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Learning objectives
At the of the discussion, the learners are able to:

Conic Section: a. define a hyperbola and other related terms;

b. identify the properties of a hyperbola;

HYPERBOLA c. illustrate properly the graph of a hyperbola; and

d. solve problems involving hyperbola.
Pre-Calculus
Analytic Geometry

𝑨𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆
HYPERBOLA 𝑪𝒐 − 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙
𝑬𝒏𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒏𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆
set of all points in a plane 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒔 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒔 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒎
such that the absolute value
𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔
of the difference of whose 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙
distances from two fixed 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔

points is a constant. The

two fixed points are called 𝑪𝒐 − 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙

the foci.
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔

HYPERBOLA HYPERBOLA
If 2𝑎 is the constant
referred to in the definition If the center of a
of a hyperbola, where the
foci are at (𝑐, 0) and −𝑐, 0 , hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘) and
and if 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎 2 , then an the distance between the
equation of the hyperbola is vertices is 2𝑎, then an
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1. equation of the
𝑎 2 𝑏2
hyperbola is of the form
IMPORTANT NOTE: (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 𝒚−𝒌 𝟐
− =𝟏
UNLIKE Ellipse, in Hyperbola, 𝑎 is NOT NECESSARILY greater 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
than 𝑏.

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HYPERBOLA HYPERBOLA
If 2𝑎 is the constant
referred to in the definition If the center of a
of a hyperbola, where the
foci are at (0, 𝑐) and 0, −𝑐 ,
hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘)
and if 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎 2 , then an and the distance
equation of the hyperbola is between the vertices is
𝑦2 𝑥2 2𝑎, then an equation of
− = 1.
𝑎 2 𝑏2 the hyperbola is of the
form
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 𝒙−𝒉 𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Practice #1
Find the coordinates of the center, vertices, co-
vertices, foci, and endpoints of the latera recta. Also,
find the equations of the transverse axis, conjugate
axis and asymptotes. Then, graph the hyperbola.
Practice #2
Find the coordinates of the center, vertices, co-
vertices, foci, and endpoints of the latera recta. Also,
find the equations of the transverse axis, conjugate
axis and asymptotes. Then, graph the hyperbola.

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1 − =1
9 9 64 36

Orientation of Transverse Axis

Center: 𝒉, 𝒌
Practice #3 Vertical Horizontal
Find the coordinates of the center, vertices, co- Vertices (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎) (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘)
vertices, foci, and endpoints of the latera recta. Also, Co-Vertices (ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏)
find the equations of the transverse axis, conjugate
axis and asymptotes. Then, graph the hyperbola. Foci (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘)
𝑏2 𝑏2
ℎ± ,𝑘 + 𝑐 ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 ±
(𝑦 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 3)2 𝑎 𝑎
− =1 Latera Recta
9 16 𝑏2 𝑏2
ℎ± 𝑎
,𝑘 − 𝑐 ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 ± 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
Asymptotes 𝑦 = ±𝑏 𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑘 𝑦 = ±𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑘

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HYPERBOLA Practice #4
General Form Write the following equations of hyperbola in
Any equation of a hyperbola with center at (ℎ, 𝑘) is standard form.
given by: 1. 4𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 − 32𝑥 − 36 = 0
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
where, 𝐴 and 𝐶 are both nonzero and have DIFFERENT 2. 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 − 64𝑦 + 116 = 0
signs.
Orientation 𝑨 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬 𝑭
Horizontal 𝑏2 −𝑎 2 −2𝑏 2 ℎ 2𝑎2 𝑘 𝑏 2 ℎ2 − 𝑎 2 𝑘 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑏2
Vertical −𝑎 2 𝑏2 2𝑎2 ℎ −2𝑏 2 𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑘 2 − 𝑎 2 ℎ2 − 𝑎 2 𝑏2

Finding Equation of a Hyperbola Practice #5

• Coordinates of the center Find an equation of a hyperbola satisfying the following:
9
• Values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 1. Center at (0,0), endpoints of the latus rectum at 5,
4
9
• Orientation of the transverse axis and 5, − 4 , and one vertex at (−4, 0).
2. Center at −2,1 , one focus at (−2,6), and one vertex at
(−2, 4)
5
3. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 12 𝑥 and one focus at 26,0

Two control towers are located at points

POST- 𝑄(−500, 0) and 𝑅(500, 0), on a straight shore Exercise:

