PERDEV EXAM REVIEWER STEM-11

ELLIE 😊

WEEK 11:

PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

 Adolescence is a critical period in the development of personal identity.

 Relationships are essential to one’s happiness.

 There are many types of relationships depending on the nature of interaction.

 PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP is closely associated with a person and which can only have meaning to this person.

Three Stages of Falling in Love:

 Lust

-It is driven by the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen.

-These hormones affect both sexes.

 Attraction

-It is also described as the “Lovestruck Phase”.

-A person loses sleep and appetite over someone and swoons while daydreaming of this special person.

 Attachment

-Long-lasting commitments are exchanged and may lead to raising a family.

-Special hormones are also secreted during this stage.

ATTACHMENT STYLES

SECURE ATTACHMENT

o The primary caregiver is most of the time present and available when all the emotional needs of an infant are
met.

AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT

o The primary caregiver is cold and detached.

o ISOLATION

o The child senses rejection and it often leads to a premature detachment and self reliance.

ANXIOUS-AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT

o The primary caregiver is not consistent in terms of presence and in meeting each child’s emotional needs.

o Individuals may develop separation anxieties or hesitancy and commitment when entering into relationships.
THEORIES OF ATTRACTION/LIKING

TRANSFERENCE EFFECT

• There are instances when some people remind us of someone in the past which has affected our sense of self.
(Anderson, Reznik, and Manzella, 1996)

• Our past relationships can affect our current interactions with people.

PROPINQUITY EFFECT

• People we are familiar with make us feel safe and secure.

• We often develop a sense of familiarity with people around us.

RECIPROCITY

• We like people who like us back. (Awwwwwwe.)

• When we express our liking for another person, it would elicit a pleasant behavior and mutual liking for
him/her.

SIMILARITY

• We often like people who have similarities with such as social class background, religious beliefs, age and
education.

• We can easily empathize and understand people we have similarities with.

PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS

• First impression counts a lot.

• Bilateral symmetry is also found to be attractive.

• Less attractive individuals may compensate by offering other qualities like wealth and status.

PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

o EMPATHIC PERSONS

• They exude warmth and sympathy and who are also optimistic and maintain positive views.

o SOCIALLY COMPETENT PERSONS

• Good communicators and enjoy good conversations.

WHAT IS LOVE?

o Love usually starts with physical attraction.

o Being in love is totally different from commitment.

o It is a strong feeling of affection and concern toward another person.

o A sexual desire or activity

o A feeling of devotion or adoration toward God

TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE

INTIMACY

o Intimacy is the lovely movement when someone understands and validates us.

o An individual is open and vulnerable to the person whom we deeply trust.

COMMITMENT

o An act of deciding to consistently fulfill and live by the agreements made with another person.

o It is expressed continuously in caring and loving actions for the beloved.

PASSION

o The intense state of being that drives and consumes a person to pursue an interest, a vision, or a person.

o Passion connotes sexual attraction.

TYPES OF LOVE

INAUTHENTIC LOVE

o Only the needs of one are satisfied, and unrealistic demands are imposed on the other partner.

o They lack loyalty and feel that there is no need for them to devote themselves to anyone.

AUTHENTIC LOVE

o It allows both partners to grow and enhance themselves.

o They accept their partners for who they are.

RESPONSIBILITIES IN A RELATIONSHIP

BE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT YOU THINK AND SAY

  Emotions should be considered when dealing with other people.

 Being sensitive to these emotions will make a person responsible for what is said.

BE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT YOU PROMISE TO DO OR NOT DO

 Integrity is a key factor in relationships.

 When credibility is questioned, a relationship will not last long.

RELATIONSHIPS MUST BE MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL

 Balanced relationships are always mutually beneficial to both parties.

 When fairness is perceived, trust follows.

RESPECT THE OTHER PARTY OR PARTIES INVOLVED

 Giving respect to each other is a common responsibility of any party involved in a relationship.

 Mutual respect is essential in a relationship.

BE READY TO PROVIDE SUPPORT

 Relationships thrive on the support given by one party to another.

 Providing support strengthens the bonding in a relationship as this is an expression of one’s commitment.

-end of week 11-

Week 12:

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

 Tend to be less intimate with lesser self-disclosure involved

 It may demand certain levels of loyalty.

 Middle and late adolescents usually find themselves in the company of their peers.

SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Things and other resources that bring about changes in the beliefs, attitudes and/or behavior of persons as a result of
the actions of another person.

-Lisa Rashotte

VARIETIES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE

COMPLIANCE

A person follows what is required of him but does not necessarily have to really believe or agree to it.

IDENTIFICATION

A person is influenced by someone he or she likes or looks up to.

INTERNALIZATION
A person is able to own a certain belief or act and is willing to make it known publicly and privately.

CONFORMITY

 It involves a change in behavior, belief or thinking to be like others.

 It is brought about by peer pressure and may lead to either positive or negative results.

CONVERSION

 An individual wholeheartedly changes his thinking, actions, and attitude to align with those of the other
members of the group.

MINORITY INFLUENCE

 A bigger number of people are influenced by a much smaller number of people.

 The minority’s way of looking at and doing things are accepted.

REACTANCE

 It is also known as anti- or non-conformity.

 A reverse reaction to a social influence that is being imposed by a person or a group.

OBEDIENCE

 A person follows what someone tells him to do.

 It usually stems from either respect or fear of the authority figure.

PERSUASION

 It is used by a person to influence others by appealing to reason or emotion.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD LEADER & FOLLOWER?

LEADERSHIP

The ability of a person in position to influence others to behave in such a manner that goals are achieved.

- Chester Barnard

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

TRAIT THEORY

Leadership is defined based on personality traits which are generally suited for all leaders.

BEHAVIORAL THEORY

Leadership is a learned behavior

PARTICIPATIVE THEORY
A leader involves other people to make decisions.

SITUATIONAL THEORY

Leadership is based on the factors present in a situation, and usually takes into consideration how followers behave.

TRANSACTIONAL THEORY

Leadership involves a transaction of resources of position.

TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY

A leader motivates his followers to support a vision.

AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP

 LEADERSHIP IS SITUATIONAL

A leader’s behavior and what is required of him will always be influenced by the situation. It means that a leader is able
to assess a situation quickly, adjust to it, and provide the appropriate and necessary action to address it for he benefit of
his followers.

 LEADERSHIP IS NON-HIERARCHAL

The exercise of leadership is not based on one’s position in an organizational chart alone, but also dependent on other
factors such as characteristics, skills and even connections.

The exercise of leadership is not based on one’s position in an organizational chart alone, but also dependent on other
factors such as characteristics, skills and even connections.

The exercise of leadership is not based on one’s position in an organizational chart alone, but also dependent on other
factors such as characteristics, skills and even connections.

 LEADERSHIP IS RELATIONAL

Leaders and followers establish a relationship where their interests are mutually met. The role of a leader in this
relationship can vary from being a visionary to a cheerleader.

CRITICAL ELEMENTS PRESENT IN AN AUTHENTIC LEADER (GOFFEEN AND JONES)

 They walk their talk.

 They adjust to situations and display adaptability and flexibility.

 They have a high level of comport of being themselves.

LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE (LMX THEORY)

-A leader’s effectiveness is measured by the quality of his relationship with his followers, and different type of
relationships can evolve between leader and follower in a certain work situation.

HEROIC LEADERSHIP

-Referred to the type of leadership that the members of the society of Jesus live by.
-Everyone is a leader and everyone gets a chance to lead and be leaders in everything they do.

FOUR PRINCIPLES OF HEROIC LEADERSHIP

SELF-AWARENESS

 Knowing or understanding fully of our strengths and challenges, our way of looking at things, and even our
emotions and set of values that we live by.

INGENUITY

 A leader of this type is not stock in his comfort zone because the world is constantly changing.

 Flexibility and openness to new ideas are the hallmark of this kind of leadership.

LOVE

 A healthy self-concept generates a healthy and positive attitude when dealing other people. After all, you cannot
love or respect another person unless you love and respect yourself first.

 Effective leaders show their respect for their followers.

HEROISM

 This type of leadership is about motivating and inspiring other people to reach for higher goals, for bigger and
greater things.

FOUR ELEMENTS FOLLOWERS WANT FROM A LEADER

AUTHENTICITY

 This leader is not afraid to show his or her weakness, reveals his human side without fear, and uses these
together with his strength to lead others.

SIGNIFICANCE

 A leader provides the reason or meaning for followers to believe in.

EXCITEMENT

 A leader provides motivation and inspiration to his or her followers and excite them to pursue their vision.

COMMUNITY

 A leader builds a community of followers whom they can associate and forge relationships.

