The earlier subjects demonstrated that all the waveforms associated with

rectifier circuits are non-sinusoidal that contain harmonic componets. The

purpose of this chapter is to analyze the harmonic content of the various
waveforms and discuss their affects as regards both supply and load.

The output
voltage
waveforms is not
pure dc but it
contains even
and/or odd
harmonics.

The input current waveform

of the rectifier is not pure sine
wave but it contains odd or
even harmonics.

8
9
 any periodic signal of frequency "f", whatever its waveform, can be
represented as the sum of:
 a sinusoidal component of frequency f, called the FUNDAMENTAL (h1)
 sinusoidal components with frequencies that are whole multiples of the
fundamental, called the HARMONICS (hn).
 a DC component (if applicable).
 example : yt   h1t   h3t 

1.5 1.5 1.5

1 1 1

0.5 0.5 0.5

= +
0 0 0

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-1 -1 -1

-1.5 -1.5
-1.5

y (t) h1 (t) h3 (t)

 harmonics are due to non-linear loads

10
  linear loads :
U
 a load is said to be "linear" when the current it draws
has the same waveform as the supply voltage. Such a
I current has no harmonic components.
  examples of such loads : resistors in electric
heaters, inductive loads under steady-state
conditions (motors, transformers, etc.)
 non-linear loads :
I
 a load is said to be "non-linear" when the current it
U draws does not have the same waveform as the
supply voltage. The current then has a high harmonic
content. The harmonic spectrum depends on the
type of load.
 e.g. switch-mode power supplies, motors during
startup, transformers during switch-on

11
Figure: Current distortion caused by nonlinear load

12
 Order :
The order of a harmonic is the whole number
defining its frequency (as a multiple of the
fundamental frequency).
Example: for a 50 Hz fundamental, the 5th
order harmonic has a frequency of 5 x 50 =
250 Hz.

Harmonic spectrum as a % of the fundamental

Spectrum :
100
The spectrum of a signal is the graph
50 representing the amplitudes of the various
harmonics as a function of their respective
0
frequencies.

13
The main effects of voltage and current harmonics within the power system are:
o Amplification of harmonic levels resulting from series and parallel resonances.
o Reduction of efficiency in power generation,transmission and utilization
o Ageing of the insulation of electrical plant components and thus shortening
their useful life.
o Protection failures.
o Equipment failures and plant maloperation

In many applications it is desirable to reduce the harmonic content of input

current and output voltage waveforms, and this may frequently achieved
either by filtering or by increasing the complexity of the converter circuit.

14
This is known as the Fouries series and the coefficients are

The two series expansions given above are equivelant with

15
Any periodic waveform may be shown to be composed of the superposition of a
direct component with a fundamental pure sinewave component, together with
pure sinewaves known as harmonics of frequencies which are multiplies of the
fundamental.

A0  dc (mean) value
A1  maximum value of fundamental component
A2  maximum value of second harmonic
A3  maximum value of third harmonic
Ø  defines the relative angular reference

16
Figure: Fouries Series Representation of a Distorted Waveform

17
Therefore the voltage can be written

The current can be written in similar way

18
Certain statements and simplifications in the analysis of a complex wave are
possible by inspection of any given waveform.
1) If the areas of positive and negative half cycles are equal then A is zero.
2) If f(x+H)=-f(x) , then there are no even harmonics
3) If f(-x)=-f(x) , then bn=0 that is there are no cosine terms.
4) If f(-x)=-f(x) , then an=0 that is there are no sine terms.

19
Rms value
 The rms value of a non-sinusoidal periodic signal is :

rms value  H 12  H 2 2  ...  Hn 2

H1 = fundamental component H2, ..., Hn = harmonic components
The abbreviation rms stands for Root Mean Square.

 Example :
calculate the rms current drawn by a single-phase load such as a PC :
I fund. = 56.2A; Ih3 = 27.2A; Ih5 = 2.7A; Ih7 = 9.2A; Ih9 = 7.8A.

