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E. B. Taylor, Researches into the Early History of '11 /¨`¿Ö z ¨`≈ñ ÁÖ̀ Á``±¿â ÿ`Ö̀Zzf
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Descriptive Ethnology, R. G. '34 History, Primitive Marriage, London 1886.
American '37 Iroquois '36 Magar '35 Latham, Vol. I - II London, 1859.
L. H. Morgan, League of the He - Dé -no - sau - nee, or Iroquois, '38 Review
J. Lubbock, the origin of civilization and the primitive '39 Rochester 1851.
Condition of Man. Mental and Social Condition of Savages, London 1870.
L. H. Morgan, Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Humman '40
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