Sta.

Monica Institute of Technology

Andrada Bldg., Cabili Ave., Poblacion, Iligan City

Contact Number: 221-2678

College of Education
FS 1: Observation of Teaching Learning in Actual School
Environment
Second Semester of A.Y. 2021-2022

Name: Merry Rose Diapera Garay

Active Cellphone Number: 09922923185

Facebook Account: Merry Garay

LEARNING EPISODE 1: THE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT

This Episode 1 provides an opportunity for students to examine and reflect on a school
environment that promotes learning and development.

Learning Outcome

Determine the characteristics of a school environment that is safe, secure, and is

supportive of learning (PPST 2.1.1)

Learning Essentials

1. A physical environment conducive for learning is one that has consistent practices
That:
- keep the school safe, clean, orderly and free from distraction,
- maintain facilities that provide challenging activities, and
- address the physical, social and psychological needs of the students.

2. Display boards can be powerful in communicating information about the learning

environment. They help in building and establishing the school culture. These boards
become one way for everyone to learn about the vision-mission, goals, and values
that the school upholds.

3. As a basic part of the school's visual environment, display boards have four general
purposes:

Decorative- They offer visual stimulation and appeal to aesthetics. They set the
social and psychological atmosphere of the school.

Motivational- They encourage students to perform better and have greater

confidence. An example would be the display of students’ outputs that
show that each output is recognized and valued. The bulletin boards help celebrate the
learners' growth and progress.

Informational- They are used as a strategy to readily disseminate information.

Instructional- They move students to respond and participate through interactive

displays. They get students to think about and communicate their learning

4. The set of criteria for evaluating bulletin board displays includes effective
communication, attractiveness, balance, unity, interactivity, legibility, correctness, and
durability.
Activity 1.1: Exploring the School Campus
Resource Teacher: Maria Gessel L. Paradero Teacher’s Signature: _________

Grade/Year Level: Grade II- Avocado Date: February 14– 18, 2022

School: Iligan City Central School

To realize the Intended Learning Outcome, work my way through these steps:

1. Visit a school. Look into facilities and support learning areas in the campus, then
in the classroom.
2. Observe and use the checklist as you move around the school premises.
3. Analyze your gathered data about the school environment,
4. Reflect on the characteristics of a school environment that promotes learning.
5. Present your idea of a good school environment through any of these:
a) Descriptive paragraph b) Photo essay
c) Sketch or drawing d) Poem, song or rap

OBSERVE
As you move around the campus, observations forms are provided for you to document
your observations. It is advised that you read the entire worksheet before proceeding to the
school site. A good understanding of the activities and tasks to be accomplished in the activity
sheets will yield better learning results.

SCHOOL FACILITIES OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

Familiarize yourself with the different areas and facilities of the school. Check the
column to indicate their availability. Give a brief description of those that are available, and say
how each will contribute to the students' learning and development.

Facilities Description Was it contribute to the

students’ learning and
development? Why?

 Office of the principal has cabinets Yes. Principal’s office serves

that full of trophies, conference
Office of the table, principal’s table, chairs, a
Principal wide screen television, and large
display board about teacher’s data.
as the central place in building
the right education inside the
school. The planning of
program, the execution
process of curriculum come
from this office. Where this
office really contribute to
student’s learning and
development.

 Library has a lot of bookshelves, Yes. Library really contribute to

book cabinets, and instructional
Library materials, tables for reading,
chalkboard, display board / bulletin
board, librarian’s table, chairs and
books.
student’s learning and
development where it provides
a lot of information /answer if
students face difficulties in
answering their assignment
and activity. Student’s also do