. 2 +27.22 +27
I rms= 562 . 2 +9.22 +7.82

20
Harmonic distortion
 Total harmonic distortion (THD):
The ratio of the rms value of the harmonics to the rms value of the
fundamental (CIGRE definition)

THD %  100 
H2
2
 H 3 2 ...  Hn 2
H1
 Individual harmonic percentages :
This is the ratio of the rms value of the "n" harmonic to the rms value of the
fundamental
Hn
HDn %   100
H1

21
We can calculate the power transferred to the load by calculating rms voltage
and current.

Total Power transferred:

22
The total harmonic distortion factor is the ratio of the rms value of the
harmonic components together, to the rms amplitude of the fundamental.

23
 The switching action of the rectifying device inevitably results in non-
sinusoidal current being drawn from the ac supply system. In essence, the ac
supply delivers a sinusoidal voltage with power flow relating only to the
delivers a sinusoidal voltage with power flow relating only to the fundamental
frequency. The load then converts some of this power to higher frequencies and
transmits harmonic power back into the supply system. Hence a rectifying load
acts in part as a harmonic generator.
The supply behaves as a short circuit to the harmonic powers. The harmonic
powers are converted to heat, power dissipation, causing the efficiency to fall.
Note that the most rectifier currents only contain odd harmonics, because
the current shape has odd symmetry.

24
For the ideal p-pulse rectifier taking level load current, no losses and
no everlop, then only harmonics exist of the order

r=mp±1
Where
r is the harmonic order

m=1,2,3… etc.

p is the pulse number.

25
 As an example for a 3-phase rectifier since p is 6 and r=6m±1, and hence
5th,7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics will be present in the ac supply.
The equation given above shows that the higher the pulse number p, the
more harmonics will be eliminated.

26
 The magnitudes of the current harmonics can be calculated from the
following equation.

In=I1/n
Where
I1 is the magnutide of the fundamental component

n is the order harmonic component.

27
Example 1
In the input current waveform of a 3-phase 6 pulse bridge rectifier the
current harmonics would theoratically have the following magnitudes.

Harmonic No 1 5 7 11 13 17 19

Magnitude % 100 20.0 14.3 9.1 7.7 5.9 5.3

The actual magnitudes however differ from the theoretical valuse given
above depending upon the firing angle and overlop angle of a rectifier. The
table belows gives a set of such practical values.

Harmonic No 1 5 7 11 13 17 19

Magnitude % 100 17.5 11.1 4.5 2.9 1.5 1.0

28
 A dc load fed from a rectifier will in its voltage have a harmonic content, the
lowest order of which is the pulse number of the rectifier. Harmonics at
multiples of the pulse number will also exist.
The controlled rectifier will have a higher harmonic content in the load
voltage than when the rectifier is uncontrolled.
The harmonic voltages present in the voltage waveforms will inevitably give
rise to harmonic current of the same frequency in the load. Although many of
the waveforms illustrating rectifier performance in previouse chapters were
drwan with the assumption of level dc load current, in practice this assumption
of infinite load inductance is not always justified, and harmonic currents do
exist in the load waveform.

29
 The effect these harmonics have on the load must be judged in respect of the
individual application, but often they merely contribute to increased losses. For
example, if the load a dc motor.

Magnitude of the
harmonic relative to
the mean voltage is:

Where n=mp

m=1,2,3,…

n is the order of
harmonics p in the output
voltage waveform

30
 p
n 2 3 6 12
1 - - - -
If the p-pulse rectifier under 2 66.7 - - -
investigation were an 3 - 25.0 - -
uncontrolled are then the
magnitudes of the output 4 13.3 - - -
voltage harmonics would 5 - - - -
theoretically be as given. 6 5.71 5.71 5.71 -
7 - - - -
8 3.17 - - -
9 - 1.50 - -
10 2.02 - - -
11 - - - -
12 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
31
o variable-speed drives
o thyristor controlled equipment
o static converters (UPS)
o arc furnaces
o welding machines
o lighting in large buildings
o saturated reactors (transformers)

32
  3-phase loads  DIAGRAM (without reactors)

iIs
 draws high harmonic currents of orders 5, 7, e1 M
11, 13 C
e2

 the current is unstable e3

 CURRENT DRAWN Is  HARMONIC SPECTRUM

S=23KVA THDI=124% 81% H5, 74% H7, 42% H11, ...

