”= 1400 kg/cm2 j = 0.86 k = 0.42

Min.depth of slab = (2*B.M/fc”* k * j * b)0.50
= (2*1.369*105/100*0.42*0.86*100)0.50 = 8.70 cm
Real depth of slab = (20-5+1.60/2) = 14.20 cm use dia of 16 mm bar with
5cm protection layer in 2 faces of slab
Therefore real depth = 14.20 cm > Min depth = 8.70 cm O.K.

As = B.M/fs” * j * d = 1.396 * 105/1400 * 0.86 * 14.20 = 8.16 cm2

Spacing of steel bars in 1m of slab = 100*2.009/8.16 = 24.6 cm say 20 cm c/c
Use # 5 dia 16 mm bars @ 20 cm center to center (As = 10.048 cm2)

Distribution or longitudinal steel bars:

As = (120/(L)0.5 ) /100 = (120/1.070.5)/100 = 1.16 > 0.67 therefore :

7
 As = 0.67 * 10 .048 = 6.73 cm2
Spacing = 100 * 1.13/6.73 = 17 cm center to center, Use # 7 dia 12mm @ 17 cm
center to center.

Design of Interior beam:

Effective length of beam = 14+.06 = 14.60 m

Dead load:

Weight of slab on beam = 1.47* 0.20* 2.40 = 0.735 m.ton

Weight of wearing coat = 1.47* 0.07* 2.20 = 0.226 m.ton
Self load of beam = 0.80* 0.40* 2.50 = 0.80 m.ton

Total load (q) = 1.76 M.Ton

B. Moment of dead load: B.M = q* span2/8 = 1.76* 14.62/8 = 46.89 Ton-m

B. Moment for live load:

Distribution of Wheel load on longitudinal beam = Span1/1.89 for one line of traffic.
Where: Span1 is center to center distance between two beams, and 1.89 is constant
Therefore : Distrib. wheel load on long. beam = 1.47/1.89 = 0.742

Exerted load from rear tire of vehicle = 7.25* 0.742 = 5.379 Ton
Exerted load from front tire of vehicle = 3.625/2 = 1.82 * 0.742 = 1.345 Ton
Where: 3.625 ton is load on front wheel of vehicle .

Fig.8 & 9

8
 Total Mr = 0 = -Rl*14.60 .+ 5.38*10.84 + 1.345*2.34 + 5.38*6.59 = 6.638 ton-m
Threfore Rl = 6.638 ton-m.

y2/8.01 = 6.59/14.60 y2 = 3.615 y1/6.59 = 3.76/14.60 y1 = 1.697

y3/8.01 = 2.34/14.60 y3 = 1.284

Max.B.Moment = 3.615*5.38 + 1.697*5.38 +1.284*1.345 = 30.305 ton-m

Impact factor = 15/14.60+38 = 0.285

Impact Moment = 0.285* Max.B.M. = 0.285*30.305 = 8.637 ton-m

Total B.M. in the middle of span = Mdead load+Max.B.M+ M.impact

= 46.895+30.305+8.637 = 85.837 ton-m

Shear stress:

Shear of dead load: q = 1.76 ton/m

RA = Qmax = 1.76*14.60/2 = 12.848 ton

Fig.10

Shear of live load:

Fig.11

MA = -RB* 14.60+ 7.25*14.60+ 5.38*10.35+ 1.34*6.10 = 0

RB = 11.626
Qmax = RB = 11.626 ton RA = 2.349 ton

Shear of Impact :

Impact factor = 0.285 Qmax. imp. = 0.265* Qmax.live load = 0.285*11.626 = 3.31 ton

Total shear force = 12.848 + 11.626 + 3.31 = 27.784 ton

Effective depth of beam = 100- 3.60*3/2 –3.6-5 = 86 cm where:

Space between each row of steel bars dia of bar = 36 mm = 3.60cm , total # of rows is = 3,
Protection layer = 5 cm

Area of steel bars in beam:

As = B.M/fs”*(deff.-t/2) *j = 85.796 105/1400(86-20/2) 0.86 = 97.762 cm2

Where : (t ) is thickness of slab

AS = 97.762 therefore : # 10 dia 36 (As = 101.80 cm2)

9
 Check the section of beam:

P = As/b*d = 101.80/147 * 86 =0.0052

P*n = 0.0052 * 10 = 0.052 t/d = 20/86 =0.232
1/2p*n = 1/2 * 0.0052*10 = 9.60 j = 6-6t/d+2(t/d)2+(t/d)3* (1/2pn) =
j = 0.825 6-3t/d

k = n*p +1/2(t/d)2 = 10* 0.0052+ ½(20/86)2 = 0.28

n*p + t/d 10*0.0052+20/86
Therefore : As1 = M/fs”*j * d = 85.796 *105/1400 * 0.825 *86 = 86.37cm2
As = 101.80< As1 = 86.37 cm2 therefore the section is O.K

Area of steel bars for shear force:

Shear stress = V= Qmax/b*j*d = 27.784*103/40* 86 * 0.825 = 9.79 kg/cm2

Allowable shear stress = 0.03 * 250 = 7.50 fc = 250 kg/cm2

Mark of concrete = 250 kg/cm2 T.c= Tensile shear strength of concrete = 20.0
S = 2.2 (coefficient of safety)

Allowable shear stress (V’) = Tc/S = 20/2.2 = 9.09

V= 9.79 > V’= 9.09 Therefore, need for shear steel bars
From other hand : V = 9.79 < Tc= 20, There fore no need to change the section of the
beam.

