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The reality, however, is finite output impedance and limited output voltage
swing. Also, for current mirrors, minimum input voltage requirements.
If M1 and M2 are perfectly matched, then the simple current mirror provides
I D2 I β W L
= o = 2 = 2 1 (since VGS1=VGS2)
I D1 I in β1 W1 L2
Vin ,min = VGS 1 > VTHN , Vout ,min = VGS 2 − VTHN = (VDS ,sat )M2 ,
1
and ro =
λI o
Normally the values for VGS and L are selected and then W is used as a
current scaling factor. Typically VGS is chosen to provide VDS,sat of several
hundred millivolts. Often times the chosen L value is 2 to 5 times greater
than the minimum Ldra to help minimize the channel length modulation and
mobility modulation effects.
Spring 2001 EE 8223 − Analog IC Design Page 44
From the figure below, note the output voltage value at which ID1 = ID2 and
the effect of finite output resistance.
Example 20.2 illustrates how multiple ratioed currents are mirrored. In this
example oxide encroachment has been neglected! Layout techniques that
compensate for this will be discussed soon.
Example of how the basic current mirror can be utilized in biasing schemes:
Spring 2001 EE 8223 − Analog IC Design Page 45
Note that the cascode current sink requires more output voltage overhead,
i.e., larger Vout,min (say to stay in SI saturation) than the simple (basic)
current sink.
Spring 2001 EE 8223 − Analog IC Design Page 46
An alternate cascode sink that provides Vout,min = 2∆V is shown below. Note
the relationship between the transistors’ aspect ratios.
Ro = ro (1 + g m R ) + R ≈ ro (1 + g m R )
∆I o
Io Io VDD ∂I o
SVDD = lim = ⋅
∆VDD→0 ∆VDD I o ∂VDD
VDD
In this same manner, Io’s sensitivity to other inputs or component values can
be (individually) obtained.
If ID1 = ID2 (= Io) and VGS changes very little with variations in VDD, then
I VDD 1
SVDD
o
≈ ⋅
Io R
∆I o Io ∆VDD
= SVDD ⋅
Io VDD
Spring 2001 EE 8223 − Analog IC Design Page 48
General form
.SENS ov1 <ov2 ...>
1 ∂R
Recognize that ⋅ is the resistor’s temperature coefficient.
R ∂T
Spring 2001 EE 8223 − Analog IC Design Page 49
∂VGS
To determine , the (temperature dependent) expression for VGS must be
∂T
considered:
This expression is used in Example 20.6. Note that the calculated value of
TC(Io) changes with temperature. Also note that the TC(Io) expression can
be set equal to zero to determine the value of Io and R needed for the basic
current sink to have a temperature coefficient of zero (see equ. 20.27).