IDEAS AND VOCABULARY

FOR WRITING TASK 2

Compiled by Minh Trang
 EDUCATION
1. MIỄN HỌC PHÍ

= abolish tuition fees = waive tuition

= cover higher education tuition
= tuition waiver (1 dạng hộc bổng) miễn học phí
= free-college policy (n) chính sách miễn học phí đại học
= provision of free-of-charge education
= pursue college without fee

= be entitled to free university

= subsidize college education: hỗ trợ học phí đại học
= wholly subsidize tertiary education
= make university free of charge
= abolition of university tuition: miễn học phí đại học

2. TIỂU HỌC: elementary/primary/grade school

ĐẠI HỌC: University education = higher education = college = tertiary education =

educational institution (cơ sở giáo dục, có thể là mẫu giáo hoặc tiểu học đến đại học)

BẰNG ĐẠI HỌC: University degree = bachelor’s degree = college qualification = tertiary
degree

SINH VIÊN TỐT NGHIỆP: university graduates = bachelor’s degree holders = acquisition
of a tertiary degree >< people without any qualifications
New graduates // Recent graduates //
undergraduates
// postgraduate: học viên cao học// doctorate: bằng tiến sĩ

HỌC: attend / pursue/ study

Pursue college = embark on higher education (bắt đầu việc học đại học)
= enroll in university

FORMAL SCHOOLING: giáo dục chính quy, trường lớp chính quy
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE: tổng tỉ lệ nhập học
Become occupied with their intense study schedules → leave children too tired to do
further study
3. TRƯỜNG HỌC 1 HOẶC 2 GIỚI
● separate schools = single-sex schools/education = single-
gender schools/education: trường 1 giới

● mixed schools = mixed-sex schools/education = mixed-gender

schools/education = integrated schools/education
= co-ed schools/education: trường 2 giới

send sb to. ...... đưa ai đó tới đâu

study at ....school = e..school = enter...education =choose...school: học tại đâu

● opposite-sex classmates: bạn khác giới

● co-existence and gender equality: sự cùng tồn tại và sự bình đẳng giới
● explore each other’s perspectives, their similarities and differences: khám phá
sự khác nhau/giống nhau và quan điểm của người khác

4. GIỚI TÍNH VÀ GIÁO DỤC

<< dựa vào giới tính để nhập học sao cho cân bằng>>

Men and women should have the same educational opportunities

= the selection of university students should be based on merits << dựa trên thành
tích>>

5. CÂN BẰNG TỈ LỆ GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG HỌC

Accept equal numbers of male and female students

= accept equal proportions of each gender
= have the same number of men and women on all degree courses
= a university: fill courses with equal numbers of males and females
= to aim for equal proportions
= to base admission to university courses on gender
= a selection procedure based on gender

6. CÂN BẰNG GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG LÀ KO KHẢ THI

Adj: be simply unrealistic/ be not practical / be difficult to V/ be impractical

and unfair
 ● Many courses: more popular with one gender than the other
→ NURSING COURSES: attract more female applicants

● A woman: the best candidate for a place on a course → it is surely wrong to

reject her in favor of a male student with lower grades + fewer qualifications

7. TÌM VIỆC LÀM ĐỐI VỚI SINH VIÊN (job seekers)

● Employment opportunities
● Establish sb’s career path
● Have a financially viable career: make a lot of money

● Stand a better chance of [getting a high-paying job/ landing higher-paid jobs/

finding well-remunerated work]+ bettering their life quality
=> A more educated workforce
=> The financial abundance

OR: provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and
therefore an improved quality of life

● An increasingly competitive labor market → no longer feasible for sb to find a job

● The larger influx of graduates into the labor market → rising youth unemployment
=> miễn học phí là COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE to job guarantee.

● Secure employment → make a candidate more employable

-Firms: increasingly look beyond the technical expertise ( chuyên môn thuần
túy) and qualifications of applicants
-Employers: attach greater importance to/ place heavy emphasis on attributes
like ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS

8. TỔN HẠI NGÂN SÁCH NHÀ NƯỚC

The enormous cost incurred to cover st:
=> PUT A STRAIN ON GOVERNMENT COFFERS (plural: kho bạc nhà nước)
=> leading to BUDGET DEFICITS, TAX HIKES (= tax increase), or REDUCED WELFARE

9. THÀNH TÍCH HỌC TẬP TỐT/ KÉM

HIGH-PERFORMING STUDENTS = TOP STUDENTS
 Attain better academic results ● deteriorating / poor + academic
● Gain high-achieving academic result performance
● Make significant academic progress ● Be indifferent to their study: thờ
● Improve students’ academic performance ơ với việc học của mình
● Be inclined to study in earnest: có khuynh hướng làm ● Lose their dive to work hard
gì rất nghiêm túc ● Skip class/ miss exams
[[[ note: be inclined to V = be likely to V]]]
● Apply themselves to getting good grades: chuyên tâm
để đạt được điểm tốt *fall behind in their study
* face peer pressure → drain their
self-confidence
=> lose momentum + find it hard to
resume their education

10. 1 NĂM KHÔNG HỌC (high school senior)

Take a gap year = gap-year taker = spare several months
= defer university enrollment (to travel or work)
● Defer doing st: delay st until a later time
= delay tertiary education for one year
= have a long-year break prior to embarking on higher education
= HAVE A BREAK (nghỉ ngơi) from studying after graduating from high school
= TAKING TIME OFF at the important age

11. TRẢI NGHIỆM NHỮNG THỨ MỚI MẺ

● Afford sb time to travel + immerse themselves in alien cultures

=> enrich their life experiences + horn practical skills
[[[note: Afford sb st = provide sb st]]]
Ex. Living abroad: adapt quickly to their independent life
pick up new foreign languages

=> HAVE A BROADER VIEW OF LIFE AND BETTER PERSONAL RESOURCES TO

DRAW ON (có cái nhìn mở hơn về cuộc sống rộng và kinh nghiệm cá nhân tốt
hơn để dựa vào). => giving them an advantage in terms of COPING WITH THE
CHALLENGES OF STUDENT LIFE
—> as a by-product, sb become very knowledgeable about st

=> BROADEN THEIR HORIZONS

 12. NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH
LEAVING SCHOOL WITHOUT A BASIC AND VITAL UNDERSTANDING OF HOW PERSONAL
FINANCES OUGHT TO BE MANAGED
= young people ARE UNABLE TO MANAGE THEIR OWN FINANCES UPON
FINISHING HIGH SCHOOL

13. LÝ DO NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH <<THE
NEGLIGENCE OF PARENTS AND SCHOOLS>> << /ˈneɡlɪdʒəns/: sự chểnh mảng>>

● they have been living with their parents for free

→ never needed to earn a salary + save their money → to pay bills.
● Schools FOCUS INSTEAD ON classic subjects → IMPORTANT LIFE
SKILLS ARE NOT BEING TAUGHT

⇒ Both teachers and parents ARE FAILING TO PREPARE YOUNG PEOPLE FOR
REAL WORLD

14. CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ

<<EQUIPPING SCHOOL LEAVERS WITH THE RIGHT SKILLS>>
● teaching them HOW MONEY IS EARNED, BUDGETED AND USED FOR
EITHER SAVINGS OR EXPENSES
- teaching young children how to manage their pocket money
- EXPAND INTO MORE SERIOUS HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES

● INCORPORATE LIFE SKILLS INTO THEIR CURRICULUM for final year

students
→ children: be able to learn in a supportive environment how their
finances need to be budgeted and managed TO AVOID DEBT PROBLEMS
LATER IN LIFE
15. HỌC ĐẠI HỌC hay NHẢY VÀO LÀM LUÔN
 Teenagers face the dilemma of whether to get a job or continue their education

Get a job straight after school Go to college and university

= the option to start work straight after
school
= decide to find work, rather than continue
their studies
*Sb: start earning money as soon as
possible
→ independent → will be able to afford
their own house/ start a family
= continue their studies
= continue their studies beyond school
level
*Academic qualifications: be required in
many professions
( impossible to be a doctor/ teacher/
lawyer without having the relevant degree)
→ tend to earn higher salaries than those
with fewer qualifications

*The job market is becoming increasingly

*Sb: may progress quickly
→gain real experience/ learn practical
skills related to their chosen profession →
lead to promotions and a successful
career
competitive → hundreds of applicants for
one position in a company
→ young people: do not have
qualifications from a university or college
→ not be able to compete

16. XÁC ĐỊNH ĐƯỢC “CON ĐƯỜNG” MÌNH SẼ ĐI

● High schools: provide inadequate career guidance
OR: young adult who passes directly from school to university: BE RESTRICTED IN
TERMS OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD

Spare several months looking for job opportunities

+ attending vocational training courses
+ cultivating relevant job skills
+ gain hands-on experience

=> empower students to identify a suitable career path

=> chance to achieve sb’s full potential.
=> GET A CLEAR PERSPECTIVE OF (có góc nhìn rõ ràng về…) what they are hoping to
do with their lives and why
17. THEO ĐUỔI CON ĐƯỜNG SỰ NGHIỆP
 Pursue career path
Work commitment: tinh thần Trách nhiệm, tận tâm với công việc
Have time for establishing sb’s career + financial stability

18. NGHỈ HỌC 1 NĂM THÌ KHÁ KHÓ ĐỂ QUAY LẠI

Young adults: + END UP NEVER RETURNING TO THEIR STUDIES
+ Find it difficult to difficult to RE-ADAPT TO AN
ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT

19. MÔN HỌC GÌ NÊN ĐƯỢC CHO VÀO TRONG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH HỌC

SUBJECT should be included in the curriculum

= the curriculum should be dedicated to SUBJECT
= SUBJECT should be taught at school
= schools should incorporate + subject + into their curriculum

20. MÔN HỌC

Các cách gọi môn ở trường ĐH:

Certain key subject areas = university courses
= particular university subjects = areas of knowledge
= a focus on …. in higher education

>< preferred areas of study = the course of sb’s choice

Academic subjects (science, maths,..) = discipline that will be directly relevant to one’s
occupation in the future = core subjects = science subjects = science-based subjects =
key subject areas
= a focus on technology in higher education

Non-academic subjects: arts subject/ art-based subjects

-cultivate qualities (ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS) (playing
music, competing in team sports,...)
-allow young talents in athletic and artistic fields to be discovered

21. HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN
The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an all-
rounded growth of young students
 → Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation

22. KHAI PHÁ TIỀM NĂM

THIÊN TÀI
● Musically inclined individuals: những cá nhân có khuynh hướng âm nhạc
= sb be endowed with an aptitude for sport: được phú cho 1 tài năng gì đó
= have an aptitude for st: có khả năng thiên phú nào đó
= children with extraordinary talents

→ chance to achieve sb’s full potential

→ Young children’s INNATE ABILITIES (khả năng bẩm sinh) should be
HARNESSED (khai thác) to make these benefits more achievable.

Music + sports: treated as an extracurricular activity

23. TẦM QUAN TRỌNG CỦA ART

art PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN SOCIETY
artists are able to EXPRESS THEIR THOUGHTS AND THEIR CULTURE IN
THEIR WORK

24. TRẺ EM CÓ NÊN HỌC ART KO ?????

develop creativity and learn to express themselves in their artwork
<<artwork: uncountable] pictures and photographs prepared for books,
magazines, etc.>>

● PROMOTE THEIR CREATIVITY AND IMAGINATION

Children (when they REACH ADULTHOOD): STRUGGLE TO GROW INTO
DYNAMIC, INDIVIDUAL THINKERS (Without the development of
imagination and creative thinking)
● studying art: NURTURE THEIR TALENTS
 ● practicing art: provides a medium through which they can express their
emotions and feelings
Ex. young children: not HAVE THE LINGUISTIC CAPABILITIES → put
their ideas into language and thus communicate directly
=> able to CONVEY MEANING THROUGH PICTURES AND SYMBOLS

25. KO NÊN VÌ DẠY ART MÀ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN MÔN KHÁC

● it SHOULD NOT BE TAUGHT TO THE DETRIMENT OF OTHER SUBJECTS

= this should not result in more focus being placed on art rather than other
subjects
= FACILITATE A HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY
→ Children: HAVE A BALANCE OF ALL SUBJECTS → FACILITATE A HEALTHY
DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY

26. LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

● INTRODUCING THEM EARLIER/ EARLY EXPOSURE TO LANGUAGE

LEARNING a.young children PICK UP LANGUAGES much more easily than

teenagers

→ THEIR BRAINS ARE STILL PROGRAMMED TO ACQUIRE THEIR MOTHER

TONGUE → which FACILITATES LEARNING ANOTHER LANGUAGE
● ####Adolescents: ARE NOT INHIBITED BY SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS (không
hạn chế bởi sự tự ý thức

b.The greater flexibility of the primary timetable → allows for more frequent,
shorter sessions and for A PLAY-CENTERED APPROACH →MAINTAINING
LEARNERS’ ENTHUSIASM AND PROGRESS
=> THEIR COMMAND OF THE LANGUAGE (khả năng thông thạo ngôn ngữ của
chúng) in later life → benefit from this early exposure
c.learning other languages: subsequently will be easier for them → gain a better
 understanding of other cultures

27. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

secondary schools: BE FACED WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF LEVELS IN DIFFERENT
LANGUAGES WITHIN THEIR INTAKE (đối mặt với tình trạng năng lực ngôn ngữ
đầu vào không đồng đều)
→ a classroom: experience which UNDOES THE EARLIER GAINS
→ enthusiastic primary pupils: become DEMOTIVATED

28. MÔN LỊCH SỬ

The subject of history = history = history education

29. HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA MÌNH

Learn history of their own country = learn local history
= discovery local historical legacies
= be aware of/ be alive to their roots
= learn exclusively about national history
= learn more about historic events that took place in sb’s community
= studying history of their own country, instead of that of the world
= the national history should be prioritized
= put/place heavy emphasis on children learning about local history

30. HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history
= teach children about/ acquire insights into + events that took place in other parts of
the world
= learn world history offers for greater benefits to schoolchildren
= learn history of other societies in the world
>< lack knowledge about st

31. LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA

● Lay foundations for further development of their own country

● Be aware of their roots → instill a sense of patriotism in sb -> foster an

appreciation for their national heritages => be more willing to defend and
contribute to their country
 ● Make a great contribution to: fostering confidence + national pride + patriotism
+ personality << phẩm chất >> of Vietnamese people

MỌI NGƯỜI KO COI TRỌNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA THÌ SAO (- -)

● People: lack knowledge about national history → not respect their own
traditions
● History education: be sadly lacking in most school → children:
superficial understanding about their ancestors’ past achievements and
sacrifice
=> indifferent to national current affairs

32. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

● Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history → respect cultural differences ⇒

be key to mutual understanding + cooperation among nations

● Learn exclusively about national history → cause sb to be biased + harbor

hostile feelings about foreign people

Ex. History education: features how Vietnam fought against foreign armies
→ mislead sb into thinking st + develop a distorted thinking
=> sb’s outlook: more impartial (thoroughly understand those wars in the world
context)
= Give a holistic perspective of what happened in their localities

33. HỌC SINH NÊN HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC CỦA ĐẤT NƯỚC MÌNH
children should study first and foremost the great books and historical
events of their own countries
= schools should focus on teaching national literature and history
= GROUND THEIR PUPILS IN THE LOCAL CULTURE (đưa học sinh đến với văn
hóa trong nước)

LỢI ÍCH:
● studying the ideas, culture and history of their own countries →
DEVELOP A SENSE OF IDENTITY
 ● AN EMPHASIS ON NATIONAL LITERATURE AND HISTORY
→ GIVES EDUCATORS A NARROWER TEACHING SCOPE → MAKING
CURRICULUM DESIGN AN EASIER TASK

34. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC NƯỚC NGOÀI
(COVER ASPECTS OF FOREIGN HISTORY AND LITERATURE )

- the study of global events and foreign novels: CAUSE UNNECESSARY

DIFFICULTY AND CONFUSION FOR SCHOOL PUPILS

- EXPOSURE TO INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE : require the teaching of a

foreign language or the use of translations

Young people: ARE SIMPLY NOT READY FOR SUCH COMPLICATIONS

35. NGUYÊN NHÂN HỌC DỐT LỊCH SỬ

- Be largely ignored by a large number of students

The contents of history curricula + textbooks : be overloaded + lack reality
=> lack interest in history subject => sb be ignorant about national current affairs

36. HỌC ONLINE vs HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

E-learning = internet-based learning Physical classrooms

= Virtual learning = Traditional classroom model
= web-based classes = Be taught face to face by actual
teachers
= online learning
= conventional classrooms
= learning on the Internet = learning in a classroom
online courses provider = conventional learning
= learn at the comfort of one’s own home = traditional courses
= virtual environment
= the advent of online classes In-person meeting/events
= online university courses
 EDUCATION AUTHORITIES: use the
Internet to deliver schooling online.

37. LỢI ÍCH CỦA LỚP HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

● Certain fields: require physical interaction
→ Disciplines (Chemistry/ Engineering): involve elaborate lab set-up and equipment:
cơ sở vật chất và dụng cụ thí nghiệm phức tạp

● Classroom dynamics: tương tác trong lớp học

→ The interactive activities + live discussions in physical lecture → improve sb’s
interpersonal skills = two-way interaction

38. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC ONLINE

● Allow learners to study in a flexible way → work whenever and wherever is

convenient ( overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries:
helpful in rural and remote areas)
+ cover the material at their own pace

● The cost of a university education: be greatly reduced

The revenues for institutions may increase

● Offer open access to anybody who is willing to study, regardless of age,

location, ability, and background

39. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC ONLINE

● Less direct interaction
Not have the opportunity to engage face-to-face with their teachers → will instead
have to rely on written-forms of communication

Students: do not come into direct contact with each other → negative impacts on
peer support, discussion and exchange of ideas.

Online learners: be restricted to chatting through website forum areas (diễn đàn
trực tuyến)
→ lack the motivation and element of competition that face-to-face group work
brings
40. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC LÀM GÌ ONLINE
 a.Cost-efficient
Cover running costs/ numerous expenses
run a bricks-and-mortar operation → space (mặt bằng)/ administrative staff/ salaries/
electricity/ rent

b.help sb overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries (helpful in

rural and remote areas)

41. BẤT LỢI CỦA LÀM GÌ ONLINE

● to require high levels of discipline and commitment → to have no supervision
and restrictions
- to easily get distracted by things like movies/ online games/…
→ to negatively affect their work performance and productivity

● might experience feelings of loneliness and isolation sometimes

—> to have less chance to interact and communicate directly with their
colleagues and clients
⇒ to be difficult to develop social skills (communication, teamwork skills,...)

42. GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

The setting homework
= sb be given homework by their teachers
= setting homework
= do further study

<<<Homework is an unnecessary burden on children>>

43. ĐÓNG VAI TRÒ QUAN TRỌNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC

St be a necessary aspect of education
= st play an important role in the education of children
= st has an important role to play in the schooling of children

44. CẢI THIỆN KẾT QUẢ GIÁO DỤC

- (so do nothing to) improve educational outcomes

- Improve/enhance educational quality (v)

= increased educational quality (n ph)
= enhance academic achievements
= both the learners and the educators can achieve higher academically
 >< the classroom learning environment may be detrimentally affected

45. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

- Encourage independent learning and problem solving

→ Children are challenged to work through tasks alone and at their own pace
→ apply the knowledge they have learned in the classroom

=>consolidate their understanding of the concepts taught by their teachers at

school

⇒ develop an independent study habit → prepare them to work alone as

adults.

