MEASURE

OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY
M E A N ,MED I AN,MOD E
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
❑ Is a value that describes to which a set of
data will likely fall. These three measures of
central tendency of data are the mean,
median,and mode.
MEAN
❑ is the average of a set of data and is
denoted by a symbol
❑It is the value obtained by adding the values
in the distribution and dividing the sum by the
total number of values.
FORMULA:
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Σ𝑥
=
𝑛
MEAN FOR UNGROUPED
DATA
❑ Are set of values not grouped per class
interval.
EXAMPLE:
1. Consider the following values:
21 10 36 42 39 52 30 25 26
SOLUTION:
Σ𝑥
=
𝑛
21+ 10 +36+ 42 +39+ 52 +30+ 25+ 26
=
9
281
=
9
= 31.22
EXAMPLE
1.Find the mean of all the grades of James in his Engineering course if his grades are as follows:

Subjects Grades
Mathematical Analysis 90
World Literature 78
Discrete Math 92
Calculus-based Physics 89
Engineering Economy 96
SOLUTION:
Σ𝑥
=
𝑛
90+78+92+89+96
=
5
445
=
5

= 89
ACTIVITY 1
1. The ages of 15 students in a certain class were taken and shown below.

15 18 17 16 19 21 18 23 24 18 16 17 20 21 19

2. Determine the mean age of the students.

SOLUTION:
Σ𝑥
=
𝑛
15+18+17+16+19+21+18+23+24+18+16+17+20+21+19
=
15

282
=
15
=18.80 or 19
ACTIVITY 2
1.The daily sales of STAR Enterprise for the first 7 days of a certain month are shown below.
P 5,286
P 10,286
P 2,580
P 4,650
P3,635
P 8,625
Find the mean.
SOLUTION:
Σ𝑥
=
𝑛
P5,286+ P 10,286 + P 2,580 +P6,386 +P 4,650 + P3,635 + P8,625
=
7

P41,988
=
7
=P 5,998.29
 MEAN FOR
GROUPED DATA
Refer to a summar y of values grouped into numbers of class
inter vals in w hich frequency of values that fall per given class
inter val is counted.
FORMULA:
Σ𝑓𝑥
=
𝑛

Where;
f- represents the frequency of each class
x- the midpoint of each class
n- the total number of frequencies or sample size
EXAMPLE:
1.The results of the scores in Mathematics
during the Teacher’s Board Examination are
summarized by the table below. Find the
mean of the score of all the examinees.
CLASS INTERVAL CLASS FREQUENCY(f)
10-20 5
21-31 10
32-42 11
43-53 7
54-64 23
65-75 56
76-86 6
87-97 8
98-108 4
Σ𝑓 = 𝑁 = _______
STEP 1: Find the total of frequency.
CLASS INTERVAL CLASS FREQUENCY(f)
10-20 5
21-31 10
32-42 11
43-53 7
54-64 23
65-75 56
76-86 6
87-97 8
98-108 4
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
Formula for class mark

𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

𝑥=
2
STEP 2: Find the midpoint of each
class.
Class interval Class frequency Class Mark
(F) (x)
10-20 5 15
21-31 10 26
32-42 11 37
43-53 7 48
54-64 23 59
65-75 56 70
76-86 6 81
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
STEP 3: Multiply each midpoint
by its corresponding frequency.
Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26
32-42 11 37
43-53 7 48
54-64 23 59
65-75 56 70
76-86 6 81
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37
43-53 7 48
54-64 23 59
65-75 56 70
76-86 6 81
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48
54-64 23 59
65-75 56 70
76-86 6 81
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48 336
54-64 23 59
65-75 56 70
76-86 6 81
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48 336
54-64 23 59 1357
65-75 56 70
76-86 6 81
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48 336
54-64 23 59 1357
65-75 56 70 3920
76-86 6 81
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48 336
54-64 23 59 1357
65-75 56 70 3920
76-86 6 81 486
87-97 8 92
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48 336
54-64 23 59 1357
65-75 56 70 3920
76-86 6 81 486
87-97 8 92 736
98-108 4 103
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48 336
54-64 23 59 1357
65-75 56 70 3920
76-86 6 81 486
87-97 8 92 736
98-108 4 103 412
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎
 STEP 4: Get the sum of fx.
Class Class frequency Class Mark fx
interval (F) (x)
10-20 5 15 75
21-31 10 26 260
32-42 11 37 407
43-53 7 48 336
54-64 23 59 1357
65-75 56 70 3920
76-86 6 81 486
87-97 8 92 736
98-108 4 103 412
𝜮𝒇 = 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝜮𝒇x= 7989
Step 5:Find the mean
Σ𝑓𝑥
=
𝑁
7989
=
130

=61.45
 MEDIAN
Is the value of the middle when all elements in a
set of data are arranged in ascending order.
FORMULA
𝑛+1
𝑀=
2
where:
n= total number of elements in a set of data
MEDIAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA
EXAMPLE:
1. Find the median of the measured height of all the athletes of the
YMA University given below:
181 211 195 189 200 206 195 188 189
Find the median.
SOLUTION:
9+1
𝑀=
2
10
𝑀=
2

𝑀=5
Step 2: Arrange the data in ascending
order.
181 188 189 189 195 195 200 206 544

Take the 5th element in the arrayed data as the median.

