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IGCSE-Physics Formulae Sheet

• To find the Density of a solid object:

𝑚
𝐷=
𝑉

Where D is the density, m is the mass and V is the volume.

• To find the Density of an irregular shaped object:

𝑚
𝐷=
𝑉2 − 𝑉1

• To find the speed:

𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡

• To find the acceleration:

𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡

• To find the resultant force:

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

• Kinematics equations are as follows:

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠

• Momentum:
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
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• Change in momentum: Final momentum – initial momentum

• Resultant force:

𝑚(𝑣 − 𝑢)
𝐹=
𝑡

• Impulse = Change in momentum = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

• Moments of torque = Force x perpendicular distance

• Conditions for equilibrium:

1. Anticlockwise moments = Clockwise moments

2. Upward force = Downward force

• To find pressure in solid:

𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴

• To find pressure in liquid:

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

• In case of manometer:

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ + 𝑃0

• To find work:

𝑊 =𝐹⋅𝑑

• To find the Kinetic Energy:

1
𝐾⋅E= 𝑚𝑣 2
2
• To find the Potential Energy:
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𝑃 ⋅ 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
• To find power:

𝐸
𝑃=
𝑡

• To find the Efficiency:

𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

• To find the specific heat capacity:

𝐸
𝐶=
𝑚𝛥𝜃

• To find the specific latent heat of fusion/vaporization:

𝐸
𝐿=
𝑚

• Wave equation:
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆

• To find the speed in case of ECHO:

2𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡
• To find the refractive index:

𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

1. 𝑛 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚

sin 𝑖
2. 𝑛 = sin 𝑟 when light passes from rarer medium to denser medium

sin 𝑟
3. 𝑛 = when light passes from denser medium to rarer medium
sin 𝑖

1
4. 𝑛 = sin 𝑖 where 𝑖𝑐 is the critical angle
𝑐
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• To find current:
𝑞
𝐼=
𝑡

• To find the voltage:

𝑊
𝑉=
𝑞

• Ohm’s law:
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

• To find the resistance in series circuit:

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ ⋅

• To find the resistance in parallel circuit:

1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2

• To find the power:

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼

• The energy in case of circuit is,

𝐸 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡

• To find the resistivity:

𝑅𝐴
𝜌=
𝑙

• To find the number of turns of coil in primary/secondary:

𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃
=
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆

• Input power of the transformer is equal to the Output power of the transformer:

𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠
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• NOT gate: Inverter – Inverts the inputs

• AND gate: Multiply the inputs

• OR gate: Add the inputs

• NAND gate: Opposite of AND gate

• NOR gate: Opposite of OR gate