46. CHỈ TRÍCH GIÁO VIÊN

Make comments or even criticism on their teachers

= evaluate and criticize their educators
= judge teachers
= express their thoughts and feelings towards teachers

47. MẤT ĐI SỰ TÔN TRỌNG VÀ KỈ LUẬT TRONG LỚP HỌC

Lead to Loss of respect and discipline

= disrespect and indiscipline are an unavoidable outcome of this approach
= undermine students’ sense of respect and discipline
= respect for teacher may be lost
= disrespect and lack of discipline
= some classes may experience some initial instability

48. HỌC SINH PHÁ LỚP

+High school students: generally immature and inexperienced
→ lose their temper + overreact each them they are disciplined by teachers

+ Students see their peers criticizing the teachers

→ think of such action as the right way to behave + start to imitate it
49. GIÁO DỤC CHO PHÉP HỌC SINH ĐK GÓP Ý VỚI GIÁO VIÊN

-Promote student-centered teaching with two-way communication

→ Open discussions between teachers and students on any topic ( teaching

methodology + the effectiveness of the teaching programmes)
= receive feedback from students

→ students: more proactive in studying

→ teachers: better their pedagogical skills << Kĩ năng sư phạm>> /ˌpedəˈɡɑːdʒɪk/

50. SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG

● (most colleges are concentrated in urban centers

→ daily commute: difficult for those who live in rural areas or even
suburban residents)

● Live in dormitory = = stay in a dormitory = live on campus = board at school

= on-campus housing = choose on-campus residences

51. LỢI ÍCH CỦA SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG

foster personal growth = foster the all-round personal development

- students with discrepant << /di'skrepənt/ khác biệt>> preferences: learn

to make compromises

- Assume << đảm đương>> responsibility in all aspect of life

→ Teach students to be more independent (manage their personal finances
+ take care of their own nutritional needs)
= acquire skills necessary for self-reliance ( financial management +
problem-solving + meal planning + home management )
[acquire: to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behavior]

= become more self-reliant ← have to budget+cook for themselves

- have easy access to libraries + various learning resources (readily available at

university)

52. SỐNG Ở NHÀ

 Live with their parents ( be more accommodating << sẵn sàng giúp đỡ>>) Be
over-reliant on their parents

53. HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN

The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an all- rounded
growth of young students

Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation

54. HỌC ĐÚNG SAI KHI CÒN NHỎ

One important stage in a child’s growth: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
CONSCIENCE << lương tâm>>
( BE LINKED TO THE ABILITY TO TELL RIGHT FROM WRONG)

55. PHẠT CON TRẺ LÀ KO TỐT

● punish a very young child: IS BOTH WRONG AND FOOLISH
- AN INFANT: not understand what is happening or why he or she is being
punished

- ONCE THE AGE OF REASON IS REACHED (một khi đã đến độ tuổi biết
phân biệt đúng sai)
→ child: be REWARDED FOR GOOD BEHAVIOUR (được thưởng vì cư xử
tốt) + DISCOURAGED FROM BAD

- HARSH PUNISHMENTS: ENTAIL MANY NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES

UNINTENDED BY THE PARENTS

56. CÁC CÁCH ĐỂ DẠY CON TRẺ BIẾT ĐÚNG SAI

a. PROVIDE GOOD ROLE MODELLING IN THEIR OWN BEHAVIOUR (làm tấm
gương tốt trong chính hành vi của họ).
 b. IF SANCTIONS ARE NEEDED (nếu hình phạt là cần thiết), THE
PUNISHMENT SHOULD NOT BE OF A PHYSICAL NATURE (không nên
trừng phạt về mặt thể chất)
→ MERELY SENDS THE MESSAGE THAT: IT IS ACCEPTABLE FOR
LARGER PEOPLE TO HIT SMALLER ONES
=> the child: start to BULLY OTHERS

c. teachers and parents: USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO DISCIPLINE

THEIR YOUNG CHARGES, SUCH AS DETENTION, WITHDRAWAL OF
PRIVILEGES, AND TIME-OUT (sử dụng đa dạng phương pháp để kỷ luật
những đứa trẻ như là phạt không cho ra ngoài, rút lại các quyền lợi và
thời gian chơi).
→ MAKING THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME (đưa ra hình phạt tương
xứng với lỗi lầm mà trẻ mắc phải)
Ex. children: being made to PICK UP RUBBISH THEY HAVE DROPPED/
CLEANED UP GRAFFITI THEY HAVE DRAWN/ APOLOGIZE TO SOMEONE
THEY HAVE HURT
→ leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.

57. TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC

THE KIND OF WORK UNDERTAKEN
- Young children: do ARDUOUS /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/ AND REPETITIVE TASKS on A
FACTORY PRODUCTION LINE (dây chuyền sản xuất ở nhà máy)

- THERE ARE HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED

→ employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money
by paying them less than adults → EXPLOITATION

58. LÝ DO TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC

● their families: need THE ADDITIONAL INCOME → CONTRIBUTE TO

 THE FAMILY INCOME
● IN BETTER ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES → few parents: send their
children out to FULL-TIME PAID WORK
→ having LIGHT, PART-TIME JOBS → LEARNING RESPONSIBILITIES
AND WORK EXPERIENCE: important
● helping their parents around the family home (unpaid) → of OF VALUE
IN CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT

59. MIỄN THUẾ CHO AI

- Not be required to pay taxes
= reduce taxes for sb
= sb were given a tax discount
= financial/tax concessions should not be made for sb
[NOTE: concession: a reduction in an amount of money that has to be paid]

CÁC VIỆC CẦN XỬ LÝ KHI MIỄN THUẾ:

+ Calculate the correct amount of tax reduction for sb
+ Staff would be required to manage this complex process
+ Poorer people pay higher taxes than the rich

60. ĐÓNG THUẾ ĐỂ HỖ TRỢ TRƯỜNG CÔNG (trong trường hợp bố mẹ gửi con
đến trường tư)
- Be beneficial for all members of society to have a high-quality education
system with equal opportunities for all young people
→ a well-educated workforce, and in turn a more productive and
prosperous nation

=> A well-funded education system << 1 hệ thống GD đk hỗ trợ>>

→ provide well qualified and competent staff <nhân viên giỏi, có trình độ>>

61. XÃ HỘI BÌNH ĐẲNG - KHÔNG BÌNH ĐẲNG

An egalitarian society /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/
= everyone has the same rights and the same opportunities
= Equal rights
= equality
= live in a fair society
→ Feel more motivated to work hard + reach their full potential
 ###Inequality
→ lose their motivation to succeed
→ would be more likely to demotivate people because they know that the odds of success
were stacked in favor of those from privileged backgrounds

62. BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC → THÀNH CÔNG

(Education → personal success in life )

● Have access to free schooling

= higher education should be either free or affordable for all those who chose to
pursue a university degree
>< without free schooling + affordable higher education

KHÔNG BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC

Young adults from wealthier families: have access to the best learning opportunities
→ be better prepared for the job market
⇒ ensure the success of some BUT harm the prospects of others

63. BẮT HỌC SINH LÀM CÔNG VIỆC TÌNH NGUYỆN

- Work on a volunteer basis = work for free and help others

- Force all teenagers to do unpaid work

= oblige young people to do unpaid work
= be given the added responsibility of working in their spare time
>< should not make this compulsory

It goes against the values of a free and fair society to force a group of people to do
something against their will → only lead to resentment amongst young people

64. HỌC SINH RẤT BẬN HỌC

Most young people: are already under enough pressure with their studies
- School is just as demanding as a full-time job
- Teachers expect their students to do homework and exam revision on top of
attending lessons every day
→ have some free time → we should encourage them to enjoy it with their friends/ spend
it doing sports or leisure activities
 << THEY HAVE MANY YEARS OF WORK AHEAD OF THEM WHEN THEY FINISH THEIR
STUDIES>>

65. CÓ ÍCH CHO XÃ HỘI

Benefit both the individual teenager and society as a whole
= society has anything to gain from doing st
 WORK
66. HẠNH PHÚC RẤT KHÓ ĐỊNH NGHĨA

THE PERSONAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE

= Happiness is difficult to define

= almost IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE A PRECISE DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS

67. MỖI NGƯỜI CÓ 1 KHÁI NIỆM VỀ HẠNH PHÚC KHÁC NHAU

it means something different to each individual person

= sb feels happy in a variety of different ways.

= people INTERPRETED HAPPINESS FOR THEMSELVES

NOBODY CAN FULLY UNDERSTAND OR EXPERIENCE ANOTHER PERSON’S

FEELINGS

68. NHỮNG THỨ KHIẾN MỌI NGƯỜI HẠNH PHÚC

Have our own particular passions (take pleasure)

While some people LINK HAPPINESS TO WEALTH AND MATERIAL SUCCESS
- SPIRITUAL PATHS (định hướng về mặt tinh thần) >< THE MATERIAL
WORLD >< relationships with people,
+ DERIVE A SENSE OF SATISFACTION FROM EARNING MONEY or
achieving success
+ health and family are much more important →
LOVING RELATIONSHIPS
- A RANGE OF OTHER FEELINGS, FROM EXCITEMENT TO PEACEFULN
- good health + the skills to EARN A LIVING + A
PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT
>< GETTING ANNOYED ABOUT TRIVIAL THINGS
69.CÁC YẾU TỐ ĐỂ ĐẠT ĐK HẠNH PHÚC (some basic preconditions to
achieving it. )
● our basic needs for shelter, food and company need to be fulfilled
- HAVE A SAFE PLACE TO LIVE AND ENOUGH FOOD TO EAT → OUR BASIC
SURVIVAL NEEDS: must surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life.
● the greatest joy in life → be found in shared experiences with family and
friends
● BE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM + A SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE

Experience happiness = lead a pleasant life = the greatest joy in life

70. CHÍNH PHỦ NÊN ĐƯA RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG TỐI ĐA

=governments to set a limit on the wages of the highest earners in society

= introduce a maximum wage

= employee remuneration should be capped at a certain level
= introduce a limit on earnings
= a maximum wage limit on extremely high earners
= a maximum wage legislation was adopted
= Setting a limit on earnings

71. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT 1 MỨC LƯƠNG

● THE PAY-GAP between bosses and employees: be reduced

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND TOP SALARIES: huge

→ demotivate workers who feel that the situation is unfair

● With lower executive salaries: feasible to INTRODUCE HIGHER MINIMUM

WAGES → everybody would be better off
● possible consequence of greater equality: POVERTY AND CRIME RATES fall
← THE GENERAL POPULATION: EXPERIENCE AN IMPROVED STANDARD OF
LIVING

=> Many studies show that countries with a narrower income gap often have
 lower poverty and crime rates than those experiencing growing economic
inequality.

● The decrease in income inequality would have beneficial effects on firms and
society as a whole.

o Companies might cut a huge sum spent on executives’ salaries, and thus
have more to invest in other important aspects, such as marketing and
promotions, which help increase sales figures.

72. KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG

allow people to earn as much as companies are willing to pay
= allow people to be paid extremely high salaries
= companies offer excellent pay packages
=paying high salaries
=have the freedom to earn as much as they can

73. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC CHO PHÉP KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG

+ attract the most talented people in their fields to work for them
Ex. technology companies like Google are able to EMPLOY THE BEST
PROGRAMMERS because of THE HUGE SUMS because of THE HUGE SUMS

+ these WELL-PAID EMPLOYEES BE HIGHLY MOTIVATED TO WORK HARD

→ DRIVE THEIR BUSINESSES SUCCESSFULLY → RESULT IN A
THRIVING ECONOMY/ increased tax revenues

74. BẤT LỢI CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG

● Setting a limit on earnings: encourage the most skilled workers, who make
significant contributions to their companies, to leave and work in a foreign
country.
● This brain drain of the top employees would cause enterprises and the
economy great damage.
- The absence of a skilled executive, for example, might cause a company
a loss of thousands of dollars, and it would take quite a long time to hire
another one.
- be almost impossible for an economy to thrive when its well-educated
 and skilled workforce is willing to work in another country where they are
offered extraordinarily high pay packages.

75. TIỀN LƯƠNG LÀ THỨ CẦN CÂN NHẮC KHI CHỌN VIỆC
choose their jobs BASED ON THE SIZE OF THE SALARY OFFERED
= When choosing a job, the salary is the most important consideration
= money is the key consideration when deciding on a career
= salaries certainly AFFECT PEOPLE’S CHOICE OF PROFESSION

76. TIỀN LƯƠNG OK THÌ SAO

● MEET THEIR BASIC NEEDS : need money to PAY FOR HOUSING, FOOD,
BILLS, HEALTH CARE, AND EDUCATION
→ earn a salary that ALLOWS THEM TO COVER THESE NEEDS + HAVE A
REASONABLE QUALITY OF LIFE
● >< chose their jobs BASED ON ENJOYMENT OR OTHER NON-
FINANCIAL FACTORS → difficult to support themselves
Ex. Artists and musicians (choosing A CAREER PATH ) → not always
provide them with enough money to live comfortably and RAISE A
FAMILY (nuôi sống gia đình

77. NHỮNG YẾU TỐ KHÁC CŨNG QUAN TRỌNG KHI CHỌN VIỆC
MONEY: NOT OUTWEIGH ALL OTHER MOTIVATORS
● personal relationships + the atmosphere in a workplace
→ Having a good manager or friendly colleagues: MAKE A HUGE
DIFFERENCE TO WORKERS’ LEVELS OF HAPPINESS AND GENERAL
QUALITY OF LIFE
● people’s feelings of job satisfaction: COME FROM THEIR PROFESSIONAL
ACHIEVEMENTS + the skills they learn + the position they reach
● WANT TO Help others and CONTRIBUTE SOMETHING POSITIVE TO
SOCIETY
78. SỰ HÀI LÒNG CÔNG VIỆC

one’s job must REFLECT HOW AN INDIVIDUAL FEELS ABOUT HIS OR HER LIFE
AS A WHOLE
JOB SATISFACTION: BE INDEED VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE WELL-BEING OF
THAT PERSON

79. LÀM SAO ĐỂ TẠO RA ĐK SỰ HÀI LÒNG TRONG CÔNG VIỆC

FEEL GREATER DEGREES OF JOB SATISFACTION (có được mức độ hài lòng với
công việc cao hơn).
● a person: feel that they are doing VALUABLE WORK → POSITIVE
FEEDBACK FROM SUPERIORS: important
→ A SENSE OF FULFILLMENT: → a worker feels the job is worth doing
=> the job: CONTRIBUTES TO THE SOCIETY OR THE ECONOMY AS A
WHOLE
● someone: feels they are IMPROVING OR DEVELOPING THEIR SKILLS
THROUGH TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES ⇒ A SENSE OF PROGRESSION
AND PURPOSE
● The SENSE OF BELONGING TO A TEAM + or a working community ->
contributes to job satisfaction
COLLEAGUES: help each other to enjoy their working lives
=>A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY for + LOYALTY TO A TEAM : increase
Satisfaction

80. ĐIỀU GÌ DẪN TỚI SỰ KO HÀI LÒNG TRONG CÔNG VIỆC

HARD ECONOMIC REALITIES → people have little choice in the kind of job
→ an employee is working in a job that suits neither skills nor their
PERSONALITY
 + Jobs: REPETITIVE AND BORING
+ REPETITIVE AND BORING: poor → RESENTMENT
AND INSECURITY

81. LÀM VIỆC NHIỀU H VÀ TÁC HẠI

- to work longer hours≈ to spend more time at work =to spend a large amount of
time working ≈ to devote a huge amount of time to their work:
- Hectic/packed work schedules = become occupied with their intense
study schedules

TÁC HẠI
● poor/ low work productivity ≈ poor work performance
→ to make more errors at work ≈ to be more likely to have accidents
=> to cause a company great damage ≈ to sign risky contracts and face a risk of
monetary loss

● to feel bored and stressed ≈ to experience feelings of boredom and stress

82. MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC Ở CHỖ LÀM <<dress codes = the way people dress >
= st be not applicable to all occupations or sectors of the economy
= employees' clothing ARE STILL RELEVANT IN OTHER WORK SITUATIONS
>< stopped telling their staff how to dress
= be encouraged to DRESS CASUALLY
= ARE FREE TO DRESS HOW THEY LIKE
= STRICT DRESS CODES ARE COMPLETELY UNNECESSARY
= THE TREND TOWARDS RELAXED DRESS CODES for workers

83. MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC KO QUAN TRỌNG

<<the way people dress SHOULD BE SEEN AS IRRELEVANT IN MANY WORK CONTEXTS>>
Ex. the most successful companies in the world, including TECHNOLOGY
GIANTS (những gã khổng lồ công nghệ) like Google and Facebook: famous for
THE RELAXED OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS that they try to create
 + Employees: be encouraged to DRESS CASUALLY
+ the company executives and leaders: be rarely seen wearing anything
other than T-shirts and jeans
BUT: managers and PROGRAMMERS ARE FREE TO DRESS HOW THEY LIKE : be
expected to PRODUCE WORK OF OUTSTANDING QUALITY

the performance and GLOBAL DOMINANCE of such companies that STRICT

DRESS CODES ARE COMPLETELY UNNECESSARY in THE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR

84. MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC QUAN TRỌNG

<<dress codes STILL EXIST FOR GOOD REASON IN CERTAIN PROFESSIONS>

= employees' clothing ARE STILL RELEVANT IN OTHER WORK SITUATIONS

Ex1. certain professionals( nurses, police officers and airline pilots) to wear uniforms
→ These uniforms: HAVE A PRACTICAL OR SAFETY FUNCTION + IDENTIFY
THE PERSON’S POSITION OR ROLE IN SOCIETY
Ex2. a lawyer, politician or school principal: choose to wear formal clothing
in order to PORTRAY AN IMAGE OF AUTHORITY, TRUSTWORTHINESS AND
DILIGENCE ← most of us: prefer to SEE THESE PROFESSIONALS IN SMART,
FORMAL ATTIRE
 FINANCE, MONEY, BUSINESS
85. PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ

St be key in driving economic productivity = a thriving economy = prosperity

= Bolster economic growth: thúc đẩy sự phát triển kinh tế
ECONOMIC PROGRESS = economic growth = a strong economy = economic factors

86. TẬP TRUNG PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ CÓ TÁC DỤNG J ??

<<the economy is obviously a key marker of a country’s success

= economic growth IS SEEN AS A FUNDAMENTAL GOAL FOR COUNTRIES>>

● a healthy economy → RESULTS IN JOB CREATION / A HIGH LEVEL OF

EMPLOYMENT/ BETTER SALARIES FOR ALL CITIZENS

● ECONOMIC PROGRESS → more money is available for governments to SPEND

ON INFRASTRUCTURE / PUBLIC SERVICES
Ex. a government with HIGHER REVENUES→ INVEST IN THE COUNTRY’S
TRANSPORT NETWORK/ its education system/ its hospitals

● a strong economy → HELP A COUNTRY’S STANDING ON THE GLOBAL STAGE IN

TERMS OF (về mặt) its POLITICAL INFLUENCE and TRADING POWER (năng lực
thương mại).

87. NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ KHÁC CX CẦN ĐK CHÍNH PHỦ QUAN TÂM

various other forms of progress are just as significant as ST

● CONSIDER THE AREA OF SOCIAL JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS, EQUALITY

AND DEMOCRACY itself (xem xét các khía cạnh công bằng xã hội, nhân
quyền, bình đẳng và dân chủ)

Ex. the treatment of minority groups: be seen as A REFLECTION OF THE MORAL

STANDARDS + LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF A SOCIETY

● protects the natural environment → moving towards ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY
 ● the success of a nation: be measured by looking at the health, WELL-
BEING (sự no ấm) and happiness of its residents
88. QUAN TRỌNG
ST be of course essential = is obviously a key marker of st

IS SEEN AS A FUNDAMENTAL GOAL FOR COUNTRIES

ANOTHER KEY CONSIDERATION when JUDGING THE PROGRESS of A MODERN

COUNTRY should be

89. CÓ TRÁCH NHIỆM VỚI XÃ HỘI

enterprises also need to have public responsibilities

= they should also conduct their business in a socially responsible manner
= all businesses should profoundly reflect upon their social responsibilities: các doanh
nghiệp nên suy ngẫm một cách sâu sắc về trách nghiệm xã hội.

