RESEARCH  required for quantitative studies

 optional in qualitative inquiries

UNIT I: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH objective framing
 identifying the ‘Central Question’
RESEARCH: budding researchers can start by appreciating the  for qualitative inquiry, the focus is understanding
worth of doing studies, and engaging in simple research. human experience using words
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: DESIGN PHASE
 an attempt to understand the world as lived
 also known as the planning phase
 encompasses studies about an individuals’ particular
 researchers decide on the detailed procedures in
experience and how he/she reflects on it
gathering and analyzing data
 product of individual interviews
 no statistical analysis is being performed
 how, where and when the study will be conducted
 qualitative studies aims to explore human phenomena, and analyzed
which may involve a single or a group of people EMPIRICAL PHASE
experiencing the same situation  data gathering and collection
 in qualitative studies, respondents are also known as
QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUALITATIVE INQUIRER key informants or coresearchers.
 Interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) are
TECHNICAL COMPETENCY ability to use available commonly employed with the use of the interview
technologies. guides or ‘Aide Memoire’.
UTILITY COMPETENCY ability to troubleshoot during ANALYTICAL PHASE
unexpected scenario. preparation and assessment of the data through the
PATIENCE within and outside the group. use of tools and the researchers’ own understanding as
SERVICE willingness to serve others supported by his belief and previous researches published
EFFORT time and skill. in the same area of interest
GUTS AND RISK considering options.  interview texts are being delimited to manageable
CARE distinct characteristics of a researcher. statements and thematized
 a model (or simulacrum) is being produced to
PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEWS IN RESEARCH summarize an understanding of the themes that
emerged in the study. In this phase, the results are
POSTPOSITIVIST interpreted before the writeup or manuscript
Philosophy: “We cannot be positive in our claims of DISSEMINATION PHASE
knowledge when studying behavior and actions of humans”  most valuable
Main Concept: Everything should be quantified to produce  results are advised to be shared to the general public
meaningful concrete results if not on the specific population or professional
groups that can benefit from its result
CONSTRUCTIVIST
Philosophy: “Individuals develop subjective meanings of BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN RESEARCH
their experiences”
Main Concept: Experience expressed through words can TERM QUESTION TYPES
paint a better picture of a certain phenomena METHOD What data will Historical,Descriptive,
be gathered? Experimental
TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNIQUE How data will e.g. Survey, Interview
Philosophy: “Research inquiry should be intertwined with be gathered?
politics and political change agenda” APPROACH How data will Quantitative,
Main Concept: Research should be conducted to increase be processed? Qualitative or Mixed
quality of life and produce better societies
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: exploring and understanding the
PRAGMATIC meaning individuals or groups ascribed to a social or
Philosophy: “We need to look to many possibilities for human problem
collecting and analysing data” QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: testing objective theories by
Main Concept: Use of quantitative and qualitative data in examining the relationship among variables
expressing research findings MIXED APPROACH: involves collecting both quantitative
and qualitative data, and integrating the two forms of data
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
topic is identified: TYPES OF MIXED APPROACH RESEARCHES
not-too-broad but not-to-specific concept to allow CONVERGENT PARALLEL
flexibility and further exploration  researcher merges quantitative and qualitative data
literature reviews:  collects both forms of data simultaneously
EXPLANATORY SEQUENTIAL  curiosity leads a person to conduct qualitative
 researcher first conducts quantitative research and research to discover the mysteries of human
builds on the results to explain them in more detail behavior
EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL  reflection of the desire to have the inquiry based on
 researcher begins with a qualitative research and realities and view points of individuals
builds on the findings to develop a quantitative phase  designed to understand the behavior and perception
of the target audience
THE RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT  results are descriptive
 final output in written and /or soft copy file form
 follows specific research content guidelines and TYPES OF QUALITATIVE STUDY
format HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 traditional manuscripts: by-chapter  systematic study of past events