2.5

1.5
2 100
1
0.5 50
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5 0
-2

H11

H13

H17

H19

H21

H23
H1

H5

H7
-2.5

33
  3-phase loads  DIAGRAM

iIs
 controlled Graetz bridges e1
L1

L2 C
 generate high harmonic e2
Z
L3
currents of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, ... e3

 CURRENT DRAWN Is  HARMONIC SPECTRUM

S=122KVA THDI=30% 28% H5, 5% H7, 6% H11, ...

100
80
60
40
20
0
H1

H5

H7

H11

H13

H17

H19
34
 single-phase loads

 current with a high harmonic content

 lasts between 20 and 50 cycles !

 CURRENT DRAWN Is  HARMONIC SPECTRUM

Is=341A THDI=58% 56% H3, 9% H5, 9% H7

100
80
60
40
20
0

H11

H13

H15
H1

H3

H5

H7

H9
35
 single-phase loads  DIAGRAM

Ph Is
 capacitive impedance FL

with respect to harmonics

N

 CURRENT DRAWN Is  HARMONIC SPECTRUM

S=22KVA THDI=53% 51% H3, 11% H5, 8% H9...

100
80
60
40
20
0

H11
H1

H3

H5

H7

H9
36
oshort-term effects
olong-term effects
odisturbances on generators
odisturbances on loads

37
o harmonic voltages can affect controllers used in electronic
systems (Thyristors, PLC's, etc...)
o meter errors in induction-disk type
o ripple control receivers such as relays can be disturbed by
voltage harmonic distortion
o vibrations and noise
o interference on communication and control circuits

38
capacitor heating cause by :
oconduction
odielectric hysteresis
heating due to additional losses in machines and transformers
ostator and rotor losses
oadditional transformer losses due to skin effect
heating of cable and equipment

39
 transformer :
oincrease of Joules losses
oincrease of iron losses (hysteresis and Foucault)
oincrease of voltage THD
 rotating machine (generating set) :
oincrease of statoric losses
oincrease of iron losses (hysteresis, Foucault)
opulsating mechanical torque producing a frop of
efficiency, vibrations and acoustical noise
oincrease of voltage THD

40
 cables :
oheating of cables
olosses due to the skin effect
oincrease in dielectric losses in the insulation
 induction motors :
oincrease of iron (statoric) losses and Joules losses
opulsating mechanical torque producing a drop of
efficiency, vibrations and heating of rotoric circuits
 capacitors :
oimpedance of capacitor decreases as frequency f
increases and allows harmonic currents flow on it
orisk of resonance due to inductances
oheating and failure
41
z
1 1
z 
C C  2f

f (Hz)
0

42
 network without capacitors :
onetwork can be a linear fluctuating impedance according
to the frequency
onearly all generated harmonic currents rise to
transformer
oonly a small part of them occurs the load level
 network with capacitors :
o capacitors do not create harmonics
o capacitors can amplify harmonics already in the network

43
Installation without capacitor HV

Transformer
Iharmonics HV / LV

~ ~
M
= =
harmonics generators (Gh)

44
Installation with capacitors
HV

Transformer
Iharmonics HV / LV

~ ~
M
= =
harmonics generators (Gh) capacitor banks

45
INDUCTANCE
X
XL

XL =  L = (2  f) L 

if f increases XL

CAPACITOR X

1 1
XC = - =- XC

C (2 f)C
if f increases XC

46
If the capacitor bank is in series with the system reactance
and creates a low impedance path to the harmonic current, a
series resonance condition may result. Series resonance may
cause high voltage distortion levels between the inductance
and the capacitor in the circuit due to the harmonic current
concentrated in the low impedance path it sees. Series
resonance often causes capacitor or fuse failures because of
overload.