Now determine the distance from where shear steel bars required:

Lx = (V-V’/V’)*Span/2 = (9.79-9.09/9.09)*14.6/2 = 0.56m = 56 cm

Resultant shear stress:R = 0.50(V+V’) B*Lx = 0.50(9.79+9.09) 40* 56 = 21145 kg
R = 21245kg = 21.145 ton

We will use stirrup dia 10 mm in the spacing of 10 cm , in the distance of 56 cm

No of stirrups (Ns) = 56/10 = 5.6 , say 6 stirrups. m = 2 where (m) is number of stirrup
arms.
Shear force to support by stirrups Ts = Ns * m * Qp/ S where :
Qp = plasticity limit of steel bars = 2500 kg/cm2 , and S=2.2 (coeff. of safety)

Ts = (6*2) *2500/2.2 = 13636.36 kg = 13.636 ton

Shear stress to support by stirrups Vs = m*As.s*Qp/ Spacing*b =2*0.785*2500/10*40= 9.813 kg/cm2

Shear stress to support by main bent steel bars: Tm. bar = 0.80 R-Ts = 0.8*21.145- 13.636= 3.28 ton
Therefore from the table of steel bars strength the dia of 36 mm has strength =18897
kg/cm2 hence no need to bent the main steel bars, however one main bar will be bent up.

Note : If the depth of the beam exceed 60cm skin reinforcement on both faces ob web or beam in
the form of Longitudinal bars (min 12 mm bars spacing not more than 20 cm should be
provided. Such reinforcement on each face should be at lest 0.05% of cross section area.

10
Fig 12

11
Design of masonry abutment for bridge:

Normal scour depth:

Dscour = 0.473(Q/f)1/3 where: Q is max .river discharge or quantity of river flow

(f ) is lacy’s silt factor

Table of Silt factor(f):

Type of bed soil f Size of particles mm

Very fine soil 0.40 0.052
Fine silt 0.60 0.120
Medium silt 0.85 0.233
Medium sand 1.25 0.505
Coarse sand 1.50 0.725
Standard silt 1.00 0.323
Heavy sand 2.00 1.290

When the width of stream abstracted by abutment or pier than the scour depth :
D’scour = D (W/Labst.)2/3 , where: W is normal width of river and Labst. is length of
abstracted water way.
Dscour .max.= (1.50 to 2.0) D scour

Design Example:

Data:

Type of river bed soil : Medium silt

River discharge (Q) = V * A = 300.00 cum/sec

Assume V = 2.5 m/sec, and Cross section Area (A) = 120.00 m2

Supper structure : T- Beam and slab one lane bridge of clear span 14m

Loading : HS20

Backfill : Gravel with angle of repose φ = 400 , w = 1.80 ton/m3

Angle of internal friction of soil on masonry β= z =200

Angle of abutment slop with ground level θ = 108.160

Angle of backfill soil with ground level α = s = 0

Solution:
Normal scour depth = 0.473(Q/f)1/3 = 0.473(300/0.85)1/3 = 3.34 m.
Max. Scour depth = 1.5 * 3.34 = 5.01 m below the average height of flood level.
(see scour depth calculation in culvert).

Dead load from supper struture:

Load from beam = (0.80 * 0.40 * 14/2 * 2.40)4 = 21.504 ton
Load from slab = (0.20 * 5.00 * 14/2 * 2.40)1 = 16.80 ton
Load from curb = (0.55 * 0.25 * 14/2 * 2.40)2 = 4.62 ton
Load from wearing coat = (0.07 * 3.80 * 14/2 * 2.20)1 = 4.09 ton
Total Dead load = 47.02 ton

Live load from two rear tire of vehicle = 15 ton

Total dead load and live load = 62.02 ton
Load per m width of abutment = 62.02/5 = 12.404 ton/m

12
 Assume Preliminary dimension of abutment :

Fig.13

Width of abutment in foundation = 250 cm , Height of abutment = 300 cm

Top width of abutment = 120 cm

Self weight of abutment per m length W= w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + Pearth V =

= (0.60 * 3.0) 2.20 + (0.60 * 4.40) 2.20 + (½ 1.30 * 3.0) 2.20 + (0.70 * 0.40) 2.2 + (2.50 *
2.50) *2.20 = 3.96+ 5.808 + 4.29 + 0.616 + 13.75 + 0.962= 29.38 ton/m.
Total vertical forces per meter length of abutment = 12.404 + 29.38 = 41.78 ton/m

Longitudinal forces:
a. Force due to attractive effort = 0.20 * HS20 load = 0.20 * 20 = 4.0 ton
Force per meter length of abutment = 4.0 /5 = 0.80 ton
b. Force due to temperature variation = 0.15 * total load per meter width of
abutment = 0.15 * 12.404 = 1.861 ton.
Total longitudinal forces = 0.80 + 1.861 = 2.66 ton, this force act at the bearing level.

