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Probabilit
CH 15 Ma Ca 10
No e + 10 Yea In eg a ed PYQ'
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adhle.in
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 Probability

→
Probability
It is which
a
concept numerically measures
degree of
the occurrence
of events .

( In short ,
koi event ke hone ke chances
kya hai ,
ye pata
chal rha hai )

bonpeuiment An well
it operation which
produce
'

can some

defined outcomes is called an

experiment

iii Event : The collection

of all or some
of the
possible
outcomes is called an event .

ivlhqually likely : d
given number
of events are said to be
events equally likely if none
of them escputed to

to the others
occur in
preference .

v ) Trial : It means to
perform a random experiment .

Experimental / Empirical Probability

based the
The result
of probability on actual escpuuinent is called
escperi mental
probability .

In this case
,
the result
I isme
could be
different if we do the same

experiment again .
harm actual escperiment kubu results
nihal she hot hail

PIE) =
Number of the times in which the event happened
Total number
of Aids
 In Simple language
PIE) Aisle kite trials the
jisme hume jo event
chaiye the
=

the wo mila
humne kitne trials
kiye

Theoretical Probability
In predict the result the escperiment
this ,
we without
pufowning .

The theoretical classical

actually .
other name
of probability is
( Hum the
probability .

prediction hear htt h

,
without
performing
experiment )

PIE) =

Nwmberofoutcomesfavourable
Number
all
of possible outcomes

Outcomes
Equally likely
If have the
possibility of getting each outcome then it
→
we same is

called
equally likely outcomes .

( have outcome ke ke
chances hai , to iskoequal
agar aan

Equally likely outcome kehte hai Like When a coin is tossed

.

it has two
possible outcomes called heads and tails We .

shall
always consider that heads and tails are not
equally likely if
'

otherwise mentioned ) .

Not
Equally likely
If then don't have the same
possibility of getting each outcome
→
we

said the not

it is to be
equally likely outcome .
Example
black balls and red balls
2 4 are not
equally likely as the

possibility ofballthe black ball is 2 and the

possibility of
the red is 4 .

Elementary Event

tf an event has
only one
possible outcome then it is called an

elementary event .

the
elementary
The
-
ent
sum

is s
of the
probability of events
of an
escperim -

Probability of occurrence
of an event

PLA = No .

of outcomes
favourable to E
Total number
of possible outcomes

For what the the head

example ,
is
probability of getting ,

when we toss the coin .

Possible Outcomes when we toss a coin : Head or tails

Go ,
we have a
possible outcomes
So ,
number
of possible outcomes =
2

Favourable outcomes/ Outcome : Head will occur

So ,
we have
only one
favourable outcome

PIE) Number
of Outcomes
of favourable to E
= =
t

Total number 2
of possible outcome
Probability of occurrence
of an event

P E) Number
=

of outcomes
favourable to E
Total number
of possible outcomes

Events
bompkmentauy
Let E be and ( not E) be event which
an event an occurs
only
when E does not occur

The ( not E) called the

event is
complementary event
of E .

bleakly ,

p + p ( not E) =
t

r
:
PIE) =
s - P ( not E)
Of PIE) E 1

Sum
is s .
of the
pinobability of all the outcomes of random events .

( not E) ek aisa event hai

jo tab occur hota hai
jab E

occur nahi hota hai .

Impossible Events

Ifis there is
This
no
possibility of
is known
an event to occur

event
then its
( matlab
probability
koi
zero .
as an
impossible .

chance nahi hai kisi ke hone

hi
bhaiya job event occur ka .

Like can't take balls )

,
you
out blue
from a
bag full of red
 Sure Event

then
If the
possibility of event to an occur is sure it is said to
the
be the
probability There
sure .

probability is one .

PCU ) -
s ( Matlab kona hi hai
bhaiya ! )
Some Very Common Examples
Example of Experiment :
Tossing A Dice

A dice has outcomes

sine
,
numbering is too .

S ( no )
of outcomes 1 2. 3,4 5,6
-

.
, ,

If it is tossed twice ,
it has soo outcomes .