 Counselling Room has tables,
chairs, cabinets and wide space for
Counselling open forum and discussion.
Room
 Canteen has a lot of dining tables
and chairs, a clean wide space and
Canteen/ a sets of food display glass. Also a
Cafeteria dirty kitchen at back and have a
right foods to offer.
 Medical Clinic has first aid kit/
medicines, cabinets, tables, chairs,
Medical Clinic bedroom, drugs and other essential
things. It is cute!
 Audio visual room has television,
speaker, chairs and tables. Also a
Audio Visual/ wide space for children to sit while
Learning learning.
Resource
Centre
 Science Laboratory has a lot of
science equipment and materials
Science for experiment and science study.
Laboratory Like bakers, test tube/ holder, dry
pod, thermometer and other glass
that can use in experiment. And
has space for the experiment
process.
 Gymnasium has a stage, an open
wide space at the centre, benches,
Gymnasium speakers, chairs and tables.
reading in this place if they
have a leisure time.
Yes. It contribute to student’s
learning and development
because it guides the students
to make their decision firm and
right action. It gives also
advices to students if there are
problems about family, friends,
career or academic failures.
Yes. Canteen contribute to the
student’s learning and
development because it
provide the physical needs of
students such as hunger, and
thirst. According to study,
students who are hungry /
thirst cannot focus from their
learning.
Yes. Medical clinic contribute
to student’s learning and
development because medical
personnel serve and take good
care of students who are sick
and get accident inside the
school. Medical clinic
responses first if there an
emergency happened inside
the school.
Yes. It provide the quality of
effective learning of the
students and can comprehend
in their activities.
Yes. Science laboratory can
be useful place for the
students in exploring the world
of discovery and
experimentation. Students may
have a better experience and
can learn more in their activity.
Yes. Gymnasium provide the
quality area for the students to
perform their different skill and
showcase their talents. The
stage play that make every
students to build their
confidence and overcoming
fear. It serves also a venue for
any events or activities of the
school especially PE activity
like sports activity.
  Auditorium has a lot of chairs and
tables. A stage and space for
Auditorium everybody. A wide area to occupy.
 Garden has a lot of flowering plants Yes. A colourful surrounding
and vegetables. There are
Outdoor/ hundreds of pots inside the school.
Garden Garden racks and any materials
that can be planted. Every corner
of the school campus has a lot of
plants and big trees.
 Home Economics Room has a lot
of tables and chairs. There is also
Home a cabinet and a space for making
Economics different activities in TLE subject.
Room There cooking materials, stocks of
food and any equipment for
livelihood.
 Industrial Workshop contains any
materials for student’s activity.
Industrial Have a space to do their task.
Workshop Tables and chairs are present also
Area cabinets.
 PTA Office has a number of chairs,
also tables. A set of cabinets and
PTA Office large area to occupy for parents.
 It has faucet/ water source. Neat
and clean.
Comfort Room
for Boy
Comfort Room  It has faucet/ water source. Neat
for Girls and clean.
Yes. It makes the children to
have a right place to perform
their performances. Also it
makes the children more focus
if they are going to watch any
educational movies or clips.
and very good ambiance make
the children more happy and
active while learning because
they are comfortable. Children
become aware of the task of
taking care of the plants and
become responsible for
planting.
Yes. It help the skills
enhancement of the students
about basic household chores
like cooking, cleaning, simple
sewing and any livelihood
activities for children.
Yes. Help enhance the skills of
the students in making some
product or output. Develop
creativity and self-confidence
when exposing their skills in
using any tools.
Yes. This organizations
establish the relationship of
parents and teachers for the
development of the students. It
involved plans, actions and
programs for the students
especially their curriculum and
regulations of the school.
Where students and school
can benefits.
Yes. Students feel comfortable
and feel safe every time they
have troubles in peeing or
pooping.
Yes. Students feel comfortable
and feel safe every time they
have troubles in peeing or
pooping.
 An observation Guide for the Classroom Visit
Read the following statements carefully. Then write your observation report on the space
provided.

Guide Question Classroom Observation Report

1. Describe the The school located near at the main road of the city. In front of
community or the school is Iligan City National High School and the back of
neighbourhood where the school is Palao Public Market and other private property for
the school is found. industrial used. There are also neighbouring houses and
establishments beside the school.

2. Describe the school
campus. What colours do
you see? What is
the condition of the
buildings?
The school campus maintain their neat and clean surroundings
despite of no face to face class. The colourful plants and
flowers. The multi-coloured murals that attract our very own
eyes. The big trees that give fresh air. There are also new and
aged buildings which strong and beautiful. The well ventilated
classroom which friendly and open for everybody.

3. Pass by the offices. As I passed by the admin offices it seems that it characterized
What impression do an open and friendly offices. An approachable look with an
you have of these organize approach. A vintage type of colour which states calm
offices? and positiveness of all the staff and personnel of the offices.