 others adopt the Introduction-Method-Results-  examines documents of the past to help the
Discussion (IMRAD) format and content based on the researcher understand and connect it in the present
American Psychological Association (APA, 6th time
Edition) Standards
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH systematic process that involves observing, exploring,
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION documenting and analyzing the ways and cultural beliefs
CONTEXT Human Phenomena of a group of people most especially the indigenous or
(naturally occurring) minority group
INPUT Philosophies, experience
(own, others) PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PROCESS Words, Tableaux of Human  systematic study of the lived experiences of
Experience, Cool and warm individuals
analyses  main objective: understand a person’s experience
PRODUCT Better understanding and what makes it meaningful
 a study on how an individual or a group of people
QUALI VERSUS QUANTI experience a phenomenon
QUANTI QUALI
Hypothesized Concepts CASE STUDY
Analyzed using numbers Analyzed using language  in-depth analysis of a single entity or a small group
 often used in sociology, nursing and psychology
Interpreted as relations Interpreted as themes
 researcher seeks to understand and answer the
question why such situation occurred
CORNERSTONES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
NARRATIVE researcher studies the lives of individuals and
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their
 focuses on a specific story as the subject matter of
lives
inquiry
PHENOMENOLOGICAL researcher describes the lived
 determines how individuals make sense of a
experiences of individuals about a phenomenon
particular event in their lives
ETHNOGRAPHY researcher studies the shared patters of
 how individuals make sense of their world by
behavior, language and actions of an intact cultural group
constructing, reconstructing and narrating stories
in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time
CASE STUDIES researcher develops and in-depth analysis
GROUNDED THEORY
of a case, often a program, event, activity, process of one
 systematic collection of data through observation
or more individuals
and interview to generate a comprehensive
GROUNDED THEORY researcher derives a general,
explanation of a phenomenon grounded in reality
abstract theory of a process, action or interaction
 seeks to understand actions by discovering the
grounded in the views of the participants
problem and the person’s behavior on resolving a
problem
Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to
think what nobody else has thought
CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
--Albert Szent Gyorgy
HUMAN UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETATION we are
able to get a view of a person’s perspective
UNIT 2: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND ITS IMPORTANCE
FLEXIBLE It has the capacity to adjust on what is being
IN DAILY LIFE
learned
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
CONTEXTUALIZATION researcher should have a grasp of
the situation
RESEARCHER IS THE MAIN INSTRUMENT  qualitative inquiry involves a single ‘central question’
 data depends on how the researcher will gather about a person’s experience
information  stating the problem begins with identifying the topic,
 oftentimes, the researcher needs to engage with the reviewing the literature and deciding on the
participants and within the area of study and for a qualitative research design
longer period to gather information
INDUCTIVE APPROACH RESEARCH TOPIC
 inductive reasoning  focus on life-related concepts that are non-
 starts with observing and ends with proposed measurable, and entails narration of past experiences
theories  area of study, common ground
 researcher begins with an open mind and then
collects the data that leads to the formulation a INTELLECTUALIZED TOPIC
generalized hypothesis  specific to study
 distinctiveness of your research
OVERVIEW OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS  Explore hypotheses RECONNAISSANCE
 Semi-Structured  process of reviewing literature
 Flexible to elicit more  Familiarity in the body of literature on a topic will
answers help you identify how your proposed study will fit
 Inductive reasoning into the body of literature available
 Appreciate contextual
variables TYPES OF LITERATURE SOURCES
OBJECTIVES  Describe variation CONCEPTUAL
 Describe and explain -- from books
relationships -- 2nd priority
 Describe individual RESEARCH
variables or group -- from journals
norms -- 1st priority
QUESTIONS Open -Ended CONCEPTUAL
DATA Usually text -- from other sources
STUDY DESIGN  May evolve during the -- not priority
study
 Participant questions LITERATURE IDENTIFIERS
may depend on
responses ISBN
 International Standard Book Number
ADVANTAGES  internationally regulated system of identifying books
 in depth and detailed evaluation of issues and topics by number
 framework can be revised when findings have been  Publishers purchase a bunch of ISBNs at one time and
collected then assign them to publications.