X̃ =195
ACTIVITY 1:
1. Find the median of the following raw data:

5 11 3 6 9 11 6 12 16 4 6 10
SOLUTION:
12 + 1
𝑀=
2
13
𝑀=
2

𝑀 = 6.5
 MEDIAN FOR
GROUPED DATA
FORMULA

X̃ = xl̃ b+ i (𝑵𝟐 − < 𝒄𝒇𝒃 )

fm
Where:̃

= refers to the lower boundary of media class

<cfb = less than cumulative frequency ( the cumulative frequency before the median class)
fm = the frequency of the median class
I = class size
EXAMPLE 1:
Classes F
10-20 5
21-31 10
32-42 11
43-53 7
54-64 23
65-75 55
76-86 7
87-97 8
98-108 4
Solution:
STEP 1: Calculate the total
number of frequencies.
Classes F
10-20 5
21-31 10
32-42 11
43-53 7
54-64 23
65-75 55
76-86 7
87-97 8
98-108 4
Σ𝑓 =N=130
Steps 2: Find the median.
130
M=
2

M= 65
Step 3: Find the <cumulative
frequency.
Classes F <Cumulative Frequency
10-20 5 5
21-31 10 15
32-42 11 26
43-53 7 33
54-64 23 56
65-75 55 111
76-86 7 118
87-97 8 126
98-108 4 130
Σ𝑓 =N=130
Step 4: Find the lower class
boundary of the median class.( )
Recall: Lower class boundary= Lower class limit – 0.5.

Upper class boundary = Upper class limit + 0.5.

So,

= 65 − 0.5 = 64.5
Step 5: Find Class size(i).
𝑖 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 1
= 75 − 65 + 1
𝑖 = 11
Step 6: Find the less than cumulative
frequency before the median class( <cfb)

By looking at the FDT( frequency

distribution table) <cfb = 56
Step 6: Find the median class
frequency(fm).

By looking at the FDT, fm= 55.

Step 7: Compute the median.

X̃ = xl̃ b+ i (𝑵𝟐 − < 𝒄𝒇𝒃 )

fm

X̃ = 64.5+11 (𝟏𝟑𝟎
𝟐
− 𝟓𝟔 )
55
X̃ = 66.3
 MODE FOR
UNGROUPED DATA
Is defined as the element in a set of data that
hast the most number of frequencies.
EXAMPLE:
1. What is the mode of the measured height of all the athletes of the YMA University given
below:

181 211 195 189 200 206 195 188 189

SOLUTION:
STEP 1: List down all the values and
their corresponding frequencies.
VALUES FREQUENCY
181 1
211 1
195 2
189 2
200 1
206 1
188 1
N=9
STEP 2: Take the value that has
highest frequencies.
VALUES FREQUENCIES
195 2
189 2

Mode= 195 and 189

 MODE FOR
GROUPED DATA
Is defined as the element in a set of data that
hast the most number of frequencies.
FORMULA:
Mode= XLb + I ( fm- fmb)
2fm-fma-fmb
Where’;

Xlb= lower class boundary of the modal class

I = class size

fm = class frequency of the modal class

fma= class frequency of the class after the modal class

Fmb= class frequency of the class before the modal class

Example:
10-20 5
21-31 10
32-42 11
43-53 7
54-64 23
65-75 55
76-86 7
87-97 8
98-108 4
Σ𝑓 =N=130
Step 1: Find the lower class
boundary of the modal class

Xlb= 65-0.5 = 64.5

Step 2: Find the class size. (i)
𝑖 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 1
= 75 − 65 + 1
𝑖 = 11
Step 3: Find class frequency of
the modal class( fm)

Because the modal class is the interval

65-75 since it is has the highest
frequency which is 55,
Therefore, Fm= 55.
Step 4: Class frequency of the
class after the modal class(fma)

Fma= 7
Step 5. Class frequency of the
class before the modal class( fmb)

Fmb= 23
Answer:
Mode= XLb + I ( fm- fmb)

2fm-fma-fmb

Mode= 64.5 + 11 Charlie

( 55- 23)
Puth - Left And Right
2(55)-7-23

Mode= 68.9