47
48
CONNECTION IN SERIES OF AN
INDUCTANCE AND A CAPACITOR

XL

XC

XL = Xc

49
CONNECTION IN SERIES OF AN LC  r 2 =1
X
INDUCTANCE AND A CAPACITOR

fr
XL

Z
XC

XL = Xc 
fr

Because of R finite value, not zero

50
Parallel resonance occurs when the parallel inductive
reactance and the parallel capacitive reactance of the system
are equal at certain frequency, and the parallel combination
appears to be a very large impedance to the harmonic
source. The frequency where the large impedance occurs is
the resonant frequency. When parallel resonance exists on
the power system, significant voltage distortion and current
amplification may occur. The highly distorted bus voltage
may cause distorted currents flowing in adjacent circuits. The
amplified current may result in equipment failure.

51
52
CONNECTION IN PARALLEL OF AN
INDUCTANCE AND A CAPACITOR

XC XL

53
 LC  r 2 =1
CONNECTION IN PARALLEL OF AN X
INDUCTANCE AND A CAPACITOR

fr

XC XL Z


fr

Because of R finite value.

54
AMPLIFICATION FACTOR :
LC  r 2 =1
Z
increase in impedance at the resonance
frequency due to the connection of
capacitors Z2

Z1


fr

FA = Z2 / Z1
M M M

55
 amplification consequences
 Vh = Zh x Ih
 appearance of harmonic
 Ihc = Fa x Ih voltage
o disfunction of electronic
receptors
FA x Ih
Ih
 overloads and overvoltages
Vh in capacitors
Ih
o heating and premature
FA x Ih ageing

 upstream pollution
o exportation of the harmonic
pollution

 harmonic overintensity on
connected loads
56
• if capacitors are connected in
parallel, resonance occurs network with
capacitor
• calculation of parallel resonance z
(anti-resonance) network alone

Ssc
f ar 
Q

far f (Hz)
Ssc : power short circuit (kVA)
harmonics amplification
Q: power capacitor bank (kvar)

57
• filters are used when it is necessary • in principle, a filter is installed for
to reduce the harmonic distortion each harmonic to be limited
rate passive filters are made up of • the filter presents a low
LC branch with a frequency of impedance at the frequency fr
and absorbs nearly all the
1 harmonics current of frequency fr
fr 
2 LC

• tuned to the frequency of the

current harmonic to be eliminated

58
 Harmonic filtering : amplification risk

 Example 3 :
• Existing harmonics and standard
T1 capacitors => AMPLIFICATION !!

M1 T2

UPS

59
 solution : impedance curve of network with detuned filter
network + capacitor
network alone
z 

network
+ detuned filter

fr 250 350 550 f (Hz)

harmonic spectrum on the network
resonance frequency

1 fr will be below the harmonic spectrum

fr 
2 LC

60
 Harmonic filtering : DR type capacitor banks

 Example 4 :
• Existing harmonics and DR type
T1 capacitors

M1 T2
• No harmonic amplification
• Harmonic level improvement (+)
UPS • Power factor correction (+++)

61
Modifications of the installation
ooversizing of transformers and cables
ouse of particular transformer couplings
oconfinement of polluting loads

Reduction of harmonic currents generated by the polluting loads

oadjustable speed drives with line reactors
o«12 pulse» rectifiers
onon polluting devices with «power factor correction»

Filtering
ofilter dedicated to an equipment («product» filter)
ofilter dedicated to the whole installation ( «network» filter)

62
 Filtering principles

Passive filter Active filter

63
Passive filters are inductance, capacitance, and resistance
elements configured and tuned to control harmonics.
They are commonly used and are relatively inexpensive
compared with other means for eliminating harmonic
distortion. However, they have the disadvantage of
potentially interacting adversely with the power system,
and it is important to check all possible system
interactions when they are designed. They are employed
either to shunt the harmonic currents off the line or to
block their flow between parts of the system by tuning
the elements to create a resonance at a selected
frequency.