 data is dependent on the experiences of a person DOI
 data is gathered through the desire of the  Direct Object Identifier
researchers to get an answer to their inquiry that is  help identify specific journal articles
based on reality and experience  frequePMID
DISADVANTAGES PMID
 research quality depends on the skills of the  PubMed IDs
researcher and can be influenced by personal  strings of numbers that identify records in the
judgment and biases PubMed database.
 validity and reliability of the data
 time-consuming and data may be difficult to interpret FIVE-QUESTION METHOD IN FRAMING A QUALITATIVE
 its open-ended questions obtains a lot of data which RESEARCH STUDY
makes it hard for the researcher to sort and
transcribe BIOGRAPHY If I could discover the meaning of one
person’s lived experience, I would ask ______________
UNIT III: IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE (individual) about __________
PROBLEM PHENOMENOLOGY If I could discover the shared lived
experiences of one quality or phenomenon in others, I
INTRODUCTION would want to know about ______________________
ETHNOGRAPHY If I could experience a different culture by
living/ observing it, I would choose to experience
____________
CASE STUDY If I could discover what actually occurred and
was experienced in a single lived event, that event would
be _______________________________.
GROUNDED THEORY If I could discover a theory for a
single phenomenon of living as shared by others, I would
choose to discover the theory of________.
THE RESEARCH CAPSULE
 “blueprint” of a research project
 summarizes research details and attributes for
planning a research study
UNIT IV: LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
LITERATURE REVIEW
 summary of the state of existing knowledge on a
research problem or topic
 analysis and synthesis of articles related to the
research topic being studied
PROCESS:
1) searching relevant articles
2) reading and analyzing research reports
3) writing the description of the existing information on a
topic in a manner that is ethical and based on standards
PURPOSES:
 identify research problem
 determine what is known and unknown about the
topic of inquiry
 identify suitable designs or methods for a study
 improve research question or hypothesis (for
quantitative research)
 determine whether a study needs to be replicated in
a different setting or different group of population
 assist researchers in interpreting findings
TYPES OF LITERATURE
1) RESEARCH LITERATURE
 based on research findings
 data supported by evidences
 example: journal articles, literature reviews, research
abstracts
2) NON-RESEARCH REFERENCES
 not based on research findings
 provide insights and may broaden understanding
regarding a topic
 have limited use and do not serve the purpose of
literature review since they are not based on
research findings
 example: literary or artistic works, opinion articles,
brochures, magazines, anecdotes
SOURCES OF RESEARCH LITERATURE
1) PRIMARY SOURCE
 description of studies written by the researchers
themselves
 example: researches published in journals, abstract
prepared by the researchers, dissertations, thesis,
undergraduate researches, presentation done by the
researcher
2) SECONDARY SOURCE
 description of studies written by someone else, other
than researchers who conducted them
 should not become substitute for primary sources
because they are less detailed and may be subjective
in nature
 example: literature review, abstract prepared by a
reviewer, presentation of research done by someone
else other than the researcher
PROCESS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
SEARCHING RELEVANT ARTICLES
 in the past, literature search is done manually
 the expanding use of Internet results to the
effectiveness and efficiency of searching literature
using online databases which makes manual search
for printed resources become obsolete
 however, some search engines might give interesting
yet questionable data
SEARCHING FOR PRINT RESOURCES
 most top-of-the-line journals are commercially
available only and high subscription fees can be
expensive for students
 when there is a need to perform a search to include
early literature on a topic
 it is a wise practice to begin the search with the most
recent issue of the index or abstract journal and then
to proceed backward
PRINT INDEXES
 books that are used to locate articles in journals
and periodicals, books, dissertations,
publications of professional organizations, and
government documents
 usually, you first need to identify the subject
heading. Then, you can proceed to the subject
section of the index which lists the actual
references.
ABSTRACT JOURNALS
 summarized articles that have appeared in other
journals
 more useful than indexes because they provide a
summary of a study rather than just a title
READING AND ANALYZING RESEARCH REPORT
 research papers may come in various formats but the
more common structure of presenting these articles
come in the form of a research reports found in
journals
 journal articles often consist of an abstract and four
major sections: introduction; method section; results
section; and discussion. This is more commonly
known as the IMRAD format which also contains the
references section.