DISCUSSION where the 𝑥 −axis runs through (all distances
Answer the problem below:
PROBLEM are in meters). At the same moment, both
towers sent a radio signal to a ship out at sea, An architect designs two houses that are shaped and
each traveling at 300 m/𝜇s. The ship received positioned like a part of the branches of the hyperbola
whose equation is 625𝑦 2 − 400𝑥 2 = 250,000, where 𝑥 and
the signal from 𝑄 3 𝜇s (microseconds) before
𝑦 are in yards. How far apart are the houses at their closest
the message from 𝑅. Find the coordinates point?
(rounded off to two decimal places) of the ship
if it is 200 m from the shore (𝑦 = 200).

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Assignment:
In your notebook, answer the following questions:
a. What is system of equations? Conic
Section
b. How can we solve systems of non-linear
equation?

Pre-Calculus
Analytic Geometry

WHAT IS A CONIC SECTION? CHARACTERISTICS OF CONICS

CONIC SECTION The graph of the equation
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
–a curve obtained by
intersecting a cone where 𝐴 and 𝐶 are not both zero, is either a conic or a
with a plane degenerate conic. If it is a conic, then the graph is
CONIC SECTION PRODUCT OF A
–the intersection of REPRESENTED
VALUE OF A AND C
AND C
a plane and a PARABOLA 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝐶 = 0
double-napped ELLIPSE 𝐴 and 𝐶 have the same signs 𝐴𝐶 > 0
cone
HYPERBOLA 𝐴 and 𝐶 have opposite signs 𝐴𝐶 < 0

DISCRIMINANT DEGENERATE CONIC

EQUATIONS IN SECOND DEGREE can be • Single line
written in general form as
• A pair of intersecting lines
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
• A point
DISCRIMINANT CONIC SECTION REPRESENTED
𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 Parabola • Parallel lines
𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0 Ellipse • No graph
𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 Hyperbola

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EXAMPLE #1
Examples 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓𝟐 = 𝟎
The given equations are examples of SOLUTION:
degenerate conic sections.
Since 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = −16, then the given equation
1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 52 = 0 must represent an ellipse. To verify this, we
2. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 15𝑦 + 4 = 0 manipulate the terms in the equation, as follows:
3. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 15 = 0 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 = −52
4. 4𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 100 = 0 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 4 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = −52 + 16 + 36
𝑥−4 2+4 𝑦+3 2 =0

EXAMPLE #1 EXAMPLE #2
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝟐
2 2
𝑥−4 +4 𝑦+3 =0 SOLUTION:
Note that the left side of the above equation is Using the discriminant, we find that 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0.
a sum of two squares, which result in 0 only when Which may lead us to conclude that the equation
both the terms are 0. represents a parabola. We manipulate the terms in the
equation to get
since this situation is satisfied only by the
point (4, −3), then the graph is NOT an ellipse but a 𝑥 2 + 5 − 6𝑦 𝑥 + 9𝑦 2 − 15𝑦 + 4 = 0.
POINT, which is a DEGENERATE form of an
ellipse.

EXAMPLE #2 EXAMPLE #3
𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
Hence, we can now apply the quadratic formula to SOLUTION:
solve for 𝑥, as follows:
Suppose we consider 𝐵 = 0 and use 𝐴𝐶 = 4.
6𝑦−5 ± 5−6𝑦 2 −4 9𝑦 2 −15𝑦+4 Then the graph of the given equation could be a
𝑥=
2 hyperbola. We simplify the equation to find out.
6𝑦−5 ± 25−60𝑦+36𝑦 2 −36𝑦 2 +60𝑦−16 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 15
𝑥= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 15 + 1 − 16
2
6𝑦−5 ±3 6𝑦−5 ±3
𝑥 −1 2− 𝑦−4 2 =0
𝑥= The resulting equations 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 = ±(𝑦 − 4)
2 2
represent the two PARALLEL LINES
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −1 and 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −4.

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EXAMPLE #3 EXAMPLE #4
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎
SOLUTION:
𝑥 − 1 = ±(𝑦 − 4) Transforming the given equation gives us
4𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = −100
The resulting equations represent the pair of
INTERSECTING LINES 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0 and Since the left side of the above equation is
always nonnegative, then no values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 will
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 = 0 which is a DEGENERATE form of a satisfy the equation. Hence, the given equation
hyperbola. represents NO GRAPH.