Capacitors and Inductors 2

Dr. James S. Kang

Professor
ECE Department
Cal Poly Pomona

1
 Inductors
• An inductor is a passive circuit element that can store energy in the
form of magnetic field. The circuit symbol for inductors is shown
below.

L1 L2
1 2 10uH
10mH

2
 Magnetic Field
• A static electric charge has an electric field around it. A moving charge
constitutes an electric current and possesses a magnetic field around
it.
• A magnetic field has no source or sink. It is called solenoidal.
• H = magnetic field intensity (A/m)
• B = magnetic flux density (T)
• B = µH
• µ = permeability = measures magnetic property of medium
• µ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10−7 (H/m)
3
 Magnetic Field
• Right hand rule applies for the direction of H and B.

N S
I

H
I

4
 Ampere’s Law
• The line integral of H around any closed path is equal to the current
enclosed by the path.
• ∮𝐿𝐿 𝑯𝑯 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝐼𝐼
• 𝑯𝑯 = 𝐻𝐻𝜙𝜙 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 I
• 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 𝜌𝜌

• 𝑯𝑯 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝐻𝐻𝜙𝜙 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 = 𝐻𝐻𝜙𝜙 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 H

2𝜋𝜋 𝐼𝐼
• ∫0 𝐻𝐻𝜙𝜙 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝐻𝐻𝜙𝜙 = 𝐼𝐼, 𝐻𝐻𝜙𝜙 =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼
• 𝑯𝑯 = 𝐻𝐻𝜙𝜙 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 = 𝒂𝒂 , 𝑩𝑩 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝑯𝑯 = 𝒂𝒂
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜙𝜙 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜙𝜙

5
 Magnetic Flux
• 𝑩𝑩 = 𝜇𝜇𝑯𝑯
• 𝛷𝛷 = ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 (wb)
• In the closed surface, flux coming into the surface must come out.
• ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = 0 (Gauss’s law for magnetic field)
• The net outward flux of B over volume V is zero.
volume
B

closed surface

6
 Finding B Using Ampere’s Law
• ∮𝐿𝐿 𝑯𝑯 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝐼𝐼
𝑩𝑩
• 𝑩𝑩 = 𝜇𝜇𝑯𝑯, 𝑯𝑯 =
𝜇𝜇
𝑩𝑩
• ∮𝐿𝐿 𝑯𝑯 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = ∮𝐿𝐿 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝐼𝐼
𝜇𝜇
• ∮𝐿𝐿 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝜇𝜇𝐼𝐼
• Useful when symmetry exists. Similar to using Gauss’s law to find E.
• When symmetry does not exist, use Biot-Savart law.

7
 EXAMPLE
• An infinitely long conductor with a circular cross section of radius b
carries a current I. Find the magnetic flux density both inside and
outside the conductor.
• 𝜌𝜌 ≤ 𝑏𝑏, 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 , 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 , 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 = 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜌𝜌2 𝜇𝜇0 𝜌𝜌𝐼𝐼
• ∮𝐿𝐿 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = ∫0 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 2 , 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 =
𝜋𝜋𝑏𝑏 2𝜋𝜋𝑏𝑏 2
𝜇𝜇0 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
• 𝑩𝑩 = 2 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙
2𝜋𝜋𝑏𝑏 𝜌𝜌
𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼
• 𝜌𝜌 > 𝑏𝑏, 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼, 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 = , 𝑩𝑩 = 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 b
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
B

8
 Self Inductance
• The total flux linkage caused by I1 is
• Λ11 = 𝑁𝑁1 Φ11
• The self inductance of loop is defined as the magnetic flux linkage per
unit current.
Λ11 𝑁𝑁1 Φ11
• 𝐿𝐿11 = =
𝐼𝐼1 𝐼𝐼1