4. Walk through the As I walked through the school hall, library and cafeteria as I
school halls, the looked around there were other facilities like parking area,
library, the cafeteria. water reservoir tank, Bahay- Kubo as reading area, covered
Look around and find walkway, benches under the trees, gulayan sa paaralan, GSP
out the other facilities and BSP park, open and wide space cemented ground.
that the school has.

Resource Teacher: Brendalyn A. Enoc Teacher’s Signature: ______________

Grade/Year Level: Grade IV- Broccoli Date: February 8-11, 2022

School: Iligan City Central School

1. Look at the walls of the classroom. What are posted on the walls? What heroes,
Religious figures, lessons, visual aids, announcements, do you see posted?

The walls of the room have posted many images of heroes, religious figures, lessons,
visual aids, and announcements. Heroes such as Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Pechora
Aquino, Apolinario Mabini and other. Religious figures like images and their verses. Also,
lessons usually we can see it on the display board, the eight subjects and their contents on that
grading period. The visual aids like television, charts, and other materials for learning.
Announcements we can see it to the bulletin board the achievements of students the honors
students and other activities in the school. Then, I just want shares about images of mission and
vision of the school together with the Lupang Hinirang and Panunumpa sa Watawat which these
images can be seen in the front, and above the chalkboard. Lastly, the image of our President
Duterte at the centre.

2. Examine how the pieces of furniture are arranged. Where is the teacher’s table
 located? How are the tables and chairs/ desks arranged?

The pieces of furniture arranged according to their sizes and purposes. As I observed
teacher’s table was near at the exit door. The student’s tables and chairs arrange in two groups
with a vertical formation. A spaces between the chairs and tables are good enough for students
feel comfortable to move. The small furniture like bookshelves was located at the left side of the
room. Also, other cabinets was well arranged where everybody can feel comfortable inside the
classroom.

3. What learning materials/equipment are present?

There a lot of learning materials/ equipment are present these are books, charts, map/
globe, figures of speech, television and many more. Classroom also has a reading corner where
everybody can use it in when they have leisure time. Then there are magazines, old books,
literatures book. Most of all the worksheets or answer sheets of the students together with their
modules since there is no face to face learning but a modular modalities of learning.

4. Is the room well-lit and well ventilated?

Yes. The room well-lit and well ventilated because it has two doors the entrance door and
exit door, there are windows both sides, there are lights, a higher voltage that can produce
brightness inside the classroom. Also the room has a wide space and everything are neat, clean
and well arranged. That is why, air can passes through inside the classroom and children
experienced good ambiance.

An Observation Guide for the CLASSROOM VISIT

Be guided by these tasks as you do your observation. Then accomplish the matrix to
record your data.
CLASSROOM FACILITIES MATRIX

CLASSROOM DESCRIPTION
FACILITIES
(location, number, arrangement, condition)
1. Display Boards Near at the teacher’s table, one (1), horizontally approach, new,
attractive, colourful, complete content, neat and clean. Also has
a strong foundation/ base.

2. Teacher’s Table Near at the exit door, one (1) only, towards the chalkboard,
Slightly old but strong and very clean.

3. Learner’s Desks/ At the center of the classroom, Forty (40) pieces chairs with
Chairs/ Table tables in good condition. Arranged vertically.

4. Blackboard At the front of the chairs, two (2) pieces the right and left side,
horizontally hang on the wall, very strong.

5. Learning Materials, Near at the entrance, beside the reading corner and near at the
Visual Aids Cabinet teacher’s table. More than three (3), arranged according to its
purposes. Very new, neat and clean.

6. Display Cabinet Near at the teacher’s table and the entrance, two (2) pieces,
arranged according to its sizes, strong and heavy. Very clean
and good.
 7. Reading Corner At the right side of the room near at the display cabinet, one (1)
only, it’s spatial and contain informative materials like books,
magazine and anything that are used in learning. Also it is newly
made reading corner.

8. Changing Corner At the back of the chairs and tables beside the glass rack. One
(1) only, well arranged and organized. It is newly made.

9. Health Corner Back of the chairs and table and left side near the window. One
(1) very clean and neat. Very organized and spatial. Newly
made.

10. WINS Corner Beside the Health corner, one (1) only, clean and good looking,
contain important materials in sanitizing and cleaning.