→ enhance their public image through philanthropic actions (provide scholarships +

give charitable donations)

90. TẠO RA LỢI NHUẬN, KIẾM TIỀN (DÀNH CHO DOANH NGHIỆP)

Make money = generate profit = maximize their profits = make profits = the higher the
profits earned by enterprises = earn huge profits

Be the top priority = be the fundamental principle of business

91. DOANH NGHIỆP TÌM KIẾM LỢI NHUẬN

Businesses HAVE ALWAYS SOUGHT TO MAKE A PROFIT

= make money place importance on FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES
~ RUN WITH THE SOLE AIM OF MAXIMISING PROFIT (hoạt động với mục tiêu duy
nhất là tối đa hóa lợi nhuận)
→ SURVIVE IN A COMPETITIVE WORLD

92. VIỆC DOANH NGHIỆP CẦN LÀM ĐỂ TỒN TẠI

 ● COVER ITS RUNNING COSTS / EMPLOYEES’ WAGES / PAYMENTS FOR
BUILDINGS (chi phí cơ sở hạ tầng) and utilities
>< unable to pay its bills// meet the changing needs of customers

● invest in improvements and innovations → to remain successful.

→ BE IN GOOD FINANCIAL HEALTH

93. TRÁCH NHIỆM XÃ HỘI

Companies have THE SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS

= businesses should do more for society
= concerns about social responsibilities
= MAKE A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
= HAVE A WIDER ROLE TO PLAY IN SOCIETY (có vai trò lớn hơn trong xã hội).
= PLACE as much IMPORTANCE ON (chú trọng vào) their social responsibilities as
they do on st

94. VIỆC DOANH NGHIỆP CẦN LÀM ĐỂ CÓ TRÁCH NHIỆM XH

● owners and managers: treat their employees well treat their employees well Ex.
pay a “living wage” to ensure that workers HAVE A GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE

● Businesses: use a proportion of their profits to SUPPORT LOCAL CHARITIES,

environmental projects or EDUCATION INITIATIVES

● COMPANY BOSSES: be happy to CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIETY THROUGH THE TAX

SYSTEM instead of trying to minimize their tax payments by USING
ACCOUNTING LOOPHOLES

95. SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN CỦA DOANH NGHIỆP DẪN TỚI SỰ MẤT ĐI LIÊN KẾT VĂN
HÓA
development of business results in a loss of cultural ties between countries
= The development of business: had a negative impact on CULTURAL TIES BETWEEN
COUNTRIES
96.SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN KINH DOANH → DẪN TỚI MỖI LIÊN KẾT VĂN HÓA GIỮA CÁC
QUỐC GIA
 ● international business → NEW RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN COUNTRIES THAT PREVIOUSLY HAD LITTLE CONTACT
- products from countries all around the world: available to the everyday
person → RAISES THEIR AWARENESS OF these countries
⇒ AS AWARENESS BETWEEN COUNTRIES GROWS, SO TOO DOES CULTURAL RESPECT
AND INTEREST
→ more people traveling abroad: EXPERIENCE NEW CULTURES THAN EVER BEFORE

Ex. the long lasting cultural interest between China and Europe which was initially
brought about by the silk trade.
 FAMILY
97. GIẢM THỜI GIAN DÀNH CHO GIA ĐÌNH
Quality family time be on the decline = reduced family time
= the absence of family time = st deprive sb of time spent for family
= be occupied with st
= not spend as much time with their family as they used to in the past
= struggle for time to bond with their spouse or children
= insufficient time for family
= the increasingly less family together time

98. GẮN KẾT VỚI GIA ĐÌNH

- Bond with their spouse or children
- engage in conversation with their parents
>< become isolated from their family

Family bond (n) = family ties

ESTABLISH THE CORRECT BALANCE BETWEEN FAMILY LIFE AND WORKING LIFE

99. DÙNG CÔNG NGHỆ NHIỀU ẢNH HƯỞNG TỚI CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ
Younger generation: to engage in screen-time activities:→ become overly addicted to
technology → be isolated from their family = heavy use of technology gadgets
(text with friends via social media)

100. GIA ĐÌNH KHÔNG HẠNH PHÚC

St further the distance between family members

→ fuel misunderstandings in the family + potential conflicts, even divorces in worst-
case scenarios.

● to have a negative effect on family relationships

= to weaken family bonds
= to lead to arguments and conflicts between parents and their
offspring (NOTE: (plural offspring))

101. SINH CON MUỘN: have/ bear children later in life = late childbirth = delay
parenthood = delay of childbearing = postpone parenthood
RỦI RO KHI SINH CON MUỘN
 to be difficult to conceive/ become pregnancy: khó thụ thai / mang thai → a baby with
Down syndrome

TẠI SAO SINH CON MUỘN VẪN OK!!

+ Latent risks of health problems + death
[latent: existing, but not yet clear, active or well developed]
⇒ can be mitigated by recent leaps in medical fields

+ have life experience = hands-on experience: give sb greater skills in nurturing a well-
rounded child

+ to be better prepared to deal with the problems of adult life

= to be better prepared for their future

102. CHI PHÍ NUÔI DẠY CON CÁI

- the ballooning/escalating childcare costs/ the high cost of raising a child
→ put/place a burden on most younger couples
=> financial stability -> easily manage a better life quality for their children
(high-quality education + better health care services)
=> to be financially ready to raise children

- have lasting economic insecurity, which has caused them → to choose to delay
parenthood.

103. CÔNG VIỆC NUÔI DẠY CON

- Provide the basics for sb:
+ give the financial support necessary to
provide home/ food/ clothes/
+ make sure the child is safe/ receive an
adequate education

- Involve themselves in the everyday activity of bringing them up

+ Spend as much time with sb
+ Play with them/ read to them
+ Help directly with their education
+ Participate very fully in their lives and encourage them to share
his
 BỐ MẸ GÁNH VÁC TRÁCH NHIỆM NUÔI CON
parents SHOULDER A HUGE RESPONSIBILITY (gánh vác trách nhiệm to lớn) and
that raising children IS BY NO MEANS AN EASY TASK (chắc chắn không phải
một nhiệm vụ dễ dàng)

104. NUÔI DẠY CON: parenting (n) việc nuôi dạy con cái
Parenting skill (n) kĩ năng nuôi dạy con
Parental (a)
Parental guidance (n) sự định hướng của cha
mẹ Parental influence (n) sự ảnh hưởng của
cha mẸ Childbearing practice (n) nuôi dạy
con cái

105. VAI TRÒ NUÔI DẠY CON CỦA BỐ VÀ MẸ LÀ NHƯ NHAU

Child-rearing: the responsibility of both parents
= sb: be responsible for bringing the children up
~Both parents: provide emotional support + role-models for their children

# The role within that partnership : different >< equal in importance ( quan trọng như
nhau>>

106. BỊ BUỘC LÀM GÌ

should be required to = force sb to V

107. THAM GIA CÁC KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ

take a course that prepares them to be good parents
= training courses for parents
= require the intervention of a taught course.
= COMPULSORY PARENTING LESSONS
= ATTEND PARENTING COURSES
= all future parents should TAKE A PARENTHOOD PREPARATION COURSE
 = attend regular parenting classes
= impossible to ENFORCE THE IDEA OF COMPULSORY TRAINING FOR PARENTS
108. LỢI ÍCH CỦA THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC NUÔI DẠY CON
take parenting courses → are better prepared for parenthood.
→ Mums and dads in parenting classes are equipped with basic medical training to
deal with emergency situations more effectively.
Ex. First aid training << đào tạo sơ cứu>> teaches parents what to do if their
child has a high fever or a breathing issue.

109. THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ LÀ PHI THỰC TẾ

● Impractical
- MANY PROSPECTIVE PARENTS HAVE JOBS AND BUSY SCHEDULES → not be
willing or able to attend regular parenting classes
- be difficult to CREATE A PARENTING COURSE TO SUIT EVERYONE
- people : not agree on what good parenting entails

110. THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ LÀ KO CẦN THIẾT

● unnecessary
- Mothers and fathers: have been raising children WITHOUT ANY
FORMAL HELP OR OFFICIAL INTERFERENCE for thousands of years
→ Parenting skills: be learnt from family members, friends, neighbors
and the surrounding culture

- adults: LEARN TO BE GOOD PARENTS BY INSTINCT/ BY TRIAL AND

ERROR/ and BY GETTING TO KNOW THEIR OWN CHILDREN
Ex. a good parent will TRY DIFFERENT STRATEGIES → FACED WITH A
BADLY-BEHAVED CHILD + GRADUALLY DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING
OF WHAT WORKS TO CORRECT THE BEHAVIOR

⇒ SUCH A SCHEME WOULD BE UNWORKABLE AND LARGELY POINTLESS

111. NUÔNG CHIỀU CON CÁI: <<people’s personalities are shaped at an early age>>
 ĐÁP ỨNG MỌI NHU CẦU CỦA BỌN TRẺ CON
Accommodate sb’s children’s every demand
= fulfill all of their wishes = overindulging children
= sb be granted every request = parents’ over-indulgence
= permissive parenting style
some parents: ARE OVERLY PERMISSIVE (quá nuông chiều)
+ tend to SPOIL THEIR CHILDREN (làm hỏng những đứa con của họ).

-> Parents may Inadvertently teach their children to be overly reliant on others
-> develop a habit of pestering + relying on their parents for everything
-> deprive sb of the motivation to work towards their own goals in life⇒ affect
school performance

112. ẢNH HƯỞNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA VIỆC NUÔNG CHIỀU CON CÁI
have a range of negative long-term consequences.
= This style of parenting for children have consequences as they get older
● ĐƯA TIỀN TIÊU VẶT NHIỀU
give generous allowances/ pocket money
-> unlikely to be able to budget + manage their personal finances in later life
=> the inability to be fully independent → cause sb to struggle in many facets of life

● QUÁ LỎNG LẺO TRONG GIÁM SÁT

Give sb too much personal freedom = without parents’ close supervision = parents’
negligence: sự chểnh mảng của cha mẹ = an unsupervised childhood

-> be vulnerable to negative influences + adopt harmful habits

VD1. parents allow sb to play games at Internet cafes (cursing is the norm)
→ Vietnamese children: use profanities (lời nói tục tĩu) from very young age
=> incite disobedience + recklessness (khích động sự chống đối + sự liều lĩnh)
-> a rebellious adolescence (thời kì thanh thiếu niên nổi loạn + a troubled adulthood
(thời kì trưởng thành đầy khó khăn)
→ commit illegal acts

VD2: spend less time with children

→ inadvertently leave children more vulnerable to toxic influences from bad
 friends/ the media consumption
=> increased violence and crime
NOTE: babyhood/ infancy → childhood (khi 1 đứa trẻ học cấp 1)→ adolescence (khi 1
đứa trẻ học cấp 2)→ adulthood (khi 1 người bước sang tuổi 18)

● ẢNH HƯỞNG VỀ TÍNH CÁCH

THE CHILDREN OF INDULGENT OF LENIENT PARENTS (những đứa trẻ sống
trong sự nuông chiều từ các bậc phụ huynh hay khoan nhượng) : are likely to
GROW UP WITH SEVERAL NEGATIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
1. children will become self- centered adults (show little consideration for the
feelings or needs of others) = children grow up without CONSIDERATION FOR
OTHERS
+ not learnt any SELF CONTROL OR DISCIPLINE
+ have less RESPECT FOR THEIR TEACHERS
+ refuse to OBEY SCHOOL RULES

=> AN ATTITUDE: unable to work successfully in teams with other colleagues

2. A second negative trait: be impulsiveness

A person who has never lived with any boundaries: likely to LACK THE PATIENCE TO
CAREFULLY CONSIDER OPTIONS BEFORE MAKING DECISIONS

=> LEAD TO COMPULSIVE SHOPPING/ UNWISE FINANCIAL DECISIONS/ criminal activity

113. NUÔNG CHIỀU CON LÀ SAI

NOT A GOOD PARENTING STYLE (không phải là một cách dạy con tốt),
● parents WANT TO RAISE RESPECTFUL AND WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN →
certain amount of discipline is necessary

clear expectations and boundaries: necessary → important to be able to say

‘no’ to children when they MISBEHAVE OR TRY TO PUSH AGAINST THESE
BOUNDARIES
 => help young people to REGULATE THEIR DESIRES AND DEVELOP SELF CONTROL

● parents who do the opposite and constantly give in to their children’s

demands: do more harm than good.
→ ARE FAILING THEIR CHILDREN RATHER THAN BEING KIND TO THEM (làm
hư con cái của họ chứ không phải đang đối xử tốt với chúng).

Children: be allowed to have whatever they want, REGARDLESS OF (không màng

đến) price to BEHAVE AS THEY PLEASE

114. CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT VIỆC NUÔNG CHIỀU TRẺ

THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM LIES WITH THE FAMILIES (giải pháp cho vấn đề này
nằm ở gia đình

● PARENTS : BE MORE AWARE OF THE FUTURE CONSEQUENCES of spoiling their

children

=> raise them TO BE CONSIDERATE OF << chu đáo>> OTHERS + TO BE

SOCIAL, RESPONSIBLE
INDIVIDUALS

● PARENTING CLASSES
● HIGH-QUALITY NURSERY SCHOOLS COULD BE ESTABLISHED (trường
mẫu giáo chất lượng cao có thể được thành lập)
=> support families more in terms of RAISING THE NEXT GENERATION

115. DẠY TRẺ NÊN NGƯỜI

teaching THE NEXT GENERATION (thế hệ tiếp theo) how to be GOOD MEMBERS OF
SOCIETY/ be A VALUABLE MEMBER OF ANY COMMUNITY

=> CANNOT BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PARENTS ALONE

● LÀ TRÁCH NHIỆM CỦA BỐ MẸ

Individual: RESPECT AND OBEY THE RULES OF THEIR COMMUNITY + SHARE THEIR VALUES
→ understand the need to obey rules and respect others always BEGINS IN THE
HOME → help children learn what is important in life + HOW THEY ARE EXPECTED TO
 BEHAVE AND WHAT ROLE THEY WILL PLAY IN THEIR WORLD

● LÀ TRÁCH NHIỆM CỦA TRƯỜNG HỌC:

the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the
younger generation to BECOME ACTIVE AND ABLE MEMBERS OF THAT SOCIETY
- ENTERING A WIDER COMMUNITY → experience working and living with
PEOPLE FROM A WHOLE VARIETY OF BACKGROUNDS FROM THE WIDER
SOCIETY

→ This experience: teach them how to COOPERATE WITH EACH OTHER + how to
CONTRIBUTE TO THE LIFE OF THEIR COMMUNITY

teachers and peers

116. VAI TRÒ GIA ĐÌNH: Family roles

The growing financial contribution of women = female participation in the workforce

a. 20 years ago: MEN: breadwinners in most households

WOMEN: be tasked with child-rearing/ cooking/ chores
Shoulder the childrearing work
Endure excruciating pain in childbirth
b. Today: both spouses work
Or: *Husbands: decides to step back + become a stay-at-home father
= be increasingly likely TO TAKE ON THE ROLE OF HOUS

*His partners: join the workforce + become the sole income earner
= THE BREADWINNERS IN THEIR FAMILIES
⇒ push for greater gender equality in the workplace
=> men: have greater appreciation for the roles that wives and mothers play
(take over the responsibilities traditionally reserved for women)
Note: Breadwinner = provider

117. VAI TRÒ CỦA PHỤ NỮ

THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY has UNDERGONE A DRAMATIC CHANGE

118. LÝ DO CHO SỰ THAY ĐỔI VỀ VAI TRÒ TRONG GIA ĐÌNH
The changing roles of men and women in the family ARE A RESULT OF WIDER
CHANGES IN SOCIETY
● Parents: HAVE HAD TO ADAPT TO VARIOUS CHANGES IN OUR SOCIETIES
→ EQUAL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS HAVE MADE GREAT PROGRESS → normal
for women to GAIN QUALIFICATIONS and PURSUE A CAREER
→ socially acceptable for men to stay at home and LOOK AFTER THEIR
CHILDREN

● THE RISING COST OF LIVING → both marriage partners need to work and
save money before STARTING A FAMILY → have children
→ decide who works and who stays at home depending on the personal
preference of each partner// BASED ON which partner earns the most money

● THE FINANCIAL PRESSURES OF SETTING UP A HOUSE (áp lực tài chính từ

việc xây nhà) + ESTABLISHING A REASONABLE STANDARD OF LIVING (xây
dựng mức sống hợp lý)
→ REQUIRE TWO INCOMES (đòi hỏi hai nguồn thu nhập).

119. SỰ THAY ĐỔI VỀ VAI TRÒ PHỤ NỮ VÀ ĐÀN ÔNG LÀ TỐT

● men and women HAVE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
- WOMEN ARE NOT PUT UNDER PRESSURE TO SACRIFICE THEIR CAREERS
- IT SEEMS ONLY FAIR THAT (dường như chỉ công bằng khi) men SHOULD
BE FREE TO LEAVE THEIR JOBS IN ORDER TO ASSUME CHILDCARE
RESPONSIBILITIES

● each partner takes parental role ACCORDING TO THEIR PARTICULAR

CIRCUMSTANCES AND NEEDS

120. CẤU TRÚC GIA ĐÌNH: Family structure: cấu trúc gia đình
● Nuclear family = households consist of a married couple and their children
→ use the facilities in the house comfortably

● Extended family = live together under one roof = multigenerational families

-> create inconveniences + conflicts → share st -> be extremely frustrating
121. HỘ GIA ĐÌNH 1 NGƯỜI + GIA ĐÌNH HAI THẾ HỆ
a rise in smaller families and ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS
= families become smaller
= people in cities either live alone or in small family units,
= A NUCLEAR FAMILY (gia đình hai thế hệ) or SINGLE-PARENT HOUSEHOLD
= people are choosing to live alone or in such small family units.