9
 Solenoid
• N turns, radius = r, length = ℓ, current = I
• 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒂𝒂𝑧𝑧 , 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒂𝒂𝑧𝑧 , 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒂𝒂𝑧𝑧 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒂𝒂𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑧𝑧
ℓ 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝐼𝐼
• ∮𝐿𝐿 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = ∫0 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 ℓ = 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 , 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 =
ℓ
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝐼𝐼
• 𝑩𝑩 = 𝒂𝒂𝑧𝑧
ℓ
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝐼𝐼𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
• Φ = ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 = r
ℓ B
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 𝐼𝐼𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
• Λ = 𝑁𝑁Φ =
ℓ
Λ 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
• 𝐿𝐿 = = I
ℓ
𝐼𝐼 ℓ
z
10
 Toroid
• N turns of wire are tightly wound on a toroidal frame of a rectangular
cross section with dimensions (b-a)×h. Find the self inductance.
2𝜋𝜋
• 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 , 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 , ∮𝐶𝐶 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = ∫0 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
• 𝐵𝐵𝜙𝜙 = , 𝑩𝑩 = 𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 , 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = ℎ𝑑𝑑𝜌𝜌𝒂𝒂𝜙𝜙 , 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = ℎ𝑑𝑑𝜌𝜌
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑏𝑏 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑏𝑏 1 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑏𝑏
• Φ = ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = ∫𝑎𝑎 ℎ𝑑𝑑𝜌𝜌 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝜌𝜌 = 2𝜋𝜋 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏
• Λ = 𝑁𝑁Φ = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 b
2𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎
Λ 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 ℎ 𝑏𝑏
• 𝐿𝐿 = = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (H) ρ
a
I h
𝐼𝐼 2𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎

11
 EXAMPLE
• Find the inductance of a toroid with 800 turns, inner radius 50 mm,
outer radius 60 mm, and height 15 mm.
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 ℎ 𝑏𝑏 4𝜋𝜋×10−7 ×8002 ×0.015 0.06
• 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 350.0574𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
2𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜋 0.05

12
 Faraday’s Law
• A current carrying conductor generates magnetic field around it. The
opposite of this statement is “magnetic field generates current in a
closed circuit.” This is true if the magnetic field changes with time.
• The Faraday’s law of induction says that changing magnetic flux
induces electromotive force (emf) in the closed circuit. The emf is the
source of the electric field that enables the current to flow in the
closed circuit like loop.
• The induced electromotive force is proportional to the negative rate
of change of magnetic flux.
𝑑𝑑Φ
• 𝑉𝑉 = −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

13
 Faraday’s Law
• If the Faraday’s law is applied to a coil of N turns, the induced emf is
given by
𝑑𝑑Φ 𝑑𝑑(𝑁𝑁Φ)
• 𝑉𝑉 = −𝑁𝑁 = −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• The Lenz’s law says that the induced current will appear in such a
direction that it opposes the change that produced it.
B B
Induced field Induced field
Induced current Induced current

B decreases B increases
14
 Faraday’s Law
• For the solenoid, the magnetic flux is given by
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟 2
• Φ=
ℓ
𝑑𝑑Φ 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝑉𝑉 = −𝑁𝑁 = − = −𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℓ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• For time varying current i(t),
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑉𝑉 = −𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

15
 Voltage-Current Relation of Inductors
• If an inductor is traversed in the direction of current, and the time
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
rate of change of the current is positive, > 0, the current
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
iinduced(t) generated from the induced emf will iinduced(t)
+
flow in the opposite direction of i(t) to oppose i(t)
di(t)/dt > 0
the increase in i(t). The inductor can be 1

replaced by an emf as shown.