11. NDEP Corner Near at GAD corner and Bully Free corner, one (1) only, and
has 8 ways in saying no to drugs and its proper illustration of
images.

12. GAD Corner Near at NDEP corner and Bully free corner. One (1) only,
illustrate a proper way of developing oneself. Clean, neat and
newly made.

ANALYZE
1. How do the school campus and the classroom in particular impact the learning of
the students going to school? What are your conclusions?

School campus and classroom particularly impact the learning of students going to school
in a way that school campus and classroom serve as drive to students to go to school. Students
know if the environment of the school and classroom are good to him/ her while studying,
whether she/ he comfortable to the place and feel safe. Students will always go to school if she/
he is happy, feel secure, and welcomed. That is why having school campus and classroom that
are neat, clean, spatial, beautiful, having good facilities, well lit and well ventilated and the
personalities of teachers, school personnel really affects the appetite of students to go to school
and to study.

2. How does this relate to your knowledge of child and adolescent development/How
does this relate to your knowledge of facilitating learning?

This can be relate to my knowledge about child and adolescent development in terms of
Theories of Development which this learning theories focused on how the environment impacts
behaviour where behaviour is shaped by the interaction between the individual and the
environment. So environment plays a big role in the development of the children, where school
campuses and classrooms served as second environment of the children. In that aspect, school
/classroom must characterized the intended facilities and good accommodations/services in
order to meet the need of the children.
Also, in relation to my knowledge about facilitating learning where in Cognitive Process it is
influenced by heredity, maturations and environment. Where environment include learning
opportunities that provide avenues for learning. In environmental predisposition in learning child
interact with the surroundings which prevail at home, in school and community.
To conclude, school campus and classrooms has a big impact and contribution to the
development of the students.
REFLECT

1. Would you like to teach in the school environment you just observed? Why?
Why not?

Yes. For me I would like to teach in the school environment that I observed because it
has a facilities that need for the development of the students. It characterized a good
environment and conducive to learning even though it is near from the main road. Teaching
force and personnel are very motivated in moulding and shaping the learners. Most of all the
school is very good in their accommodations and services for the learners and parents.

2. What kind of school campus is conducive to learning?

A school campus which is conducive to learning when it characterized a good

environment where students can learn peacefully and no destruction take place. A school
campus that has a good and enough facilities to make every students feel comfortable and
enjoy in their learning. It is spatial, unpolluted place, have a fresh air and lively school campus.
It promotes total satisfaction of the students in terms of learning, security and safety. Also, a
school campus that has a driven force to make every students productive every day.

3. What kind of classroom is conducive to learning?

A classroom is conducive to learning when it has enough space for the students. Where
everybody feels comfortable the way they sit and walk around the classroom. It has many
windows, two doors for entrance and exit especially this time of pandemic, so that the fresh air
can enter easily and gives fresh ambiance. Moreover, a classroom that contain good, complete
facilities and instructional materials so that the students can learned and have a good
experienced inside the class. Then, it is well- ventilated, opened for everyone and a friendly
classroom.

4. In the future, how can you accomplish your answer in number 3?

In the future, I can accomplish my answer in number 3 in God’s plan and purposes by
making every effort in making my classroom conducive to learning. Making a strategic and
process action to have a result. Making classroom that is conducive to learning is very hard and
needs motivation, but stakeholders and other people would help me to make everything into
success. Self- disciplined as a teacher and consistency of hard work is very important also. But
most of all the self- confidence which believing myself that I can make this thing happened, it
just applying of law of attraction, believed it, do it and claimed it!

5. Write your additional learnings and insights here.

My additional learning and insights after observing the school campus and classroom are
these following: School campus and classroom environment would have an impact to the
children not only to their learning capacity but also to their total development as a person.
Where, this place served as a second home to the children so it needs to make everything in
this place more proper, complete facilities, safety, convenient and conducive to learning. It
should be a friendly school where anyone can feel comfortable and happy while studying. Also,
I have learned that making classroom and school campus conducive to learning is an act of
process and self- disciplined of teacher towards his/her profession. A teacher who possess
motivation, consistency, responsible, hard work and a selfless service with love and
commitment.
Activity 1.2: Observing bulletin board displays

Resource Teacher: Rohania S. Amer Teacher’s Signature: _________

Grade/Year Level: Grade III- Oak tree Date: February 21-25, 2022

School: Iligan City Central School

The display board, or what we more commonly refer to as bulletin board, is one of the
most readily available and versatile learning resources.