64
Figure shows several types of common filter arrangements.

Figure: Common passive filter configurations.

65
 Zs
Vth

IFh
ISh

ZF ILh

Figure b: Single Phase Equivalent Circuit

Zs
Vth

IFh
ISh

VS ZF ILh

Figure a: Passive Filter

Figure c: Equivalent circuit for ILh

66
Let us consider filtering
characteristics for the load
harmonic current ILh. Let us
assume that a source current Ish,
the terminal harmonic voltage VTh
and the output voltage of the
active filter Vc are given by the
following three equations:

Figure: Equivalent circuit for ILh

67
 filter 5 + filter 7 network alone
z

1
fr 
2 LC

250 350 f (Hz)

the harmonics 5th and 7th are absorbed by the filters

68
opower transformer (Sn)
oshort-circuit voltage of the transformer (Usc)
oprimary and secondary voltage of the transformer
oshort-circuit power (mini and maxi) upstream the transformer (Ssc)
omeasurements of harmonic current on LV side of the transformer (without
capacitors connected)
otype and power of harmonic generators with harmonic spectrum
oreactive power needs and existing capacitor bank
osingle line diagram
otarget harmonic distortion rate

69
o For a 6-pulse rectifier circuit tuned-harmonic filters are provided for the
5th,7th,11th and 13th harmonic components. For the higher order harmonics, a
high pass filter is provided.

High-pass filter

70
Example 2
The single line diagram of the system under investigation is as shown below.

71
The per phase equivalent circuit on 0.4 kV side ise given below.

This circuit is simplified to the following one

72
Resonance frequency of the system

It is therefore expected that the magnitudes of 5th(250 Hz) and 7th(350 Hz) current
harmonics will be magnified significantly and hence system voltage rises.

73
The basic filters for smoothing the load
voltage of a rectifier load are shown in
figure illustrated with reference to a 2
pulse waveform.
The inductance only filter smoothes the
current and hence resulting in continuous
input current.
The capacitor only filter acts by the
capacitor being charged to the peak of the
ac supply voltage and the discharging
exponentially into the load resistance at a
rate dependent on the time constant RC.
The supply current is of a pulse shape with
a fast rise time due to the short charging
period of the capacitor.
A combination of inductance and
capacitance is shown in figure the capacitor
acting to maintain the load voltage
constant, while the inductor smoothes the
current so resulting in an input current
lending to be square wave.

74
 63kV
1 40% Ih/I 1%
Scc=200MVA
30%
Sn=50MVA
Scc=330MVA 20%

1.1 11kV 10%

P
20MW
1 3 5 7 11 13 17 19
cos1=0.75
cos 2>0.9
Gh=40MVA Q to calculate
filters

before filtering after filtering

voltage = 3.78% voltage = 0.87%

distortion rate F5 F7 F11 distortion rate
cos  = 0.75 cos  = 0.92
5.487 4.403 3.66
Qtotal=13.55Mvar
75
 20kV
1 Ih/I 1%
Scc=80MVA 40%

Sn=630kVA 30%
Ucc=4% 20%
1.1 600V
10%

cos1=0.75 1 3 5 7 11 13 17 19
cos 2>0.93
Gh=355kW Q to calculate
filters

before filtering after filtering

distortion rate = 11% in LV distortion rate < 5% in LV

1.7% in HV 1% in HV
F5 F7
cos =0.75 cos =0.93
140kvar 40kvar
Qtotal=180kvar
76
 Today APFs not only harmonic filtering but also solve the various type
power quality problems such as reactive power, unbalanced loading,
voltage fluctuation and voltage flicker.

Figure a: Active Power Filter Figure b: Block diagram of power circuit APF

77
 Harmonic filtering : active filters

 Example 7 :
• Existing harmonics with active filter
T1

M1 T2
• Harmonic level improvement (++++)
• Power factor correction (+)

UPS
78
 Active Harmonic Filter inject Anti-phase
harmonic current which cancels the
existing harmonic currents
 Apply one filter for multiple drives
 Self-adapting to changing harmonic
currents
 Corrects up to the 50th harmonic
 Expandable: up to 5 in parallel
 Cannot be overloaded
 Provides Harmonic current or Reactive
current or any combination of both
 Available in sizes 50, 100 and 300A.
Either IP00 plate or in panel.

