CHAPTER 6 PERIODIC TABLE 元素周期表

Classification 分类 of Elements 元素
Atom 原子 and Molecule 分子
1 All matter 物质 is made up of atoms, which are
tiny 细小 and discrete 分离 particles.颗粒
2 An atom is the simplest 最简单 and smallest
particle which is the basic unit 基础单位 of matter.
3 The structure 组织 of an atom is shown in Diagram
6.1.
(a) Protons 质子 and neutrons 中子 are found in the
nucleus.核
(b) Electrons 电子 are found surrounding 周围 the
nucleus.
(c) Proton (p)，neutron (n)，and electron (e) are
subatoms.次原子
(d) Protons are positively-charged 正电荷,
electrons negatively-charged 负电荷 are whereas 而
neutrons are uncharged.无电荷
(e) Every atom has the same number of proton and
electron, therefore 所以 atoms are uncharged and
neutral.中立
4 A molecule 分子 is a combination 结合 of two or
more atoms.
5 Molecules are formed when one type of atom or
different types of atoms combine chemically.

Molecules

Same type of atoms Different types of atoms

A nitrogen 氮 molecule is made up 由组成 of A carbon dioxide molecule is made up of 1 carbon

2 nitrogen atoms atom and 2 oxygen atoms.

An oxygen molecule is made up of 2 oxygen An ammonia 氨 molecule consists of 由组成 1

atoms, nitrogen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms.

Element 元素
1. An element is the simplest 最简单 form of a substance.东西
1
2. An element is a pure 纯正 substance that cannot be broken down 不能分解 into a simpler 比较简单
substance by physical 物理 or chemical 化学 means.方法
3. An element consists of only one type 一种 of particle.
4. The particles in an element can consist of the same type of atoms or molecules which are made up of
similar type of atoms.
5. For example, element which are made up of atoms arc copper 铜, iron, lead 铅 and gold.金
6. Examples, of elements which are made up of molecules are oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
7.

(a) Copper is made up of copper atoms (b) Oxygen is made up of molecules (of the
same type of atom)
8. An element can exist 存在 as a solid 固体, liquid 液体 or gas 气体 at room temperature.室内温度

Periodic Table
1 The Periodic Table groups and classifies 分类 elements in an orderly 秩序地 and systematic 系统地 way.
2. The Periodic Table shows the positions 位置 of metals 金属, non-metals 非金属 and inert gases.惰性气
体
3 The Periodic Table of Elements consists of
(a) vertical 直的 columns 列 called periods.
(b) horizontal 横的 rows 排 called groups.组
(c) 18 groups and 7 periods.
4 The metallic 金属的 elements in the Lanthanide series 镧系元素 are also known as the rare earth metals.
稀土元素
5 The metallic elements in the Actinide series 辐射线元素 emit 释放 radioactive 辐射 rays 线 when they
decay.蜕变

2
 Difference in Characteristics of Metals 金属 and Hon-Metals 非金属
1 Elements are classified into metals and non-metals.

Metals Non-metals
Solid 固体 Liquid 液体 Solid Liquid Gas
Copper 铜, iron 铁, Mercury 水银 Carbon 碳, silicon Bromine 溴 Hydrogen 氢,
zinc 锌, magnesium 硅, iodine 碘, nitrogen 氮,
镁, silver 银, gold sulphur 硫磺 chlorine 氯
金

Table 6.1 Characteristics of metals and non-metals

Characteristics Metals Non-metals
Appearance 外表 of surface 表 Shiny 闪亮 Dull 暗淡
面
Malleability 可锻性 Malleable (can be hammered 敲打) Non-malleable 不可锻
Ductility 可塑性，柔软性 Ductile (can be bent 弯曲, pulled 拉 Brittle 脆
or stretched)
Tensile strength 抗张强度 Strong (except mercury) Break 破 easily
Electrical conductivity 导电性 Good 良好 conductors of electricity Poor 弱 conductors of electricity
Thermal conductivity 导热性 Good heat conductors Poor heat conductors
Melting and boiling point High Low
溶点与沸点
Density 密度 High Low

Mixture 混合物

3
1. A mixture is made up of two or more elements or compounds 化合物 which are not combined 结合
chemically.
2. The characteristics 特性 of the constituents 成分 in a mixture remain 保持 unchanged.不变
3. Substances in a mixture are mixed physically, for example, stirred 搅拌, mixed or dissolved.
4. A mixture can be made up of elements, compounds or a combination of both.
5. Mixtures exist 存在 in the form of solids, liquids or gases.