122. GIA ĐÌNH NHIỀU THẾ HỆ

THE EXTENDED FAMILY is becoming a rarity
= the decline of the extended family
= sb are part of larger family groups

123. BẤT LỢI CỦA SỐNG TRONG GIA ĐÌNH 2 THẾ HỆ

● THE TRADITIONAL FAMILY SUPPORT NETWORK (nền tảng hỗ trợ truyền

thống từ gia đình) is disappearing → have a negative impact on children
as they grow up
Explain: A NUCLEAR FAMILY (gia đình hai thế hệ) or SINGLE-PARENT
HOUSEHOLD → childcare BECOMES AN EXPENSIVE AND STRESSFUL PART
OF DAILY LIFE
=> Without the help of grandparents or aunts and uncles

+ busy parents: rely on babysitters, nannies and after-school clubs

to take care of younger children
[ the provision of PROFESSIONALLY-RUN CHILD CARE FACILITIES
(tiện nghi chăm sóc trẻ chuyên nghiệp) and DAY NURSERIES (nhà
trẻ ban ngày) => require two salaries coming into a family to be
afforded
+ older children : BE LEFT ALONE AFTER SCHOOL AND DURING
 HOLIDAYS
→ THE ABSENCE OF ADULT FAMILY MEMBERS → friends, television
and the Internet BECOME THE PRIMARY INFLUENCES ON
CHILDREN’S BEHAVIOR
⇒ the decline of the extended family: been linked to A RISE IN
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AMONGST YOUNG
PEOPLE

124. LỢI ÍCH CỦA SỐNG ĐỘC

THÂN ON AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

● BECOME MORE INDEPENDENT AND SELF-RELIANT rather than those who live
with family members. << RELY TOTALLY ON THEIR PARENTS' FINANCIAL
SUPPORT>>
→ A YOUNG ADULT: learn to cook, clean, PAY BILLS + MANAGE HIS OR HER
BUDGET
⇒ VALUABLE LIFE SKILLS

FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

GREATER DEMAND FOR HOUSING → benefit the construction industry +

ESTATE AGENTS + a whole host of other companies that rely on HOMEOWNERS
) to buy their products or services

125. BẤT LỢI GIA ĐÌNH 1 NGƯỜI/ SỐNG 1 MÌNH

a.THE TREND towards people living alone: DAMAGING →
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF REDUCED HUMAN INTERACTION
● Individuals: live on their own → have nobody to talk to in person
→ cannot share problems or DISCUSS THE HIGHS AND LOWS OF DAILY LIFE
⇒ SB: forgot THE CONSTANT STIMULATION + HUSTLE AND BUSTLE (sự nhộn
nhịp) of a large family + ARE LEFT TO THEIR OWN DEVICES (được tự do làm
những gì họ muốn) FOR EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME
[leave somebody to their own devices: to leave somebody alone to do as they
wish, and not tell them what to do]
 ⇒ THE LACK OF HUMAN CONTACT IN THE HOME: BE REPLACED BY PASSIVE
DISTRACTIONS (television, video games, online chat rooms or Internet surfing)
This type of existence: be ASSOCIATED WITH BOREDOM, LONELINESS, AND
FEELINGS OF ISOLATION OR EVEN ALIENATION → INCREASE THE RISK OF
MENTAL ILLNESS
<< alienation: the feeling that you do not belong in a particular group>>

b.the personal and economic arguments given above CAN BE CONSIDERED FROM
THE OPPOSITE ANGLE

>< rather than the positive feeling of increased independence

● EXPERIENCE FEELINGS OF LONELINESS, ISOLATION AND WORRY → MISS OUT
ON THE EMOTIONAL SUPPORT and daily conversation that family or flatmates
can provide

[note: miss out on st: to fail to benefit from something useful or fun by not
taking part in it]

=> must BEAR THE WEIGHT OF ALL HOUSEHOLD BILLS

AND RESPONSIBILITIES

● FROM THE FINANCIAL POINT OF VIEW

a rise in demand for housing → PUSH UP PROPERTY PRICES AND RENTS
→ benefit some businesses >< the general population: will BE FACED WITH RISING
LIVING COSTS

126. CÀNG NHIỀU NGƯỜI CHỌN SỐNG 1 MÌNH

The rise in ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS
= many more people are choosing to live alone nowadays than in the past.
= it has become far more normal for people to live alone
= the increase in one-person households
= THE TREND TOWARDS LIVING ALONE
= The trend towards people living alone
127. CHÚNG TA TRỞ NÊN PHỤ THUỘC
people now depend on each other more,
● life is more complex and difficult ← THE COST OF LIVING HAS INCREASED SO
DRAMATICALLY → young adults: tend to rely on their parents for help when
buying a house
=> Property prices: HIGHER → be impossible for many people TO PAY A
DEPOSIT AND A MORTGAGE (chi trả các khoản tiền đặt cọc và thế chấp).

● people SEEM TO BE MORE AMBITIOUS → WANT A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE

FOR THEIR FAMILIES → both parents: NEED TO WORK FULL-TIME
⇒ depend on support from grandparents and babysitters for child care

128. CHÚNG TA TRỞ NÊN ĐỘC LẬP HƠN

● Families: BECOMING SMALLER AND MORE DISPERSED (đang trở nên nhỏ hơn
và xa cách hơn) → CANNOT COUNT ON RELATIVES AS MUCH AS THEY USED TO
-> have more freedom to travel and LIVE FAR AWAY FROM OUR HOME
TOWNS

Ex. students: choose to study abroad instead of going to their LOCAL

UNIVERSITY → make them more independent

● Technology → this growing independence → allows us to WORK ALONE AND

FROM ANY PART OF THE WORLD

129. CÁC TƯ TƯỞNG VÀ GIÁ TRỊ TRUYỀN THỐNG CỦA THẾ HỆ TRK
traditional ideas = TRADITIONAL VALUES
= Many of the ideas that elderly people have about life
= characteristics that are perhaps seen as traditional
= the views of older people

130. TƯ TƯỞNG THẾ HỆ TRK KO ĐÃ LỖI THỜI

ST SEEM INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE NEEDS OF YOUNGER PEOPLE = outdated
= LESS RELEVANT FOR YOUNGER PEOPLE
= TRADITIONAL VIEWS AND VALUES
 Ex1. Past: sb be advised to learn a profession + FIND A SECURE JOB FOR LIFE
## today’s workers: expect much more variety and diversity from their careers

Ex2. ‘rules’ around relationships: being eroded ← young adults make their own choices
about who and when to marry

Ex3. THE GREATEST DISPARITY BETWEEN THE GENERATIONS: THEIR ATTITUDES

TOWARDS GENDER ROLES

The traditional roles of men and women : BREADWINNERS AND HOUSEWIVES

→ are no longer accepted as necessary or appropriate by most younger people.

131. TƯ TƯỞNG THẾ HỆ TRK VẪN CÓ GIÁ TRỊ

useful and should not be forgotten = certainly applicable to the modern world
= the views of older people

● older generations: ATTACH GREAT IMPORTANCE TO WORKING HARD +

TAKING PRIDE IN ONE’S WORK
→ these behaviors: benefit young people as they ENTER TODAY’S
COMPETITIVE JOB MARKET

● politeness and good manners

→ young adults: expect to COME INTO CONTACT WITH PEOPLE FROM A HUGE
VARIETY OF BACKGROUNDS
→ important: TO TREAT OTHERS WITH RESPECT

=> Young people: lead happier lives IF THEY HAD A MORE ‘OLD-FASHIONED’ SENSE
OF COMMUNITY AND NEIGHBORLINESS (nếu họ cảm nhận nhiều hơn theo cách của
người xưa về cộng đồng và tình hàng xóm).

132. MÔI TRƯỜNG HÌNH THÀNH NÊN TÍNH CÁCH CON NGƯỜI
THE SITUATION AND EXPERIENCES THAT WE ENCOUNTER IN LIFE:
+ SHAPES A PERSON'S PERSONALITY
+ DICTATES HOW THAT PERSONALITY DEVELOPS

133. TÌM HIỂU VỀ LỊCH SỬ GIA ĐÌNH

research the history of one’s own family

 = EXPLORING ONE’S FAMILY BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

= research (n) and knowing more about one’s family

= look into their family history

= the popularity of finding out about one’s family history

= learning more about their past family history

= to learn more about THE FAMILY’S BACKGROUND AND ORIGINS

= learn about their own family history

134. LÝ DO MỌI NGƯỜI TÌM HIỂU VỀ LỊCH SỬ GIA ĐÌNH MÌNH

● SEE COMMON TRENDS PASSED THROUGH GENERATIONS = discover any
common trends with family members of a previous generation

people who have particular skills, gifts or interests in uncommon fields.

= SOME GIFTS AND SKILLS ARE HEREDITARY /həˈredɪteri/

→ interesting: to learn how many others in their family SHARED THESE

TALENTS FROM PREVIOUS GENERATIONS

● general curiosity of one’s geographical origins

Ex. some families moved abroad, away from their own country, generations ago
→ losing their original culture and ADOPTING THE CULTURE of the country
they moved to
=> through research, people can learn more about THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
(quê hương của họ) + understand more about the culture that their family
originally came from.
135. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC TÌM HIỂU NGUỒN CỘI
help people find their place in the world
Ex. people FEEL A LACK OF DIRECTION in life + dislocated from others
→ learning more about their past family history → RELATE TO THE WORLD
(gắn kết với thế giới) + feel more comfortable about who they are
Ex. feel comforted ← knowing that others in their family made the same choice
many generations ago
 ENVIRONMENT
136. SỰ XẤU ĐI, SỰ XUỐNG CẤP CỦA MÔI

TRƯỜNG Deterioration of environmental quality

= environmental degradation
= environment pollution/ contamination
= the dire state of the environment
= deterioration of the planet

Global warming ozone depletion (thủng tầng ozone)

Water contamination land/soil degradation
desertification(hoang mạc hóa) loss of biodiversity

137. CON NGƯỜI PHÁ HỦY MÔI TRƯỜNG

Humans are damaging/destroying the environment
= natural environment is being wrecked by human activities
= st is a major contributor to environmental problems
= st is also to blame
= st is primary culprits behind major environmental issues
= st is the key contributor to rising environmental pollution

138. BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG

Environmental protection/ conservation
= reverse the damage done to the planet
= reverse the impact of climate change
= alleviate environmental problems
= push for a greener future

139. CÁCH MÀ CON NGƯỜI ĐANG PHÁ HỦY MÔI TRƯỜNG

air pollution and waste: Two of THE BIGGEST THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

+ GAS EMISSIONS FROM FACTORIES + EXHAUST FUMES FROM VEHICLES →

GLOBAL WARMING => HAVE A DEVASTATING EFFECT ON THE PLANET in the future

+ THE HUMAN POPULATION INCREASES → produce ever greater quantities of waste

→ contaminates the earth and pollutes rivers and oceans
 a. ĐỐT NHIÊN LIỆU TRONG SẢN XUẤT
= The enormous energy consumption in production
= the consumption of fossil fuels
= the combustion of fossil fuels for manufacturing: việc đốt nhiên liệu
= the consumption of conventional energy
= the burning of fossil fuel
power plants, manufacturing facilities, waste incinerators, furnaces and other types
of fuel-burning heating devices (the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural
gas):

=> GÂY RA: massive exhaust emissions = toxic exhaust fumes

Carbon footprint: lượng khí thải cacbon sinh ra do các hoạt động của CNguoi
Greenhouse gas emissions
→ catastrophically exacerbate air pollution

PARAPHRASE OF “ FOSSIL FUELS”

= carbon-intensive energy source: nguồn năng lượng sản sinh nhiều carbon
= conventional energy source
= unsustainable source of energy/ energy source
= non-renewable power
= exhausted resources

b. VIỆC SỬ DỤNG XE HƠI

The rocketing rate of car ownership/soaring private car ownership

-> car exhausts/ exhaust gas released / motor vehicle emissions

=> GÂY RA: render the atmosphere in major cities alarming contaminated/ deteriorate
air quality >< alleviate air pollution
⇒ Various health problems (reduced lung function, asthma other respiratory illnesses,
premature death)
=> Animals: exposure to air pollution → birth defects, diseases, and lower
reproductive rates:

c. SẢN XUẤT TRÀN LAN

The mass production of low-priced consumer goods = the consumption of consumer
goods
=> GÂY RA: spawn a throw-away society: sinh ra cái j
-> create more waste + overload landfills + pollute water source
=> waste → landfills → generate methane (greater demand for dumping grounds : a
significant source of methane production)

CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT CHO c:

Raise people’s awareness about dire state of the environment
Nudge sb towards more sustainable lifestyle choices
Ex. switch from single-use plastic bottles to reusable containers

PARAPHRASE OF “ SINGLE-USE (a)”

= disposable (sản phẩm dùng 1 lần) = non-biodegradable (a) ko phân hủy tự nhiên được
>< reusable = recyclable = biodegradable (a) phân hủy tự nhiên được

d. CÁC NGUYÊN NHÂN KHÁC

Deforestation (deforestation = forest clearance = cutting down trees illegally)

→ the need for pastureland and growing fields → the removals of trees→ destroy
wildlife/animal habitats + land degradation

=> impose/administer stricter punishments for illegal logging/ deforestation

=> provide financial support to organizations that are working to save endangered
species

Intense fishing + overexploitation —> cause damage to the marine ecosystem

Oil spills during extraction process

Waste discharged along the coast// factories’ discharge // The dumping of industrial
waste/ domestic waste the discharge of harmful substances into…
= dump untreated hazardous waste into rivers, streams...:
= improper sewage disposal/ do not have a proper waste management system/
imperfect water treatment plants:

→ contaminate water + pose a serious threat to marine creatures/ pose a serious

hazard to aquatic organisms << marine creatures mistake garbage for food:>>
=> require businesses and factories to install proper waste treatment systems
140. ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU
Climate change represents a major threat to life on Earth
= the consequences will BE DISASTROUS

● Not be able to COPE WITH EVEN A SMALL RISE IN SEA LEVELS

→ Millions of people WOULD BE DISPLACED BY FLOODING (sẽ phải di dời bởi lũ
lụt) particularly in countries that DO NOT HAVE THE MEANS TO SAFEGUARD LOW-
LYING AREAS (không có phương tiện để bảo vệ các khu vực nằm thấp hơn so
với mực nước biển).

=> lose their homes and their jobs => WOULD BE FORCED TO MIGRATE TO NEARBY
CITIES/ or perhaps to other countries

● The potential for human suffering: → WE WOULD SEE OUTBREAKS OF

DISEASE AND FAMINE + INCREASED HOMELESSNESS AND POVERTY

141. ĐỒ NHỰA
Plastic containers = using plastic items to store their commodities
= the use of plastic packaging (materials used to wrap or protect goods that are sold
in shops)
= be sold in the form of plastic packages and bottles

TÍNH NĂNG NỔI TRỘI:

● use low-cost chemicals → affordable to customers (esp. Low income earners)
→ enable them to purchase more
● Convenient → lightweight + reusable + user-friendly

TÁC HẠI CỦA ĐỒ NHỰA:

* bag/ bottles: used once → contribute to the amount of waste disposed

*The decomposition process of plastic containers in landfill: take a considerable

amount of time => lead to soil degradation

*excessive consumption of plastic containers → result in rapid depletion of non-renewable

resources (crude oil) (the raw material for producing plastics)

* plastic waste→ enter the food chain

-> wild animals: inadvertently inhale/ ingest plastic debris
=> countless premature death among them
142. CHÍNH PHỦ CẦN LÀM GÌ ĐỂ BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG

TRÁCH NHIỆM CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ TRONG BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG

Government’s responsibility = responsibility rests with state officials
= government intervention
= the participation of governments in alleviating environmental problems
make more effort to reduce air pollution

+ introduce laws to limit emissions from factories // to force companies to

USE RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM SOLAR, WIND OF OR WATER POWER
+ INVEST IN RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM SOLAR, WIND OR WATER POWER
+ impose ‘green taxes’ on drivers and airline companies
+ people would be encouraged to use public transport and to take fewer
flights abroad --> ,therefore reducing emissions.

CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT CHO a vs b ( LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN VẤN ĐỀ KHÔNG KHÍ) :

A. lower the reliance on carbon-intensive energy source → green technology

Ex. -hybrid vehicle: phương tiện 2 động cơ

Or: the use of eco-friendly modes of transport/ replace gasoline-fueled cars

with zero-emissions vehicles:

B. Levy a higher tax on automobile imports to discourage people from buying

cars (note: levy st on sb/st: to use official authority to demand and collect a
payment, tax, etc.)

renewable (n) = renewable energy = carbon-free energy

= alternative energy (source)
= solar/wind/hydropower/ nuclear energy
= greener substitute
= power generated from renewable source
= energy from inexhaustible sources

<<DOWNSIDE: prohibitively expensive + out of reach

+ far from being enough to meet the demands of most nations >>

C. Introduce more stringent regulations regarding the discharge of toxic fumes <<
 = carbon emissions = heat-trapping gases = greenhouse gases = toxic gases:>>
of manufacturing firms
- Ex. a cap on steel plants’ carbon emissions

D. TĂNG GIÁ NHIÊN LIỆU THÌ SAO

Increase the cost of fuel/ fuel costs = raise energy prices = the exorbitant fuel prices =
adjusting energy prices = intervening in the energy market = adjust energy prices = A
SIMPLE RISE IN THE PRICE OF PETROL
- PRIVATE CAR USE → the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution
→ Higher fuel costs → unlikely to LIMIT THE NUMBER OF DRIVERS FOR LONG
(hạn chế số lượng tài xế về mặt lâu dài)

>< affect THE COST OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

143. CÁ NHÂN CẦN LÀM J ĐỂ BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG

take responsibility for the impact they have on the environment = TRY TO LIMIT OUR
CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

+ BECOMING MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT by FLYING LESS, using bicycles and public
transport/ TAKE PUBLIC TRANSPORT RATHER THAN DRIVE

+ choose products with less packaging, and recycle as much as possible

+ Most supermarkets now PROVIDE REUSABLE BAGS FOR SHOPPERS as well as

‘banks’ for recycling glass, plastic and paper in their car parks
→ REUSING AND RECYCLING → reduce waste

+ the public can affect the actions of governments by VOTING FOR POLITICIANS
WHO PROPOSE TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE rather than for those who would
prefer to ignore it.

NGƯỜI DÂN
Ordinary citizens = the people = public = ordinary citizens
Electorate = constituent : cử tri
Taxpayer => taxpayer’s money = tax revenue (tiền đóng thuế/ tiền thuế)

144. CÁC BIỆN PHÁP XỬ LÝ CHUNG CHUNG

a. Ozone depletion/ global warming → phase out ozone-depleting substances
emitted by human activities

B. loss of biodiversity → set up nature reverses where animals can roam free

C. water contamination -> impose strict laws on wastewater disposal

D. administer stricter punishments on individuals or companies do harm to
the environment

E. give prison sentences to people participating in illegal logging

F. Introduce more stringent regulations regarding the discharge of toxic

fumes of manufacturing firms
Ex. a cap on steel plants’ carbon emissions
→ deter steel companies from making profits at the expense of the
environment
- factories must be fined for releasing excessive toxic gasses into
the atmosphere

G. Levy a higher tax on automobile imports to discourage people from buying cars

(note: levy st on sb/st: to use official authority to demand and collect a

payment, tax, etc.)

H. Raise people’s awareness about dire state of the environment

Nudge sb towards more sustainable lifestyle choices
→ galvanize sb into starting to actively protect the environment
Ex. simple changes in lifestyle like taking public transport + classifying
trash Ex2. boycott companies that are reluctant to reduce waste → push
for a greener future

I. PERSUADING MANUFACTURERS AND TRAVELLERS (thuyết phục các nhà sản

xuất và người tham gia giao thông) to ADOPT THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY
→ a more effective strategy for improving air quality

J. electorates: uses their votes

→ elect officials [care deeply about st + be committed to changing the
status quo.
145. CHƯA TÁI CHẾ ĐỦ RÁC THẢI SINH HOẠT
DO NOT RECYCLE ENOUGH OF OUR HOUSEHOLD WASTE (chưa tái chế đủ lượng
rác thải sinh hoạt)

146. CHÍNH PHỦ NÊN ĐƯA RA LUẬT ĐỂ TĂNG TÁI CHẾ

NEW LEGISLATION TO FORCE PEOPLE TO RECYCLE
= recycling law
= a new recycling law: one possible way to TACKLE THE WASTE PROBLEM
= MAKE RECYCLING A LEGAL REQUIREMENT (quy định bắt buộc về việc tái chế)
● Governments could MAKE IT A LEGAL OBLIGATION FOR HOUSEHOLDERS
(tạo nghĩa vụ pháp lý đối với chủ hộ) —> to SEPARATE ALL WASTE INTO
DIFFERENT BINS (phân loại rác thải
- punishments for people who fail to adhere to this law (a small fine/
community service/ PRISON SENTENCES FOR REPEAT OFFENDERS)
→ These measures: ACT AS A DETERRENT (có giá trị răn đe) +
ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO OBEY THE RECYCLING LAW
=> the improved behavior of homeowners: LEAD TO A CLEAN, WASTE-
FREE ENVIRONMENT for everyone

147. CÁC CÁCH KHÁC NGOÀI VIỆC ĐƯA RA LUẬT TÁI CHẾ
encourage people to DISPOSE OF THEIR WASTE (đổ rác) more responsibly
● Politicians: PUT EDUCATION, RATHER THAN PUNISHMENT, AT THE
CENTRE OF A RECYCLING CAMPAIGN (đưa giáo dục thay vì là hình phạt
trở thành yếu tố cốt lõi trong chiến dịch đẩy mạnh tái chế)
Ex. children : be taught about recycling in schools
Homeowners: be informed about the environmental impact of
household waste
● Governments: CREATE STRICTER REGULATIONS FOR THE COMPANIES
that produce the packaging for household products
 ● Money: be spent TO IMPROVE RECYCLING FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS
→ waste is processed more effectively, regardless of whether or not
people separate it correctly at home.

148. GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ TẮC NGHẼN GIAO THÔNG

TRAFFIC CONGESTION: not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle people
can use
- to improve the choice of PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES available to travelers

Ex. SUFFICIENT SKY TRAINS AND UNDERGROUND TRAIN SYSTEMS WERE BUILT
AND EFFECTIVELY MAINTAINED (có đủ lượng tàu trên cao và đường tàu ngầm
được xây dựng và duy trì hiệu quả) in our major cities, then traffic on the roads
would be dramatically reduced

Ex.LONG— DISTANCE TRAIN AND COACH SERVICES : BE MADE ATTRACTIVE AND

AFFORDABLE ALTERNATIVES to driving your own car for long journeys.

→ LONG-TERM TRAFFIC AND POLLUTION REDUCTIONS

- depend on educating the public to use public transport more

- Depend on governments USING PUBLIC MONEY TO CONSTRUCT AND

RUN EFFICIENT SYSTEMS
 ANIMALS
149. BẢO TỒN ĐỘNG VẬT HOANG DÃ

The protection/ conservation of wild animals = wildlife protection/ conservation =

animal protection =
= [conserve/ protect/ save] + [endangered/ threatened + animals/ species; rare animals]
= preserve wildlife
= combat/ mitigate/ alleviate/ curb + the extinction of some animals
= provide shelters for endangered species

Wildlife = natural species = wild creatures = wild animals = flora and fauna

150. SỰ BIẾN MẤT CỦA NHIỀU LOÀI ĐỘNG VẬT

*A host of wild animals are on the brink of extinction

= The existence of innumerable species is being threatened
= the demise of thousands of species
= the extinction rates are on the increase
=the mass extinction of innumerable species

*Let animals die out = have the right to allow or encourage the extinction of any species
>< have no right to decide whether or not wild animals should exist

151. CON NGƯỜI CÓ MỐI QUAN HỆ KHÔNG THỂ TÁCH RỜI VỚI WILDLIFE/
NATURE

The inseparable relationship between human race and wildlife

= have an inextricable relationship with wildlife/nature

Develop a harmonious coexistence with

152. NGUYÊN NHÂN ĐỘNG VẬT BIẾN MẤT

the rampant poaching of rare animals
Economic prosperity (come at the expense of wildlife) = humankind’s relentless pursuit
of economic growth

153. HẬU QUẢ NẾU ĐỘNG VẬT BIẾN MẤT (miss from the ecosystem)
 Disrupt/ the whole food chain
Provoke widespread concern regarding agricultural productivity
Spell trouble for st

154. ĐỘNG VẬT BIẾN MẤT ĐE DỌA CUỘC SỐNG CON NGƯỜI

Lead to disastrous results for human life = threaten the survival of mankind
>< safeguard the existence of humans

protecting animals IS A WASTE OF RESOURCES ?????

● the protection of NATURAL HABITATS : ensures the survival of wild animals
+ be CRUCIAL FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL
Ex. rainforests PRODUCE OXYGEN, ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE AND STABILIZE
THE EARTH’S CLIMATE
→ destroy these areas → THE COST OF MANAGING THE RESULTING
CHANGES TO OUR PLANET : far outweigh (v) THE COSTS OF
CONSERVATION
⇒ protecting wild animals and their habitats → MAINTAIN THE
NATURAL BALANCE OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH

155. ĐỘNG VẬT KO CÒN CHỖ ĐỨNG TRONG THẾ KỈ 21ST

Wild animals have no place in the 21st century
= WE AS HUMANS (con người chúng ta) have no need for them
= planet Earth exists only for the benefit of humans
= HAVE THE RIGHT TO ALLOW OR ENCOURAGE THE EXTINCTION OF ANY SPECIES
= let animals die out

>< DO NOT NEED TO EXPLOIT OR DESTROY EVERY LAST SQUARE METER OF LAND in
order to FEED OR ACCOMMODATE THE WORLD’S POPULATION
→ plenty of room for us to EXIST SIDE BY SIDE WITH wild animals

156. THÍ NGHIỆM ĐỘNG VẬT ĐỂ PHÁT TRIỂN Y HỌC

 Animal experiments: be widely used to develop new medicines + to test the
safety of other products. = their benefits to humanity
= medicines and other products are routinely tested on animals before they are
cleared for human use
= a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines
= the use of animals in medical research
= a medical treatment that had been developed through the use of animal
experimentation
= testing on animals for vital medical research

===>XXX THE BANNING OF ANIMAL TESTING FOR NON-MEDICAL PRODUCTS

● RELIABLE ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION: not always be

available << equally effective alternatives have been developed>>
a certain amount of suffering on the part of mice or rats can be justified if
human lives are saved

157. THÍ NGHIỆM TRÊN ĐỘNG VẬT LÀ KO CÓ ĐẠO ĐỨC

IT IS MORALLY WRONG TO CAUSE ANIMALS TO SUFFER
= ANIMAL TESTING IS MORALLY WRONG
= ethical arguments against animal experimentation
>< a necessary evil where new drugs and medical procedures are concerned

● laboratory mice: MAY BE GIVEN AN ILLNESS →

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A NEW DRUG CAN BE MEASURED
→ humans have no right to subject animals to this kind of trauma + the lives of
all creatures should be respected
=> THE BENEFITS TO HUMANS DO NOT JUSTIFY THE SUFFERING CAUSED
(những lợi ích của con người không nên là lý do biện hộ để khiến cho động vật
phải chịu đau đớn)
=> scientists SHOULD USE ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF RESEARCH
 THE MEDIA
158. BÁO GIẤY (be on the wane + be considered no longer necessary)

Printed newspaper = paper publication = paper news = conventional newspaper

= traditional newspaper = printed version = printed papers = printed materials

Newspaper = news = publication = papers

newsstand (n) sạp báo

SAO LẠI KO THỂ BIẾN MẤT ĐK:

* the elderly: not used to reading news on a digital screen (poor vision)

* support bricks-and-mortar businesses like newsstand or bookstores

the disappearance of printed news: have a far-reaching effect on a host of industries -
> the declining demand for paper news: force publishers + logging companies to
downsize => trigger mass unemployment

* fewer distractions

* credibility of information

159. BÁO MẠNG

Online news = digital newspaper = e-paper = digital version

= internet-based newspaper

News update(n) các tin tức cập

nhật MẶT OK CỦA BÁO MẠNG:

*reading news online: be infinitely speedier → not purchase at a newsstand
=> can access new updates immediately via Internet-connected/ Internet-based mobile
devices

*online news: free of charge → st don’t charge people → discourage people from buying
printed materials

* interaction between the paper and the readership

160. CẤU TRÚC “ KO THỂ BỊ THAY THẾ”

 Be never replaced completely / be never superseded by st

161. TOÀN ĐƯA TIN XẤU

Cover mostly bad news = negative news report/story = present only bad news

Report world events accurately (natural human disaster/ political events/ the horror
of the world)

162. LÝ DO NHÀ ĐÀI TOÀN ĐƯA TIN XẤU

*present good news → had gone out of this business for lack of listeners ← serious
problems: garner a great deal of publicity

*people: ignore + become immune to bad news -> aim to report world events
accurately (human disasters, political events, the horrors of wars)

=> the main objective is to sell newspapers + attract listeners or viewers to

their stations -> Tv + radio stations: attempt to reflect the flavor of their
station<< cố gắng phản ánh nét riêng của đài của họ>> by providing news
broadcasts tailor- made to suit their listeners’ preferences << thích hợp sở
thích người nghe >>

newspapers + tv stations: tailor their news to their readers’ and viewers’

requirement

report real work events in an honest and objective light << trên phương diện trung
thực và khách quan>>

163. NHÀ ĐÀI ĐƯA LOẠI TIN TỐT J

GOOD NEWS comes to us in the form of documentaries the fight against children
cancer or aids // the latest development in the fight to save the planet from
environmental pollution

164. ẢNH HƯỞNG BAD NEWS

INDIVIDUALS (on the personal level)

● Take a heavy toll on our mental health → learning about negative things
(appalling state of pollution/ gloomy economic outlooks) → more stressed out
+ pessimistic
 => (in serious cases) depression
● Bad news: be blown out of proportion → prevent us from trying new things ->
give readers a distorted impression + cause sb to be averse to st

SOCIETY (on a social level)

● Contribute to brain-drain phenomenon → be bombarded with a barrage of
news about …. → hold a grim view about the prospect of their country →
move
● A fatal blow to business → its sales plummeted ….

165. TIN MỚI NHẤT

The latest information = newsflash <tin đặc biệt> = flash

166. THÔNG TIN SAI LỆCH

Misinformation (n) thông tin sai lệch = Unfounded rumors: những tin đồn vô căn cứ
= Misleading information (n) thông tin có định hướng sai lệch
= Fabricated information = Fake news

Disinformation (n) sự tung tin giả

167. CÁNH NHÀ BÁO

The press (including reporters +
photographers) The paper (n) nhà báo
News media (n) tin tức truyền thông

168. SỰ PHỔ BIẾN CỦA QUẢNG CÁO

Advertisements appear with increasing frequency

= advertisements become viable almost everywhere
= the growing popularity of advertising
= be routinely exposed to advertisements
= the omnipresence of advertising - omnipresent (a)
= the ubiquity of advertising - ubiquitous
= advertising permeates virtually everything we watch, read or listen to
= we are increasingly surrounded by advertising
= excessive exposure to commercials

169. QUẢNG CÁO

 advertising (n) quảng cáo, the activity and industry of advertising things to people on
television, in newspapers, on the internet, etc., hoạt động quảng cáo

# Advertisements = (adverts = ads : informal): a notice, picture or film telling people

about a product, job or service

-Commercial break (n) chương trình giữa h chiếu (trên TV, đài)
<< TV shows are frequently hijacked by commercial breaks>>

-Promotion (count n) chương trình khuyến mãi, chiến lược quảng cáo
<< Youtube videos are intermittently interrupted by promotions>>

-Advertorial spread (n) các trang quảng cáo (trên báo, tạp chí)
<< readers of newspapers and magazines have been decrying advertorial spreads
taking a greater portion of print publications>>

Incessant promotional campaign (n) các chiến dịch quảng cáo ko dứt

170. NHỮNG TỪ VỰNG KHÁC VỀ QUẢNG CÁO

Ad-free content (n) nội dung ko chứa quảng cáo

Media consumers (n) những người tiêu thụ sản phẩm truyền

thông Media content (n) nội dung trên các phương tiện truyền

thông Saturated market (n) thị trường bão hòa

Homogeneous products (n) các sản phẩm giống nhau

Marketing budget (n) ngân sách cho marketing

The influence of marketing

171. QUẢNG CÁO TẠO RA 1 XÃ HỘI VỨT ĐI

- Breed excessive consumerism → contribute to a throw-away society

Explain: be routinely exposed to advertisements → get a constant urge to

purchase the items advertised (no real need)

=> incentivize manufacturers to ramp up production + marketing budget

→ push new and exciting products ⇒ greater wastage
 => VICIOUS CYCLE → manifest itself starkly in such industries as APPAREL/
ELECTRONIC GOODS → incessant promotional campaigns: sway customers into
discarding the items they currently have for new, improved, more fashionable
offerings.
=> spell disaster for the environment

172. QUẢNG CÁO LÀM CHO MỌI NGƯỜI CÀNG GIỐNG NHAU
ADVERTISEMENTS RESULT IN PEOPLE BECOMING INCREASINGLY SIMILAR
→ discourage individuality
= advertising certainly does promote conformity amongst certain people
= fashion victims follow trends and may appear similar

● The role of advertising: to promote products → encourages people to

buy them → PEOPLE INEVITABLY END UP BUYING THE SAME THINGS +
appearing the same
Ex. be particularly true of the fashion industry
→ tells FOLLOWERS OF FASHION what colors to wear in which seasons
what styles of clothes they should

wear the length of their hair

=> adverts: PUT PRESSURE ON YOUNG PEOPLE TO LOOK FASHIONABLE
<<<following looks which have been planned by the fashion industry>>
⇒ THOSE WHO ARE EASILY INFLUENCED BY FASHION TRENDS → tend to appear
more similar + with less individuality IN AN ATTEMPT TO BE CONSIDERED
FASHIONABLE

173. CON NGƯỜI VẪN CÓ QUYẾT ĐỊNH CỦA MÌNH

people will always MAKE THEIR OWN INDIVIDUAL CHOICES → make them appear
different
= the minority as most people PREFER TO SELECT WHAT THEY WEAR AND
HOW THEY LOOK FOR THEMSELVES
 ● THE WISH TO APPEAR FASHIONABLE AND FOLLOW FASHION TRENDS
with strict conformity only applies to a certain group of young “trendy"
people
the fashion trends: interesting >< not be followed religiously
⇒ prefer a different hair style (be MORE SUITED TO THEIR OWN FACE SHAPE OR
CHARACTER)
⇒ aspects of their dress: similar → how they wear it is different + SHOWS THEIR
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER
174. QUẢNG CÁO ẢNH HƯỞNG LÊN DOANH THU HÀNG TIÊU DÙNG
the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising
= advertising has an impact on sales = advertising obviously INFLUENCES OUR
BUYING BEHAVIOR
● = Advertisements certainly TEMPT PEOPLE TO BUY PRODUCTS THAT THEY
MIGHT NOT OTHERWISE WANT (dụ dỗ mọi người mua những món đồ
mà có thể họ không muốn).
Ex. the mobile phone → people(have a perfectly good phone that does
not need replacing) : QUEUING TO BUY THE LATEST MODELS
→ THE HIGH SALES OF THE IPHONE: support this idea
● THE INFLUENCE OF MARKETING: that leads us to make these kinds of
decisions → STAY UP TO DATE WITH THE LATEST FASHIONS + OWN THE
NEWEST HIGH-STATUS DEVICE (sở hữu các thiết bị tân tiến nhất).

175. MỌI NGƯỜI MUA HÀNG KO PHẢI CHỈ VÌ QUẢNG CÁO

people do not buy products because of the advertising alone
= people: not make decisions that GO AGAINST THEIR REAL NEEDS (đi ngược
lại nhu cầu thực sự).

MAKES A PURCHASE
New versions of products almost always HAVE IMPROVED FEATURES
 Ex: A new car: have greatly improved safety features/ be more economical to
run/ pollute less
A new phone : allow the user to COMMUNICATE MORE QUICKLY OR
EFFECTIVELY → ENHANCING THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE

176. SỞ THÍCH THAY ĐỔI CÀNG NGÀY CÀNG NHANH

Popular hobbies and interests change over time are more a reflection of trends
and fashions
= hobbies reflect changing fashions rather than our true interests
= leisure activities BECOME FASHIONABLE (trở nên thịnh hành) for a short time
and then disappear when A NEW TREND COMES ALONG (một xu hướng mới
xuất hiện)
= hobbies: ARE SIMPLY PASSING TRENDS (đơn giản là chạy theo xu hướng).
Children and teenagers: be attracted to whatever activity is currently
popular among their peers
Sb: HAVE A NEW INTEREST (có sở thích mới) every month ← sb JOINS IN WITH
THE LATEST CRAZE (tham gia vào một trào lưu mới) that sweeps through her
primary school
BE OBSESSED WITH st
THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL DIFFERENT FITNESS TRENDS
Sb continued to enjoy st IN THE LONG TERM
>< st: SEEM TO BE PERENNIALLY POPULAR

177. KO CHẠY THEO TREND

do popular activities that ARE FAR FROM TRENDY
Sb be certainly NOT FOLLOWING A NEW FASHION
Sb FIND IT INHERENTLY FASCINATING AND ABSORBING

178. QUÁ NHIỀU SỰ LỰA CHỌN

 modern life PRESENTS US WITH AN OVERWHELMING NUMBER OF CHOICES
= the Internet HAS LED TO A DRAMATIC EXPANSION IN THE NUMBER OF CHOICES
(dẫn đến số lựa chọn gia tăng đáng kể) that are available to us.
= The number of online media options is now almost endless
= There are countless websites offering ST
= we are faced with a huge number of options in most areas of life nowadays

→ make so many decisions about THE CONTENT THAT WE CONSUME

=> THIS ABUNDANCE OF MEDIA (sự phong phú của các phương tiện truyền
thông) LEADS TO CONFUSION ON THE PART OF THE AVERAGE USER ( THIS IS
OFTEN MORE BEWILDERING THAN BENEFICIAL)
HAVE ACCESS TO THOUSANDS OF FILMS AND SERIES

179. ẢNH HƯỞNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA VIỆC SOCIALIZE TRÊN MẠNG
lead to ISOLATION (sự cô lập), POTENTIALLY HARMFUL SITUATIONS (các tình
huống có khả năng gây nguy hiểm) and also problems later on in life
● Isolation: spend the majority of their time alone → LEAD TO
DEPRESSION / other issues

● meeting people online: risky

→ people: ASSUME FAKE IDENTITIES ONLINE + HIDE THEIR
TRUE CHARACTERISTICS
=> is particularly concerning for teenagers ( IMPRESSIONABLE (nhạy cảm))
→ be led into dangerous situations
⇒ Interaction: online → parents HAVE NO WAY OF MONITORING +
protecting their children

● conversations and shared photos that had been forgotten reappear.