OTHER TYPES OF LEADERS

 The “WHY” type of leader is usually the visionary, the one who believes results can be achieved.

 The “HOW” type of leader is the realist who is able to see how to work out a vision.

 The “WHAT” type of leader is the builder who provides the details on how to get things done.

-end of week 12-

Week 13:

FAMILY STRUCTURES & LEGACIES

• Family- group of individuals living under one roof and usually under one head, can also be a definition of
household.

(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary)

• Two or more persons who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share values and goals, and have a
commitment to each other over time.

Belen T.G. Medina, PhD (Sociologist)

• The traditional family structure is considered a family support system which involves two married individuals
providing care and stability for their biological offspring.

• The family is created at birth and establishes ties across generations. Those generations, the extended family of
aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins, can all hold significant emotional and economic roles for the nuclear
family.

Kinds of Family Structures

 Nuclear Family

A family unit consisting of at most a father, mother and dependent children. It is considered the “traditional” family.

 Extended Family

A family consisting of parents and children, along with either grandparents, grandchildren, aunts or uncles, cousins etc.
In some circumstances, the extended family comes to live either with or in place of a member of the nuclear family.

 Step Families

Two families brought together due to divorce, separation, and remarriage.

 Single Parent Family

This can be either a father or a mother who is singly responsible for the raising of a child. The child can be by birth or
adoption. They may be a single parent by choice or by life circumstances. The other parent may have been part of the
family at one time or not at all.

 Adoptive Family

A family where one or more of the children has been adopted. Any structure of family may also be an adoptive family.

 Bi-racial or Multi-racial Family

A family where the parents are members of different racial identity groups

 Trans-racial Adoptive Family

A family where the adopted child is of a different racial identity group than the parents.

 Blended Family
A family that consists of members from two (or more) previous families.

 Conditionally Separated Families

A family member is separated from the rest of the family. This may be due to employment far away; military service;
incarceration; hospitalization. They remain significant members of the family.

 Foster Family

A family where one or more of the children is legally a temporary member of the household. This “temporary” period
may be as short as a few days or as long as the child’s entire childhood.

 Gay or Lesbian Family

A family where one or both of the parents’ sexual orientation is gay or lesbian. This may be a two-parent family, an
adoptive family, a singleparent family or an extended family.

 Immigrant Family

A family where the parents have immigrated to another country as adults. Their children may or may not be immigrants.
Some family members may continue to live in the country of origin, but still be significant figures in the life of the child.

 Migrant Family

A family that moves regularly to places where they have employment. The most common form of migrant family is farm
workers who move with the crop seasons. Children may have a relatively stable community of people who move at the
same time - or the family may know no one in each new setting. Military families may also lead a migrant life, with
frequent relocation, often on short notice.

Parental Authority and Style

Family Legacies

 Emotional Legacy

In order to prosper, our children need an enduring sense of security and stability nurtured in an environment of safety
and love.
Sadly, many of us struggle to overcome a negative emotional legacy that hinders our ability to cope with the inevitable
struggles of life. But imagine yourself giving warm family memories to your child. You can create an atmosphere that
provides a child's fragile spirit with the nourishment and support needed for healthy emotional growth. It will require
time and consistency to develop a sense of emotional wholeness, but the rewards are great. A strong emotional legacy:

• Provides a safe environment in which deep emotional roots can grow.

• Fosters confidence through stability.

• Conveys a tone of trusting support.

• Nurtures a strong sense of positive identity.

• Creates a “resting place” for the soul.

• Demonstrates unconditional love.

 Social Legacy

To really succeed in life, our children need to learn more than management techniques, accounting, reading, writing and
geometry. They need to learn the fine art of relating to people. If they learn how to relate well to others, they'll have an
edge in the game of life.

Eventually they must learn to relate to coworkers and many other types of people such as salespeople, bankers,
mechanics and bosses. Nowhere can appropriate social interaction and relationships be demonstrated more effectively
than in the home. At home you learned — and your children will learn — lessons about respect, courtesy, love and
involvement. Our modeling as parents plays a key role in passing on a strong social legacy. Key building blocks of
children's social legacy include:

• Respect, beginning with themselves and working out to other people.

• Unconditional love and acceptance by their parents, combined with conditional acceptance when the parents
discipline for bad behavior or actions.

• The setting of social boundaries concerning how to relate to God, authority, peers, the environment and siblings.