Earth pressure :

P= ½ w * h2( cos θ * sin (θ – φ)) 2

= ½ 1.80*4.4 (cos 108.16 * sin(108.16-40) =
( sin (θ + β)) + ( sin (φ+β) * sin (φ-α) (sin(108.16+20))1/2 + sin (40+20)1/2 * sin(40)1/2
1/2 1/2

P = 3.086 ton/m
 Horizontal component of (P) = 3.086 * Cos(108.16-90) = 2.932 ton/m
 Vertical component of (P) = 3.086 Sin(108.16-90) = 0.962 ton/m
Height above base of center of pressure = 0.42 * 4.40 = 1.85m

Fig14

13
 
Moment of vertical forces from the abutment toe:

Source Force Total Arm (m) Stab.Moment

symbol ver.Force ton-m
Abutment Structure w1 3.96 0.30 1.188
Do w2 5.808 0.90 5.227
Do w3 4.29 1.63 7.007
Do w4 0.616 0.35 0.215
Do w5 13.75 1.25 17.187
Super structure ws.s 12.404 0.35 4.341
Earth Pearth.v. 0.962 1.20+2.60/3=2.5 2.405
TOTAL: 41.79 37.57

Resultant force location from point B(Toe):

Arm = Stab. Moment/vertical forces = 37.57/41.79 = 0.899 m

Moment of Horizontal forces from the abutment toe:

Source Force Symbol Total Force Arm (m) Overturning .M.

Structure Sf 2.66 3.0 7.98
Earth(backfill) Pearth H. 2.932 1.85 5.424
TOTAL: 5.592 13.404

Resultant force location from AB line:

Arm = 13.404/5.592 = 2.397 m

Check for overturning and Sliding Moment :


Overturning:
S.Foverturning = Stab.Moment/Overturning Moment = 37.57/13.404 = 2.80 >
1.50 O.K

Sliding:
S.Fsliding = V.Forces * f / H.Forces = 41.70 * 0.60 / 5.592 = 4.47
S.F sliding = 4.47 >> 1.4 Hence abutment is safe against sliding .

Check location of Resultant :


(H.F * Arm) + (-V.F * X) = 0 => (5.592 * 2.397) + ( - 41.70 * X) =>
X = 13.404/41.70 = 0.321 m
a = Arm – X = 0.899 – 0.321= 0.58 m
e = B/2 – a = 2.50/2- 0.58 = 1.25-0.58 = 0.67 m

Total downward forces = 41.79 ton/m

EXTREME STRESS = T.V.Forces/B * (1 + 6*e/B) = 41.79/2.50(1+ 6*0.67/2.50)=

= 43.59 ton/m or - 10.16 ton/m Hence both extreme stress(positive and negative ) are in
safe limit, therefore the assume dimensions of abutment are O.K

Fig15

14
Fig 16

15
 R.C.C FOOT BRIDGE
Data given:

Clear span of bridge : 18 m

Height of bridge from river bed : 4.39m
River bed elevation : 94.38
High flood level : 97.33
Clear width of bridge : 2.50 m
Live load : Camel with load
Bearing capacity of foundation soil : 32 ton/sqm
Assume slab thickness : 15 cm

Design process:

Height (depth) of beam : (span/15 to 20) for light load : 18/15 = 1.20 m
Width of the beam : 2/5 * depth = 2/5 * 1.20 = 0.48 m, assume 0.40 m

Slab design :

Dead load :
Dead load of slab : 0.15 * 2400 = 360 kg/m

Live load :
Weight of camel with load : 160 ser = 160 * 7 = 1,120 kg

Live load = 1120/1.5 = 746.70 kg/m2 , Live load = 750 kg/m2

Where: (1.5 m) distance between two legs of camel.

Fig 17

Total load (q) = Dead load + Live load = 360 + 750 = 1,110 kg/m 2
Leffect. = 1.70 * 1.05 = 1.785m

B.Mmax. = q * Leff.2/8 = 1,110 * 1.7852/8 = 442 kg-m

Area of Steel in one meter of span = A s= B.M/fs* J*d = 442 *102/1400 * 0.876 * 15 = 442*102/18396
As = 2.403 cm 2
Hence provide # 5 dia 8mm @ 20cm center to center (As = 2.51cm2 > 2.41cm2)

Design of beam:

Dead load from slab : 1,110 * span/2 = 1,110*1.70/2 = 944 kg/m

Dead load of beam : b*h*2400 = 0.40* 1.20*2400 = 960 kg/m

16
 Dead load from hand rail : 30kg/m
Total load (q) = 944.0+ 960.0+ 30.0 = 1,934.0 kg/m
Effective length of beam = 18*1.05 = 18.90 m

B.Mmax. = q*Leff.2/8 = 1,934*18.902/8 = 86,355.52 kg-m

Area of steel bars in beam:

As = B.M/fs*J*d = 86,355.52*102/1400*0876*120 = 8,635,552/147,168 = 58.80 cm2

As = 58.80cm2 , Hence provide # 12 dia 25mm bars in two rows.