→ teenagers: not think carefully before posting online
 People: SHARE INTIMATE COMMUNICATIONS WITH close friends
THESE WORDS: CAN THEN RESURFACE LATER ON

=> too much embarrassment

180. TV ẢNH HƯỞNG HÀNH VI CỦA TRẺ

a.The young: imitate whatever captivates them [ attention-grabbing the nature of
television]
=> children: parrot catchphrases on their favorite shows/ lyrics/ catchy jingle
⇒ displays of violence → instigate aggressive behaviors
Nudity → incite premature interest in the opposite sex
St: graphic/ jarring(gây sốc)
→ be ingrained in children’s minds (experience it momentarily)

B.shape their moral codes + belief system

Ex. Power Ranger or other superhero franchises → impart to their preteen audience
lessons of teamwork + altruism + the eventual triumph of good over evil
Ex. Disney’s princess-themed series:

C. Screen time → physical activity level

-> Studies have suggested a strong correlation between TV watching and a sedentary
lifestyle
<< newly invented distractions: smartphones, video games, social media>>
⇒ contribute to their reluctance to participate in physical activities
 TECHNOLOGY
181. XE TỰ LÁI
- Self-driving vehicle/ cars = unmanned automobile = driverless car =
autonomous car
- Self-driving car industry
- Autopilot feature = autonomous driving feature

182. SỰ TIẾN BỘ VỀ CÔNG NGHỆ

- Fast-paced technological innovation
= momentous technological leap
= technological advancement
= technological breakthrough

183. LÝ DO CHO SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN XE TỰ LÁI (CÓ THỂ THAY THẾ = NHỮNG ĐỒ
CÔNG NGHỆ KHÁC)
- Mankind’s relentless pursuit of convenience → st: a nature progression
- Fast-paced technological innovations/ momentous technological leap in
recent decades
Ex. initial success of Tesla/ Toyota/ among other powerhouses in
trialing autopilot feature → prove the prospect of self-driving
vehicles being released and dominating highways

184. LỢI ÍCH CỦA XE TỰ LÁI

Vast majority of traffic accidents/ crashes and casualties: the results of human error
→ eliminate reckless behaviors such as drunk driving/ road rage/ speeding → save
thousands of lives every year

185. LỢI ÍCH PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ CỦA XE TỰ LÁI

Boost economic growth ← cut down operating cost (salary/ training/ liability/ insurance
associated with human drivers)

186. CÔNG NGHỆ CHẾ TẠO ROBOT

-Robotics engineering = robotics technologies = robotics (n) công nghệ robot
: pervade/ permeate every aspect of life

The advancement of robotics

 technologies

187. ROBOT THÚC ĐẨY PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ

Be key in driving economic productivity
→ automated machines + processes:
+ dispense with inconsistent and exhaustible physical toil
+ usher in an era of unprecedented output/ speed/ precision in manufacturing

188. ROBOT GIÚP CON NGƯỜI RẢNH RỖI HƠN

Help people take care of terious daily tasks + free up their time for more enjoyable
activities and more important priorities
Ex. machines (robot cleaners/ autonomous cars) → make human lives more
stress-free

189. ROBOT GIÚP VỀ MẶT Y HỌC

Current medical applications of robots (bionic limbs/ robot-assisted surgeries)
→ further human longevity

190. ẢNH HƯỞNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA ROBOT

- Job losses/ jeopardize job security ← innumerable manufacturing jobs: be
eliminated due to automation → leave the working classes paralyzed

- Inadvertently make people more sedentary ← have machines perform

various labor-intensive tasks in our stead: convenient

- Machines: outsmart their creators and enslave

them All technologies carry a certain degree of risk

Make huge strides

191. SỰ PHỔ BIẾN CỦA ĐIỆN THOẠI

The proliferation of mobile phones
= ubiquity of cell phones
= availability of mobile phones
= growing popularity of cell phones

Have mobile phone at sb’s disposal

192. ẢNH HƯỞNG XẤU CỦA ĐIỆN THOẠI DI

 ĐỘNG Cause sheer disturbances to phone
users
Explain: unplanned calls: distract people from the task they intend to accomplish →
be likely to decrease their work productivity
=> unsolicited telemarketing calls made by salespeople/ robocallers for the purpose of
promoting products → deprive many people of their privacy
Unwanted calls from anonymous salespeople

193. ẢNH HƯỞNG TÍCH CỰC CỦA ĐIỆN THOẠI

- The ready access to this high-tech gadget: facilitate instantaneous
communication among people regardless of geographic boundaries
⇒ significant savings
<< never the case in the past → it used to take days to deliver handwritten
letters>>

- In cases of emergency → the condition of an ill person is critical→ imperative

that sb BE able to inform the hospital promptly

194. CÔNG NGHỆ THAY ĐỔI CÁCH CON NGƯỜI TƯƠNG TÁC
new technologie: had an influence on communication between people
technology HAS CERTAINLY REVOLUTIONIZED COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PEOPLE

195. CÔNG NGHỆ ẢNH HƯỞNG LÊN CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ

● telephones and the Internet: allow business people in different countries to
interact without ever meeting each other

++++COOPERATION BETWEEN PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: was much more difficult

when COMMUNICATION WAS LIMITED TO WRITTEN LETTERS or telegrams

interactions by email, phone or video: are almost as good as FACE-TO-FACE MEETINGs

→ sb benefit from these interactions (either IN WORK OR SOCIAL CONTEXTS )

● services like Skype: create new possibilities for relationships between

students and teachers
Ex. a student can now TAKE VIDEO LESSONS with a teacher in a different city or
country
● SOCIAL NETWORKS: make new friends and find people who SHARE
 COMMON INTERESTS + INTERACT THROUGH THEIR COMPUTERS RATHER
THAN FACE TO FACE

NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES → ISOLATING PEOPLE

AND DISCOURAGING REAL INTERACTION
Ex. young people: CHOOSE TO MAKE FRIENDS ONLINE rather than MIXING WITH THEIR
PEERS (hòa mình với bạn bè) in the real world
→ THESE ‘VIRTUAL’ RELATIONSHIPS: A POOR SUBSTITUTE FOR REAL FRIENDSHIPS
196. MẤT ĐI GIÁ TRỊ VĂN HÓA
LEAD TO THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL CULTURES
= CONTRIBUTED TO THE DISAPPEARANCE OF
TRADITIONAL WAYS OF LIFE
= many traditional ways of life have been lost

communities HAD A STRONG SENSE OF IDENTITY (có tinh thần dân tộc to lớn), ←
THEIR SHARED CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS → THE DISPERSAL OF FAMILIES AND VILLAGE
COMMUNITIES as people MOVED TO THE CITIES IN SEARCH OF WORK

>< TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES HAVE SURVIVED AND EVEN FLOURISHED

197. CÔNG NGHỆ BẢO TỒN CÁC GIÁ TRỊ VĂN HÓA
SEEK TO PRESERVE SUCH TRADITIONS AS + …
= technology can positively contribute to THE KEEPING ALIVE OF TRADITIONAL
SKILLS AND WAYS OF LIFE
→ the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to KEEP ALIVE THE
TRADITIONAL SKILLS

198. CÔNG NGHỆ PHÁT TRIỂN

the advances in technology that HAVE DRIVEN INDUSTRIALISATION IN DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES

technology and the modern world

developments in transport, communications and manufacturing

199. ÁP DỤNG CÔNG NGHỆ ĐỂ PHÁT TRIỂN

FARMING COMMUNITIES in parts of Africa : EMBRACE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
→ Mobile phones: GIVE FARMERS ACCESS TO INFORMATION, FROM WEATHER
 PREDICTIONS TO MARKET PRICES → helps them to prosper and therefore supports their
culture.

200. KĨ THUẬT DI TRUYỀN GÂY RA NHIỀU HẬU QUẢ

● negative implications of genetic engineering: food production
GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS: be grown → damage whole ecosystems
← foods BECOME RESISTANT TO DISEASES AND NATURAL PREDATORS
● THE CLONING OF HUMANS (sự nhân bản vô tính ở người)
= THE POSSIBILITY THAT HUMANS COULD BE MODIFIED OR CLONED
CLONED HUMANS: are used to fight wars or to PROVIDE BODY PART REPLACEMENTS
⇒ genetic engineering will have a positive impact on our lives

201. KĨ THUẬT DI TRUYỀN MANG LẠI NHIỀU LỢI ÍCH

humans will find ways to MITIGATE THE RISKS (giảm thiểu những rủi ro) and
use genetic technologies IN A RESPONSIBLE WAY
● FROM THE FOOD PRODUCTION PERSPECTIVE
→ genetic engineering could be THE SOLUTION TO FAMINE in developing

countries Ex. crops can BE GROWN MORE RELIABLY IN HARSH CONDITIONS

● FROM A MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE

+ scientists: use genetic engineering to produce vaccines / to cure
diseases/ to CORRECT A GENETIC DEFECT (sửa chữa những khiếm
khuyết trong gen di truyền) before a child is born
+ IF PROPERLY REGULATED→ cloning: be done in a way that improves
lives
=> THE CLONING OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS (a heart or kidney) : BE
PERMITTED FOR TRANSPLANT PURPOSES

⇒ PEOPLE'S FEARS WILL BE UNWARRANTED

202. ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO
developments in the field of artificial intelligence will have a positive impact on
our lives in the near future
= the future impact of artificial intelligence = BE APPREHENSIVE ABOUT (lo ngại
về) its possible negative effects

DEVELOPMENTS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

203. LỢI ÍCH CỦA TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO
Machines are clearly able to do many jobs better than humans can
= intelligent machines will no doubt improve our lives in many ways
→ in areas: REQUIRE HIGH LEVELS OF ACCURACY OR CALCULATIONS using large
amounts of data
Ex. robots: are being developed to CARRY OUT SURGICAL PROCEDURES WITH
GREATER PRECISION (tiến hành các cuộc phẫu thuật với độ chính xác cao hơn)
than a human doctor
Ex. Cars: USE SENSORS AND CAMERAS TO DRIVE THEMSELVES → such
technologies: improve safety by REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF HUMAN ERRORS

=> IMPROVE OUR QUALITY OF LIFE

204. TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO CÓ THỂ ẢNH HƯỞNG CHÚNG TA

artificial intelligence may harm us if we are not careful = THE POTENTIAL RISKS
(những nguy cơ tiềm ẩn) of such technologies should not be ignored.
● A RISE IN UNEMPLOYMENT ← workers in various industries are replaced
by machines or software programs
Ex. self-driving vehicles: CAUSE REDUNDANCIES IN DRIVING JOBS (such
as lorry drivers, taxi drivers and bus drivers)

● IN THE MEDIUM TERM (xét về mặt trung hạn):

intelligent technologies: gradually TAKE JOBS AWAY FROM HUMANS
 → people BECOME DESKILLED AND LOSE THEIR SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE
(không còn đủ năng lực và đánh mất chí hướng)

● A LONGER TERM FEAR: computers become so intelligent that they begin

to MAKE DECISIONS
WITHOUT HUMAN OVERSIGHT (quyết định mà không
có sự giám sát của con người)
WITHOUT REGARD FOR OUR WELL-BEING
 CRIME
205. PHẠM PHÁP

Commit/ offend a crime = commit an offense = Break/ violate the law

<<minor/ petty/ lesser crime >< serious/ major crime (n) tội nặng, tội nhẹ >>

206. CÁC HÌNH THỨC PHẠM TỘI - KẺ PHẠM TỘI (CRIMINALS)

Burglary (n) tội ăn trộm đột nhập vào nhà →

burglar Robbery (n) ăn cướp, có vũ khí → robber

Shoplifting → shoplifter

pickpocketing (n) móc túi → pickpocket

drug/ human dealing (n) buôn thuốc phiện/ người (nếu xuyên quốc gia thì: drug
smuggling/trafficking) → drug/ human + dealer/ smuggler

Murder (n) tội giết người → murderer

Tax evasion (n) tội trốn thuế → tax evader

207. TỘI PHẠM (chỉ người)

Criminal = offender = criminals ≈ offenders ≈ people who commit a crime ≈ people

who commit an offense ≈ people who engage in criminal activities ≈ people who
take part in illegal acts: người phạm tội/ tham gia vào các hoạt động phạm tội

Prisoner: tù nhân → inmate (n)

Suspect: kẻ tình nghi
Convict : người bị kết án
Felon: tên tội phạm thực hiện 1 cái serious
crime Repeat criminal: kẻ phạm tội nhiều lần
First criminal: kẻ phạm tội lần đầu
Juvenile delinquent : người phạm tội tuổi vị thành niên = juvenile crimes ≈ juvenile
 delinquency ≈ juvenile offending ≈ youth crimes ≈ crimes among young adults: tội
phạm vị thành viên
Ex-prisoner = former-prisoner: cựu tù nhân

208. PUNISHMENT = PENALTY

Lenient punishment: phạt nhẹ —---—> harsh punishment : phạt nặng
● Non-custodial sentence: phạt ko nhốt tù
- Community services (n) lao động công ích
- (On the spot) fine (n) phạt (tại chỗ)
- Suspended sentence (n) phạt tù treo, bị quản lý (giống Fiona)

● Imprisonment (n) nhốt vào tù = incarceration (n) sự tống

giam Serve a prison sentence/ life sentence: chịu án tù
- to receive prison sentences ≈ to be sent to prison ≈ be put in prison: lãnh
án tù, bị đi tù
- to face life imprisonment ≈ to serve a life sentence: lãnh án tù chung thân
● Death penalty: phạt tử hình = capital punishment
- to receive capital punishment ≈ to receive the death penalty ≈ to
receive a death sentence ≈ to face execution: lãnh án tử hình

● the increased use of drugs and alcohol ≈ alcohol and drug abuse: việc lạm
dụng chất kích thích
● to reoffend ≈ to commit crimes again ≈ to continue to commit crime after
being punished: tái phạm
● to pose a serious threat to society ≈ to threaten the safety of society ≈ put
society in danger: gây ra mối nguy hiểm cho xã hội/ đe dọa sự an toàn của xã hội
● crime rates ≈ crime levels: tỷ lệ/mức độ tội phạm

209. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC NHỐT TỘI PHẠM VÀO TÙ

- Criminals are incarcerated → not pose a threat to the society
- Deter crimes
- rehabilitation programmes: cải tạo → better citizens << vocational training>>

210. LỢI ÍCH CHỐNG LẠI NHÀ TÙ

- Criminals are incarcerated together —> make friends → make plans for
future crime/ offenses/ wrongdoings
- Criminal record (n) bản tiền án, tiền sự → hindrance/ barrier → find a job →
return to criminal life/ reoffend (v) tái phạm phát
211. LỢI ÍCH CỦA PHẠT TỬ HÌNH
- Deter crimes
- Cost of imprisonment is reduced

212. BẤT LỢI CỦA PHẠT TỬ HÌNH

- Immoral
- Encourage revenge
- Create a violent culture

213. NGUYÊN NHÂN CỦA CRIME

Poverty→ to turn to illegal acts to generate income ≈ to commit crimes to earn
money: phạm tội để kiếm tiền
Lack of education/ poor
education

214. GIẢI PHÁP CỦA CRIME

For government :
● short term: install CCTVs/ public cameras/ security cameras and
home surveillance equipment:
Increase the number of police/ police officers
● Long term: increase welfare/ living standards
Make education accessible → stable employment
→ less incentive to commit crimes
● to impose stricter punishments on... ≈ to impose heavier sentences on...: áp
đặt mức phạt nặng nề hơn lên…
→ deter criminal acts by other members of the public that may have the
intention of carrying out a crime

● Crime education at school ((long-lasting impact on st))→ help equip students

with the necessary knowledge about crime and crime prevention
→ be undeniably a more sustainable crime-fighting solution than education for
criminals

Individual: Raise awareness of crime prevention → decrease crime of opportunity

<<(n) tội phạm do cơ hội>>
to promote crime prevention programs:

● to prevent somebody from... ≈ to deter somebody from: ngăn chặn ai đó khỏi....

215. GIÁO DỤC TỘI PHẠM KHI Ở TRONG TÙ ( giảm tỉ lệ tội phạm)
Educate people in prison = educate offenders during imprisonment
= education for offenders
= such a from of education = this form of education

- Provide offenders with the working skills that are essential when they return
to community = improved job prospects
→ earn a living after leaving prison → less likely to commit a crime again

- Instill a sense of value and self-worth in offenders

→ demonstrate more empathy towards others in the wider community
→ become a better citizens after their prison years → have ripple effect on others
around them to live without crime

216. GIÁO DỤC VỀ TỘI PHẠM Ở TRƯỜNG HỌC

= crime education at school = educational method

217. GIẢM TỈ LỆ TỘI PHẠM

Reduce crime = the reduction of crime

= sb are less likely to commit a crime again
= live without crime
= reudce the future crime rates
= become a better citizens

218. TỘI PHẠM KHI RA TÙ

EX-PRISONERS: become normal, PRODUCTIVE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY
= REFORMED OFFENDERS
= an ex-offender
= people who have turned their lives around after serving a prison sentence
LAWBREAKERS (những người vi phạm pháp luật)

219. TỘI PHẠM DIỄN THUYẾT Ở TRƯỜNG HỌC

discourage them from BREAKING THE LAW = HELP TO DETER TEENAGERS FROM
COMMITTING CRIMES

● REFORMED OFFENDERS (tù nhân đã được cải tạo): tell young people about
 how they became involved in crime/ THE DANGERS OF A CRIMINAL LIFESTYLE/
what life in prison is really like
→ dispel any ideas that teenagers may have about criminals LEADING GLAMOROUS LIVES
(sống một cuộc sống vương giả)

● Adolescents: BE OFTEN INDIFFERENT TO THE GUIDANCE GIVEN BY

OLDER PEOPLE → be extremely keen to hear the stories of an ex-offender
The vivid and perhaps shocking nature of these stories: HAVE A POWERFUL
IMPACT

220. CÁC CÁCH KHÁC GIÁO DỤC HS VỀ PHẠM TỘI

● police officers: visit schools and talk to young people → useful: informing
teens about what happens to LAWBREAKERS when they are caught
>< young people: ARE OFTEN RELUCTANT TO TAKE ADVICE FROM FIGURES OF
AUTHORITY

● school teachers: speak to their students about crime→ teachers: not

credible sources of information about this topic

● educational films: informative → no opportunity for young people to interact

and ask questions
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE has BECOME COMMONPLACE (trở nên phổ biến) in
many cities in recent years.

221. KO ỦNG HỘ LẮP CAMERA

DISAPPROVE OF THE USE OF VIDEO CAMERAS IN PUBLIC PLACES
● INVADE OUR PRIVACY / See st as AN INVASION OF PRIVACY ← constantly
being watched by the authorities or by PRIVATE SECURITY FIRMS
→ people FIND THIS INTRUSIVE + feel that the recording of their movements is
A FORM OF STATE CONTROL
=> CURTAILS THEIR INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM (kiềm chế sự tự do cá nhân)

● THE PROLIFERATION OF CCTV CAMERAS: being used as AN

ALTERNATIVE TO POLICE OFFICERS PATROLLING THE STREETS
 → members of the public will NOT feel safer
222. ỦNG HỘ LẮP CAMERA
the use of video cameras to MONITOR PUBLIC AREAS: a positive measure
THE ENHANCED SECURITY that CCTV cameras bring to our cities
● DETER CRIMINALS AND TO PREVENT CRIME
Ex. PETTY CRIMINALS (tội phạm nhỏ/ít nguy hiểm) (like shoplifters and
pickpockets) : less likely to operate in parts of cities (when they are being
watched)
● crimes are committed → the police can use video evidence to CATCH
AND PROSECUTE OFFENDERS (bắt và truy tố những kẻ phạm tội)
→ video cameras: - OFFER VALUABLE SUPPORT TO POLICE OFFICERS
(công cụ hỗ trợ đắc lực cho cảnh sát)
- make cities safer for inhabitants, workers and
visitors alike.
-
223. GIẢM TAI NẠN GIAO THÔNG

reduce traffic accidents = MAKE OUR ROADS SAFER

= ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO DRIVE MORE SAFELY
= reduce road accidents
= PREVENT BAD DRIVING
= PROMOTE BETTER DRIVING HABITS

224. PHẠT ĐỂ GIẢM TAI NẠN GIAO THÔNG

strict punishments for driving offenses

= punishments and a range of other measures can be used together
= PENALTIES FOR DANGEROUS DRIVERS CAN ACT AS A DETERRENT → AVOID
REPEATING THE SAME OFFENSE
= punishments can help to PREVENT BAD DRIVING

● various types of driving penalty: SMALL FINES (khoản tiền phạt nhỏ), LICENCE
SUSPENSION (tạm giữ giấy phép lái xe), DRIVER AWARENESS COURSES (các
khóa đào nâng cao ý thức của những người lái xe), and EVEN PRISON
SENTENCES (thậm chí là phạt tù).
 → show dangerous drivers that their actions HAVE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
=> hope that drivers BECOME MORE DISCIPLINED AND ALERT (trở nên kỷ luật và
cảnh giác hơn) → FOLLOW THE RULES MORE CAREFULLY

225. CÁC CÁCH KHÁC NGOÀI VIỆC PHẠT LÁI XE

safe driving can be promoted in several different ways that do not punish drivers
= other road safety measures should also be introduced.

