Gender Issues

Gender
Issues
National GAD Resource Program
Philippine Commission on Women
What are gender issues?
These are gender-linked beliefs
(ideas, attitudes and behavior),
systems, processes, conditions and
situations that BLOCK an individual's
(man or woman) attainment of full
potentials (or a satisfying life)

Manifestations of Gender Bias
VAWC/ HATE
CRIMES
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1. Economic Marginalization
❖Spheres of production and reproduction
❖Under or non-valuation /recognition of
women’s and LGBTs’ work
❖Women and LGBTs have less access to
and control over resources and benefits
❖Women workers are more numerous at low
paying jobs

Economic Marginalization
–Unequal pay for work of equal value
• Last to be hired, first to be fired
• Limited opportunities -Unequal pay for
female, male receive more training more frequently,
more fringe benefits, promoted more often. U
• Unpaid care and domestic work
• Exacting sexual favors
Sexual favor in exchange for economic benefits,
either to get hired, receive promotion, retains one’s job, or
simply as an, “occupational hazard” is a reality many women are
forced to accept.
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2. Political Subordination
➢ Treating a person (usually women) as second-
class citizen
➢ Women are viewed as weaker sex
➢ Women are expected to play supportive roles to
men and accept a subordinate status
➢ In the community, leaders and major decisions
are largely in the hands of men
➢ 2019 Election shows:

Political Subordination
➢ In the bureaucracy, women are majority but as technical

personnel, male are likely to be managers/executives

Political Subordination and
Participation

Women’s Subordination
• Unequal rights to
property, credit, marital
rights;
• Women are generally
expected to submit to
their husbands’ or
fathers’ decisions and
wishes;
• Women are portrayed by
media as objects and
commodities for men’s
pleasure.

SUBORDINATION (Political)
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WOMEN / LGBTs MEN

Weak Strong
Oppressed Dominate
Follower Leader
Second class First always
Owned Owner

3. GENDER STEREOTYPING
set of characteristics,
Process of attributing a
roles, and traits – favorable or unfavorable – to
all members of a social group based on sex

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Labeling and Branding

Gender Stereotypes
• Automatic labels, characteristics or
roles given to men and women
• Fixed, unquestioned gender-linked
beliefs that are dictated by culture
and society
• An over-generalized belief that the
characteristics of a person is based
simply on their gender
• A rigidly held and oversimplified belief
that all males and females possess
distinct psychological and behavioral
traits”

Gender Stereotypes
• reflect how males and females are valued
in society.
• represent differential valuation and

treatment accorded to males and females,
and others whose gender identities are
different from their biological sex.

Stereotypes
Women are weak,

Men are strong, submissive and
dominant and
unemotional. prone to tears.
Women need
Men are the
protection and
principal
should not go
economic
out at night.
providers.
4. Multiple Burden (Patung-patong na gawain)
Multiple Burden
• Involvement in three (3) spheres of work;
1) reproductive
2) productive
3) community works
. such as parenting housework community work

and work in the public sphere or informal
sectors

Reproductive, Productive and community roles
Productive Role Reproductive Role
•not only to the private but also
the public sphere - pertains to all They involve activities and
spaces outside of the home where tasks that are related to the
productive and civic work is done. sustenance of the family,
whether physical, social,
• Productive work is any activity emotional or spiritual, e.g.,
that leads to the creation/ nurturing, socialization of children,
provision of goods/services that cooking, washing clothes, and the
have monetary or exchange value. maintenance of the house, e.g.
cleaning.
Community Role
Multiple Burden
• Women work in agriculture, fisheries,
manufacturing, and various professions same
with men but their primary concerns is child
care and housework
• Women performs heavy workload and

overlapping tasks involved which if computed
in terms of hours would total to more than
24 hours.

Women are expected to be
responsible for work in the
domestic sphere, including
♀ child care
♀ household management
♀ small-scale livelihood production
♀ family-based production
Since these are

The GENDER ISSUE activities ‘expected of
women,’ they rarely
earn from these jobs,
22
or earn very little.
© A.T.Torres, May 2011 Gender and Development: Overview
Economic mobility and professional growth is
constrained by systemic stereotypes on women

5. Violence Against Women & Children
❑Any Act of gender-based violence
in physical, sexual or psychological
harm or suffering to women
❑Act of instilling fear and inflicting

pain with the aim to injure, or
abuse a person usually women.

5. Violence Against Women & Children
❑Verbal, psychological and physical
forms of violence: jokes, “tsansing” or
making sexual passes, sexual
harassment, domestic violence, rape,
prostitution, commodification-the act
of treating women as commodity or
object and not a person
❑Women and girls are the most at
risk of violence from man and
violates human rights.