Fig 18

17
 COMPOSITE (STEEL & CONCRETE ) BRIDGE

Design of composite bridge with reinforcement concrete slab and steel plate girders to cover
23 m clear span .

Given Data:

Clear span : 23 m

Width of bridge :5m

Foot path : 0.40 m

Concrete M-200

fc : 2100 kg/cm2

fy : 2800 kg/cm2

Live load : Hs20

The abutments of bridge are already existing .

Fig19

DESING OF RCC SLAB:

a. Dead Load
Dead load of slab : 0.20* 2.4 + 0.40* 0.25* 2.40 = 0.72 ton/m2
Dead of asphalt : 0.07* 2.20 = 0.15 ton/m2
Total dead load (q) : 0.87 ton/m2

Dead Load Moment :

B.Mdead load = q*L2/8 = 0.87* 1.572/8 = 0.27 ton-m

b. Live Load ;

Live Load Moment = 0.80 (1.64*L + 1) *Load on rear tyre

16
Live Load Moment = 0.80(1.64*1.57+1) * 7.25 = 1.30 ton-m
16
c. Impact Moment : 0.30 * 1.30 = 0.40 ton-m

Total Moment = 0.27 + 1.30 + 0.40 = 1.97 ton-m

18
Area of steel bars in one (m) slab:

fc* : 0.50*2800 = 1400 kg/cm2

f*steel : 0.40*2100 = 84 kg/cm2

r = fs*/fc* = 1400/84 = 16.70

n = 10 k = n/n+r = 10/10+16.70 = 0.375 J = 1- k/3 = 1- 0.375/3 = 0.875

dmin. = (2*M/fc* k*J*b)1/2 = (2*1.97*105/84*0.375*0.875*100)1/2 = 11.89 cm

Eff.depth = 20-(5+1.8/2) = 20-5.90 = 14.10 > 11.89 cm O.K
Bar to be used = 14 mm

As = M/fs* J*d = 1.97*105/1400*0.875*14 = 11.49 cm2

Hence provide # 5 dia. 18 mm (As = 12.72 cm2)

Spacing = As1*100/As = 2.545*100/12.72 = 20 cm center to center.

Longitudinal steel bars = 0.67 * 12.32 = 8.25 cm2 Hence provide # 6 dia.14 mm (As = 9.24cm2)

Spacing = 1.539*100/9.24 = 16.6 cm = 16 cm center to center.

Design of Interior steel (I ) beam:

Dead load:
Wt of (I) beam +Wt of diaphragms +Wt of angle Iron Wt of RCC slab =
(0.90*0.02*7.85) +(0.04*0.30*7.85)2 + (12*0.0054)/23 + (0.60*0.01*7.85) +
+(0.15*0.017*7.85)2 + 1.56*0.20*2.4 + 0.07 *2.20 = 1.30 ton/m2

Mdead load = q*L2/8 = 1.30*24.202/8 = 95.17 ton-m Leff.= 1.05*23.0 = 24.20

Live load Moment :

Coeff.of load distribution = Span/1.68 = 1.57/1.68 = 0.935

Fig.20

Load from the rear tire = 7.25*0.935= 6.78 ton/Sqm

Load from the front tire = 1.81*0.935 = 1.692ton/Sqm

Ra*24.20 = 1.692*15.62 +6.78*11.37 + 1.692*7.12 = 195.044/24.20 = 8.06 ton

Mmax = 8.06*12.83 – 6.78*4.25 = 74.595 ton-m

Impact factor = 15/24.20 = 0.241

Impact Moment = 0.24*74.595 = 17.98 ton-m

19
 Total Moment = 95.17 + 74.595+ 17.98 = 187.75 ton-m

Selection of Steel Section :

Moment of Inertia for composite section (Steel & concrete)

Note : To work together the RCC & steel , the span of RCC slab between two I beam will
decrease 10 times , therefore span/10 = 157/10 = 15.70

Total Area of I beam and RCC , A = A1+A2 = (15.70*20) + ((90*2) + (30*4)2) = 314
+ 420 = 734cm2

Statically Moment = A1*y1 + A2*y2 = 314*118 + 420* 49 = 57632 cm2

Center of gravity of composite section :

Y = Mstx-x /A = 57632/734 = 78.52 cm

Fig 21

Moment Of Inertia or Second Moment :

A. Moment of Inertia of steel about the x1 Axis:

Ix1 = b* h3/12(b*h3/12+4*30*472) + (b*h3/12+4*30*472)

Ix1 = 2*903/12+(30*43/12+265080)+(30*43/12+265080)
Ix1 = 121500+265240+265240 = 651,980cm4