● EDUCATE PEOPLE PROPERLY before they start to drive:

→ THIS COULD BE DONE in schools or even AS PART OF AN EXTENDED OR MORE
DIFFICULT DRIVING TEST

● more attention could be paid to SAFE ROAD DESIGN

+ signs can be used to warn people ( SPEED BUMPS (gờ giảm tốc) and road
bends: be added TO CALM TRAFFIC (để hạn chế tốc độ))
+ SPEED CAMERAS CAN HELP TO DETER PEOPLE FROM DRIVING TOO
QUICKLY (camera bắn tốc độ có thể giúp ngăn chặn mọi người lái
xe vượt quá tốc độ quy định).
● governments or LOCAL COUNCILS: INVEST IN BETTER PUBLIC TRANSPORT
→ fewer people would need to travel by car.
 GLOBALIZATION
226. TOÀN CẦU HÓA

Globalization
= increased exchange between countries
= more robust relations between countries
= the presence of foreign influence
= increased contact on the global scale in terms of commerce and culture
= increasing business and cultural contact between countries

● Developing countries = economically disadvantaged countries = less

developed nations = impoverished/ under-priviledged regions = impoverished
country = poverty-stricken regions

● BẢN SẮC, GIÁ TRỊ DÂN TỘC

National value: giá trị dân tộc = National identity: bản sắc dân tộc

POSITIVE
1. the ability to penetrate foreign markets 2.Bridge cultural gap
→ present lucrative opportunities for [Be alive to/Accept] [racial/
businesses cultural][differences/ dissimilarities]
→ build trust and mutual understanding
Investments in infrastructures and offices across culture when we interact with others
in developing countries → Outsource their
production to other countries with lower Greater appreciation and acceptance of
wages/ salary → generate an enormous the difference between peoples and races
number of jobs + advances of technology
+ invigorate/facilitate local national Facilitate global commerce
economies
=> increase living standards
 Learn about history + way of life → Erase
// global trade → multinational companies hostility which have been existed because
do business across the world (Cocacola) → of past conflicts
create employment opportunities

NEGATIVE
1. Lose national identities = the presence of foreign influences marginalizes
national values

2. Environmental impacts/ problems → emit greenhouse gasses into the air →

pollution/ depletion of natural resources

3. People work in Sweatshop (exploited/ low wages)

4. Easier to travel → the influx of tourists → increase the spread of infectious

diseases/ epidemics

227. TOÀN CẦU HÓA

Globalization: making the world smaller and compounding this problem of
too much choice
● Cheap international flights: HAVE MADE OVERSEAS TRAVEL POSSIBLE
FOR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
→ SB ARE FACED WITH A WORLD OF OPTIONS when deciding where to
go on holiday or even where to live

● THE INCREASING TENDENCY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE TO STUDY ABROAD

→ the opportunity for overseas study seems appealing >< students: be
CONFUSED ABOUT WHERE TO GO AND WHICH PATH TO TAKE

228. SỰ BIẾN MẤT CỦA 1 SỐ NGÔN NGỮ THIỂU SỐ

Several languages are in danger of extinction
= SOME MINORITY LANGUAGES (một vài ngôn ngữ thiểu số) may disappear in
 the near future.
NGÔN NGỮ THIỂU SỐ
a language is only spoken by a small number of people
= MINORITY LANGUAGES
= languages that are less widely spoken
229. BỎ TIỀN RA ĐỂ SAVE NGÔN NGỮ THIỂU SỐ LÀ TỐN KÉM !!
saving minority languages COULD BE SEEN AS A WASTE OF MONEY
= governments could save money by allowing this to happen
= we allow minority languages to disappear
● expensive education programmes will be needed → the state: pay for
facilities, teachers and marketing → this money might be better spent on
other public services
● CUT ALL KINDS OF COSTS RELATED TO communicating with each
minority group

230. NÊN BẢO TỒN NHỮNG NGÔN NGỮ THIỂU SỐ

These languages should be protected and preserved.

= governments should try to preserve languages that are less widely spoken

= spending money on protecting minority languages

● A language: HAS A VITAL CONNECTION WITH THE CULTURAL IDENTITY

OF THE PEOPLE WHO SPEAK IT
→ a language disappears → a whole way of life will disappear with it
=> LOSE THE RICH CULTURAL DIVERSITY (makes societies more interesting)
→ have an extremely negative impact on OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE
⇒ preserve traditions, customs and behaviors that are part of a country’s history
 THE ARTS
231. BẢO TÀNG VÀ NHỮNG ĐỊA ĐIỂM LỊCH SỬ
Museum and historical location/ place/ site
= historic relic(n) di tích lịch sử, các di vật lịch sử
= heritage site: khu di tích
= historical attraction
= monument: công trình tưởng niệm, đài tưởng niệm

TÁC DỤNG: impart an overview of traditions and history in the locality

ĐIỂM CÒN THIẾU SÓT:
- Monuments: remain roughly unchanged for years
- Museums: have a poor collection of exhibits
Don’t have enough trained guides
<<a meager budget for operation>>

232. THU HÚT KHÁCH DU LỊCH

Draw the attention of tourists
= boost local people’s attendance at historical attractions
= boost the appeal of such places

233. kÉM THU HÚT KHÁCH DU LỊCH

Being largely ignored by locals
= the waning popularity of museums and historical places among local people
= lose the appeal to local residents
= the poor attendance rate of local visitors at museums and historical attractions

234. TÁC DỤNG CỦA CÁC DI TÍCH, ĐỊA ĐIỂM LỊCH SỬ

= impart an overview of traditions and history in the locality

235. BẢO TÀNG NÊN BIẾN THÀNH NƠI GIẢI TRÍ

the role and function of museums
Museums: tourist attractions → TO EXHIBIT A COLLECTION OF INTERESTING
OBJECTS
Ex. The average visitor: bored if he or she has to read or listen to too much
educational content →museums: PUT MORE OF AN EMPHASIS ON
 ENJOYMENT RATHER THAN LEARNING
=> museum: be DESIGNED TO BE VISUALLY SPECTACULAR (được thiết kế để có
tầm nhìn ngoạn mục) + have interactive activities + even games as part of its
exhibitions.

236. BẢO TÀNG LÀ ĐỂ GIÁO DỤC

museums should focus on education
= museums should be educational
= museums: teach visitors something that they did not previously know
= museums can play an important role in teaching people about history, culture,
science and many other aspects of life.
= the history behind the museum’s exhibits needs to be explained
● Museums: employ professional guides
● Museums: offer headsets so that visitors can LISTEN TO
DETAILED COMMENTARY ABOUT THE EXHIBITION
=> good museums: OFFER AN INTERESTING, ENJOYABLE AND EDUCATIONAL
EXPERIENCE

237. NHỮNG ĐỊA ĐIỂM DU LỊCH VĂN HÓA LỊCH SỬ

cultural and historical attractions
= important sites and monuments
=important tourist sites

238. KHÁCH DU LỊCH PHẢI TRẢ NHIỀU HƠN NGƯỜI DÂN ĐỊA PHƯƠNG
Foreign visitors should pay more than local visitors FOR + PLACE
= tourists from overseas should be charged more than LOCAL RESIDENTS TO VISIT
+ PLACE
= travelers: pay more to visit historical and cultural attractions in a particular
nation
 {be counterproductive to make them pay more than local residents
>< sites: charge the same price regardless of nationality}

● LÝ DO TẠI SAO NHIỀU NGƯỜI LẠI NGHĨ THẾ

cultural and historical attractions: DEPEND ON STATE SUBSIDIES to keep them going
→ the resident population: already PAYS MONEY TO THESE SITES THROUGH
THE TAX SYSTEM

239. TẠI SAO VIỆC TRẢ TIỀN NHIỀU HƠN NÀY LẠI VỚ VẨN
● BE A VERY SHORTSIGHTED VIEW (một cái nhìn thiển cận)
- Foreign tourists : CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMY OF THE HOST
COUNTRY WITH THE MONEY THEY SPEND ON A WIDE RANGE OF
GOODS AND SERVICES
including food, souvenirs, accommodation and travel.
⇒ The governments and inhabitants of every country: BE happy to subsidize
important tourist sites and encourage people FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD
to visit them.
● Travelers: decide not to go to that country
the tourism industry and many related jobs rely on visitors coming to the
country to see places → overseas tourists: stopped coming due to higher prices
=> a risk of insufficient funding for the maintenance of these important buildings.
*****tourists from overseas = Travelers = visitors = Foreign visitors

240. MỐI LIÊN KẾT VĂN HÓA GIỮA CÁC QUỐC GIA: KO BỊ CẢN TRỞ BỞI YẾU
TỐ KTE

cultural ties (already exist between countries): ARE NOT NECESSARILY

DISTURBED BY BUSINESS

- cultural ties: been established due to the development of transportation

(ENABLED PEOPLE TO TRAVEL FURTHER DISTANCES FROM THEIR
HOMES)
 Ex. the British : travel to France/ even as far as Egypt
→ enjoy warmer climates/ to appreciate their culture
=> business problems which came later → these cultural ties continue to exist today.

Business: THROW A SPANNER IN THE WORKS WITH REGARDS TO (cản trở)

international relationships FROM TIME TO TIME
⇒ it CANNOT UNDO THE DEEP CULTURAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THESE
COUNTRIES (không thể xóa bỏ mối liên kết văn hóa sâu sắc giữa các nước này)
that have evolved and been enjoyed over time.

241. MUA CÙNG MỘT LOẠI SẢN PHẨM → LÀM CHO CÁC QUỐC GIA NGÀY
CÀNG GIỐNG NHAU
THE GLOBAL SPREAD OF THE SAME PRODUCTS (are now AVAILABLE FOR
PURCHASE )
FACELESS UNIFORMITY WORLDWIDE (sự đồng nhất về việc thiếu bản sắc riêng
biệt trên toàn thế giới) : AN UNWELCOME AND DREARY PROSPECT (một điều
không mong muốn và ảm đạm).
● modern development: detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide

- A country’s history + language + ETHOS : BE ALL INEXTRICABLY BOUND

UP in ITS MANUFACTURED ARTIFACTS
→ THE RELENTLESS ADVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL BRANDS into every
corner of the world → into every corner of the world: OUST THE TRADITIONAL
OBJECTS OF A NATION (hất cẳng các sản phẩm truyền thống)
=> A LOSS OF RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY in the world + the sad
disappearance of THE MANIFESTATIONS OF A PLACE’S CHARACTER (sự
biểu lộ đặc tính một nơi).

- The spread of MULTINATIONAL PRODUCTS (sản phẩm đa quốc gia) →

BRING IN ITS WAKE A LOSS OF JOBS (đem đến theo đó sự biến mất của
nhiều loại công việc),
← people TURN TO BUYING THE NEW BRAND perhaps thinking it more
GLAMOROUS (đẹp lộng lẫy) than the one they are used to.
 => This eventually PUTS OLD-SCHOOL CRAFTSPEOPLE OUT OF WORK
(khiến nghệ nhân truyền thống thất nghiệp).

- tourism numbers: be affected

Travellers: BECOME DISILLUSIONED WITH FINDING be affected,
as travellers BECOME DISILLUSIONED WITH FINDING
→ see the same products in shops the world over : boring → not IMPEL
VISITORS TO OPEN THEIR WALLETS
TRINKETS OR SOUVENIRS UNIQUE TO THE PARTICULAR AREA (đồ trang trí
hoặc quà lưu niệm mà chỉ duy nhất địa phương đó có)

242. HỖ TRỢ, VIỆN TRỢ TỪ NƯỚC NGOÀI

Lend financial assistance to developing countries = the donations from various global
organizations >< non-financial assistance

Corruption is rampant → a high chance that government officials would embezzle <<
biển thủ, tham ô>> the funding for personal gains

=> Send aid workers → UN: deploy teachers in remote areas of developing countries →
provide education for young children
=> send experts in management to provide training for government workers

243. GIÚP NGƯỜI Ở ĐỊA PHƯƠNG

help our neighbors and FELLOW CITIZENS
In most communities: people who are impoverished or disadvantaged
opportunities to volunteer time or give money to support these people: FROM
DONATING CLOTHING TO SERVING FREE FOOD IN A SOUP KITCHEN
AS THE PROBLEMS ARE ON OUR DOORSTEP → SHOULD PRIORITISE LOCAL CHARITY

244. GIÚP ĐỠ NGƯỜI Ở NƯỚC NGOÀI

help those who LIVE BEYOND OUR NATIONAL BORDERS = national boundaries
should not stop us from helping those who are in need
→ governments and individuals in richer countries can save lives simply by
paying for vaccines that already exist
→ A SMALL DONATION TO AN INTERNATIONAL CHARITY
 HEALTH
245. XÂY DỰNG SPORTS FACILITIES ĐỂ CẢI THIỆN SỨC KHỎE CỦA MN
CẢI THIỆN SỨC KHỎE CỦA MN:
Improve public health = make the general public healthier = stay healthy
>< the majority of the population remain inactive +health problems related to lack of
exercise are on the rise

Affordable access to healthcare + advancement of medical treatment + enforcement

of food safety

XÂY DỰNG SPORTS FACILITIES << focusing on sports facilities is too narrow an
approach + would not HAVE THE DESIRED RESULTS >>
Increasing the number of sports facilities
= build more places where they play sports
= increasing the availability of sport amenities
= the greater presence of basketball courts, calisthenics parks or such amenities
→ inspire sedentary onlookers to exercise
= have more places where people can participate in sporting activities
= provide mỏe sports facilities → encourage a more active lifestyle

● Easy-to-reach local sports centers → more likely to make exercise a regular part
of our lives
● The variety of sports: cater for all ages/ levels of fitness/ interests

246. PHÒNG BỆNH THAY VÌ CHỮA BỆNH

PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE

● THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATING A CONDITION IN THE EARLY STAGES

(tính hiệu quả về chi phí cho việc điều trị ở giai đoạn đầu), rather than
DELAYING (trì hoãn) expensive and PROLONGED TREATMENT

→ PUTTING MORE RESOURCES INTO: health education and

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

=> IGNORANCE (sự không hiểu biết) of BASIC HYGIENE (vệ sinh cơ bản) or the dangers
of an unhealthy diet or lifestyle NEEDS TO BE COMBATED by special NATIONWIDE
 PUBLICITY CAMPAIGNS + longer-term health education
which health education campaigns are effective IN BOTH MEDICAL AND FINANCIAL
TERMS (về mặt y học và kinh tế

247. LỐI SỐNG THỤ ĐỘNG NGÀY CÀNG PHỔ BIẾN

● Today’s sedentary lifestyle + stressful working conditions → physical activity:
no longer part of either our work or our leisure time
● Collapsing in front of a screen every evening

248. BIỆN PHÁP KHÁC NHẰM CẢI THIỆN SỨC KHỎE MỌI NGƯỜI

ADOPT A HEALTHIER LIFESTYLE IN GENERAL

● High tax penalties could be imposed on: high-fat food products/ tobacco/
alcohol ← excessive consumption of any of these -> poor health
● Improve public transport
● ### additional facilities: simply attract the already fit, not those who most need
them
=> installing exercise equipment in parks (cheaper) → parents + children: use them
together just for fun → develop a positive attitude to exercise at an early age
 GOVERNMENT ACTS
249. CẢI THIỆN CÁC VẤN ĐỀ XÃ HỘI
The government has to bear the responsibility of improving its citizens’ life quality

Financing and subsidizing services that citizens use on a daily basis

a.Spend money on the school system make education more accessible

=> give ordinary people opportunities to succeed in life
=> ward off social issues including crime and unemployment

The contribution of public amenities such as schools and hospitals → make

education and healthcare accessible to citizens
=>these public projects: create jobs + an income for many people → encourage
spending + bolter economic growth

b.plough part of tax revenue back into the public transport network
=> encourage people to forego personal vehicles
=> have an immediate impact on both congestion and pollution

c.divert funds to public utilities << các dịch vụ công như điện/ nước>>
=> allow citizens to have cheap access to water and electricity

e.create more employment opportunities

● Unemployment + poverty are rife/ rampant → be in dire need of funding to
remedy such problems + raise living standards

d.spent money on arts

● Songs+ movies+ art exhibitions: generate enormous sums (amount to billions
of dollars) + create demand for derivative products (fan merchandise + theme
parts
)
=> financial gains / the economic contribution of arts: colossal + growing

● Arts: have a role in preserving cultural identity and heritage

NGHỆ THUẬT - ARTS

Artistic
 creation (n) Art
form (n)
Artistic field
Intellectual property (uncount n) tài sản trí tuệ

e.museums and heritage sites

● St receive more media coverage → news about public events taking place at
these locations: be frequently broadcast
=> encourage the local to come here

● Financial support: be used to (1) finance the purchase of new exhibits

(2) hire professional docents; (3) refurbish monuments
=> boost the appeal of such place

250. NÔNG NGHIỆP

KHÓ KHĂN CỦA NGƯỜI NÔNG DÂN

● Farmers face major risks: extreme weather, long-term climate change, price
volatility in input and product markets
● Smallholder farmers: deal with adverse environments
● Hunger is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the developing world

Market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers

who, taking advantage of farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices

CHÍNH PHỦ CẦN LÀM GÌ

*Address the underlying causes of the agricultural system’s inability to ensure sufficient
food for all
*Mitigate risks farmers face
*Call for greater state intervention
*Sb should be held responsible for st

● the governments can significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic
services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water and
food shortage facilities to reduce loses

● Procurement by government can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices
by alleviating uncertainties about market supply
 ● Address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability
to agriculture shocks
########
● Develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and
extreme weather pattern
● Let peasants diversify the plan and animal species

CHÍNH CHỦ VIỆN TRỢ CHƯA CHẮC ĐÃ TỐT

###State subsidies for agriculture: have not compensated for the stranglehold
exercised by private traders
→ studies show that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich
landowners and non-farmer traders

BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU ẢNH HƯỚNG ĐẾN NÔNG NGHIỆP NTN
Climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture:
- Reduce crop yields
- Increase the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events →
increase smallholder vulnerability
-> the growing unpredictability of weather patterns increases farmers’ difficulty
in managing weather-related risks
 ENTERTAINMENT
251. TÁC ĐỘNG TÍCH CỰC CỦA CHƠI ĐIỆN TỬ

● Entertaining
Users/ gamers: ARE TRANSPORTED INTO VIRTUAL WORLDS → more exciting and
engaging than REAL-LIFE PASTIMES (các trò chơi giải trí trong đời thực)

● Educational ( FROM AN EDUCATIONAL PERSPECTIVE )

ENCOURAGE IMAGINATION/ CREATIVITY/ CONCENTRATION, LOGICAL THINKING
AND PROBLEM SOLVING: useful skills outside the gaming context

COMPUTER SIMULATION GAMES (các trò chơi mô phỏng trên máy tính): improve
users’ motor skills + HELP TO PREPARE THEM FOR REAL-WORLD TASKS (flying a
plane)

252. TÁC ĐỘNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA CHƠI ĐIỆN TỬ

● Gaming: BE HIGHLY ADDICTIVE ← users ARE CONSTANTLY GIVEN SCORES,

NEW TARGETS AND FREQUENT REWARDS TO KEEP THEM PLAYING (liên tục
được cho điểm số, mục tiêu mới và phần thưởng thường xuyên để khuyến
khích cho họ chơi)

● Children : spend hours each day → to progress through the levels of a game or
TO GET A HIGHER SCORE THAN THEIR FRIENDS
=> have effects ranging from lack of sleep to problems at school (homework
IS SACRIFICED FOR A FEW MORE HOURS ON THE COMPUTER OR CONSOLE)

● Sức khỏe: THE RISE IN OBESITY IN RECENT YEARS HAS ALSO BEEN
LINKED IN PART TO THE SEDENTARY
LIFESTYLE AND LACK OF EXERCISE

253. PHIM NƯỚC NGOÀI RẤT OKELA

foreign films = big-budget productions from overseas = foreign productions
CURRENTLY DOMINATE THE MARKET
the established film industries in certain countries
● the established film industries in certain countries : HAVE HUGE BUDGETS FOR
ACTION/ SPECIAL EFFECTS TO SHOOT SCENES IN SPECTACULAR LOCATIONS
 EX. HOLLYWOOD BLOCKBUSTERS ( ‘Avatar’ or the James Bond films: are
examples of such productions) → their global appeal : undeniable

● BIG-BUDGET FILMS: successful ← they often STAR THE MOST FAMOUS

ACTORS AND ACTRESSES (thường có các diễn viên nổi tiếng nhất đảm nhận vai
chính),
← they are made by THE MOST ACCOMPLISHED PRODUCERS
AND DIRECTORS (những nhà sản xuất và đạo diễn xuất sắc)

>< The poor quality, LOW- BUDGET FILMMAKING suffers in comparison.