To achieve the Intended Learning Outcomes, work your way through these steps: 1.
Examine for bulletin board displays. Include samples of those found at the entrance, lobby,
hallways and classrooms 2. Pick one and evaluate the display. 3 Propose enhancements to
make the display more effective.

An Observation Guide for BOARD DISPLAYS

Read the following carefully before you observe.

1. Go around the school and examine the board displays. How many board displays
do you see?

As I go around the school, there are more than Ten (10) board displays. These board
displays are very good, beautiful and contain a lot of information.

2. Where are the display boards found? Are they in places where target viewers can
see them?

The display boards found in every grade buildings such as Joseph Estrada building,
Corazon building, covered hall way, classrooms, entrances of the school, principal’s office,
district supervisor office, and guidance office. Yes, they are in the places where target viewers
like students, parents, teachers, school administrators, and visitors.

3. What are the displays about? What key messages do they convey! What images and
colours do you see? How are the pieces of information and images arranged?

The board displays contain about the new information of the school’s program, the
school’s activities and other. There are board displays contain NDEP, GAD, and WINS
information especially inside the classroom. Then, the key messages convey information for the
learning of the students, parents, teachers, school personnel and visitor. There are printed
images and multi-coloured object for design. The pieces and images of information arranged
according to the structures and purposes.

4. What materials were used in making the displays? Are borders used?
 The materials were used are wooden stick, plywood, Styrofoam, cutting letters, art
materials, and paint. Yes.
5. Do you notice some errors? (Misspelled words, grammar inconsistencies and the
like)

No, I have notice no errors. No misspelled words, grammar inconsistencies and other.
The contents are very clear to understand.

6. Are the messages clear and easily understood?

Yes, the messages are clear and easily understood.

7. Think about what got your attention. Why did it get your attention?

The concept of the information, got my attention. Also the title, key messages and content
also the design and colours. It get my attention because it is very interesting, informative, and
has a reliable sources of ideas.

8. Take a photo/s of the display boards.

OBSERVATION REPORT
(You may paste pictures of the Board displays here.)
From among the board displays that you saw, pick the one you got most interested in, Evaluate
it using the evaluation form below.

BOARD DISPLAYS EVALUATION FORM

Topic of the Board Display: National Drug Education Program

Location of the Board Display in School: Entrance of the School Campus
Check the column that indicates your rating. Write comments to back up your
ratings.
4- Outstanding 3- Very Satisfactory 2- Satisfactory 1- Needs Improvement

Criteria NI S VS O Comments
1 2 3 4
Effective  Using Accurate words and emphasizes the
Communication thoughts clearly
It conveys the
message quickly
and clearly.

Attractiveness  Very neat and clean, good spaces and right

Colors and choice of color
arrangement
catch and hold
interest.
Balance  Arrange properly, contain enough objects/
Objects are picture that can attract easily.
arranged, so
stability is
perceived.
Unity  Very nice combinations, the colors to its
Repealed shapes border
or colors or use of
borders hold
display together.

Interactivity  It communicates to the readers

The style and
approach entice
learners to be
involved and
engaged.

Legibility  Readable and clear writings

Letters and
illustrations can be
seen from a good
distance.

Correctness  No grammar error, misspelled words, and

It is free from correct uses of words
grammar errors,
misspelled words.
ambiguity.
Durability  Very solid and firm
It is well
constructed, items
are securely
attached.
Bulletin Evaluated by: Merry Rose D. Garay

Location: Entrance of the school Campus

Brief Description of the Bulletin Board: It contains information about what drug is, its causes
and effects to the person’s body, and how its affect to the future of the children. Also, the bulletin
board illustrates and shows picture of the coping strategy in avoiding drug addiction and not using
it with the quote ‘”SAY NO TO DRUGS”!

EVALUATION

Strengths Weaknesses

Description of
the Bulletin
Board Layout
The layout is very good in its sizes, the The number of colours that used in
uses of designs, the approach of the creating, the combination should not
colors and the spaces. more than three and four colors.

Some text are need to enhance.

Evaluation of
educational
content and It has an accurate content, it used It needs catchy words. Need to
other aspects proper illustration and pictures. emphasize more the concept and its
content.