79
 Passive filter Active filter

Advantages  high power  wide spectrum

 simultaneous power  easy commissionning
factor correction  flexibility

Disadvantages  study by a specialist is  high price

necessary
 filter adapted to only a
few orders of
harmonics

80
oHybrid Apf proposes to reduce rating of
APF.
oimproves damping the harmonic
resonance, compared with the passive filter
used alone.
oinheriting the advantages of both passive
filter and active filter.
oProvides improved performance and cost-
effective solutions.

81
 Harmonic filtering : hybride filters

 Example 6 :
• Existing harmonics with Hybride filter
T1 (5th passive filter + active filter)

M1 T2
• Harmonic level improvement (+++)
• Power factor correction (++)
UPS

82
Example 3: One three phase adjustable speed drive(ASD) and one three
phase balanced linear load is fed from 400V 50 Hz busbar which is
connected to 36kV/400V 4 MVA transformer having an equivalent
impedance of 0.08+j0.45 pu. The short circuit impedance of 36 kV
systemis 0.006+j0.018pu. The RMS current value of ASD is 1700A and
the percentage of dominant current harmonics to fundamental current
of ASD is given in below table. The linear load is inductive load with 2
MVA 0.8 power factor.
a) Sketch the single line diagram of system and equivalent circuit
diagram of system both fundamental frequency and harmonics.
b) Calculate the total harmonic distortion (THD) of ASD for dominant
harmonics.
c) Calculate the total demand distortion (TDD) at point of common
coupling (PCC).
d) Does this installation comply with the current distortion limits given
in Table? In your answer list the specific current harmonics that do
and do not meet these current distortion limits.
83
Harmonic Percent%
Fundamental 100
5 30,1
7 12,3
11 8,1
13 4,4
17 2,6
18 2,1
23 1,4
25 1,1

84
 ZL ZTR PCC ITOT
Solution:
IL IASD
(a) Vs

Single Line Diagram

ZSYS ZTR PCC

In fundamental
Vs frequency, the
ZL ZASD nonlinear load acts as
simple linear load

For Fundamental Frequency

ZSYS ZTR PCC

In harmonic
frequencies, the
IH source is short
circuited

For Harmonic Frequencies

85
Solution:
I 5 2  I7 2  I 11 2  I 13 2  I 17 2  I 19 2  I 23 2  I 25 2
(b) THD  .100
I FUN
30.12  12.3 2  8.12  4.4 2  2.6 2  2.12  1.4 2  1.12
THD  .100  %34
100

S 2MVA
IL    2886.75 A
3V 3 .400
(c) ITOT  1700  2886.75  4586.75 A
For I ASD ,h ;
I 2 ASD  I 2 ASD , fun
THD  .100
I ASD , fun

0.34 I ASD , fun  I 2 ASD  I 2 ASD , fun  I ASD ,h

 0.34 I 
2
ASD , fun  1700 2  I 2 ASD , fun
I ASD , fun  1609.5 A
I ASD ,har  547.2 A
I ASD ,har 574.2 A
TDD  .100%   %12.5
ITOT 4586.75 A

86
Solution: F o r sh o rt c u rre n t a t P C C ; I S C

B a s e im p e d a n c e fo r 4 0 0 V
2
V 4 0 0 2
Z    0 .0 4
(d)
B A S E
S 4 M V A
Z T R ,4 0 0 V  0 .0 4 ( 0 .0 8  j 0 .0 4 5 )  0 .0 0 3 2  j 0 .0 1 8
Z S Y S ,4 0 0 V  0 .0 4 ( 0 .0 0 6  j 0 .0 1 6 )  0 .0 0 0 2 4  j 0 .0 0 7 2
Z T O T ,4 0 0 V  Z T R ,4 0 0 V  Z S Y S ,4 0 0 V  0 .0 1 9 7 9 .5 8
4 0 0V
I S C   2 1 0 5 2 .6 3 A
Z T O T ,4 0 0 V