L
v(t)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
-

16
 Voltage-Current Relation of Inductors
1 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = ∫ 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 𝑖𝑖 0 + 𝐿𝐿 ∫0 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
𝐿𝐿 −∞
• i(0) = current through the inductor at t = 0
• The instantaneous power on the inductor:
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝑡𝑡) i(t) +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝜆𝜆) 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑝𝑝 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 𝐿𝐿 ∫−∞ 𝑖𝑖(𝜆𝜆) 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 𝐿𝐿 ∫−∞ 𝑖𝑖(𝜆𝜆)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝜆𝜆)
𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 L v (t)
1 2
•= 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡)
2
-

17
 Energy
• If the current through the inductor is constant, i(t) = I, the energy
stored on the inductor is given by
1
• 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐿𝐿𝐼𝐼2
2
𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐵𝐵ℓ
• For a solenoid, 𝐿𝐿 = , 𝐵𝐵 = , 𝐼𝐼 =
ℓ ℓ 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁
1 1 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁2 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝐵𝐵ℓ 2 𝐵𝐵2
• 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐿𝐿𝐼𝐼2 = = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℓ, 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℓ = volume
2 2 ℓ 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁 2𝜇𝜇0
1 𝐵𝐵2
• Energy density = energy stored per unit volume =
2 𝜇𝜇0

18
 EXAMPLE
• The current through an inductor with inductance of 100 mH is
20𝑡𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
−40𝑡𝑡 + 60, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 . Find v(t), p(t), w(t).
10𝑡𝑡 − 40, 2 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
20
10
i(t) (A)

0
-10

-20
0 1 2 3 4
t (s)
19
 EXAMPLE
0.1 × 20 𝑉𝑉, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡) 0.1 × (−40) 𝑉𝑉, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0.1 × 10 𝑉𝑉, 2 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
2 𝑉𝑉, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1 5
4
−4 𝑉𝑉, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2 3
•= 2
1 𝑉𝑉, 2 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4 1

v(t) (V)
0
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 -1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 1 2 3 4
t (s)
20
 EXAMPLE
2 × 20𝑡𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
−4 × (−40𝑡𝑡 + 60), 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2
• 𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) =
1 × (10𝑡𝑡 − 40), 2 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
40𝑡𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
160𝑡𝑡 − 240, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2
•=� 𝑊𝑊 80
10𝑡𝑡 − 40, 2 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4 60
40
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 20

p(t) (W)
• Absorbed: 0 < t < 1, 1.5 ≤ t < 2 0
-20

• Delivered: 1 ≤ t < 1.5, 2 ≤ t < 4

-40
-60
-80
0 1 2 3 4
t (s)
21
 EXAMPLE
0.05 × (20𝑡𝑡)2 , 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
1 2 0.05 × (−40𝑡𝑡 + 60)2 , 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2
• 𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) =
2 0.05 × (10𝑡𝑡 − 40)2 , 2 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
2
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
20𝑡𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
80(𝑡𝑡 − 1.5)2 , 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2
•= 𝐽𝐽 20

5(𝑡𝑡 − 4)2 , 2 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4 15

0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

w(t) (J)
10

• Absorbed: 0 < t < 1, 1.5 ≤ t < 2 5

• Delivered: 1 ≤ t < 1.5, 2 ≤ t < 4 0

0 1 2 3 4
t (s)
22
 EXAMPLE
• A sinusoidal signal v(t) = cos(2π100t), t ≥ 0, V is applied to an inductor
with inductance of 100 mH. Find and plot the current i(t), power p(t),
and energy w(t) on the inductor.
Voltage Across the Inductor
1

0.5

0
v(t)

-0.5

-1
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
t (s)

23
 EXAMPLE
1 𝑡𝑡 1 𝑡𝑡 10
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = ∫ 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡
𝐿𝐿 0 0.1 0 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 15.92𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Current Through the Inductor
0.02

0.01

0
i(t)

-0.01

-0.02
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
t (s)

24
 EXAMPLE
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋200𝑡𝑡
• 𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = = 7.9577472𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
400𝜋𝜋

Power on the Inductor

0.01

0.005

0
p(t)

-0.005

-0.01
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
t (s)

25
 EXAMPLE
1 2
• 𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 1.2665 × 10−5 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2
2
2
• = 12.665 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
-5
x 10 Energy on the Inductor
1.5

1
w(t)

0.5

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
t (s)