Obstacle to Personhood and
Development
1. Growing up and living in a world which limits a woman’s every
right to be human, result females generally possess lower
level of self-esteem and confidence compared to men.
2. Coupled with the obstacles that women have to confront in

developing a sense of self-worth is the reality that gender
discrimination does not only occur in arenas external to
women but also with regard to their own bodies.
Reproductive rights and the services that they deserve, and
even women’s sexuality are severely constrained.

Origins of gender-
based violence
1. Gender identity
2. Gender settings
3. Gender relations

1. Gender Identity
• Violence committed to defend
abstract ideals as “person’s dignity”
• If one’s “being” (idea of identity) is
threatened, it is protected by the use
of violence

2. Gender Settings
• Men are more at risk in public spaces while women
are at risk in private space (oftentimes at home)
• The home is often the site of men’s power over
women due to
– Men’s material advantage
– Women’s economic dependence (abuse & violence
are tolerated as trade-off for food and shelter)
• Cultural ideals
– Women see men’s violence and women’s
dependence as part of the natural order of things
– Threaten women who do not “stay in their place”

3. Gender Relations
• Gender-based violence is highest when gender
equity is lowest
– When men are over valued in relation to women
– When men are taught to feel superior over women
• Gender-based violence is high when it is
sustained by social, political, economic and
ideological structures
• Violence is use to maintain power (decision
making; economic and mobility)

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS THAT
PERPETUATE GENDER BIASES:
1. FAMILY
2. SCHOOL
3. CHURCH
4. GOVERNMENT (LAWS)
5. MEDIA

Gender Biases
VAWC/ HATE
CRIMES

We can also be gender-
insensitive (sexist)
•…as individuals
•…as government workers
•…as Educators
•… as learning institution

Social and
cultural
gender
biases
Local Policies Mechanisms

Devt. & & Structures
Plans Legislations Procedures
Slides prepared by Emma Sanopo

…… the gender
biases/issues/abuses
• lead to
• contribute to
• are violation of
women’s rights……
What can we do?
We should identify and
address the gender issues….

Group workshop
1. Group according to type of office:
➢ Teaching
➢ Non-teaching (admin, finance,
budget)
➢ Support offices (GSO,
maintenance)
➢ Policy making body
Institutions Gender Issues Some
Observed (be specific) Recommendations
Home and community
Workplace
a. Students
b. Teachers and
faculty
c. Policies and
curriculum

What can we do?
We should identify and
address the gender issues….

Remove gender biases
and empower women!
Sense of
helplessness
Stigmatization
as inferior to men
Lack of confidence,
ability and capacity

…. remove gender biases in families ….
Shared Parenting
Shared Bread-winning
Shared Decision-making Shared Housekeeping
Social and
cultural
Gender-responsive
gender
Institution
biases
Mechanisms
Policies &
Plans & Procedures Structures
(Trainings,
Programs modules, etc.)

Being Gender Sensitive is understanding
that this:
means taking women and men seriously
» SEEING – women and men, what they actually do, rather than relying on
assumptions
» HEARING – women and men, their needs, priorities and perspectives
» COUNTING – valuation of women’s work
» RESPECTING – women and men’s views and human rights
» CARING – about women and men and what happen to them through
development programs

43
…. Adopt and implement GAD
…. Enforce the provisions of MCW

End of Day 1

Gender Issues

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Gender

National GAD Resource Program

Slide image credit: www.bandt.com.au

National GAD Resource Program

Slide image credit: www.bandt.com.au

National GAD Resource Program

➢ In the bureaucracy, women are majority but as technical

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Image credit: www.pinterest.com

WOMEN / LGBTs MEN

Slide image credit: www.bandt.com.au

Slide image credit: www.bandt.com.au

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• represent differential valuation and

National GAD Resource Program

Women are weak,

. such as parenting housework community work

National GAD Resource Program

• Women performs heavy workload and

National GAD Resource Program

Since these are

National GAD Resource Program

❑Act of instilling fear and inflicting

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

2. Coupled with the obstacles that women have to confront in

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Slide image credit: www.bandt.com.au

National GAD Resource Program

Local Policies Mechanisms

Slides prepared by Emma Sanopo

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

» HEARING – women and men, their needs, priorities and perspectives

» COUNTING – valuation of women’s work

» RESPECTING – women and men’s views and human rights

National GAD Resource Program

…. Enforce the provisions of MCW

National GAD Resource Program

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