B. Moment Inertia of Concrete section about the x2 axis:

Ix2 = b*h3/12 = 15.70*203/12 = 10466.67 cm4

C. Moment Inertia of composite section about the x0 section :

Ixo = Ix2 +A2* 29.482 + Ix1 + A1* 29.52

Ixo = 10466.67+314*869.070 + 651980 + 420*871.430 = 1301335.418 cm4

20
 Fig22

Coefficient of Strength :

Wbottom= Ixo/center of gravity from the top = 1301335.418/78.52 = 16573.30 cm 3

Wtop = Ixo/C.O.G from bottom = 1301335.418/19.48 = 66803.67 cm3

Stress:

Stress bottom δb = Total Mload/Wb = 18,775,000/16573.30 = 1132.85 kg/cm2

Stress top δ t = T.Moment/Wt = 18,775,000/66803.67 = 281.05 kg/cm2

Allowable stress for steel = fsteel = 2800/2 = 1400 kg/cm2 therefore:

Strtess b = 1132.85 kg/cm2< 1400 kg/cm2 OK

Stress t = 281.05 kg/cm2 < 1400 kg/cm2 OK

Design of fillet welding ( Design of suitable welded connection between the web and the Flange):

Size of Plate Girder : h = 90 cm , Flange size: wide= 30 cm , T= 4cm

Clear Span of bridge : 23 m

Design Process :

Horizontal shear per cm length of plate girder :

Q1 = F/I *(A*Y) , F = F1*Span/2 F1 = (Dead load + Live load) per (m)length
of girder
F1 = 1.30 + 6.78 = 8.08 ton/m, F = 8080*23/2 = 92,920 kg

Ix1 = 651.980 cm4, Y(center of gravity) = 49 cm, A = 30*4 =120cm

A*Y = 120*49 = 5,880 cm3

Q1 = 92,920/651,980*(5,880) = 838.015 kg/cm

Vertical loaded Flange (Comp. Flange) :

F1 = 8.08 ton/m = 8080 kg/m = 80.80 kg/cm

Resultant Shear (Q) :

Q = (Q12 + F1)1/2 = (838.0152 + 80.802)1/2 = 841.90 kg/cm

Welded shall be applied on both sides of the Web plate for top Flange as well as for
bottom Flange. Weld could be continuous.

Continuous weld :

Let (S) be the size of weld :

Strength of weld per cm length = 2*s*k*Pq , Where : k = coeff. = 0.7
Pq = Permissible stress = 1100 kg

21
 S = Q/2*k*Pq = 841.90/2*0.70*1100 = 0.54 cm = 5.40 mm
S = 5.4 mm < 8 mm (minimum thick.of weld) O.K
But for more safety we will take 10 mm therefore S = 1cm

Design the Butt welding (for Girder) :

Strength of the Joint = L * t * Pt

Where : L = Effective length of girder , t = Effict. Throat (0.70*S = 0.70 *1.0 = 0.70 cm)
For single (V) type butt welding = 5/8*S = 5/8*1 = 5/8 cm
Pt = permissible tensile stress = 1500 kg/cm2

Strength of the Joint = L*t*Pt = 45*5/8 *1500 = 42,187.50 kg OK

Fig23

22
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE

Data :

Data collected fro bridge site:


Clear span of bridge :270 Feet

Snow load : 25 lbs/ft2

Live load : 30 lbs/ft2

Size of various wooden components of bridge:

1. Transom : (3inch*5inch/144)* 6foot * 1 = 0.625 cuft

2. Bearer : (2" * 4"/144)* 3'-6"*4 = 0.778 cuft
3. Planks : (1.5"/12) *1'* 4'*3.5 = 1.75 cuft
4. Post : (2"*3"/144)* 4'*2 = 0.333 cuft
5. Back Stay : (2"*3"/144)* 4'-6"*2 = 0.375 cuft
6. Diagonals : (2"*3"/144)* 5'-6"* 4 = 0.91 cuft
7. Guard Rails : (2"*3"/144)*3'-6"*2 = 0.292 cuft
TOTAL = 5.0694 Cuft

Weight of wood : 50 lbs/cuft

Total weight of wood : 50*5.07 = 253.50 Lbs
Weight per running Foot of Bridge = 253.50 lbs/3.5 = 72.43 lbs/ft

Fig 24

Calculation the length of suspenders :

Suspenders are provided at (L1 = 3'-6") intervals .

Dip = Span/15 = 270/15 = 18 feet (Central dip of the main cables)

Inverted Dip = Span/60 = 270/60 = 4'-6"

Length of least suspender (assume) = 2 feet

Height of Tower = Dip + Inv.Dip + Length of least suspen. = 18' + 4'-6" + 2' = 24'-6"

Length of the suspenders can be calculated by the following formula:

Length of suspenders Y= (4d/L2)*x2
Where : d = dip L = Span of bridge x = Distance from least suspender

23
 Therefore: Total length of suspender :

Y = 4d1*x2/L2 + 4d2*x2/L2 + 2'