26
 Sinusoidal Input to Inductor
• A sinusoidal current i(t) = cos(2π10t) A is applied to an inductor with
inductance L = 10 mH as shown below.
• The voltage across the inductor is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿 = −0.01 × 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 × sin(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• = 0.6283 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 90𝑜𝑜 ) V

+ i(t)

L
i(t) = cos(2*pi*10*t) v (t) 10mH

0
27
 Sinusoidal Input to Inductor
• Notice that the phase of voltage is 90o compared to 0o for the current.
The current lags the voltage by 90o.
• The current crosses zero T/4 s later than voltage. Here, T is a period
given by 1/10 s. T/4 s is equivalent to 360o/4 = 90o. Lagging means the
waveform crosses zero later or reaches peak value later.
1
0.8 i(t)
0.6
v(t)
0.4
i(t) and v(t)

0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.1 -0.075 -0.05 -0.025 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
t

28
 Sinusoidal Input to Inductor
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 , 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿 = −𝐿𝐿𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋sin(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• The amplitude of the voltage is proportional to the frequency of the
current applied.
• If f = 0, v(t) = 0. Inductor becomes a short-circuit for dc current.
• As f increases, the voltage across inductor increases.
0.8
+ i(t) 0.6 f = 10 Hz
0.4 f = 5 Hz
L
i(t) = Im cos(2*pi*f *t) v (t) 0.2 f = 1 Hz

v(t)
0
- -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t
29
 Series Connection of Inductors
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑣𝑣𝑘𝑘 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿1 + 𝐿𝐿2 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 i(t)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + +

L1
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)
• = 𝐿𝐿1 + 𝐿𝐿2 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 = 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 v 1(t)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 -
i(t)

• 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐿𝐿1 + 𝐿𝐿2 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 +

L2
+

Leq
v (t) v 2(t) v (t)

-
-

.....

Ln
v n(t)

- -

30
 Parallel Connection of Inductors
1 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖2 𝑡𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆, 1 ≤ 𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑛𝑛
𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘
1 𝑡𝑡 1 𝑡𝑡 1 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 + ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 + … + ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛
1 1 1 𝑡𝑡
• = + + ⋯+ ∫−∞
𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛
1 𝑡𝑡
• = ∫ 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 −∞
1 1 1 1
•
i(t) i(t)
= + + ⋯+
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 + i1(t) i2(t) in(t) +

1
• 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
L1 L2 Ln Leq
v (t) v (t)
1 1 1 .....
+
𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿2
+⋯+ 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛
- -

31
 EXAMPLE
• Find the equivalent inductance Leq between a and b for the circuit
shown below.
1 1 42 42 42
• 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 = 1 1 1 =1 1 1 = 42 42 42 = = = 2.8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
+ + + + + + 7+6+2 15
𝐿𝐿4 𝐿𝐿5 𝐿𝐿6 6 7 21 6 7 21

• Lb = L3 + La = 3.2 mH + 2.8 mH = 6 mH
𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏
• 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 = = 3.6𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿2 +𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏
L1 L3

• 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐿𝐿1 + 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 = 5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

1.4mH 3.2mH

L2 L4 L5 L6
9mH 6mH 7mH 21mH

32
 EXAMPLE
• For the circuit shown in Figure 6.51, find the equivalent circuit
consisting of a single inductor and a single capacitor connected in
parallel between a and b.
C1

• 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐿𝐿1 + (𝐿𝐿2 | 𝐿𝐿3 a

1.4uF

64×96
• = 11.6 +
L1
11.6mH
C2 C3
64+96 1.2uF 3uF

• = 11.6 + 38.4 = 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶2 + 𝐶𝐶3 = 4.2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
L2 L3
64mH 96mH
C4
2.1uF

33
 EXAMPLE
1 1 4.2 4.2 4.2
• 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 = 4.2 4.2 4.2 = = = 0.7𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
+ + + + + + 3+1+2 6
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶4 1.4 4.2 2.1 1.4 4.2 2.1

Leq
50mH Ceq
0.7uF

34