CH4 ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
By Group 12

1
Site Investigation
To investigate existing works
and decide whether the
latter will adversely be
affected by changes in
ground conditions.

2
Road Construction
process
establishment and
extension of a new road or 1.Route Survey
new section of road 2.Site Investigation
3.Site Clearance
4.Earth works

5. Subgrade Compaction
and Levelling 7.Sub-Base
6.Establishing the Construction
formation level 8.Base
Construction
9.Applying Prime
Coat

10.Laying of Binder
Course
11.Applying of Tack Coat The Road Is Completed!
12.Laying of Wearing
Course
 2
Earthworks
Excavation increases the volume of
material. It is therefore necessary to
use a bulking factor to determine the
Bulking Factor = Volume
volume of material that will be
after Excavation / Volume
created by excavation.
before Excavation

Shrinkage Factor = Volume

after Compaction / Volume
before Excavation

Before After After

Excavation Excavation Compaction

EarthMoving Equipment

Drag
Line

Bulldozer Dump
Truck
Masshaul Diagram
In order to minimize material waste Cut volumes are
or borrow, it is necessary to produce taken to be
what is called a Mass Haul diagram positive and fill
This is essentially a plot of volumes to be
cumulative volume of soil against negative
distance along the road, often called
the chainage

A rising curve indicates

an increasing volume
(cut).

A maximum point on
the curve represents
the end of a cut.

A falling curve
represents a
decreasing volume
(fill).

A minimum point
represents the end of a
fill.

Areas at the end of the

diagram represent a
waste or a deficit.
HIGHWAY ENG.

SUBGRADE
PREPARATION
The subgrade is the in-situ material upon which the pavement
structure is placed. The subgrade can often be the overriding factor
in pavement performance. Increasing the load-bearing capacity of
the subgrade soil will most likely improve pavement load-bearing
capacity and thus, pavement strength and performance.

SUBGRADE PERFORMANCE
A subgrade’s performance generally depends on two
interrelated characteristics:
Load bearing
Volume changes
capacity

-A subgrade that can support a high - Most soils undergo some

amount of loading without excessive amount of volume change when
deformation is considered good. exposed to excessive moisture.

IMPROVING SUBGRADE PERFORMANCE

Removal and replacement Stabilization with a Additional base layers

(over-excavation) cementitious or asphaltic
binder

Good Practices in Subgrade Preparation

1) Ensure the compacted subgrade is able to support construction traffic.
2) Remove all debris, large rocks, vegetation, topsoil from the area to be paved.
3) Treat the subgrade under the area to be paved with an approved herbicide

SURFACE PREPARATION
Before a pavement is placed the surface to be paved must be prepared.

Surface preparation generally takes one of two forms:

Preparing the subgrade and granular base course for new pavement
Involves activities such as subgrade stabilization, over-excavation of poor
subgrade, applying a prime coat or compacting the subgrade.

Preparing an existing pavement surface for overlay

Involves activities such replacing localized areas of extreme damage,
applying a leveling course, milling, applying tack coat, rubblizing and setting.

COMPACTION

The process by which the volume of air in an Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixture is
reduced by using external forces to reorient the constituent aggregate particles
into a more closely spaced arrangement.

COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
Paver screed Steel wheeled roller Pneumatic tire roller
HIGHWAY ENG.

QUALITY ASSURANCE
& QUALITY CONTROL

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Planned and systematic actions necessary to provide

confidence that a product or facility will perform
satisfactorily in service.
Quality assurance addresses the overall problem of
obtaining the quality of a service, product, or facility in the
most efficient, economical, and satisfactory manner
possible.
Quality assurance involves continued evaluation of the
activities of planning, design, development of plans and
specifications, advertising and awarding of contracts,
construction, and maintenance, and the interactions of
these activities.

QUALITY CONTROL

Those quality assurance actions and considerations

necessary to assess production and construction processes
so as to control the level of quality being produced in the
end product.
This concept of quality control typically includes sampling
and testing by the contractor to monitor the process but
usually does not include acceptance sampling and testing
by the agency/owner.

ACCEPTANCE

Sampling, testing, and the assessment of test results to determine

whether or not the quality of produced material or construction is
acceptable in terms of the specifications.

INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE

A management tool that requires a third party, not directly

responsible for process control or acceptance, to provide an
independent assessment of the product and/or the reliability
of test results obtained from process control and acceptance
testing.
The results of independent assurance tests should not be
used as a basis of product acceptance.
 BALLOON APPARATUS
Volume of the sample forcing a liquid - filled balloon into the test hole
Rubber membrane fluid to fill all the cavities in the test hole

EARTHWORK CALCULATION

METHODS OF MEASURING
FIELD DENSITY

SAND CONE / SAND REPLACEMENT

Volume of the test hole loose sand required to fill the hole
Difference between the mass of apparatus before & after = mass of sand used to fill the test hole
& cone
 HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
diverts and removes water from the pavement surface.
controls and directs sub-surface water into proper
channels in order to protect the road from damage.

Source of Water
Surface Run-off

Subsurface Run-off

Hydroplaning
Occurs when a layer of water
builds between the rubber tires of
the vehicle and the road surface.
Effects of moisture on highway
surface, structure and soil.

CATAGORIES OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE

Surface Subsurface Cross

Drainage Drainage Drainage
- removes
- removes surface water subsurface water - allows flow of water from
- 4 types of surface drainage - 5 types of a stream crossing the path
subsurface drainage of a road

DRAINAGE DRAINAGE
DETERIORATION MAINTENANCE

Damages can be triggered by Defective or inadequate drainage

heavy loads imposed. causes most pavement failures and
deterioration.
For example, heavy machinery
Pending or delayed runoff of surface
in construction works may impose
water allows seepage into the
load pressure to a subsurface
pavement structure unless the
drainage, causing the drain pipes to
surface is tightly sealed.
be crushed or slightly damaged.