S ( no .

of outcomes ) :
( s
,
s ) ( 1. 2) ( z 3) ,
11,4) ( 2,5) ( 1,6 )
( 2. 1) 12,2) ( 2,3 ) ( 2,4 ) ( 2,5) ( 2,6 )
( 3,1) ( 3,2) ( 3,3) ( 3,4) ( 3,5) ( 3,6)
( 4 1) 14,2)
,
( 4,3) ( 4,4 ) ( 4,5) ( 4,6 )
( 5 ) 15,2) ,
'
( 5,3) ( 5,4 ) ( 5,5) ( 5,6 )
( 6,1 ) 16,2) ( 6,3) ( 6,4 ) ( 6,5) ( 6,6 )

Example of Experiment :
Tossing A coin
If we toss a coin ,
it would be head or tail ,
only two outcomes

N A coin is tossed once

S = { H
,
-13 ; n G) =
2

it A coin is tossed twice

or

Two coins are tossed

simultaneously
S =
{ UH
,
HT ,
TH
,
TT } ;
( h s) =
4 = 22
iit A coin is tossed three times
or

Three tossed
coins are
simultaneously
{ }
HH H HH T
, ,
HT H
,
TH H
n (s) = 8 = 23
j
S =
TTT TT H THT my
, , ,

CARDS

If we
pick any card
from the deck ,
the outcome will be
any
card these
one out
of 52 .

There
blurb
are 13 sets
of same
type of card .
The 4
types of cards

,
Diamond hearts ,
and Spade .

Heart and
Diamond are red white club and
in colour , spade
-are black in color .

Go there
,
are 13 club ,
is spade ,
total 26 Black bards ; and 13 hearts
,
13 spade ,
total

of 26 red cards .

There cards each set

are s
face in

Jack Queen and

,
King
So there each Go there
,
are 3
face cards on
of the 4 sets .
are 12
face cards
Also there bleach cards and red
,
we can
say are 6
face 6 .

Apart from face cards are A

,
and cards
numbering 2 to 10 .
Total cards 52[ ]
king Queen
Jack Face band
→ →

, ,

HEART DIAMOND CLUB SPADE

( 13) ( 13) ( 13 ) ( 13)

cards face cards space cards face

'
face 3 3 cards

I Ace l Ace I Ace lace

cards and da
12
face 4
1. Find the probability of getting a doublet in a throw of a pair of
dice.
[1M, 2020]
A1. probability of getting a doublet=1/6

2. Find the probability of getting a black queen when a card is

drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards.
[1M, 2020]
A2. probability of getting a black queen=2/52=1/26

3. A number is chosen at random from the numbers -5, -4, -3, -2,
-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Then the probability that square of this
number is less than or equal to 1 is _____________
[1M, 2019]
A3. 3/11

4. A dice is thrown. Find the probability of getting an even

number.
(A) 2/3

(B) 1

(C) 5/6

(D) ½

A4. (D) ½

5. Two coins are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of
getting both heads.

(A) 3/4

(B) 1/4
 (C) 1/2

(D) 0

A5. (B)

6. Cards marked with numbers 2 to 101 are placed in a box and

mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn from this box randomly,
then the probability that the number on card is a perfect
square.

(A) 9/100

(B) 1/10

(C) 3/10

(D) 19/100

A6. (B) 1/10

7. What is the probability of getting 53 Mondays in a leap year?

(A) 1/7
 (B) 53/366

(C) 2/7

(D) 7/366

A7. (C) 2/7

8. A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the

probability of getting a king of red suit.

(A) 1/26

(B) 3/26

(C) 7/52

(D) 1/13

A8. (A) 1/26

9. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which is
equally likely to come to rest pointing to one of the number
1,2,3……12 ,then the probability that it will point to an odd
number is:

(A) 1/6

(B) 1/12

(C) 7/12

(D) 5/12

A9. (A) 1/6

10. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and

noting its outcome each time. Aryan wins if all the tosses give
the same result i.e. three heads or three tails and loses
otherwise. Then the probability that Aryan will lose the game.

(A) ¾

(B) ½

(C) 1

(D) ¼

A10. (A) ¾
11. Riya and Kajal are friends. Probability that both will have the
same birthday isthe same birthday is:

(A) 364/365

(B) 31/365

(C) 1/365

(D) 1/133225

A11. (C) 1/365

12. A jar contains 24 marbles. Some are red and others are white.
If a marble is drawn at random from the jar, the probability that
it is red is 2/3, then the number of white marbles in the jar is:

(A) 10

(B) 6

(C) 8

(D) 7
 A12. (C) 8

13. A number is selected at random from first 50 natural

numbers. Then the probability that it is a multiple of 3 and 4 is:

(A) 7/50

(B) 4/25

(C) 1/25

(D) 2/25

A13. (D)

14. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting

a sum of 9 is:

(A) 1/10

(B) 3/10

(C) 1/9
 (D) 4/9

A14. (C) 1/9

15. 100 cards are numbered from 1 to 100. Find the probability of
getting a prime number.