I SC
 4 .5 8 9  2 0
I TO T
% T D D  1 2 .5  5 lim it o f T D D is e x c e e d e d
I A S D ,5 % 3 0 .1 x 1 6 0 9 .5
  % 1 0 .5  4 lim it is e x c e e d e d
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5
I % 1 2 .3 x 1 6 0 9 .5
A S D ,7
  % 4 .3 1  4 lim it is e x c e e d e d
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5
I % 8 .1 x 1 6 0 9 .5
A S D ,1 1
  % 2 .8 4  2 lim it is e x c e e d e d
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5
I % 4 .4 x 1 6 0 9 .5
A S D ,1 3
  % 1 .5 4  2 u n d e r lim it
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5
I % 2 .6 x 1 6 0 9 .5
A S D ,1 7
  % 0 .9 1  1 .5 u n d e r lim it
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5
I % 2 .1 x 1 6 0 9 .5
A S D ,1 9
  % 0 .7 3  1 .5 u n d e r lim it
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5
I A S D ,2 3 % 1 .4 x 1 6 0 9 .5
  % 0 .4 9  0 .6 u n d e r lim it
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5
I % 1 .1 x 1 6 0 9 .5
A S D ,2 5
  % 0 .3 8  0 .6 u n d e r lim it
I T O T 4 5 8 6 .7 5

87
Example 4

The peak magnitude of the fundamental component in the input current

of a single phase bridge rectifier is 75A.
a) Plot the magnitude of harmonics (including fundamental) in % versus
harmonic number n up to 11th harmonic.
b) Calculate THD of input current neglecting harmonics higher than 11th
harmonic.

88
Solution

(a)
I1=75 A and nth harmonic is In=I1/n and n=mp±1 p=2

In I1 I3 I5 I7 I9 I11
Magnitude 75 A 25 A 15 A 10.71 A 8.33 A 6.82 A

89
Solution

(b)

+ + +. . +
=

+ + + +
=

+ + . + . + .
=
.
= = . = . %

90
Example 5

An AC drive is installed in a textile plant. The AC drive is equipped with a 3

phase 6 pulse uncontrolled bridge rectifier. After the installation of AC
drive, voltage rises and compensation capacitor problems were faced at
the bus of AC drive. The resonant frequency of the system is measured to
be 300 Hz.
a) What is the problem in this plant?
b) What do you suggest to solve this problem?
c) Calculate THD of input current of the AC drive neglecting
harmonics higher than 1050 Hz. If the fundamental component of
input current is 100 A.

91
Solution

(a) 3 phase 6 pulse rectifier generates harmonics 5,7,11,13,17,19 etc.

Because resonance frequency is 300 Hz, 5th and 7th harmonics cause
problem.

(b) Installation of harmonic filters tuned to 5th and 7th harmonics shall
solve this problem.

(c)
+ + +. . +
=

. + . + . + . + . + .
=

92
Example 6

The peak magnitude of the fundamental component in the input current

of a 3 ohase 12 pulse bridge rectifier is 100 A.

a) Plot magnitude of harmonics (including fundamental) in % versus

harmonic number n up to 50th harmonic.
b) Calculate THD of input current neglecting harmonics higher than
50th.

93
Solution

(a)
I1=100 A and nth harmonic is In=I1/n and n=mp±1 p=12
In I1 I11 I13 I23 I25 I35 I37 I47 I49

A 100 A 9.09 A 7.69 A 4.38 A 4A 2.85 A 2.7 A 2.13 A 2.04 A

94
Solution

(b)

= . = . %

95
Homework

Explain the cases why tuned filters or detuned filters are used in power
distribution system. Give example of tuning frequencies for tuned and
detuned filters. Draw the impedance – frequency curves of the passive
harmonic filters in accordance with your example frequencies.

96
97