Mixture Components 成分 in the mixture

Air A mixture of elements such as inert gases 惰性气体, molecules such as
nitrogen and oxygen gases and compounds such as carbon dioxide and water
vapour 水蒸气.
Alloy 合金 (a mixture of a For example, brass 黄铜 consists of a mixture of two elements, zinc and
few metals) copper.

Salt solution 盐液 A mixture of salt and water.

6. A mixture can be separated by physical methods.

Methods to Separate 分开 Mixtures

a) Filtration 过滤 • To separate the insoluble 不能溶解的 solid from the
solution 溶液
• Example: Mixture of sand 沙 and water

b) Sievingsai 筛选 • To separate a mixture of solid substances of different

sizes 体积 using a sieve 筛
• Example: A mixture of sand and flour 面粉

c) Floatation 飘浮 •To separate two types of immiscible 不能掺 liquids with

different densities.密度
•Example: A mixture of oil and water

d) Using magnet 磁铁 • To separate a magnetic 磁性 substance from a non-

magnetic substance
• Example: A mixture of iron filings 锉削 and
sulphur

4
e) Evaporation 蒸发 •To separate solutes 溶质 from a solution
•Example: A mixture of salt and water

f) Distillation 蒸馏，净化 • To obtain 获得 pure water from a solution containing

solute
• Example: Mixture of water and salt
• To separate substances with different boiling points
• Example: Crude oil 原油(petroleum)

g) Sedimentation 沉淀 • To separate solid substances which are insoluble in a

liquid and settle 沉淀 at the bottom 底
• Clean water is separated from the solid sediment by
pouring out the water slowly
• Example: A mixture of soil and water

h) Chromatography 色谱法 • To separate a small amount of mixture

• Example:
(a) To separate food colouring 色素 to ensure 确保 there
are no dangerous 危险 substances
(b) The coloured pigments in the colouring dissolve in
water and move together with water at different rates,
therefore become separated as they move

Compound 化合物
5
1 A compound is formed when two or more elements combine chemically through a chemical reaction.
2 The smallest particle in a compound is a molecule.
3 Water is an example of a compound. A water molecule is formed from two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom combined chemically.

4 The ratio of the atoms is fixed in a compound.

(a) Ammonia 氨(1 nitrogen atom, (b) Methane 甲烷(1 carbon atom,
3 hydrogen atoms) c) Carbon dioxide (1 carbon atom,
4 hydrogen atoms) 2 oxygen atoms)

5. The characteristics of a compound are different from the characteristics of its constituent 成分 elements
because the compound formed is a new substance
6. A compound can be separated into its constituent elements by chemical process such as electrolysis.电解
7. Examples of elements in a compound:
(a) Sodium and chlorine in salt.盐
(b) Calcium, carbon and oxygen in shells.壳
(c) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in sugar.

Formation of Metal and non-Metal Compounds by Chemical Means 化学手段

Formation of metal oxides 金属氧化物
1. Metals react 反应 with oxygen in the air to form a metal oxide. This process is known as oxidation 氧化.
heat
Metal + oxygen --------► Metal oxide

2 (a) Iron + oxygen -------► Iron oxide

(b) Zinc + oxygen-------► Zinc oxide 氧化锌
(c) Aluminium + oxygen -------►Aluminium oxide 氧化铝
(d) Magnesium + oxygen -------► Magnesium oxide 氧化镁
(e) Gold, silver 银 and platinum 白金，铂 do not react with oxygen.
Formation of alkaline metals 碱性金属
1 Metals react with water to form a metallic alkaline compound and hydrogen gas 氢气.