(A) ¾

(B) 27/50

(C) ¼

(D) 29/100

A15. (C) ¼
16. Jayanti throws a pair of dice and records the product of the
numbers appearing on the dice. Pihu throws 1 dice and
records the squares the number that appears on it. Who has
the better chance of getting the number 36? Justify?
[2M, 2019]
A16. For Jayanti,
Favourable outcome is (6,6) i.e, 1
Probability(getting the number 36) = 1/36

For Pihu,
Favourable outcome is 6 i.e, 1
Probability(getting the number 36) = 1/6

∴ Pihu has the better chance.

17. An integer is chosen between 70 and 100, Find the probability

that it is
(a) a prime number
(b) divisible by 7
[2M, 2019]
A17. Total number of integers = 29
(i) Prob.(prime number) = 6/29
(ii) (ii) Prob.(number divisible by 7) = 4/29
18. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52
cards. Find the probability of getting neither a red card nor a
queen.
[2M, 2018]
A18. Total number of Outcome (Cards) = 52

First eliminate half the deck, so as to get rid of the red . . .

. cards. This leaves,

1/2 × 52 = 26 Cards

However, two queens were already gotten rid of when all .

. the red cards were removed, leaving only two black . .
. queens.
Thus, we take two black queens away from our remaining .
. cards,

26 - 2 = 24

∴ Number of Favourable Outcomes = 24

P(getting neither a Red nor a Queen) = 24/52

= 6/13
19. Two dice are thrown at the same time and the product of
numbers appearing on them is noted. Find the probability that
the product is a prime number.
[2M, 2018]
A19. Probability of either a red card or a queen
= (26+2)/52 = 28/52
P(neither red car nor a queen) = 1 – (28/52)
= 24/52 or 7/13

20. The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar

that contains only blue, black and green marbles is 1/5. The
probability of selecting a black marble at random from the
same jar is 1/4. If the jar contains 11 green marbles, find the
total number of marbles in the jar.
[2M, 2019]
A20. Let the probability of selecting a blue marble, black marble
and green marble are P(x), P(y), P(z) respectively.
P(x) = 15, P(y) = 14 (Given)
We know,
P(x) + P(y) + P(z) = 1
21. A coin is tossed two times. Find the probability of getting both
heads or both tails.
[2M, 2011]
A21. S = {HH, HT, TH, TT) = 4
P (both heads or both tails)
 = P (both heads) + P (both tails)
= ¼ + ¼ = 2/4 = ½

22. In a simultaneous toss of two coins, find the probability of

getting:
(i) exactly one head,
(ii) atmost one head.
[2M, 2017]
A22. The sample space is given by
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Total events n(S) = 4
(i) exactly one head = {HT, TH} = 2
P(exactly one head) = 2/4 = ½
(ii) atmost one head = {HT, TH, TT} = 3
P(atmost one head) = ¾

23. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52

playing cards. Find the probability that the drawn card is
neither a king nor a queen.
[2M, 2014]
A23. P (neither a king nor a queen)
= 1 – P (king or queen)
 = 1 – (8/52)
= 1 – (2/13)
= 11/13

24. Two different dice are tossed together. Find the probability.
(2014OD, 2015D)
(i) that the number on each die is even.
(ii) that the sum of numbers appearing on the two dice is 5.
[2M, 2015]
A24. Two dice can be thrown as 6 × 6 = 36 ways
(i) The probability of number on each die is even are
 25. Three distinct coins are tossed together. Find the probability of
getting
(i) at least 2 heads
(ii) at most 2 heads
[3M, 2016]
A25. Total number of possible outcomes = 21 = 23 = 8
(HHH, TIT, HHT, THH, THT, HTH, TTH, HTT)
(i) Possible outcomes of at least two heads = 4
(HHT, THH, HHH, HTH)
∴ P(at least two heads) = 4/8 = ½
(ii) Possible outcomes of at most two heads = 7
(HHT, TTT, THH, THT, HTH, TTH, HTT)
∴ P(at most two heads) = 7/8

26. In a single throw of a pair of different dice, what is the

probability of getting
(i) a prime number on each dice?
(ii) a total of 9 or 11?
[3M, 2016]
A26. Two dice can be thrown in 6 × 6 = 36 ways
(i) “a prime number on each dice” can be obtained as (2,
2), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 5), i.e., 9 ways.
∴ P(a prime no. on each dice) = 9/36 = ¼
 (ii) “a total of 9 or 11” can be obtained as (3, 6),(6, 3),(4,
5),(5, 4) (5, 6),(6, 5).
Total ‘9’ Total ’11’ i.e., 6 ways
∴ P(a total of 9 or 11) = 6/36 = 1/6