Recommendations:
So far, I recommend to add other instructional materials for the total learning of the readers. The
uses of colours always relate to the concept and content.

Suggestions for
Improvement:

I suggest to enhanced the size of the display board, just choose a medium size only. Which can
cater the whole ideas and content, and can provide the needed information for the readers.

Also in making, no need to have more decorative things, just a minimal type of design but
attractive one. The most important are the arrangement, the content and the modification of ideas
that attracts the reader’s interest.

Signature of Evaluator over Printed Name:

MERRY ROSE D. GARAY

Based on your suggestions, make your board display lay-out. You may present your output
through any of these:

- A hand-made drawing or layout

- An electronic (computer) drawing/illustration or layout
- A collage

My Board Display Lay-out

(4th Quarter- ALL SUBJECTS)

DISPLAY BOARD

MATH ENGLISH MTB ESP

FILIPINO SCIENCE MAPEH EPP

ANALYZE
1. What do you think was the purpose of the board display?

The purpose of the board display is to inform about certain things, convey through messages
and communicate the readers. Give addition learnings and understanding of the readers. Just
like the sample, giving information about the effects of drugs unto the body and how it affects to
the children’s future.

2. Did the board display design reflect the likes/interests of its target audience? Why?

Why not?

Yes. The board display design, reflect the likes/interest of the audience because they interact
the display board, give comments and compliments.

3. Was the language used clear and simple for the target audience to understand?

Why? Why not?

Yes. The language used clear and simple because the audience understand it very well and
have understanding\knowledge about the content.

4. Was the board display effective? Why? Why not?

Yes, because it transform the ideas and mind of the reader and make response on it.

5. What suggestions can you make?

I can suggest, make more creative, use reusable materials, good sizes and informative
content approach to the readers.

Based on your suggestions, propose an enhanced version of the display board. Use the form
below.

My Proposed Board Display

Theme: SCIENCE (SPACE)

Board Title: THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Rationale: To present the ideas of solar system to the readers faculty, and gives concrete
(Purpose) outlook about heavenly bodies by the use of images, illustration and description.

Objectives: Readers understand and widened their power of imaginations about the space
and the heavenly bodies through the depicted pictures and illustrations. Gives knowledge and
understanding about the concept of solar system.

Best features of my proposed bulletin enhancement:

The Illustration of the Solar System and their corresponding description.

Content Resources (Name each needed resource and give each a brief description):

Exploring the Solar System- Planets, Moons, Comets, Meteors

Earth and Space Science Textbook- Provide clear description and explanation about
the concept of solar system

Materials for aesthetic enhancement: Glass, plywood, sticks, acrylic paint, images\pictures,
colored paper, silver dust, Styrofoam, and letters cut out.
REFLECT
1. Name at least five skills that a teacher should have to be able to come up with
effective board displays. Elaborate on why each skill is needed.

The five skills that a teacher should have in able to come up with effective board displays are
these following:
1.) Creative – a creative teachers provide an artistic plan, brilliant ideas and interesting way of
making display board.
2.) Resourceful- teacher’s ability to seek and utilize the resources very well, especially the
materials in making. And provide solutions in every problems.
3.) Critical Thinking- teachers has a higher thinking skills to analyse, evaluate and reflect the
concept of ideas and information to be posted.
4.) Good communication skills- teachers know how to use the word correctly and connect to
the visual content in order to have an exact thought and clear presentation of the concept.
5.) Uniqueness- teachers with unique approach establish confidence of their work and proudly
present their output without imitations from others. This skill is very important to have a
strong foundation of character as a teacher.

2. Which of the skills you named in # 1 do you already have? Recall your past
experiences in making board displays. How do you practice these skills?

The skills that I named in #1 which I already have is the creativity, it is my passion to create
any artistic way. My creativity skills developed when I was practiced embracing myself to be
productive sometimes. To create something new and unique, to find right solutions in a right and
easy way. And this skills helped me a lot in making my display board own design successful.

3. Which skills do you still need to develop? What concrete steps will you take on how
you can improve on or acquire these skills?

The skill that I still need to develop is the critical thinking, for me it is very hard to acquire
this kind of skill, but I have my determination to overcome this crisis. Self-practice is important of
all, application is very needed in exposing this skills.