Y = 4/L2(d1 + d2) x2 + 2
d2 : Inverted dip

x = 3.5 ft Y1 = 4/2702 (18+4.5)* 3.52 + 2 = 2.015 ft

x = 7.00 ftt Y2 = 4/2702(18+4.5)*7.02 + 2 = 2.0605 ft
x = 10.50 ft Y3 = 0.1361 + 2 = 2.1361 ft
x = 14.00 ft Y4 = 0.242 + 2 = 2.242 ft
x = 17'-6" Y5 = 0.378 + 2 = 2.378 ft
x = 21.00ft Y6 = 0.5444 + 2 = 2.5444 ft
x = 24.50 ft Y7 = 0.741 + 2 = 2.741 ft
x = 28.00 ft Y8 = 0.9679 + 2 = 2.9679 ft
x = 31.50 ft Y9 = 1.225 + 2 = 3.225 ft
x = 35.00 ft Y10 = 1.5123 + 2 = 3.5123 ft
x = 38.50 ft Y11 = 1.8299 + 2 = 3.8299 ft
x = 42.00 ft Y12 = 2.1778 + 2 = 4.1778 ft
x = 45.50 ft Y13 = 2.5559 + 2 = 4.5559 ft
x = 49.00 ft Y14 = 2.9642 + 2 = 4.962 ft
x = 52.50 ft Y15 = 3.4028 + 2 = 5.4028 ft
x = 56.00 f Y16 = 3.8716 + 2 = 5.8716 ft
x = 59.50 ft Y17 = 4.3707 + 2 = 6.3707 ft
x = 63.00 ft Y18 = 4.90 + 2 = 6.90 ft
x = 66.50 ft Y19 = 5.4596 + 2 = 7.4596 ft
x = 70.00 ft Y20 = 6.0494 + 2 = 8.049 ft
x = 73.50 ft Y21 = 6.6694 + 2 = 8.6694 ft
x = 77.00 ft Y22 = 7.3198 + 2 = 9.3198 ft
x = 80.50 ft Y23 = 8.0003 + 2 = 10.00 ft
x = 84.00 ft Y24 = 8.7111 + 2 = 10.7111 ft
x = 87.50 ft Y25 = 9.4522 + 2 = 11.4522 ft
x = 91.00 ft Y26 = 10.2235 + 2 = 12.2235 ft
x = 94.50 ft Y27 = 11.025 + 2 = 13.025 ft
x = 98.00 ft Y28 = 11.568 + 2 = 13.8568ft
x = 101.50 ft Y29 = 12.7188 + 2 = 14.7188 ft
x = 105.00 ft Y30 = 13.6111 + 2 = 15.6111 ft
x = 108.50 ft Y31 = 14.5336 + 2 = 16.5336 ft
x = 112.00 ft Y32 = 15.4864 + 2 = 17.4864 ft
x = 115.50 ft Y33 = 16.4694 + 2 = 18.4694 ft
x = 119.00 ft Y34 = 17.4827 + 2 = 19.4827 ft
x = 122.50 ft Y35 = 18.5262 + 2 = 20.5262 ft
x = 126.00 ft Y36 = 19.60 + 2 = 21.60 ft
x = 129.50 ft Y37 = 20.7040 + 2 = 22.7040 ft
x = 133.00 ft Y38 = 21.8383 + 2 = 23.8383 ft
x = 136.50 ft Y39 = 23.002 + 2 = 25.0028 ft
Total length of suspenders one side half = 388.6355 Feet

Total length of suspender cable ( for entire bridge) = 388.6355 * 4 + 4 = 1558.542 Feet

Total number of suspenders = Span/L1 *2 = (270/3.5) * 2 = 154

Average length of each suspender = 1558.542/154 = 10.120 feet

Increase length by 20% = (10.120)* 1.20 = 12.144 feet

Weight of suspender cable = 1.0 lbs/ft

Two suspenders cable in design panel , therefore : Wt = 2*1*12.144 = 24.288 lbs/ft

24
 Weight of suspenders cable per running foot of bridge = 24.288/4 = 6.072 lbs/ft

Weight of Main cable:

Self weight of main cable = 2 lbs/ft

LENGTH OF MAIN CABLE : L = Span(1+8/3(d/span)2)

L = 270(1+ 8/3(18/270)2) = 273.20 Feet
Three cables on either side , therefore :

Weight of Main cables per running foot of bridge = sides*No of cables * Self wt of cable =
= 2*3*2 = 12.0 lbs/ft

Snow weight = 25 * width = 25 * 3.5 = 87.50 lbs/ft

Live Load = 30*3.50 = 105 lbs/ft

Total load on bridge :

Total Load = ( Wt of wooden deck + Wt of Main cable + Wt of suspenders + Snow + Slings)1.1 +

+Live load =(72.43 +12 +6.072 +87.50 +8)1.1 +105 = 309.602 lbs/feet = 0.3096 Kips/ft

Fig 25

DESIGN OF MAIN CABLE :

25
 Uniformly distributed load (w) = 0.3096 kips/ft

Horizontal Thrust :H = w * Span2/8d = (0.3096 * 2702)/8*18 = 156.735 kips

Vertical Thrust : V = w * Span/2 = 0.3096 *270/2 = 41.796 kips

Tension in cable : T = ((H)2 + (V)2)1/2 = ((156.735)2 + (41.796)2)1/2 = 162.212 kips

Using : Dia (1) inch cable (19)wires each (0.2) inch dia.