27. All red face cards are removed from a pack of playing cards.
The remaining cards were well shuffled and then a card is
drawn at random from them. Find the probability that the drawn
card is
(i) a red card
(ii) a face card
(iii) a card of clubs
[3M, 2019]
A27. Number of red face cards removed = 6
∴ Remaining cards = 52 – 6 = 46
Hence, Total no. of outcomes = 46
(i) Possible outcomes of red cards = 26 – 6 = 20
∴ P(a red card) = 20/46=10/23

(ii) Possible outcomes of face cards = 6

∴ P(a face card) = 6/46=3/23

(iii) Possible outcomes of card of clubs = 13

∴ P(a card of clubs) = 13/46
28. A box contains 70 cards numbered from 1 to 70. If one card is
drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a perfect square number.
(ii) a number divisible by 2 and 3
[4M, 2012]
A28. (i) Perfect squares upto 70 are
12, 22, …, 82 = 8
∴ P(a perfect square) = 8/70=4/35

(ii) Numbers divisible by 2 and 3 are:

6, 12, 18, …, 66, i.e., 11 nos.
∴ P(a no. divisible by 2 and 3) = 11/70

29. Find the probability that a leap year selected at random, will
contain 53 Mondays
[4M, 2018]
A29. In a leap year, total number of days = 366
∴ 366 days
= 52 complete weeks + 2 extra days
Thus, a leap year always has 52 Mondays and extra 2 days.
Extra 2 days can be,
(i) Sunday and Monday
(ii) Monday and Tuesday
 (iii) Tuesday and Wednesday
(iv) Wednesday and Thursday
(v) Thursday and Friday
(vi) Friday and Saturday
(vii) Saturday and Sunday
Let E be the event that a leap year has 53 Mondays.
∴ E = {Sun and Mon, Mon and Tues}
∴ P(E) = 2/7

30. A bag contains cards numbered from 1 to 49. A card is drawn

from the bag at random, after mixing the cards thoroughly.
Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is:
(i) an odd number
(ii) a multiple of 5
(iii) a perfect square
(iv) an even prime number
[4M, 2014]
A30. Total number of cards = 49
(i) Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, …., 49, i.e., 25
∴ P(an odd number) = 25/49

(ii) ‘A multiple of 5’ numbers are 5, 10, 15, ……., 45, i.e., 9

∴ P(a multiple of 5) = 9/49

(iii) “A perfect square” numbers are 1, 4, 9, …….., 49, i.e., 7

∴ P(a perfect square number) = 7/49=1/7

(iv) “An even prime number” is 2, i.e., only one number

∴ P(an even prime number) = 1/49
 31. A bag contains 25 cards numbered from 1 to 25. A card is
drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the
number on the drawn card is
(i) divisible by 3 or 5
(ii) a perfect square number.
[4M, 2019]
A31. Total number of outcomes = 25
(i) Possible outcomes of numbers divisible by 3 or 5 in
numbers 1 to 25 are (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 5, 10, 20, 25) = 12
∴ P(No. divisible by 3 or 5) = 1225

(ii) Possible outcomes of numbers which are a perfect square

= 5, i.e., (1, 4, 9, 16, 25)
∴ P(a perfect square no.) = 5/25=1/5

32. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow on a 3

circular board, divided into / 4 8 equal parts, which comes to
rest pointing at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, …, 8 (Figure),
which are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability that
the arrow will point at
(i) an odd number
 (ii) a number greater than 3
(iii) a number less than 9

[4M, 2016]
A32. Total numbers = 8
(i) “Odd numbers” are 1, 3, 5, 7, i.e., 4
∴ P(an odd number) = 4/8 = ½

(ii) “numbers greater than 3” are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, i.e., 5

∴ P(a number > 3) = 5/8

(iii) “numbers less than 9” are 1, 2, 3, …8 i.e., 8

∴ P(a number < 9) = 88 = 1

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion

(A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) . Mark the correct
choice as:
a. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
 b. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but
reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c. Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect
d. Assertion (A) is incorrect, reason (R) is correct

33. ASSERTION: The probability of a sure event is 1.

Reason: Let E be an event. Then, 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1

A33. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but reason
is not the correct explanation of assertion