ABSTRACT
 brief summary of the study placed at the
beginning of the journal article
 usually composed of 150-250 words
  informs the reader of the background,
methodology, results and conclusion of the
study
INTRODUCTION
 explains the study problem and its context
 usually contains:
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
 main topic, concept, phenomenon, or
variable under study
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 knowledge gap that the study will fill
METHOD SECTION
 mentions the strategies used to answer the
research question
 there are several ways to answer a research
question or solve a research problem. But the
main point will be whether the chosen strategy
is the most appropriate method to answer the
question.
 usually contain the following:
1. Research Design overall plan of the study
2. Subjects description of the population: who
they are, their characteristics, how many were
they, how they were chosen, how they were
recruited.
3. Study Locale description of the place where
the study was conducted
 refers to the research tool that will be
employed in data collection
 may be in the form of a survey
questionnaire, interview guide, etc
 the manner on how it was validated will also
be discussed
5. Data Collection
 step-by-step description of how the study
was done
 for studies involving human participants,
ways on how their rights were protected are
also described
6. Data Analysis
 states how collected data will be analyzed
 quantitative researches: researcher will
usually employ statistical tests
 qualitative researches: several data analysis
techniques are also available
RESULTS SECTION
actual findings of the study quantitative researches:
are presented calculated numerical values
usually contains tables or qualitative studies:
figures highlighting themes or categories that
important results were identified from
DISCUSSION SECTION
 the researcher interprets the findings presented in
the result section
 researcher explains what the results mean or what
are the plausible reason why the results are the
way they are
 how are findings can be used practically may also be
added
 researcher is also in the best position to enumerate
the weaknesses or limitations that the study may
have and how he considers them in interpreting
the findings
REFERENCE SECTION
 list of journal articles, books and other documents
that were referenced in the written research
manuscript
 follows a certain standard format (e.g. APA, Chicago,
etc.)
TIPS ON READING RESEARCH REPORTS
 Make research reading a habit
 Ensure that you understand what you read
 Highlight significant information and do not hesitate
to write notes on photocopies of research reports.
 Initially scan the report then read them more slowly
next time
 Do not be discouraged by technical terms or
statistical data
 Translate research jargons into more familiar terms
 Do not underestimate the
value of your sense while reading
WRITING THE DESCRIPTION
 no fixed systems
 it is important to organize materials in a logical and
coherent manner
 it is important to organize materials in a logical and
coherent manner
 not a compilation of copied and pasted passages
from several journals nor a string of quotes or
abstracts
 highlights what is known and unknown about a topic
 points out existing gaps in the literature that needs to
be filled
CITATION
a signpost and an acknowledgement
 as a signpost: signals the location of a source
 as an acknowledgement: reveals that you are
indebted to that source
can appear in different formats
 within the text (in-text citation)
 bottom of the page (footnotes)
 end of the paper (endnotes)
provides evidence that scholarly writing is done and
your position is well-researched
HOW TO PARAPHRASE EFFECTIVELY?
when one borrows other people’s ideas for his
assignment or research project, he must put these ideas
into his own words
GUIDELINES
 Read the text several times until you understand it
 Set the work aside to avoid copying
 Re-write the passage in your own words
 Record the bibliographic information with your
paraphrased version of the original
 PROPERLY CITING SOURCES
1) IMPLICIT STATEMENT _(AUTHORS, YEAR)
2) EXPLICIT AUTHOR _(YEAR)_VERB_STATEMENT
3) INTRODUCTORY PHRASE with VERB
_AUTHOR_(YEAR)_STATEMENT

PLAGIARISM
 wrongful use of idea or language of another author
and representing them as if they are your original
work
 there must be adequate citing of sources in one' s
manuscript
 taking credit for other people's work is stealing
 In the academe, plagiarism is considered a form of
dishonesty. Those who are found guilty of the offense
are usually subjected to sanctions like suspension and
even expulsion from the institution.
 there are available online tools which help identify
plagiarism