WQD 10203 TECHNICAL MATHEMATICS 2

TOPIC 3: DIFFERENTIATION

PREPARED BY: MADAM NURUL NABIHAH BINTI RAHMAN

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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO)

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

CLO 3: Apply differentiation and integration techniques to

solve practical problems (C3, PLO1).
 CONTENTS
3.5 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
(1) PARAMETRIC EQUATION

(2)
3.5.1 3.5.2
RELATED RATES OPTIMIZATION
 3.5.1 RELATED RATES 4

 A rate of change with respect to time is usually just called ‘the rate of
change’, the ‘with respect to time’ being assumed.
𝑑𝑖
 Thus, for example, a rate of change of current, 𝑖, is and a rate of
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
change of temperature, 𝜃 , is and so on.
𝑑𝑡

 In practical situation, letters other than 𝑥 and 𝑦 are used. For example,
in mechanics, if 𝑠 denotes the position of a particle at time 𝑡 , then

𝑑𝑠
 the velocity, 𝑣, of the particle is given by , the rate of change of
𝑑𝑡
displacement with respect to time.
𝑑2𝑠 𝑑𝑣
 the acceleration, 𝑎, of the particle is given by = , the rate of
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
change of velocity with respect to time.
 3.5.1 RELATED RATES (CONTINUE) 5

 A related rate problem is a practical problem which involves a

functional relationship 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in which both 𝑥 and 𝑦 are themselves
functions of another variable, such as time, 𝑡.

 To solve a related rate problem, the following general procedure as

stated below:

Step 1: Define the object that is stated. Draw a figure, if necessary,

to illustrate the object and assign variables to the quantities that vary.
Step 2: Determine a formula or equation that relates the variables.
Step 3: Differentiate the equation.
Step 4: Substitute specific numerical values and solve algebraically for any
required rate.
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3.5.1 RELATED RATES (CONTINUE)

 Notation the rate of changes:

 Positive (+ ve) : If the rate is increasing.

 Negative (- ve) : If the rate is decreasing.

EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 8
A spherical balloon is being filled with a gas such that when the radius is
5 𝑐𝑚, the radius is increasing at the rate of 2 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 . How fast is the volume
changing at this time?

SOLUTION
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EXAMPLE 2 11
A block of ice in the shape of a cube, originally has volume of 1000 𝑐𝑚3 . It
is melting such that the length of its edges is decreasing at the constant
rate 0.1 𝑐𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒. Determine the rate of volume of the ice block.

SOLUTION
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EXAMPLE 3 14
A tank filled with water is in the shape of an inverted cone 30 𝑐𝑚 high with
a circular base (on top) whose radius is 10 𝑐𝑚. Water is running out of the
bottom of the tank at the constant rate of 1 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1 . How fast is the water
level falling when the water is 20 𝑐𝑚 deep?

SOLUTION
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EXAMPLE 4 17
The surface area of a sphere is decreasing at the constant rate of
4𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1 . At what rate is the radius decreasing at the instant when its
radius is 2 cm?

𝒅𝒓 𝟏
ANSWER: = − 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝒅𝒕 𝟒
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