Metal + water --------► Alkaline metal + oxygen gas

2 (a) Sodium 钠 + water-------> Sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠+ hydrogen gas

(b) Potassium 钾 + water---------> Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen gas
Formation of metal sulphides 硫化物
1 When heated, a metal readily combines with

6
sulphur to form a metal sulphide.
2 (a) Iron + sulphur--------> Iron sulphide 硫化铁
(b) Zinc + sulphur----> Zinc sulphide
(c) Aluminium + sulphur-----> Aluminium sulphide
(d) Magnesium + sulphur-----> Magnesium sulphide

Conclusion:
• Metals and non-metals form new compounds 新化合物 when heated.
• The metal sulphide formed does not show the same properties as the constituent elements.
• Compounds cannot be separated by physical means.物理手段

Methods to Separate 分开 Compounds 化合物

1 A compound cannot be separated by physical means because the elements that form a compound are
chemically combined.
2 A compound can be separated by electrolysis.电解
3 Water is a compound which is made up of the
elements hydrogen and oxygen.
4 Every water molecule is made up atom.
5 Water can be separated into its elements by
electrolysis.
6 Electrolysis is a process in which a compound
can be broken down into its respective elements
by passing 经过 an electric current 电流 through
it.

7 The results of the experiment can be summarised as below:

At the anode 正极，阳极 At the cathode 负极，阴极
The volume of gas collected 收集 at the end of the The volume of gas collected at the end of the
experiment = x cm 3
experiment = 2x cm3
The gas collected rekindles 重新点燃 a glowing 灼 The gas collected produces a “pop” sound when
热的 wooden splinter 木片 tested with a lighted 点燃的 wooden splinter
Oxygen is collected here Hydrogen is collected here
•Every water molecule dissociates 分解成 into two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms.
•The volume of hydrogen gas is twice the volume of oxygen gas
•The chemical formula of water is H2O

7
Physical and Chemical Changes
1 Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
Physical changes
Do not form new substances
The characteristics and products 产品 are the same
The chemical composition 化学成分 of the
substances and products are the same
Needs 需要 little 少 energy
Reversible 可逆转 process
Examples: Melting, condensation, boiling
Example of a Mixture and Compound
Mixture
• Mixture of iron powder 粉 and sulphur powder
• New substance is not formed.
• The black colour of iron and yellow colour of
sulphur can still be observed.观察
• Both elements can be separated by a physical
method, that is by using a magnet.
8
Chemical changes
New substances are formed
The characteristics and produce are different
The chemical composition of the substances and
products are different
Needs a lot of 多 energy
Irreversible process 不可逆转
Examples: Rusting 生锈, decomposition 分解,
oxidation 氧化
Compound
• When the mixture of iron powder and sulphur
powder is heated， the compound formed is iron
sulphide.
• Iron sulphide is a new substance which is black in
colour. The property of iron sulphide is different
from the properties of the original elements (iron and
sulphur).
•The elements cannot be separated physically.
Difference between Compound and Mixture
Difference Mixture Compound

Formation 形成

Formed by mixing different Formed from two or more

elements or compounds or both elements combined chemically
through the formation of chemical
bonds
Formation of new substance New substance is not formed New substance is formed
Characteristics 特性/ Properties 特 A mixture has similar properties A compound has different
质 as its constituent 构成 elements 元 properties compared to 比起 its
素. The properties of the elements constituent elements
remain 保持 unchanged 不变
Composition 成分 There is no fixed ratio 无固定比 Elements are combined in fixed
例 of the components in a mixture ratios

Separation 分离 method Can be separated by physical Can be separated or dissociated 分

Change in heat 热量变化 during
preparation 制备
methods such as filtration 过滤
No heat is absorbed or released 释
放
离 to simpler 比较简单的
compounds or constituent
elements by chemical means 化学
手段 (heat or electricity)
Heat is absorbed or released

Molecules in a compound
Mixture of elements and
compounds