254. PHIM TRONG NƯỚC

locally produced films = DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED FILMS = the films produced in
their own countries
local film industries

255. HỖ TRỢ PHIM TRONG NƯỚC

governments give more financial support to local film industries
= governments should PROMOTE LOCAL FILM- MAKING BY SUBSIDISING THE
INDUSTRY
= SUPPORT LOCAL FILM INDUSTRIES FINANCIALLY
= governments did help with these costs
= increased financial support could HELP TO RAISE THE QUALITY OF LOCALLY MADE FILMS

256. LỢI ÍCH KHI HỖ TRỢ SẢN XUẤT LÀM PHIM TRONG NƯỚC

● TALENTED AMATEUR FILM-MAKERS (nhà làm phim nghiệp dư tài năng): NEED
TO BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO PROVE THEMSELVES

→ NEED MONEY TO PAY FOR FILM CREWS, actors and A HOST OF OTHER
COSTS RELATED TO PRODUCING HIGH-QUALITY FILMS → To
compete with big-budget productions from overseas
=> SEE AN INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT IN THE FILM INDUSTRY, INCOME FROM
FILM SALES + A RISE IN TOURIST NUMBERS

Ex. Korea: seen an increase in tourism related to the 'Parasite' films, WERE PARTLY
FUNDED BY GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
257. SỞ THÍCH DỄ <<difficult hobbies can be equally pleasurable for
different reasons>>
Swimming: requires very little equipment + simple to learn + inexpensive
→ IT NEVER FELT LIKE A DEMANDING OR CHALLENGING EXPERIENCE
Photography: take interesting pictures: knowing too much about THE
TECHNICALITIES OF OPERATING A CAMERA (các kỹ thuật của việc sử dụng máy
ảnh)
→ A SATISFYING ACTIVITY

258. SỞ THÍCH KHÓ < difficult hobbies can be equally pleasurable for
different reasons>>
Challenging: MIGHT FEEL A GREATER SENSE OF SATISFACTION + REQUIRES A
HIGH LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE
became competent at st
→ REACH A HIGHER LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE → give us more pleasure

259. SPORTS
Lucrative business → sport sponsorship → win-win scenario

BUSINESSES
● Build brand awareness → huge exposure to different social media platform
● Powerful marketing tool
● Increase sales

- Sponsorship have excessive control over sports events → alter rules /

broadcast schedule: coincide with TV viewing time
- Business: lose/ involved in scandals → adversely affect brand’s image

TEAMS/ ALTHLETE
● Higher earnings → focus more on their jobs (practicing/ competing) because
they don’t have to worry about (making ends meet: speaking) → find their
job more rewarding → more motivation → try their utmost
● Sport institutes will be constructed/ erected → 1.provide professional
training equipment + coaching → better performance → win more
 championships
→ succeed in international stage

2.Nurture young talents

- Players → have sponsorship withdrawn → concerned about money + fame /

resort to drugs/ doping
- Just top players receive sponsorships → pay gap/ discrepancy → lack motivation

AUDIENCE/ SPECTATORS
● Higher game/ match quality

260. VẬN ĐỘNG VIÊN THỂ THAO CHUYÊN NGHIỆP SỐNG SƯỚNG
SPORTS PROFESSIONALS: become STARS AND CELEBRITIES → those at the top
ARE PAID HUGE SALARIES → live EXTRAVAGANT LIFESTYLES with huge
houses and cars

261. VĐV THỂ THAO KIẾM NHIỀU TIỀN HƠN NHỮNG NGƯỜI KHÁC
REWARDS: unfair when comparing these super salaries with those of TOP
SURGEONS OR RESEARCH SCIENTISTS/ LEADING POLITICIANS who have the
RESPONSIBILITY OF GOVERNING THE COUNTRY

262. TIỀN LƯƠNG CỦA VĐV THỂ THAO KIẾM ĐK LÀ DO SỰ PHỔ BIẾN
CỦA THỂ THAO + SỰ ỦNG HỘ CỦA NGƯỜI DÂN
OUR SOCIETY PLACES MORE VALUE ON SPORT than on more essential
professionals and achievements
- SPORTS SALARIES ARE NOT DETERMINED BY SPORTS SALARIES ARE NOT
DETERMINED BY / the level of responsibility he or she holds
- REFLECT THE PUBLIC POPULARITY OF SPORT IN GENERAL AND THE LEVEL
OF PUBLIC SUPPORT THAT SUCCESSFUL STARS CAN GENERATE

- The money is A RECOGNITION OF THE SKILLS AND DEDICATION ) a person

needs to be successful.
 → a player is tested every time they perform in their RELATIVELY SHORT
CAREER
-THE PRESSURE FROM THE MEDIA IS INTENSE
-THERE IS LITTLE PRIVACY OUT OF THE SPOTLIGHT
=> JUSTIFY THE HUGE EARNINGS

263. INDIVIDUAL SPORTS vs TEAM SPORTS

Individual sports: allow players more flexibility with training time and regimens →
focus on their training needs → weaknesses → at their own pace

- Become more self-motivated → can’t count on anyone → Every drive has to

come from within → set their own goal and go fo it
- Be more responsible for their actions and decision → not blame sb for their failure
- Be more confident → play solo in front of crowd → familiarize themselves with
the spotlight

Team sports: build valuable friendships

- Learn from other teammates
- Build teamwork skills + communication skills
- Foster a sense of community

264. CÁC MÔN THỂ THAO MẠO HIỂM LÀ NGUY HIỂM BUT ĐÃ CÓ THỂ KIỂM SOÁT
ĐK
SO-CALLED EXTREME SPORTS = EXTREME SPORTS

● CLEAR REGULATIONS + SAFETY PROCEDURES/MEASURES (quy định và quy

trình đảm bảo an toàn rõ ràng) → REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY OF ACCIDENTS
● People who take part in extreme sports: be required to
UNDERGO APPROPRIATE TRAINING → minimize dangers
OR: People: must undergo rigorous tests → ensure physically or mentally
conditioned before participating in dangerous sports
Ex. people want to try skydiving → sign up for lessons with a registered
club Beginners: not allowed to dive solo >< MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY
AN EXPERIENCED PROFESSIONAL
 ● THE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: be used in sports
(motor racing / mountain climbing) → constantly improve safety

265. MÔN NÀO CHẢ MẠO HIỂM

Concerns over the safety of extreme athletes = the safety concerns
● Extreme sports: their inherently dangerous nature → threaten life
Explain: extreme conditions: be prerequisite for these sports
→ risks ( equipment failure) → render players more vulnerable than in
other sports —> a very small technical errors: cost the players their lives
Ex. skydivers: freefall from enormous altitudes → seem more prone to
injuries or even death than players of ordinary sports

● All sports : INVOLVE SOME ELEMENT OF RISK

= all physical activities carry a certain degree of risks
→ difficult to judge which one is more hazardous than the others
Ex. acute pains (= severe pains) (ankle sprains: ): prevalent in
football/ baseball ← intense practice drills + frequent matches
→ given their popularity → unlikely to be banned

266. CÁC MÔN THỂ THAO MẠO HIỂM KO NÊN BỊ CẤM

● THE DIFFICULTY OF ENFORCING IT
→ risky sports (base jumping / big wave surfing) : be practiced FAR
AWAY FROM THE REACH OF ANY AUTHORITIES
=> Call the police → stop people from PARACHUTING OFF A MOUNTAIN
FACE (nhảy dù khỏi vách núi) // surfing on an isolated beach.

● People: should have the autonomy to play any sports they want,
regardless of their danger
 → sb decide for themselves whether to take part in a number of
dangerous sports activities
Personal freedom: be championed with regard to things like…. →
sporting pursuits

267. BIỆN PHÁP ĐỂ GIẢM RỦI RO KHI CHƠI THỂ THAO MẠO HIỂM
● Sport associations: impose age limit for extreme athletes → ensure
only people who are fully developed physically are allowed to participate
● To bar players from practicing/ competing without necessary
protective gear
=> these measures: strike a happy medium without intruding people’s personal
freedom.

268. LỆNH CẤM LÊN CÁI J

St should be banned/ strictly prohibited
= government should ban/ prohibit st
= a complete/ outright ban on st

269. ÂM NHẠC CÀNG NGÀY CÀNG PHONG PHÚ

There are different types of music in the world today
= a rich variety of musical styles can be found around the world

Music is a vital part of all human cultures for a range of reasons \

People’s musical preferences develop

270. ÂM NHẠC MANG MỌI NGƯỜI LẠI VỚI NHAU

Music is a good way of bringing people of different cultures and ages together
= music has the power to unite and connect people, regardless of their cultural
backgrounds or ages
= music can reach across cultural and national boundaries and bring people together
= MUSIC TRULY IS THE PLANET’S GLOBAL LANGUAGE
= it TRANSCENDS CULTURES (vượt lên trên rào cản văn hóa),

Ex: Live Aid concerts: WERE BROADCAST TO A GLOBAL AUDIENCE

 Two live events were held simultaneously in the UK and the US, and the objective
was to RAISE FUNDS FOR FAMINE RELIEF ) in Ethiopia
the number of people around the world who watched them and their IMPACT ON
INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE FAMINE

271. ÂM NHẠC CÓ KHẢ NĂNG KẾT NỐI MỌI NGƯỜI Ở CÁC NHÓM TUỔI KHÁC NHAU

music also HAS THE ABILITY TO CONNECT PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT GENERATIONS
= Regardless of age, we can all ENJOY A MEMORABLE MELODY, A STRONG RHYTHM,
or a beautiful singing voice, and the best songs seem to have the same magical effect
on all of us
= no other FORM OF ENTERTAINMENT (loại hình giải trí) can bring families together in
this way
= MUSIC IS UNIQUE IN ITS CAPACITY TO CREATE SHARED EXPERIENCES BETWEEN PEOPLE
IRRESPECTIVE OF CULTURE AND AGE

● TELEVISED MUSIC COMPETITIONS: The X Factor’ or ‘The Voice’: popular PRIME-

TIME SHOWS
→ These programmes ATTRACT INCREDIBLY BROAD AUDIENCES→ because
singing and popular songs appeal to children, parents and grandparents alike

272. TẦM QUAN TRỌNG CỦA ÂM NHẠC

- We are taught songs by our parents and teachers as a means of learning
language or simply as a form of enjoyment

- Singing with others/ singing in a group: create a connection between

participants, regardless of their age

- Sb come to see our favorite songs as part of our life stories → music expresses
and arouses emotions in a way that words alone cannot

273. ÂM NHẠC TRUYỀN THỐNG

- Traditional music: express the culture, customs, and history of a country
- Traditional styles (such as..): connect us to the past and form part of our
cultural identity

274. ÂM NHẠC QUỐC TẾ

Modern, international music
 = international pop music (catchy/ fun)

Be essentially a commercial product that is marketed and sold by business people

275. ÂM NHẠC TRUYỀN THỐNG NÊN ĐK COI TRỌNG HƠN ÂM NHẠC QUỐC TẾ
- Traditional music should be valued over the international music
>< pop music became so predominant that national styles disappeared

276. GIÚP ĐỠ NGHỆ SĨ (PAINTERS, MUSICIANS)

Give financial support to creative artists
= the funding of creative artists
= government support for artists
= money for art projects should come from both government and other resources
= art projects definitely require help from the state
Governments and LOCAL COUNCILS should pay creative artists to produce this kind of art
government help is sometimes necessary
● without their funding our cities would be much less interesting and attractive

277. NHỮNG TÁC PHẨM NGHỆ THUẬT CÔNG CỘNG GIÚP TRUYỀN BÁ
= MANY WORKS OF ART IN PUBLIC SPACES such as streets or squares in city centres
= new statues and sculptures HAS BEEN REDEVELOPED RECENTLY

→ These artworks represent culture, heritage and history

→ They serve to educate people about the city, and ACT AS LANDMARKS OR TALKING
POINTS FOR VISITORS AND TOURISTS << nơi trò chuyện dành cho du khách và khách
du lịch>>

278. NHÀ NƯỚC CÒN NHIỀU CÁI PHẢI LO

STATE BUDGETS need to be spent on education, healthcare, infrastructure and security,
among other areas.
→ These PUBLIC SERVICES (dịch vụ công) are vital for a country to FUNCTION
PROPERLY

1. CÁC NGHỆ SĨ CÓ THỂ KIẾM TIỀN TỪ TÁC PHẨM CỦA MÌNH

the work of creative artists, even in public places, is a luxury
artists do a job like any other professional → EARN THEIR OWN MONEY BY SELLING THEIR
WORK
→ artists should RELY ON ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT (dựa
 vào các nguồn tài chính thay thế)

279. NGƯỜI NỔI TIẾNG SỐNG SA HOA

celebrities are more famous for their glamor and wealth than for their
achievements

= SOME CELEBRITIES (một số người nổi tiếng) are known for their GLAMOROUS LIFESTYLES
(những lối sống xa xỉ) rather than for the work they do

Sb: APPEARED IN GOSSIP MAGAZINES + a reality TV programme

Sb: rich and famous for the wrong reasons

attending parties and nightclubs → promotes the idea that appearance/ glamour and media
profile: more important than hard work and good character

→ success can be achieved easily + school work is not necessary

280. NGƯỜI NỔI TIẾNG LÀM GƯƠNG XẤU CHO NGƯỜI TRẺ

set a bad example for children

= set a bad example to young people

>< famous people act as positive role models = celebrities whose accomplishments make
them EXCELLENT ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

● Actors, musicians and sports stars: worked hard + applied themselves to

develop real skills and abilities → THEY: DEMONSTRATE GREAT EFFORT,
DETERMINATION AND AMBITION ( is required for someone who wants to be
truly successful in their chosen field)

Ex. sb: become world famous through years of practice and hard work
→ self-made celebrity: inspire children to DEVELOP THEIR TALENTS THROUGH
APPLICATION AND PERSEVERANCE (phát triển tài năng của mình bằng sự
chuyên tâm và sự kiên trì).
281. LỄ HỘI
traditional or religious festivals
= A FESTIVAL PERIOD = A TIME TO PRACTISE RELIGION

NON- RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS

282. NHỚ VỀ Ý NGHĨA LỄ HỘI

REMEMBER THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF FESTIVALS
= people have forgotten what these festivals mean
= THE UNDERLYING MEANING OF SUCH FESTIVALS has NOT been forgotten.
= aware of the reasons for these celebrations

● LEARN IN DETAIL ABOUT THE RELIGIOUS REASONS FOR CELEBRATING

TET HOLIDAY/ A VARIETY OF FESTIVALS IN OTHER RELIGIONS
→ Children: learn st( HAVE A RELIGIOUS CONTENT )

● Families: PLAY A ROLE IN PASSING KNOWLEDGE OF RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS’

DEEPER SIGNIFICANCE ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION

festivals that HAVE A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND → people generally LEARN THE

STORIES BEHIND THESE OCCASIONS AT AN EARLY AGE

283. QUÊN VÀ CHỈ TẬN HƯỞNG LỄ HỘI

treat them as opportunities to have fun
= enjoyment seems to be the priority
= enjoyment IS PEOPLE’S PRIMARY GOAL
= enjoy themselves during festivals
= people ARE MOST CONCERNED WITH shopping, giving and receiving presents/
DECORATING THEIR HOMES/ ENJOYING TRADITIONAL MEALS/
WATCHING
FIREWORK DISPLAYS/ going to large events in local parks
= Most people LOOK FORWARD TO ST as a holiday period rather than A TIME TO
PRACTISE RELIGION
= People associate this occasion with
= religious and traditional festivals: become times for celebration
 SOCIAL PROBLEMS
284. Ở THÀNH PHỐ
live in A LARGE METROPOLIS

285. BẤT LỢI KHI Ở THÀNH PHỐ

city life can be unhealthy and stressful.

● THE COST OF LIVING: much higher than it is in a small town or village

→ Inhabitants of cities: pay higher prices for housing, transport, and even food

● urban areas: SUFFER FROM SOCIAL PROBLEMS: HIGH CRIME AND POVERTY
RATES in comparison with RURAL areas

● the air quality in cities: poor ← POLLUTION FROM TRAFFIC

● the streets and public transport systems: BE USUALLY OVERCROWDED

286. CHÍNH PHỦ CẦN CẢI THIỆN CITY LIFE

to improve city life for the average inhabitant
=governments make urban life better for everyone
= various steps that governments could TAKE TO TACKLE THESE PROBLEMS
= governments could certainly IMPLEMENT A RANGE OF MEASURES to enhance the
quality of life for all city residents

● INVEST MONEY IN THE BUILDING OF AFFORDABLE OR SOCIAL HOUSING → to

reduce the cost of living
● Politicians: have the power to BAN VEHICLES FROM CITY CENTERS + PROMOTE
THE USE OF CLEANER PUBLIC TRANSPORT
=> reduce both air pollution and TRAFFIC CONGESTION
Ex. THE INTRODUCTION OF A CONGESTION CHARGE FOR DRIVERS (áp dụng
phí tắc nghẽn cho người lái xe) → CURB THE TRAFFIC PROBLEM

● DEVELOP PROVINCIAL TOWNS and rural areas

→moving industry and jobs to those regions → reduce the pressure on major cities
287. GIÀ HÓA DÂN SỐ
average life expectancy is increasing
 = ageing populations
= SB LIVE LONGER THAN EVER BEFORE
= the populations of developed countries grow older

288. Ở CÁC QUỐC GIA PHÁT TRIỂN

In the developed world = in INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS
289. ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA GIÀ HÓA DÂN SỐ
● more PEOPLE OF RETIREMENT AGE: WILL BE ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE A PENSION
The proportion of younger, working adults: be smaller →
governments: receive less money in taxes in relation to the size of the
population
=> AN AGING POPULATION WILL MEAN A GREATER TAX BURDEN FOR WORKING
ADULTS
● a rise in the demand for healthcare + young adults: will increasingly have
to look after their elderly relatives

290. CÁC GIẢI QUYẾT GIÀ HÓA DÂN SỐ

● increase the retirement age for working adults, perhaps from 65 to 70
← people of this age: healthy enough to CONTINUE A PRODUCTIVE
WORKING LIFE
● ENCOURAGE IMMIGRATION: to increase the number of WORKING ADULTS
who pay taxes
● money from NATIONAL BUDGETS: be taken from other areas + spent on
vital healthcare, accommodation and transport facilities for the rising
numbers of older citizens

291. SỰ CHÊNH LỆCH GIÀU NGHÈO

income disparity = the wealth gap = income gap = the growing/wide disparity
between the rich and the poor = widen the income gap/inequality

gape/ wide/exacerbate/worsen/increase the gap

 >< close/narrow/equalizer/level the playing field/contract /bridge/decrease the gap

292. NGƯỜI GIÀU

Social elites = the 1 percent = make a small percentage of the population exponentially
richer than the rest = create a new generation of extremely wealthy individuals

Humble technology startups : morph into massive multi-billion-dollar companies

→ the owners: amass great wealth → go on to become social elites

293. NGHÈO

Live in extreme poverty = live below the poverty line

294. GIÚP AI THOÁT KHỎI CẢNH NGHÈO KHÓ

st (ex. technology): empower and help lift people out of poverty

→ give many people an opportunity to start their own business at minimal costs

→ city dwellers: own their livelihood to Grab’s ride-hailing network

=> st transforme lives + bridge the social inequality + give equal opportunities for all
to thrive