Extra high strength grade : Breaking Load = 104,500 lbs

Taking factor of safety = 3.2 Working Load = 104,500/3.2 = 32,656.25 lbs

Number of cables required for entire bridge = 162,212/32656.25 = 4.967 for both side
of bridge.
Therefore : We Take (3) Cables of (1) inch on each side.

See annex No 1(cable table)

Design of Anchor block for Main cable :

Fig 26

Span/4 = 270/4 = 67.50 Feet, tan ά = H. of Tower/67.50 = 18/67.5 = 0.2667

ά = 14.930 = 140 ,55', 53" θ = 180- (α + 90) = 75.06860 = 740,4',7"

Fig 27

TA = T * Sin 14.9310 = 162.212 * Sin 14.9310 = 41.795 kips

TB = T * Cos 14.9310 = 162.212 * Cos 14.931 = 156.735 kips

F=μR F = Force of Sliding

Assuming that the total tension in cable can cause sliding and is increased by 50%
Therefore : F = 162.212 * 1.50 = 243.318 kips

μ = Co-efficient of friction = 0.60 R = weight of Block

243.318 = 0.60 R R = 243.318/0.6 = 405.530 Kips

26
 Volume of block required = Total Wt/Unit Wt of block = 405.530/0.15 = 2703.533 cft

Size of Block = 17 feet x 17 feet x 10 feet, V= 2890 kips

Wt = V*0.15 = 433.5 kips

Bearing Pressure = Wt of block/Contact Area = 433.50/17*17 = 1.50 kips/ft 2 < 2.24kips/ft2

Hence O.K

Check for Overturning :

Self weight of block = 17 * 17 *10 *0.15 = 433.50 kips

Overturning Moment: TB*10/2 + TA*17/2 =156.735*5 + 41.795*8.50 =1138.933 k-ft
Resisting Moment = 433.50*17/2 = 3684.75 k-ft

(F.O.S) Factor of Safety against Overturning = Resist. Moment/Overt. Moment

F.O.S = 3684.75/1138.933 = 3.235, Hence O.K

Design of wind-guy cable for wind :

Calculation of area in direct contact with wind :

1. Transom : (3*5/144)* 1 = 0.104 sft

2. Bearer : (4 inch/12) * 3'-6" *1 =1.1667 Sft
3. Planks : (1.5 inch/12)*3'-6"* 1 = 0.4375 Sft
4. Post : (3/12) * 4'* 1 = 1.0 sft
5. Backstay: (3/12) * 4'*1 = 1.0 Sft
6. Diagonal : (3/12) * 5'-6"*1= 2.75 Sft
7. Guard Rail : (3/12) * 3'-6"*1 = 0.875 Sft
Total Area = 7.333 Sft

Total Area of Wood in contact with wind = 7.333 sft

Total Area of cable in contact with wind :

Main cable dia (1 inch): 1/12 * 3'-6" *3 = 0.875 sft

Suspender Cable dia.(1/2 inch): 0.5/12 * 11.545 = 0.481 sft
Total area = 1.356 sft
Total Area of bridge in contact with wind = 7.333 + 1.356 = 8.689 sft

Taking wind pressure = 20 lbs/sft

Total pressure = 20 * 8.6893 =173.79 lbs

Total load per running foot = 173.79/3.5 = 49.65 lbs/foot = 0.05 kips/foot

Selecting wind tie cable dip : d = Span/15 = 270/15 = 18 feet

Tag θ =18/135 = 0.1333 θ = 7.59460 Say. θ = 7.60

Horizontal Thrust : H = W*L2/8d = 0.05*2702/8*18 = 25.3125 kips

Vertical Thrust : V = W*L/2 = 0.05*270/2 = 6.75 kips

T = ((H2 + V2))1/2 = ((25.3125)2 + (6.75)2)1/2 = 26.20 kips = 26,200 lbs

Using: Locally made ¾ inch diameter cable 19 wires strands each of 0.2 inch diameter.

27
 Extra high strength grade with breaking strength = 58,300 lbs

F.O.S = 2 Working strength = 58,300/2 = 29,250 lbs

Number of cables required = 26,200/29150 = 0.90

Taking (1) cable dia ¾ inch on each side.

Design of Anchor block for win-guy cable :

R = Weight of block, F = Sliding force = 26.20 kips μ = 0.6

Sliding increasing by 50% : F *1.5 = 26.2 * 1.5 = 39.30 kips

39.30 = 0.6 R R= 65.50 kips

Fig 28

Volume of Anchor block required for wind cable = Wt of block/Unit Wt of block =

= 65.5/0.15 = 437 cft

Size of Anchor block for wind cable = 9' x 9' x 6'

Bearing Pressure = Wt of Block/Contact Area = 65.50/9*9 = 0.81 k/ft 2 < 2.24 K/ft2
Hence O.K.