• Rules that are given within a loving relationship

 Spiritual Legacy

The Spiritual Legacy is overlooked by many, but that's a mistake. As spiritual beings, we adopt attitudes and beliefs
about spiritual matters from one source or another. As parents, we need to take the initiative and present our faith to
our children.

Parents who successfully pass along a spiritual legacy to their children model and reinforce the unseen realities of the
godly life. We must recognize that passing a spiritual legacy means more than encouraging our children to attend
church, as important as that is. The church is there to support parents in raising their children but it cannot do the
raising; only parents can. The same principle applies to spiritual matters.

Parents are primary in spiritual upbringing, not secondary. This is especially true when considering that children,
particularly young children, perceive God the way they perceive their parents. If their parents are loving, affirming,
forgiving and yet strong in what they believe, children will think of God that way. He is someone who cares, who is
principled and who loves them above all else.
-end of week 13-

Week 14-16:

PERSONS AND CAREERS

Career

It is a profession that a person may get into, either because he has found a good match between his life goals, skills,
personality, and interests with a dream job, or it may just be a means to earn a living.

JOB

 Short term success

 Can’t wait to get off work?

CAREER

 Long term success

 Need more time?

Vocation

It is about doing what you love to do and employing all your knowledge, inherent skills, and personal traits to fulfill your
life goal.

CAREERS are a series of work-related endeavors throughout a person’s life, where one ideally experiences stability,
advancement, and fulfilment.

CAREER DEVELOPMENT is the process in which an individual chooses his or her career and develops skills to suit his or
her life goals.

 Education takes top priority among the majority of Filipino families.

 Students pursue degrees that are not in consonance with their interest, skills and passion

CAREER SELECTION AMONG FILIPINOS

INTERNAL FACTORS IN CHOOSING ONE’S CAREER

 SELF-CONCEPT

Choosing a career will be difficult if your self-identity is not as solid as it should be.

There is a need to know and understand what you want to do.

 PERSONAL PREFERENCES

Parents always think of the best for their children.

Adolescents are forced to do something they don’t want.

  MOTIVATION

The drive to fulfill one’s potential’s is the best person can ever have.

A person without any motivation will end up wasting a life of unfulfilled potentials.

 SELF-CONFIDENCE

A confident person will keep his eyes on his goals, and declare to the world that he can do it and will succeed in the
pursuit of his dreams.

 PERSONAL SKILLS

Be aware of the inherent skills that you have.

Have the courage to stand up and take the relevant course that will hone your skills and be the master of your own
destiny.

 PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

Certain characteristics are compatible and matched with certain types of work.

Knowing your characteristics will definitely help you in choosing a career.

 PERSONAL HEALTH

One’s health condition is a major factor in choosing a career.

Health issues did not deter certain individuals in pursuing their dreams.

 EMOTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

It is difficult to make a decision when one is experiencing some strong emotions such as anger or sadness.

An emotionally disturbed individual will end up deciding on the wrong thing.

 SELF-SABOTAGING THOUGHTS

Thoughts that deter a person from developing a healthy and wholesome self-concept.

To immediately put a halt to one’s dream is to sabotage what could have been a realization of that dream.

EXTERNAL FACTORS IN CHOOSING A CAREER

 PARENTAL PREFERENCES

Your parents have some idea of what course should you take up in college.

It is good for your parents to know what are your career choices.

 FAMILY CONSIDERATIONS

You might have a sibling who wants to take up the same course that you chose.

 FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS

It is usually a major consideration among families especially if your siblings are already in college.

Financial constraints are manageable.

 JOB MARKET PREFERENCE

The local job market demand drives employment.

Getting a job is a priority in the Philippines.

Competition in the job market is quite stiff, so you may want to consider taking up a master’s degree first before
proceeding to your first job.

 SCHOOL LOCATION

School location is a practical problem that may arise when you choose your college course or career choice.

 PEER PRESSURE

Adolescents are fearful of what college life will be like.

One’s friends may exert pressure to take up a course so that they can be together even in college.

 GENDER BIAS

Certain careers are still suffering from gender biases.

Career choices are always associated with one particular gender.

 LANGUAGE LIMITATION

Differences in language can be a challenge for those looking for a job.

There are ways to overcome this obstacle by learning the language before you enroll a specific course.

 ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic performance is also an important factor in one’s career selection.

-end-