Design of Suspender for win-guy cable :

Load on one Suspender = Load from Wooden Deck + Snow Load + Live load =
= 72.43 * 3.5/2 + 87.5 * 3.5/2 + 105 * 3.5/2 = 463.63 lbs

Using : Dia (1/2) inch wire rope , 1x7 (0.165)

High Strength grade with breaking strength = 18.800 lbs

F.O.S = 4 Working Strength = 18,800/4 = 4700 lbs

Number of cable required for Suspender = Load/working Str. = 463.30/4700 = 0.1

Taking # 1 dia ½ inch cable for suspender.

Design of wind ties :

Total Thrust on bridge : 0.05 * 3.5 = 0.175 kips = 175 lbs

Using : dia ½ inch cable with 7 strands each dia 0.165 inch .
High strength grade = 18,800 lbs
Breaking strength 18,800 lbs
F.O.S = 4 Working strength = 18,800/4 = 4700 lbs

Number of cables required = 175/4700 = 0.037

Taking # 1 dia ½ inch cable for wind ties

Design of column :

Tangent α = 4dip/span = 4*18/270 = 0.2667 α = 14.930

28
 H = T * Cos 14.93 = 162.946/2 * Cos 14.93 = 78.75 kips
Where: T = Tension in main cable.
V= T * Sin 14.93 = 162.946/2 * Sin 14.93 = 21.0 kips
Load on column = 2*21 = 42 kips Increasing by 70%,: Pu = 42*1.70 = 71.4 kips

Concrete Column : Pu = (Stress Concrete * Acc) + (Stress Steel * As)

Pu = 1000*24*30 + As *18000 Min As = 0.01 Agross of Concrete = 0.01*24* 30

Min .Asteel = 7.20 inch2

Using : Dia. ½ inch bars., Number of bars Required = Asteel /Abar = 7.2/0.2 = 36 bars

Fig 29

Design of combine footing :

Load on the top of column = 71.40 kips

Load on footing = Load on column + Self load of column
Load on Footing =71.40 + (18*24/12 * 30/12) 0.15=71.40 + 13.50 = 84.90 Say 85.00

Total load on Footing = 85 + 85 = 170 kips

Self weight of Footing = 10% of the total load = 170* 0.10 = 17.00 kips

TOTAL LOAD ON FOOTING : 170.0 + 17.0 187.00 kips

Area of the base of footing slab : 187/1.90 = 104 Sft

Where : 1.90 k/sft is allowable soil pressure.

Area Required :

A = 9' * 12' =108 sft > 104 sft

Net upward pressure of the soil = 170/9 *12 = 1.574 k/sft

The arrangement of the columns with their respective position shall be as shown in
Figure.

Fig 30
The load per foot run of the footing = 9 * 1.574 = 14.167 k/ft

Shear force and Bending Moment :

29
 Shear force to the left of the column (A) = 14.167 * 3.25 = 46.043 kips
Where: 3.25 = distance from the left side toe of the footing to column center.
Shear force to the right of column (A) = Load on footing – 46.043 = 85- 46.043 = 38.957 kips

Shear force just to the left of column B :

S.F = 38.957- 14.167 * 5.5 = 38.962 kips
Shear force just to the right of the column (B) : S.F = 85- 38.962 = 46.038 kips

Fig 31
Bending Moment :

Bending Moment at column A & B = 14.167 * 3.252/2 = 74.189 k-ft

The Max. bending Moment will be in the center of both columns at the distance of
Distance = 3.25 + 2.75 = 6 ft from either ends.

Max. B. Moment = 85 *2.75 – 14.167 *62/2 = 233.75 – 255.006 = -21.256 k-ft

Fig 32

Depth of the foundation :

A. From punching shear consideration:

Total punching force around the perimeter of column (A) :

=Load on footing – Upward load * b * L = 85.0- 1.574 * 2 ft * 2.5 ft = 77.13 kips
Where : b and L are the dimension of column : b= 24inch = 2ft & L = 30 inch = 2.5 ft

Let (d) be the depth of the footing under the column.

Total resisting force against punching : 4*b*d*Sp
Where : b = One dimension of column
d = Effective depth required
Sp = Punching shear stress and its for 1:2:4 mix is 150 psi (10 kg/cm 2)

Total force resisting punching = 4*24*0.15*d kips

77.13 = 4*24*0.15*d d = 77.13/14.4 = 5.36 inch

Max. Bending Moment = 74.189 k-ft

30
 Depth of Footing = (B.M/QB)1/2 Where : B is width of footing = 9ft = 108 inch

d = (74.189*12000/185*108)1/2 = 6.67 inch

Adopt an overall depth = 12 inch Effective depth = 9 inch

Area of steel bars in footing :

As = M/fs* J *d =74.189 * 12,000/20,000 * 0.872 * 9 = 890,268/156,960 = 5.67 inch2

Provide 1/2 inch dia bar .
#31 dia ½ inch @ 3.50 inch center to center (#31 dia 12mm @ 9 cm c/c)

Area of Transverse steel bars : # 42 dia 0.39 inch (10 mm) @ 3.50 inch

Fig 33

31
32
33